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Autonomous organizations associated with the UN. UN system organizations UNCTAD organizational structure

UN specialized agencies- these are independent international organizations created on the basis of international treaties that have broad international responsibility in the field of economic, social, culture, education, health and other similar areas and are linked to the UN through ECOSOC by special international agreements. Such agreements are subject to approval by the UN General Assembly. According to the UN Charter, the General Assembly and ECOSOC have certain rights in relation to the UN specialized agencies. For example, the General Assembly reviews and approves any financial and budgetary agreements with them, checks their administrative budgets in order to provide recommendations to interested entities (clause 3 of Article 17); ECOSOC is authorized to coordinate the activities of UN specialized agencies through consultations with them and recommendations, recommendations to the General Assembly and UN member states (clause 2 of Article 63), to take appropriate measures to receive regular reports from specialized agencies (clause 1 of Article 64), carry out measures for the participation, without voting rights, of representatives of these institutions in the discussion of issues of the Council or in commissions created by it, as well as for the participation of representatives of the Council in the discussion of issues in these institutions (Article 70).

The legal status of UN specialized agencies is characterized by the following features: 1) a contractual basis for their activities; 2) broad international responsibility as defined in the UN Charter; 3) the specialized nature of activities in the socio-economic and humanitarian spheres; 4) existence of a connection with the UN. This set of legal factors predetermines the allocation of specialized UN agencies to a special group of international organizations.

These international organizations can be divided into three groups based on their field of activity. The first is formed by specialized UN agencies of an economic nature, that is, those that operate in the field of international trade, finance, transport and communications. These include: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; International Monetary Fund; International Finance Corporation; International Development Association (IDA); International Investment Guarantee Agency (IAIG); International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID); Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO1); International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD); International Maritime Organization (IMO); International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO); Universal Postal Union (UPU), International Telecommunication Union (ITU); World Meteorological Organization (WMO); United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO).

The second group includes specialized UN agencies of a social nature - the International Labor Organization and the World Health Organization.

The third group of specialized institutions consists of cultural and humanitarian organizations: the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), and the World Tourism Organization.

Let us consider the organizational and legal mechanism of the activities of some specialized UN agencies.

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development created on December 27, 1945, when 28 states signed an agreement developed at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference held at Bretton Woods (USA) in 1944.

Only members of the International Monetary Fund can be members of the IBRD. As of May 1, 2009, 185 states were members of the IBRD, including Ukraine.

IBRD Objectives: To promote the reconstruction and development of member countries' territories by encouraging investment for productive purposes (in areas such as agriculture and rural development, energy, highways and railways, ports, telecommunications, education, health, family planning and nutrition ); encourage private foreign investment and, in case of difficulties in obtaining private capital, supplement it by providing loans for production purposes; promote long-term balanced growth of international trade and maintain equilibrium in the balance of payments of member states.

IBRD finances lending operations mainly from its borrowed funds, which the Bank receives on world markets, as well as retained earnings and through payments to repay loans provided. Loans are provided to IBRD member states, their political-territorial units and private commercial structures on their territory. In addition to providing loans, the Bank provides a wide range of technical assistance services. Interest on loans is set according to the cost of loans received by the IBRD on international capital markets. The recipient states of loans are obliged to comply with the recommendations of the Bank, provide it with reports on the use of loans and the necessary information.

The structure of the IBRD includes the Board of Governors (supreme body), executive directors (executive body), and committees. Working language is English. The IBRD is headed by the President, who is elected by the executive directors for a period of five years. The location of the IBRD is Washington (USA), there are also branches in Paris and Tokyo..

It should be noted that the IBRD is a key institution of the World Bank Group, which also includes IFC, IDA, ICSID and IAIG. The purpose of the World Bank is to promote the economic and social development of less developed members of the UN by providing them with financial, advisory and training assistance. The structural divisions of the World Bank are independent legal entities that, however, work for the same purpose and under the leadership of the same administrative system.

International Monetary Fund operates on the basis of an agreement developed in parallel with the IBRD Agreement at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. The IMF began to function on December 27, 1945, when the agreement establishing it came into force.

The IMF has the following goals: coordinating the monetary and financial policies of member states and providing them with loans (short-, medium- and partially long-term) to settle balances of payments and maintain exchange rates. The Fund also seeks to promote international cooperation in the monetary field and the expansion of trade.

The Fund has at its disposal a pool (from the English pool - a common pot) of financial resources provided to member states to carry out a program to eliminate the balance of payments deficit temporarily and on certain conditions.

Structurally, the IMF consists of a Board of Governors (the highest body), an Executive Board consisting of a managing director and 24 executive directors, and a Secretariat. The Managing Director is the chief executive officer of the Fund. At the IMF, as at the World Bank, decisions are made on the basis of a system of weighted votes. Each member state of the Fund and the Bank has a number of votes proportional to its contribution to the financial resources of these specialized UN agencies, which ultimately reflects its share in the world economy. IMF working speech - English. The location of the IMF headquarters is Washington (USA), branches are Paris and Geneva.

The International Labour Organization was created in 1919 by the Treaty of Versailles as an autonomous institution, associated with the League of Nations. The Liaison Agreement between the ILO and the UN was approved on December 14, 1946. Thus, the ILO is the first specialized agency associated with the United Nations. As of May 1, 2009, the ILO included 182 states. Ukraine has been a member of the ILO since 1954. Along with governments, workers represented by trade unions and employers (entrepreneurs) are represented in the ILO.

The objectives of the ILO are: to promote social justice for all workers; develop international policies and programs aimed at improving working and living conditions; establish international labor standards to serve as guidelines for national authorities in the implementation of relevant policies; implement a broad program of technical cooperation to assist governments in effectively putting such policies into practice; provide training, education and research to facilitate the success of these efforts.

One of the most important activities of the ILO is the development and adoption of conventions and recommendations. Since its inception, the ILO has adopted more than 180 conventions (the 2007 Labor in Fishing Convention is the 188th and the latest as of 1 January 2010) and about 200 recommendations. These documents establish international standards in the field of labor, employment and vocational training, working conditions, social security, occupational safety and health. Ukraine has ratified more than 50 ILO conventions.

Another important activity of the ILO is the provision of expert advice and technical assistance on issues related to labor and social policy.

The ILO structure includes the International Labor Conference (supreme body); Administrative Council; The International Labor Office (ILO), which is the secretariat of the ILO. The working languages of the IOP are English, Spanish and French. The seat of the ILO is Geneva.

Since June 1, 1996, an ILO office has been operating in Kyiv. Similar branches also operate in the capitals of other member states.

There are two international organizations whose activities are quite specialized, but they are not part of the UN specialized agencies. These are the International Atomic Energy Agency (MATATE) and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).

International Atomic Energy Agency- an autonomous intergovernmental organization created under the auspices of the UN. The MATATE Charter was adopted on October 26, 1956 and came into force on July 29, 1957.

MATATE is the only universal international organization for the peaceful uses of atomic energy. As of May 1, 2009, 146 states were members of the Agency.

According to the MATATE Statute, the Agency's objectives are: to achieve faster and wider use of atomic energy to maintain peace, health and prosperity throughout the world; ensuring, so far as possible, that assistance provided by him, either at his request or under his supervision or control, is not used in such a way as to further any military purpose.

MATATE encourages and guides the development and use of nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, sets nuclear safety standards, assists Member States through technical cooperation, and facilitates the exchange of scientific and technical information on nuclear energy.

MATATE has established a comprehensive and effective system of control (guarantees) to prevent the use of nuclear materials and equipment intended for peaceful activities for military purposes. This on-site control is carried out by MATATE inspectors. Non-nuclear weapon states participating in the 1968 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons must enter into an agreement with the Agency to control the peaceful nuclear activities of those states. After Ukraine acceded to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in 1994, it entered into such an agreement with MATATE. More than 900 nuclear installations around the world are under the Agency's control. Nuclear powers such as the UK, China, Russia, the US and France have voluntarily placed some peaceful nuclear installations under MATATE control.

MATATE consists of a General Conference (supreme body), a Board of Governors (executive body), a Scientific Advisory Committee and a Secretariat. The headquarters of MATATE are located in Vienna (Austria).

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade is a multilateral agreement, the basis of which is a set of legal rules governing trade relations between member states, as well as an international organization for negotiations and consultations on trade issues. The agreement was signed in Geneva on October 30, 1947 and entered into force on January 1, 1948.

As of January 1, 1995, 128 states were full members of the GATT; an even larger number of states took part in various forms of cooperation with the GATT. In 1995, GATT was renamed the World Trade Organization (WTO).

The main goal of GATT- this is the liberalization of world trade and putting it on a stable basis, thereby promoting economic growth and development, improving the well-being of the peoples of the world.

The basic principles of GATT are that trade should be carried out on a non-discriminatory basis (the “most favored nation” principle); domestic industry should be protected only through customs tariffs, and not through quantitative restrictions and other measures; tariffs must be reduced through multilateral negotiations and cannot be increased subsequently; Member States must consult with each other to resolve trade issues.

In 1963, the main issue in the GATT activities was the reduction of customs tariffs. As a result of five rounds of negotiations, mutual concessions by the participants to reduce customs tariffs and measures to reduce and regulate non-tariff trade barriers were agreed upon. In 1964-1967 the 6th round of negotiations (Kennedy Round) was held. In September 1973, in Tokyo, the GATT member countries adopted a declaration that announced the beginning of the 7th round of negotiations (Tokyo Round). In 1986, the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations within the GATT was launched in Punta Del Este (Uruguay), which ended in 1994 with the signing of an agreement on the creation, on the basis of the GATT, from January 1, 1995, of a new international organization - the World trade organization (WTO).

The highest body of the GATT was the Session of the contracting parties (state parties), which was held annually. GATT decisions were generally made by consensus. If a vote was taken, each side had one vote. During the period between sessions, the Council of Representatives, the operational governing body of the GATT, operated. The seat of the GATT Secretariat is Geneva.

In connection with the creation of the WTO on the basis of the GATT, the structure of the new organization underwent certain changes in accordance with the Agreement establishing the WTO in 1994.

The United Nations (UN) occupies a central place among international organizations.

The United Nations system consists of principal and subsidiary organs, specialized organizations and agencies and autonomous organizations that are integral parts of the UN system. The main bodies include: the General Assembly (GA); Security Council (SC); International Court of Justice and Secretariat. Auxiliary bodies which prove necessary shall be established in accordance with the Charter.

The UN system includes a number of programs, councils and commissions that carry out the functions assigned to them.

Let's consider the internal structure of international economic organizations of the UN system.

The General Assembly is its main body. It is authorized to resolve any issues within the framework of the organization's Charter. The General Assembly adopts resolutions that, although not binding on its members, still have a significant impact on world politics and the development of international law. During its existence, 10 thousand resolutions were adopted. The General Assembly gives final approval to all international conventions on economic matters. In its structure, economic problems are dealt with by:

Committee on Economic and Financial Affairs, which develops resolutions for plenary sessions of the General Assembly;
The UN Commission on International Trade Law - UNSIT-RAL, which deals with the harmonization and unification of legal norms in international trade;
the International Law Commission, which works to develop and codify international law;
Investment Committee, which assists in the placement of investments from funds under the control of the UN.

The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) is the most important UN body responsible for the economic, social, cultural and humanitarian aspects of UN policies.

The functions of ECOSOC include:

conducting research and drawing up reports on international issues in the field of economic and social spheres, culture, education, health care and presenting recommendations on these issues to the General Assembly, members of the Organization and interested specialized agencies;
discussing international economic and social problems of a global and cross-sectoral nature and developing policy recommendations on these problems for Member States and the UN system as a whole;
monitoring and evaluating the implementation of the overall policy strategy and priorities established by the General Assembly in the economic, social and related fields;
ensuring harmonization and consistent practical operational implementation on an integrated basis of relevant policy decisions and recommendations adopted at UN conferences and other forums within the UN system, after their approval by the Assembly and/or ECOSOC;
ensuring overall coordination of the activities of the organizations of the UN system in the economic, social and related fields in order to implement the priorities established by the General Assembly for the system as a whole;
Conducting comprehensive policy reviews of operational activities across the UN system.

ECOSOC includes commissions, committees, and special groups that deal with economic issues. This:

six functional commissions and subcommittees - social development, drug control, science and technology for development, sustainable development, statistics, transnational corporations;
five regional commissions - Europe, Asia and the Pacific, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Western Asia;
two standing committees - for programs and coordination, for direct organizations;
seven expert bodies - the Committee for the Development of Planning, the Ad Hoc Group of Experts on International Cooperation in the Field of Taxation, the Committees on the Transport of Dangerous Goods, on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, on National Resources, on New and Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Use and Purposes development, as well as meetings of experts in public administration and finance.

The goals of the regional commissions are to study the economic and technological problems of the respective regions of the world, to develop measures and means to promote the economic and social development of regional members by coordinating their actions and pursuing coordinated policies aimed at solving the fundamental problems of developing economic sectors and intraregional trade.

In addition to the direct bodies of the UN, its system includes specialized agencies and intergovernmental organizations, including:

UN funds and programs;
UN specialized agencies;
autonomous organizations associated with the UN. Let us dwell on the most important organizations of the first group.

1. The Investment Development Fund assists developing countries by supplementing existing sources of financing with assistance and loans. The fund's resources come from voluntary contributions and are estimated at $40 million.
2. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) is the largest organization in the UN system that funds multi-sectoral economic and technical assistance. Its resources are estimated at $1 billion and are constantly replenished by donor countries, which include most developed and large developing countries. UNDP deals with key aspects of sustainable development and major global issues: poverty eradication, environmental restoration, employment generation, etc. It organizes global forums on these issues, such as the Forum on the Environment (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), on Population and Development (Cairo, 1994), on Social Development (Copenhagen, 1995) . The program's activities currently cover more than 150 countries, with over 6,500 projects being implemented.
3. The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) continuously monitors the environment and is responsible for coordinating all international projects in this area. Its activities are aimed at solving global environmental problems.
4. The World Food Program (WFP) coordinates the provision of international food assistance in emergency situations. The WFP budget is over $1.2 billion and is formed mainly from contributions from the United States ($500 million), the EU ($235 million) and other developed countries.

Among the specialized organizations associated with the UN, the following can be distinguished.

The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) brings together the efforts of 18 intergovernmental organizations for the protection of intellectual property.
The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) brings together 168 countries to promote the introduction of new industrial technologies, the industrialization of developing, especially African, countries, and provide technical assistance. UNIDO has created an Industrial and Technological Information Bank and a system for the exchange of scientific and technical information. A significant part of the information arrays is accessible on the Internet at www.unido.org. All UN system organizations are sources of free information on the Internet. Their addresses almost always coincide with the abbreviation.
The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) promotes investment in agriculture, the transfer of new technologies to developing countries, and agrarian reforms. At www.fao.org. There is information about the agro-industrial complex of all countries.
The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) lends to agriculture in developing countries.
The Universal Postal Union (UPU) is the oldest organization in the UN system, founded back in 1865. It is engaged in the development and modernization of postal services.
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) coordinates international efforts to develop meteorological observations.
The World Health Organization (WHO) brings together 190 countries to address public health issues.
International Labor Organization (ILO) - created back in 1919 according to the Treaty of Versailles, it includes 171 countries. The ILO developed the International Labor Code. She deals with problems of employment and growth in the standard of living of the population, social and economic reforms in the world of work.
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is one of the most authoritative international organizations. Engaged in the development of international cooperation in the fields of information, knowledge, culture, communications, etc.

Among the autonomous organizations associated with the UN, we note the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), whose functions include:

encouraging and facilitating the development of nuclear energy and the practical applications of atomic energy for peaceful purposes, as well as research in this area;
provision of materials, services, equipment and technical means in order to meet the needs of research work in the field of atomic energy and its practical use for peaceful purposes;
facilitating the exchange of scientific and technical information;
encouraging the exchange of scientists and specialists and their training.

Other organizations of the UN system were discussed to one degree or another in other sections of the textbook, in particular those devoted to the regulation of trade and financial international relations.

(1) International Narcotic Drugs Control Board
(International Narcotics Control Board - INCB). Created in 1964 with the purpose
monitoring government compliance with contract agreements
role for narcotic drugs; assessment of the needs for permitted
narcotic drugs provided by governments; control at a time
resolved movement of psychotropic drugs. He can make decisions
on establishing an embargo on the import of narcotic drugs into any country and
removal of these funds from it.

(2) International Atomic Energy Agency- IAEA
(International Atomic Energy Agency - IAEA). Established in 1956. Charter Agen
tstva came into force in 1957. It is an independent intergovernmental
a new organization within the UN system. Its members are 124 countries
us. The functions of the Agency include:

encourage and facilitate the development of nuclear energy and the practical application of atomic energy for peaceful purposes, as well as research in this field;

provide materials, services, equipment and technical means to meet the needs of research work in the field of nuclear energy and its practical use for peaceful purposes;

promote the exchange of scientific and technical information;

encourage the exchange of scientists and specialists and their training.

(3) World Tourism Organization - HERE (World Tourism Organization -
WTO). Created in 1975 to promote the development of tourism as a means
promoting economic development, strengthening peace, prosperity
niya, increasing mutual understanding between peoples, universal respect
and respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.

(4) UNCTAD/WTO International Trade Center- ITC (International
Trade Center UNCTAD/WTO, ITC). GATT was created in 1964 with the purpose

promoting the development of exports from developing countries. Since 1968, it has been jointly administered by GATT/WTO and the UN through the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). The purpose of ITC is to assist developing countries in developing and implementing export assistance programs by providing them with information on export markets and sales conditions providing assistance in creating their own export promotion services and training the personnel required for this (see details in 5.4).

WTo/5^ world Trade organisation- WTO (World Trade Organization - in IQq! *"" was created in 1995 on the basis of an agreement signed in Marrakech 4. It replaced the GATT, which was transformed in accordance with the results of the Uruguay Round (see details 5.2).

Chapter 3

International economic organizations in the system of regulation of economic cooperation and sectors of the world economy

3.1. UN system organizations

Table 1

Name of the organization	Number of members	Year of creation
1. UN Development Program
(UNDP)
2. United Nations
for Industrial Development (UNIDO)
3. International Atomic Energy Agency
energy (IAEA)
4. Food and agriculture
economic organization
(FAO)
5. International Fund for Agriculture
economic development (IFAD)
6. International maritime
organization (IMO)
7. International organization
civil aviation (ICAO)
8. World Organization
on tourism (HERE)

3.1.1. United Nations Development Program- UNDP (United Nations Development Program- UNDP)

Established in 1965 to combine the UN Expanded Technical Assistance Program and the Special Fund into one program. It is the largest organization in the UN system that funds multi-sectoral economic and technical assistance.

UNDP goals:

Helping developing countries in their efforts to accelerate
economic and social development by providing them with systematic
assistance related to their national development plans;

Helping developing countries achieve higher
level of economic and social well-being of the population of these
countries

UNDP technical assistance activities include:

Providing consulting and expert services, organizing
seminars and training of national specialists abroad;

Innovative and effective ways to reform your operations
activities in the field of socio-economic development, as well as
ways to implement decisions of global forums on environmental issues
environment and development (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), population and development
(Cairo, 1994), social development (Copenhagen, 1995), provisions
women (Beijing, 1995), human settlements (Istanbul, 1996);

Strengthening own capacity at the center and locally by increasing
improving the effectiveness of the UN Resident Coordinator Institute
in countries, as well as strengthening cooperation with other organizations;

Focusing on key aspects of “sustainable human
development" (poverty eradication, environmental restoration,
ensuring employment, providing assistance to women and the socially vulnerable
population groups in disadvantaged conditions);

Training of national management personnel, implementation of policy
tics and reforms of the public sector in the field of economic management,
including creating an enabling environment for the private sector, especially in
countries in transition;

Providing assistance in emergency situations with a focus on the transition from emergency relief to long-term development.

UNDP assistance is provided only to or through governments. UNDP is the main UN organization providing technical assistance to developing countries and countries with economies in transition. UNDP's annual resources are based on voluntary contributions and in the five-year cycle (1992-1996) amounted to approximately $1 billion annually. The main donors of the Program from the group of industrialized countries are: USA ($199.5 million), Japan ($98.1 million), the Netherlands ($97.4 million), Denmark ($92.8 million). dollars), Sweden ($79.2 million), Germany ($61.5 million) and Norway ($75.2 million). Among developing countries, the largest contributors were: India ($5.1 million), China ($2.8 million), Saudi Arabia ($2.0 million) and Thailand ($1.9 million). .).

UNDP technical assistance is generally financed from the following sources:

from the central budget of the Program since 1997 (first year

program cycle): 55% of all resources come from country programs

e resources that are divided between countries in accordance with accepted

cala, taking into account indicators of per capita GNP income, as well as especially

the specificity of the political and economic situation in specific countries; 11.8% -

national (regional, interregional and global) programs

s; 1.6% - UNDP programs financed by it through specialized

major UN agencies; 0.5% - program activities along the lines of development

technical cooperation among developing countries (TCDC);

from multilateral trust funds managed by UNDP jointly with other international organizations: Global Environment Facility (GEF); Montreal Protocol Multilateral Fund; “Capacity 21” for the implementation of agreements within the framework of the “Agenda for the 21st Century” program; United Nations Development Fund for Women; United Nations Capital Development Fund; HIV/AIDS Foundation.

An important part of UNDP's overall financial policy in recent years has been the development of a strategy to mobilize third-party finance for development projects and programmes. The need to develop such a strategy was caused by an acute shortage of “basic resources”. As a way out of this situation, the Program management, based on the very successful experience of the UNDP Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean in this region, developed a number of activities aimed at finding, attracting and making the most effective use of additional funds to the resources allocated to countries for program activities .

Among the sources of additional resources for development purposes, the main ones are:

budgetary funds of the recipient state itself, allocated by it to solve its priority socio-economic problems, the maximum efficiency of which is ensured by UNDP, which has extensive experience and significant international resources in the field of development, and is also capable of providing the required services on the most competitive terms;

“non-performing” borrowed funds already allocated on a multilateral or bilateral basis for development purposes, the effectiveness of which is either reduced or completely reduced to zero by the recipient country’s lack of experience in working with them, and sometimes by the sluggishness of local bureaucratic structures;

ensuring the use of financing opportunities for national development programs through targeted international programs and funds implemented by UNDP (Global Environment Facility, UN Development Fund for Women, UN Capital Development Fund and etc-);

searching for new donor or loan funds on a bilateral or multilateral basis for the implementation of UNDP projects;

participation in this process by UNDP, which has extensive experience in conducting such negotiations, significantly increases the government’s chances of receiving such funds on the most favorable terms;

public and private investments in UNDP projects that are of significant socio-economic importance and have the potential to generate profits in the future.

In addition to those listed, depending on the specifics and realities of the country, the use of other sources is not excluded, the identification of which may

become possible as cooperation with UNDP develops. An important element of UNDP's strategy for mobilizing additional resources is its reliance on the concept of cost-sharing and national ownership of projects. Both of these points make it possible to better harness both economic and human national potential to address development challenges.

The governing body of the Program is the Executive Board, consisting of representatives of 36 states, who are elected for a period of 3 years during the organizational sessions of the Economic and Social Council. EC decisions are made by consensus. There are one annual and three regular sessions throughout the year, which review and approve the reports of the Administrator, as well as issues such as the budget and program directions. The principal officer of the UNDP is the Administrator, who is appointed by the UN Secretary-General after due consultation with the members of the EC. His appointment for a period of 4 years is approved by the General Assembly. The Executive Council submits reports to ECOSOC and, through it, to the General Assembly. The Board reviews and approves projects and programs, allocates funds, and develops general guidelines and directives for UNDP as a whole and for regular technical cooperation programs. The Program's activities currently cover more than 150 countries, with over 6,500 projects being implemented.

3.1.2. United Nations Industrial Development Organization- UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization - UNIDO)

Founded in 1966; Since 1986 it has been a specialized agency of the UN system. UNIDO has 168 member states. UNIDO objectives:

Exercising a coordinating role in the field of industrial development
developments in the UN system;

Promoting industrial development and cooperation globally
nom, regional, national and sectoral levels;

Promoting the industrialization of developing countries, including
areas of natural resource development and infrastructure development;

Providing assistance to countries with economies in transition and developing
I countries in industrial restructuring and privatization;

Providing technical assistance to developing countries through real
tions of specific projects.

The main activities of UNIDO are:

Participation in the industrialization of developing countries; priority in
industrialization of African countries;

Assistance to: the introduction of modern methods in developing countries
8 production, programming and management; dissemination of technical

technical information; rational use of natural resources; training of national personnel; attracting funds for specific industrial projects;

Implementation of multilateral technical assistance to developing
countries by providing material and financial resources in the form of
supplies of industrial equipment; engineering consulting services
and technologies; organization of international tenders for placing orders at times
developing countries; preparation of feasibility studies for projects
Comrade Technical cooperation is carried out in the following sectors:

based on agricultural production (food, leather, textile, woodworking);

chemical industries (biotechnology, water management, pharmaceuticals, construction materials, organic chemicals);

mechanical engineering industries (electronics, metalworking and tool production, agricultural engineering);

Promoting the development of international industrial cooperation
by transferring information about technologies, performing targeted
operational research and long-term research programs
on various aspects of industrialization. Particular importance is attached to times
work on the following issues: development of strategies, policies and organizations
national forms for global economic integration; environment
and energy; small and medium industrial enterprises; innovations,
productivity and quality as a means of increasing competitiveness
ness; industrialization, promotion of investment and implementation of technology
ical programs. The Bank for Industrial and Technical Development, established within the framework of UNIDO,
nological information collects and systematizes technical documents
tation on projects, highlighting advanced technology, and provides
to its countries upon their requests;

Providing technical assistance in the construction of industrial facilities
com by sending experts and consultants;

Providing advisory assistance through conferences,
meetings and meetings of representatives of industry, trade unions, consumers
fighters. Consultations are also carried out in the form of meetings of specialist groups
sheets on specific industries, on industrial problems
development in the region, on strengthening financial cooperation
social, technical and scientific institutions of developed and developing countries;
on mobilizing financial and technical resources for industrial cooperation
cooperation, as well as on issues of trilateral industrial cooperation
poverty, personnel training and promotion of entrepreneurship in
developing countries.

Key programs implemented within UNIDO are aimed at mobilizing resources and addressing the specific needs of developing countries. Such programs include: “Decade

industrial development of Africa 1993-2002"; special industrial development programs in Arab countries and Asia-Pacific countries; regional cooperation program for industrial development of Latin America and the Caribbean; industrialization program for 47 least developed countries; program for the integration of women into industrial development processes. UNIDO works to promote increased foreign investment and technology transfer through specialized offices. There are such investment promotion offices in Athens, Cologne, Milan, Paris, Seoul, Tokyo, Vienna, Warsaw, Washington and Zurich. Industrial cooperation centers established in Beijing and Moscow are dedicated to stimulating the participation of foreign firms in joint ventures.

UNIDO works in partnership with governments, organizations and the private sector. Particular attention is paid to promoting industrial cooperation at the level of enterprises and firms through the use of the trust fund mechanism and the industrial investment program.

UNIDO attaches great importance to the organization of forums, in particular on issues of investment, technical and industrial cooperation; holding meetings of expert groups, workshops, seminars. UNIDO conducts research work to summarize international commercial practices, publishes studies that provide forecasts of industrial development in the world, reviews by region and country, as well as by 28 industrial sectors identified in the International Standard Classification of Economic Activities. UNIDO provides information on industrial, business and technology issues through the INTIBNET network, linked to the UNIDO-INTIB Industrial and Technological Information Bank; a technological information exchange system, databases, and various publications. The main organs of UNIDO are: the General Conference (Conference); Industrial Development Council - SPR (Council); Secretariat, General Director; UNIDO field offices. Subsidiary bodies include: the Program and Budget Committee and the technical committees.

The General Conference holds regular sessions once every two years. It determines the guiding principles and policies of UNIDO, approves the budget, and monitors the use of financial resources. The Industrial Development Council consists of 53 UNIDO members, of which 33 are representatives from developing countries, 15 from developed countries

From countries with economies in transition. The Council develops the principle and

policies to achieve UNIDO's goals; puts forward proposals regarding

effective implementation of these principles in practice; considers and accepts

program of the Organization's activities; discusses issues of coordination of de-

activities of the UN system in the field of industrial development; exercises control over the efficient use of the Organization's resources; submits an annual report on the activities of UN IDO to the UN General Assembly through ECOSOC.

The operational costs of UNIDO are financed: a) through voluntary contributions paid by the governments of UN member states and members of specialized agencies; b) by participating in UNDP on the same basis as other organizations using the services of this program; c) through the use of appropriate resources from the regular UN technical assistance program. In addition, the Special Industrial Services Programme, Trust Funds, the UNIDO General Trust Fund and the United Nations Industrial Development Fund serve as funding for operational activities. The total volume of technical assistance provided by UNIDO to all countries of the world in 1997 amounted to about $100 million.

3.1.3. International Atomic Energy Agency- IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency- IAEA)

Created in 1957. It is an autonomous intergovernmental organization that is part of the UN system, acting on the basis of its Charter in accordance with the goals and principles of the UN. 124 states are members of the Agency.

Agency Goals:

Promoting nuclear energy development and practical applications
development of atomic energy for peaceful purposes;

Promoting the implementation of disarmament policies throughout the world;

Ensuring that nuclear materials and equipment
devices intended for peaceful use were not used in military
purposes; » *

Implementation of a system of control over the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons
ziya: to ensure that nuclear materials placed under safeguards are not transferred
were used to create nuclear explosive devices or for other military purposes;

Providing assistance in conducting research work in
field of nuclear energy and practical use of atomic energy
for peaceful purposes;

Providing information on all aspects of nuclear science and technology
nology.

The main activities of the IAEA are:

Implementation of a technical cooperation program related to
assisting Member States in achieving self-reliance in
areas of application of achievements of nuclear science and technology; security
assistance in developing programs for the use of nuclear energy in development
economic sectors of the member countries in electricity production, agriculture
agriculture, livestock farming, water resources development. Special attention
is paid to the industrial use of nuclear energy - carrying out

drinks that do not cause harm to the population; radiation treatment; production of isotope indicators; conducting measurements based on nuclear technology; creation and use of research reactors; development of radioisotope and radiopharmaceutical production. Technical cooperation is financed by: the Technical Assistance and Cooperation Fund (TACF); extrabudgetary funds; funds allocated for gratuitous assistance and through the United Nations Development Program (UNDP);

Providing for the Agency's safeguards system to ensure that States do not use nuclear materials and equipment for the development and production of nuclear weapons.

The safeguards system is based primarily on control of the use of nuclear materials and facilities carried out on site by IAEA inspectors. Inspection can only take place on the basis of an agreement with the state in which the inspection is to be carried out. Acceptance of guarantees is voluntary. Safeguards agreements were concluded with 118 states, including 102 countries that signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) of 1968 (indefinitely extended since 1995). Non-nuclear weapon states that are parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons must enter into safeguards agreements with the IAEA covering nuclear materials used for peaceful purposes. The IAEA has about 80 safeguards agreements in force with non-nuclear weapon states parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. The Agency has also entered into several safeguards agreements with non-nuclear weapon states that are not parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons. There were 850 nuclear installations or installations containing nuclear material under Agency safeguards in 1995. IAEA control extends to dozens of countries around the world, including states with developed nuclear industries. The United States, Great Britain, France, China, and Russia have voluntarily placed nuclear installations under Agency guarantees. IAEA safeguards also apply to 95% of nuclear installations outside the five above-mentioned states. Strengthening the nuclear non-proliferation regime is the most important condition and prerequisite for broad international cooperation in the field of peaceful uses of atomic energy. The Agency's monitoring activities objectively contribute to strengthening such cooperation. The safeguards system includes: (1) reporting - provision by states of information on the location of fissile materials under their control; on fuel and spent fuel reserves and on the processing and reprocessing of nuclear materials; (2) technical means of control over container storage;

) inspections that involve Agency inspectors checking instrument readings and logbook entries to determine whether fuel availability data corresponds to logbook entries.

The IAEA is developing core safety standards for radiation protection and issuing regulations and standards of practice for competitive types of operations, including the safe transport of radioactive materials; provides assistance in conducting research work in the field of nuclear energy by providing materials, services, equipment and technical means; exchange of scientific and technical information; exchange of scientists and specialists and their training.

The Agency provides advice and information on all aspects of nuclear science and technology through the International Nuclear Information System in Vienna, which covers information worldwide on the peaceful uses of nuclear science and technology and the economic and environmental aspects of other energy sources. The Agency also has other information systems: (1) Power Reactor Information System; (2) International Information System for Agricultural Science and Technology; (3) Nuclear Data Information System; (4) Atomic and Molecular Data Information System; (5) “Red Book” containing information on resources, uranium production and demand for it. The IAEA advises African states on the creation of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in Africa, which includes verification checks. The IAEA cooperates with other international organizations, in particular: (1) jointly with UNESCO it manages the activities of the International Center for Theoretical Physics in Trieste (Italy); (2) with the participation of UNESCO and UNEP, manages the international laboratory of radioactivity in the marine environment (Monaco); (3) jointly with FAO, conducts research in three laboratories on the possibilities of using nuclear energy in food and agriculture; (4) jointly with WHO, conducts research related to radiation in medicine and biology. The IAEA operates the African Regional Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Nuclear Research and Development (AFRA), which entered into force in 1990. It is an international organization for the promotion and development of nuclear energy in Africa.

The management of the policies and programs of the IAEA is carried out by the General Conference, which has the right to consider any issues within the framework of the Charter or related to the powers and functions of any body of the IAEA. The operational management of the IAEA is carried out by the Board of Governors, which reviews the Agency's programs and prepares recommendations on them for the General Conference, as well as approves agreements on safety guarantees and publishes safety standards. The Secretariat, headed by the Director General, is responsible for implementing programs and activities approved by Member States. The Secretariat consists of 5 departments: (1) guarantees; (2) research and isotopes; (3) nuclear energy and safety; (4) technical cooperation; (5) administrative.

3.1-4. Food and Agriculture Organization- FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization- FAO)

Created in 1945 as a specialized institution of the system UN. Included FAO 174 member states and one international organization - the European Union.

FAO's goals:

Promoting the development of production, processing, marketing and distribution
production of food and agricultural products, forestry and fisheries
fishing;

Promoting rural development;

Improving the standard of living of the rural population;

Improving people's nutrition and ending hunger;

Promotion of investment in agriculture; techno transfer
logy to developing countries and promoting agricultural development in them
scientific research;

Implementation of technical cooperation and technical assistance programs
technical assistance in resource development;

Assisting developing countries in developing investments
onic projects in the fields of agriculture, forestry, fisheries and
other regions;

Providing advice on policy and planning issues
agricultural development and provision of insurance information
to us members.

Main areas of activity FAO are:

Promoting the implementation of the sustainable development strategy is aimed at
on the rational use and conservation of natural resources, especially
scarcity of forest and fisheries resources, soil and water resources;

Assistance in the development of new and renewable energy sources,
especially in rural areas;

Member funding FAO regular programs aimed at
to provide advice to governments on policy issues
ki and planning in the field of agriculture and provision of services for
meeting development needs;

Implementation of local programs financed by national
cash trust funds: joint programs FAO and related
governments; unilateral trust fund programs; special ope
walkie-talkies FAO for emergency assistance and a number of programs financed
jointly with other institutions of the system UN and non-governmental
ny organizations;

Implementation together with UNDP technical cooperation programs
quality and assistance to governments and people in rural areas
10 V; acting as a mechanism for providing technical assistance for

member countries;

Development of investment projects and development programs in collaboration

ties with national governments and other organizations. FAO is developing a strategy to support, for example, programs such as the Food Security Promotion System and the International Code of Pesticides. Assisting developing countries in developing investment projects in the field of agriculture is carried out by the Investment Center;

Collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO) in
Food Code Commission, created ъ 1962, by director
stvo and assistance in the development and establishment of standards and needs for
food and, by their agreement, in order to increase the volume of international
no trade;

Organization and holding of international conferences on current issues
issues within the scope of FAO's activities: carried out in 1974 -
World Food Conference; in 1979 - World Conference
subsidies for agrarian reform and rural development; in 1984 - All
Peace Conference on the Development and Sustainable Use of Fisheries
resources; in 1994 - International Conference on Nutrition (together with
WHO). In 1996, the World Summit on
food supply;

Implementation of large technical consulting programs and
assistance to the agricultural sector on behalf of governments and institutions
tions financing development programs;

Collection, analysis and provision of information on various issues
agriculture itself, agricultural policy, world torus
supply of agricultural and food products.

The World Agricultural Information Center in Rome hosts FAO computer databases and also has a global information and early warning system. This system provides current information on the world food situation and identifies countries at risk of food shortages as a guide for potential food aid donors. FAO's Food Security Promotion System aims to help developing countries build national food reserves.

The highest governing body of FAO is the FAO Conference, which convenes once every two years. The governing body acting on behalf of the Conference is the Council. The Council has three main committees (programs; finance; legislation and law) and five specialized committees (agricultural products; agriculture; fisheries; forestry; world food security). The Council is responsible for compiling reviews of the world agricultural situation; for coordinating the work of intergovernmental organizations on commodity markets and issues related to the production, consumption and distribution of food and agricultural products.

The Secretariat, headed by a Director General, has seven departments: Agriculture, Fisheries, Forestry, Development, Economic and Social Policy, General Affairs and Information, Administration and Finance.

FAO has 5 regional offices: for Africa, for the Asia-Pacific region; for Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean; for the Middle East. Joint commissions of regional offices with the UN economic commissions for Africa, Europe and Western Asia are designed to coordinate activities in the field of agriculture, forestry, fisheries and other regional policy issues. In addition, subregional offices have been created within the FAO - for Southern and Eastern Africa, for the Pacific Islands, for Eastern Europe, for the Caribbean, for North Africa. FAO has representatives in more than 100 countries.

FAO's activities are financed primarily by: (1) contributions from Member States; (2) member trust funds; (3) Development Programs (PRO-ON); (4) World Bank contributions. FAO, together with the UN, leads the World Food Programme, which uses contributions from UN Member States in the form of food, cash and services to support the socio-economic development agenda, as well as to provide emergency assistance.

3.1.5. International Fund for Agricultural Development- IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development- IFAD)

Created by an agreement adopted at a UN conference in June 1976, which entered into force in December 1977; lending began in 1978. 160 states participate in the Fund, which are divided into three lists. List A is 22 developed donor countries; List B consists of 12 developing donor countries: Algeria, Venezuela, Gabon, Indonesia, Iraq, Iran, Qatar, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, UAE, Saudi Arabia; List C consists of 126 developing countries.

Goals of the Foundation:

Financing projects and programs aimed at increasing
food production;

Mobilizing additional funds for development assistance
to the Fund's member countries in increasing food production and
increasing nutritional levels;

Contribute to efforts to eradicate hunger and poverty; providing assistance
cabbage soup for the poorest segments of the population.

The main activities of the Foundation are:

Providing loans and credits on preferential terms for carrying out
implementation of projects and programs aimed at implementation, scaling up
food and improving food production systems in member countries

onda. Projects, in particular, include: comprehensive development of rural economy; development of livestock farming, storage and marketing of products; supplies

and distribution of fertilizers; reclamation and control of water resources; fishing. The Fund Bank provides three types of loans: (1) loans on extremely favorable terms - no interest, with a 50-year repayment period, with repayment beginning in 10 years, with an annual service fee of 1%; (2) intermediate loans - with an annual rate of 4%, a repayment period of 20 years, with deferred payments for 5 years; (3) conventional loans - with an annual interest rate of 8%, a repayment period of 15-18 years, including a grace period of three years. IFAD loans represent only a portion of total project costs; Member governments also contribute their share.

Financing the development of rural areas, human settlements and
settlements. Since 1986, there has been a Special Program for countries with
sub-Saharan women, which provides assistance to victims
from drought to countries in restoring agriculture and livestock;

Providing financial assistance to small farmers and landless rural areas
Chinese residents in developing countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America
ki, Caribbean, Middle East and North Africa with a view to
involving them in the process of agricultural development;

Implementation of projects financed jointly with other companies
development financial institutions: World
bank, International Development Association, regional banks
vitiia - African, Asian, Inter-American, Islamic.

The highest body of IFAD is the Board of Governors, which manages the operations of the Fund, periodically provides information to the World Food Council on the implementation of its programs and takes into account the recommendations of the latter in its activities. The day-to-day operations of the Fund are carried out by the Executive Board, which approves loans and grants to finance projects. The activities of the Fund are led by the President under the control of the Board of Governors and the Executive Council. The Foundation has six departments: analysis and research; economic policy and resource strategy; program management; management and personnel services; internal audit; legal services.

The activities of the Fund are financed by contributions from member countries (introduction and current fees), as well as special contributions from non-member states. The main donors are member countries of lists A and B. Funds are not raised on the capital market. The Fund provides assistance only to IFAD members. The number of projects in which IFAD participates at the beginning of 1997 was 461 and covered software in developing countries.

3.1.6. International Maritime Organization- IMO (International Maritime Organization- IMO)

Created in 1958. Began functioning in 1959, until 1982 it was called the Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO). It is a specialized agency of the UN. It has 155 member states.

MMO goals:

Implementation of cooperation and exchange of information between government
authorities on technical issues related to international trade
th shipping;

Promoting the adoption of safety standards and regulations
at sea, maritime navigation; preventing sea pollution from ships and

combating such pollution; consideration of related legal issues;

Promoting the elimination of discriminatory practices and unnecessary restrictions
standards established by governments that affect international
new merchant shipping.

The main activities of the IMO are:

Development and adoption of conventions in various fields of their full powers
chy: on safety issues, prevention of sea pollution; according to GP
dews of responsibility, etc. In total, more than 40 conventions were adopted; con
tions that have been approved by governments and entered into force before
constitute codes of international practice;

Development and adoption of recommendations jointly with the committee for
Maritime Safety and Marine Environment Protection Committee. Recommendations
relate to issues such as: freight transportation; technology; Environment
Wednesday; shipping; search and rescue at sea; radio communication; personnel training.
Although these recommendations are not legally binding, they are
establish codes of good practice and provide guidance for
governments when developing national regulations;

Assisting governments in implementing conventions and regulations
recommendations through the implementation of technical cooperation programs;

Providing a forum for governments of member states and interested
organized organizations in which they can exchange information,
hold discussions and make efforts to solve problems related to
related to technical, legal and other issues related to
navigation and prevention of marine pollution from ships;

Organization of scientific and training centers: (1) World Maritime University
university (Sweden); (2) Maritime Transport Academy (Italy); (3) Morse
Kaya Transport Academy (Malta); (4) International Maritime Institute
rights (Malta);

Cooperation with Intergovernmental Organizations: Caribbean
Community and Caribbean Common Market CARI COM; Danube Commission; Advice
- Europe; Commonwealth of Nations; European Commission EU, League of Arab States
donations, OECD.

The highest body of the IMO is the Assembly, which determines

ethics of the Organization, adopts the program and budget, as well as decisions on

conducting financial activities. Manages the work of the IMO between sessions

yami Assembly Council, which coordinates the work of IMO bodies,

reviews the program and budget, comments on the reports of committees

eds their submission to the Assembly for consideration and appoints the Secretary General. There are 5 committees within the IMO: (1) on maritime safety (since 1978); (2) on legal issues (since 1967); (3) for the protection of the marine environment (since 1973); (4) on technical cooperation (since 1972); (5) to ensure maritime navigation (works to simplify formalities in the field of maritime navigation, especially in ports). The Secretariat consists of 6 departments: (1) ship security; (2) marine environment; (3) legal issues and international relations; (4) conferences; (5) technical cooperation; (6) management.

3.1.7. International Civil Aviation Organization- ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization)- ICAO)

Created in 1944; began its activities in 1947. It is a specialized agency of the UN system. ICAO has 185 member states.

ICAO objectives:

Ensuring the safe and systematic development of international
civil aviation worldwide;

Encouraging the construction and operation of civil aircraft;
creation of airlines, airports and air navigation equipment for international
international civil aviation;

Meeting the needs of the world's population for safe, regular
efficient, effective and economical air transport;

Facilitating international air travel by reducing costs
procedural formalities, including customs, immigration and sanitary
requirements for the free and unhindered crossing of an aircraft, its
passengers, crew, luggage, cargo and mail at international borders;

Studying the problems of international civil aviation, establishing

Promoting flight safety on international airlines;

Simplification of customs, immigration and sanitary regulations;

Preparation of draft international air conventions.
The main activities of ICAO are:

Development of international standards, recommendations and practical
measures to ensure the safety, regularity and efficiency of air
flights and to facilitate air transport. These standards are recommended
guidelines and practical measures determine the activities of air transport pilots
tailors, flight crews, and the design and performance
ki of the aircraft and its equipment;

Development of flight rules (visual flight rules and
instrument flights), as well as aeronautical charts used in aviation
navigation around the world;

Management of aeronautical telecommunications systems (radio frequencies and
procedures);

Assistance to developing countries in the field of civil development
aviation by creating or improving air transport systems
port and aviation personnel training;

Studying the problems of international civil aviation; installed
knowledge of international norms and rules for it;

Promoting flight safety on international airlines
topics of standardization of technical equipment and creation of meteorological systems
logical stations; flight control; increasing the efficiency of funds
communications, radio beacons and radio bands, search and rescue organizations
tions and other means;

Preparation of draft international air conventions;

Cooperation with regional civil aviation organizations
tions in Africa, Latin America and Europe.

The highest body of ICAO is the Assembly, which determines the principles of activity, adopts the budget, and controls the technical, economic and legal activities of the Organization. The executive body of ICAO is the Council, which consists of representatives of 33 countries. He implements the decisions of the Assembly; is in charge of finances; adopts standards for international air navigation; collects, studies and publishes information on air navigation matters and may act, at the request of member countries, as an arbitrator to settle disputes relating to international civil aviation. ICAO has 7 committees: (1) air transport; (2) for joint support of air navigation services; (3) on finance; (4) by personnel; (5) legal; (6) to control unlawful interference in international air transport; (7) on technical cooperation. The Council, together with the Air Navigation Commission and committees, provides the day-to-day direction of ICAO's activities. Its functions include the adoption of international and harmonization of national norms, recommendations and procedures, which are included in the annexes to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, developed in 1944. The Secretariat, headed by the Secretary General, has 5 bureaus: (1) for air navigation; (2) on air transport; (3) on technical cooperation; (4) legal; (5) on administration and services. ICAO has 6 regional offices (in Bangkok, Dakar, Lima, Mexico City, Nairobi, Paris) that monitor the development of civil aviation and compliance with ICAO decisions in the regions. Regional offices advise Member States and develop recommendations.

3.1.8. World Tourism Organization- WOT (World Tourism Organization - WTO)

Created in 1975 on the basis of the Charter. WTO became the successor to the intergovernmental organization “Official Organizations for the Promotion of Tourism”, founded in 1925, which in 1947 was renamed the International Union of Official Tourism Organizations (ISOTO). It is an autonomous organization operating on the basis of the Agreement on Cooperation

cooperation and relationship between WTO and the UN, approved by ECOSOC in 1977. In accordance with this agreement, WTO is assigned the responsibility and functions of the central governing body in the field of tourism. WOT is the only intergovernmental organization whose activities cover all aspects of tourism worldwide. WTO members are divided into 3 categories: category I - full member states, there are 130 of them; category II - associate members, there are 4 of them - Aruba, Macau, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, i.e. state territories, which are autonomous and are not responsible for their own foreign policy; category III - affiliated members, 329 of them. This includes governmental and intergovernmental organizations involved in tourism, as well as commercial organizations and associations operating in the field of tourism: hotels, travel agencies, restaurants, financial institutions, airlines, associations of consultants, consumers, industrialists, tourism training centers, research institutes, publishing groups. Goals HERE:

Promoting the development of tourism, which contributes to economic
growth of countries; expanding international understanding, increasing the good
the state of people, strengthening peace, respect for human rights;

Compliance with the interests of developing countries in the field of tourism;

Providing technical assistance in improving the quality of tourism services.
The main activities of WOT are:

Providing advisory assistance to the governments of member countries in
tourism organization: drawing up plans and projects; development of technical
economic justification; identifying investment needs; ne
technology editing;

Assistance in the implementation of regional cooperation in the field
tourism by creating 6 regional bureaus exercising control over
the work of regional representatives ensuring the maintenance of communications
between WOT and its associated and affiliated members;

Assistance in the field of environmental protection: participation in global and
regional forums on tourism and ecology; practical solution
environmental problems (clean beaches program);

Technical cooperation in the field of improving the quality of services in the field of
tourism: removing barriers and liberalizing trade in tourism services;
resolving issues related to the safety and health of tourists;

Providing assistance in training: development of a global program
BOT programs for training personnel in the field of tourism, as well as programs for
tourism education centers, including correspondence education; prepare
training and advanced training of tourism workers;

Carrying out information activities: collection, analysis and
dissemination of tourism information to more than 180 countries and territories
pit; coordination of publishing activities and tourism campaigns in the press;
publication of statistical information on tourism.

The supreme body of the WOT is the General Assembly. The Executive Council performs the functions assigned to it by the General Assembly: submits its proposals to it, analyzes the general program of work prepared by the Secretary General, before submitting it for consideration by the General Assembly. The Council has 5 committees: (1) Technical Committee for Programs and Coordination (TPCC); (2) budget and finance committee (BFC); (3) promotion committee; (4) statistics committee; (5) a committee of experts on security and safety of tourists. The Secretariat, headed by the Secretary General, directs the implementation of resolutions and decisions adopted by the governing bodies. WOT is financed by contributions from full, associated and affiliated member states.

3.2. Organizations of the OECD system

table 2

3.2.1. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development- " OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development- OECD)

Created in 1961 after the ratification of the Convention establishing it by all member states. It is the successor in political, organizational and legal relations to the Organization for European Economic Cooperation - OEEC, created in 1948. OECD members are 29 industrialized countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Hungary, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Iceland, Spain , Italy, Canada, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea, USA, Turkey, Finland, France, Czech Republic, Switzerland, Sweden, Japan.

The Russian Federation has applied to join the OECD. In 1994, R signed a Declaration of Cooperation and an Agreement on Privileges and Immunities with the OECD.

The EU Commission (according to the protocol signed simultaneously with the Convention establishing the OECD), as well as representatives of EFTA, ECSC and Euratom, take part in the work of the OECD.

The main function of the OECD is to coordinate the economic policies of its member countries in order to mitigate the contradictions arising in the global economic system. Among the most important areas of activity of the OECD are issues of regulating international trade, stabilizing the monetary and credit system, and problems of relations with developing countries. However, decisions taken on these issues are purely advisory in nature and rarely entail concerted action.

Official OECD goals:

Promoting sustainable economic and social development as
countries participating and not participating in the organization;

development of effective methods for coordinating their trade and general economic policies;

Promoting the achievement of the highest level of sustainable eco
economic growth, employment and living standards in member countries while maintaining
financial stability, thus contributing to the development of the world
howl of the economy;

Promoting the development of global trade on a multilateral non-discriminatory basis
on a valuation basis in accordance with international obligations;

Promoting and coordinating relief efforts
developing countries.

The main activities of the OECD are:

Helping member countries formulate policy goals
ki aimed at achieving economic and social development;

Promoting coordinated policies, promoting
to ensure economic growth, as well as internal and external fi
financial stability;

Assistance in removing obstacles to the exchange of goods, service
mi, as well as current payments; further liberalization of capital movements;

Promoting the efficient use of economic resources;

Encouraging research and training in
fields of science and technology;

Contributing to the development of developing countries by providing technical
technical assistance;

Maintaining relationships with all levels of government
member countries;

Organizing the implementation of the work program and monitoring activities
activities carried out on behalf of the OECD by its various directorates: economics
Miki; statistics, environment; development cooperation;
trade; finance; taxes and entrepreneurship; science, technology and
industry; computer science and communications; budgetary and financial
questions; administration and personnel;

Maintaining relations with other international organizations for
ensuring effective cooperation; cooperation with regional
mi economic organizations;

Providing the OECD with the information needed to implement its
tasks, and mutual exchange of such information between its members;

Conducting conferences, meetings, conferences on an ongoing basis
consultations, research; publication of information materials: monographs,
periodicals, technical and statistical bulletins, special literature
tours and conference materials.

The OECD has issued a Code of Conduct on the Operations of TNCs, the purpose of which is to ensure that TNCs support the economic and political objectives of member countries. In addition, the OECD has issued several guidance documents on how multinational corporations publish financial statements and operational information. The OECD serves an important function: it serves as a forum in which different countries can discuss political, economic and social aspects of mutual interest and reach agreement on issues requiring joint action.

The governing body of the OECD is the Council, which includes one representative from each member country. The Council meets either as permanent representatives (about once a week) or as ministers from member countries. Decisions and recommendations are made only with the mutual consent of all members of the Council and are usually advisory in nature. In some cases, mandatory regulations are adopted, which, however, do not apply to Member States that abstained from voting or to those whose national constitutions do not allow the adoption of relevant regulations.

An Executive Committee consisting of 14 people is subordinate to the Council. Administrative and operational work is carried out by the Secretariat, headed by the Secretary General, appointed by the Council for 5 years. The Secretariat processes and prepares discussion papers, statistical and research materials; issues reports and notes on various economic and social issues.

In addition, the OECD has over 20 specialized committees: on economic policy, economics and development; development assistance; trade; capital movements and invisible transactions; financial markets; tax policy; competition law and policy; consumer policy; tourism; maritime sports; international investments and multinational enterprises; on energy policy; industry; become; on scientific and technological policy; on Information Policy; computerization and communications; Educational Affairs; on issues of labor and social policy; on public administration issues; environmental protection; on agriculture; on fisheries; by goods, etc.

The committees carry out the main practical work of the Organization: they determine the general economic policy of the participating countries;

monitor their economic and financial situation;

prepare annual economic reviews for all OECD countries;

provide advice to the governments of member countries on the provision of loans, subsidies and other financial resources to developing countries, as well as provide them with technical assistance.

A special group is represented by committees on various problems of foreign trade or exchange of services. Their official goal is to assist in the expansion of international commodity exchange by reducing or eliminating obstacles to its development. For these purposes, the positions of the participating countries in the field of trade policy are being harmonized and corresponding recommendations are being developed, measures are being considered to reduce tariff and non-tariff restrictions, review procedures for granting import licenses, and develop measures for unification and standardization within the OECD of various administrative and technical rules and regulations in areas of trade.

An important role is played by the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), which is a specialized committee whose functions include considering issues and policies for assistance to member states; ensuring the necessary amount of resources that can be made available to developing countries; providing support to countries to ensure their sustainable development and create potential for participation in the global economy. In 1993, the DAC revised the list of developing countries receiving official development assistance; it included the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. In 1995, the document “Development Partnership in a Changed World” was adopted, which contains the main directions for supporting the efforts of member states in ensuring sustainable economic and social development.

A universal international organization that does everything possible. Most developing countries associate their participation with economic ties with other countries. Among the UN goals are 2.1 – “resolving economic and social problems”; Ch. 9 – International economic and social cooperation (Article 55 – the UN promotes an increase in the level of social stability and resolves economic and social problems); Ch. 10 is dedicated to ECOSOC dealing with

cooperation in the economic and social sphere.

Control over international economic and social cooperation is exercised by the UN General Assembly, under whose leadership ECOSOC operates (see Article 60 of the UN Charter).

Art. 13. The competence of the General Assembly: ____ research and recommendations in the conditions of cooperation between states in the economic and social fields.

Practical activities of the UN to reorganize these provisions. Cooperation is carried out as the so-called. “development participation” = development strategies for certain decades, programs were planned for specific activities (for example, the construction of hospitals...). They are conducted only at the request of the states themselves! The techniques can also be the embodiment of identifiable segments of the population (issues of youth, women, migration...)

The accumulation of funds for these programs is carried out by UNDP (UN Program Development), which exercises administrative control over the implementation of the programs. UNDP finances even the most necessary projects that others have abandoned. The UNDP is led by an executive committee (34 members), consisting of developed and developing countries; headed by the UNDP Administrator manages several funds:

1) capital development fund (providing credit and loans....)

2) special events fund

3) revolving fund (study of the nature of resources)

UNDP has had a “volunteer program” since 1971. They are sent to developing countries. There is a system of concluding two-year contracts with volunteers.

UN specialized agencies on economic and social cooperation, referring to financial international organizations. They have certain features compared to other UN agencies. They:

a) international monetary fund

b) the world bank (this is just a name that unites several financial organizations)

A) IMF. The decision about it was in 1944 in Briton Buds. In reality, it has existed since 1945. Objectives of the IMF:

· promoting global cooperation through a mechanism of consultations and coordinated actions on foreign exchange transactions;

· promote balanced growth of international trade;

· promote the creation of a multilateral current account payments system.

All IMF member states are required to follow the established rules:

· changes in the ratio of the currency value of the national currency to other currencies - only in exceptional cases and only in agreement with the IMF.

· there should be no practice, the cat is not permitted by the fund.

· There may be borrowing of currency in exchange for one’s national currency or gold at certain interest rates to stabilize the situation in the country.

IMF bodies:

Executive Council - consists of 24 executive directors, 8 of whom are permanent members (Russia, USA, Great Britain, France, Japan, Germany, Saudi Arabia, China). Decisions in financial institutions are made by so-called “weighted voting”: each member state has 250 votes + 1 vote for every $100,000 contribution, i.e. States have a different number of votes (the USA has the most, about 20%; Japan - 4.5%)

The number of IMF staff is 2,700.

b) World Bank.

Created at the same time as the IMF.

The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development is gradually adding new bodies => now + 5 more international organizations:

International Finance Corporation;

International Development Association (loans to the poorest countries, long-term loans for 50 years);

International Fund for Agricultural Development;

International Investment Guaranty Agency;

International Center for Resolving Investment Disputes.

The bank provides loans only for production purposes and only for a specific project (the loan must be guaranteed by the government of the country). Previously they gave for 10-20 years, but now - for 25-30 years at 7%. The bank controls the use of all funds for their effective use.

Bodies of this Bank:

The Governing Council (annual sessions) is a full body;

Directors - managers (22 people);

Chairman – head (president) of the Bank.

1) those who pay contributions in convertible currency (64% of votes);

2) those who pay 10% in convertible currency, and the rest in national currency (in this system, the USA has 26% of the votes, the UK - almost 11%).

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