Baikal winds. Porkh L.Z., Dictionary of winds What is the name of the north-west wind

Pomeranian and Sami names of the winds of the Kola Peninsula and the seas washing it.

ABODYE (Pomeranian) - calm with a clear sky, a quiet sunny day on the shores of the northern seas of Russia.

BAIGA (Pomeranian) - see Foggy wind.

BARGUZNIK - northeast wind on the White Sea.

VARYAL, ueryal, pai-varr (Sami) - western wind on the Kola Peninsula

WINDS ON THE WHITE SEA - siverko, siver and north (N); midnight, midnight, hellebore, recostave, barguznik and longtail (SV); east and east (B); dinner person (SE); summer, midday and letnik (Yu); Shelonnik and in Mezen pauzhnik (SW); west (W); coastal, deep and golomyannik (NW);

VOLOKUSHA - blizzard.

VONDULUK - a stable constant wind of any direction on the White Sea.

VSTOK (Pomeranian) - wind blowing from the east.

NOW - the wind is in your face, a headwind on the White Sea.

VSTRETA - headwind on the northern seas of Russia.

DRAGING WIND (Pomeranian) - wind from the coast in the northern seas of Russia during the seal hunt, when they drag prey to the shore, fearing that the ice floe will be carried away by the wind and current into the open sea. Coastal ice often breaks off easily and is carried away by the winds and dragged out to sea, into bare water.

PASTING, sgon, vogon, rein, padun (Pomor.) - a driving wind towards the sea in the north of Russia, lowering the water level at the mouth of the river, and the very fact of a loss of water (as opposed to a surge - a gain of water).

VEERIE-PINK, mer-pink, taal-pink, (Sami) - north wind on the Kola Peninsula.

GOLOMNYA, golomyany wind (Pomeranian) - a squally wind blowing in gusts from the White Sea (from its depths). Golomyanny - seaward, referring to the open sea.

VERT (Pomeranian) - a whirlwind (blizzard) in northern Pomerania.

ZAGREB - quiet and warm weather in Pomerania. See Abodye.

ZASIVERKA, zaseverka (Pomeranian) - cold weather with a north or northeast wind in northern Russia.

DAWN WIND (Pomeranian) - weak wind at dawn.
DAWNS OF THE WIND, spirits of the wind (Pomor - light gusts of weak wind).

KESS-PINK (Sami), Nyrte (Terek dialect), Sauy (Notazer dialect), Sovy (Kildin dialect) - the south and southwest wind on the Kola Peninsula.

LOSO (Pomeranian) - complete calm on the White Sea Wed. Abodye.

MER-PINK, vyerie-pink, taal-pink (Sami) - north wind on the Kola Peninsula.

OBEDNIK - warm and dry daytime southeast wind on the Kola Peninsula and in the Volga region. In the north of Russia this is the wind from the sea, a breeze in sunny weather: “It sways during the day, but in the evening it will calm down.”

OTDOR - the wind that drives fish away from the shores of the White Sea.

PADARA, padar, padera, padora, padra, podar (Pomeranian) - a storm accompanied by wet snow, blizzard and any bad weather with strong winds, as well as strong roughness on the water with a fresh wind on the northern shores of Russia. Paderit (Pomeranian) - blizzard, paderno - blizzard, paderoy - blizzard.

PAUZHNIK, pouzhnik, pauzhnyak, shelonik, glubnik (Pomeranian) - southwest wind on the Kola Peninsula. Pauzhin is the third meal of the day for commercial fishermen, between lunch and dinner, when the Sun is in the southwest (pauzhnik is an afternoon snack).

PAY-VARR-PINK (Sami) - western wind on the Kola Peninsula.

BEREZHNIK - northwest wind blowing on the Arkhangelsk coast of the White Sea from the Kola Peninsula.

WEATHER, weather, weather (Pomor) - piercing wind, storm with whirlwinds and precipitation (strong wind with rain and snow) in the north of Russia.

MIDNIGHT - northeast wind in northern Russia, blowing from high latitudes (from midnight). On the Yenisei, this is a surge wind, a sign of the oncoming cold, which is why it is called here rekostav, frostbite. In Arkhangelsk it is the north-west wind. In Europe, these are mesonictios, midnightwind, mitternacht-seind.

HERRING (SALD) WIND - a surge wind that drives water and fish to the shores of the White Sea and to river mouths. In Arkhangelsk it is the north wind (siver, northerners, average).

TAVVAL-PINK (Sami) - east wind on the Kola Peninsula. Wed. Mer-pink.

UERYAL (Sami) - see Varyal, Pay-varr.

KHIVOK - light wind on the White Sea.

SHELONIK, shalonik, shelonnik, pauzhnik - southwest wind in Russia.

On the Kola Peninsula and the White Sea, the W. - west or southwest wind (a sign of a storm at sea);

SHURGA (Pomeranian) - blizzard, storm, blizzard, blizzard, blizzard in the north of Russia.

Based on the book by L. Z. Porkh “Dictionary of the Winds”

text, L.Z. Porkh, 1983

Selection and HTML version, I. Voinov, 2007

Wind is the movement of air masses from an area of ​​high atmospheric pressure to an area of ​​low pressure.

Wind is characterized by strength (speed) and direction. The characteristics of the wind depending on the strength are given in Table 1. The wind speed is determined by the value of the pressure gradient, i.e. difference in atmospheric pressure over a set unit of distance equal to 60 miles (1° latitude), in the direction of pressure drop. Therefore, the greater the pressure gradient, the greater the wind speed.

Due to the rotation of the Earth, under the influence of the Coriolis force, the direction of the wind does not coincide with its vector of the pressure gradient, but deviates to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere. In mid-latitudes the deviation can reach 60°.

The direction of the wind is taken to be the point on the horizon from where it blows (the wind blows into the compass). It is also customary to determine the direction of the swell, and “from the compass”, towards the horizon, sea currents and river currents.

The wind is not homogeneous in its structure. It can be jet (laminar), when layers of air move without mixing, i.e. their particles do not move from layer to layer. This air movement usually occurs in light winds. If the wind speed exceeds 4 m/s, then air particles begin to move randomly, its layers mix and the air movement becomes turbulent. The higher the wind speed, the greater the turbulence, the greater the speed jumps at individual points of the air flow and the more gusty the wind becomes, and squalls occur.

Squally wind is characterized not only by frequent and sharp fluctuations in speed, but also by strong individual gusts lasting up to several minutes. A wind that suddenly increases its speed for a very short period of time against a background of light wind or calm is called a squall. Most often, squalls occur during the passage of powerful cumulonimbus clouds and are often accompanied by thunderstorms and showers. Squally wind speed reaches 20 m/s or more, and in some gusts 30-40 m/s. In this case, unexpected turns of the wind up to several points may be observed.

The main cause of a squall is the interaction of an upward flow of air in the front part of a cumulonimbus cloud and descending air, cooled by heavy rain, in its rear part, resulting in the formation of a characteristic swirling shaft with a vortex underneath, reinforced by the vortices of neighboring air layers.

Vertical vortices in a thundercloud can form tornadoes. When the speed of such a vortex reaches 100 m/s, the lower part of the cloud in the form of a funnel descends towards the underlying surface (ground or water), towards the rising dust or water column. A meeting with a tornado is dangerous: having great destructive power and rotating in a spiral, it can lift up everything that gets in its way. The height of the tornado reaches more than 1000 meters, the horizontal speed is 30-40 km/h. Therefore, when you see a tornado, you need to determine the direction of its movement and immediately move away.

Sometimes a tornado can form without thunderclouds. In this case, it does not originate from a cloud, but on the surface of the earth or sea, often under a cloudless sky. These are "fair weather" tornadoes. They break down quickly and are practically safe. Often their existence can be noticed more quickly by the characteristic whistling sound that is heard when it moves than by seeing it.

Air, air masses are in constant motion, which constantly changes both its speed and direction. But on a global, planetary scale, this movement has a clearly defined pattern, which is determined by the general circulation of the atmosphere, depending on the distribution of atmospheric pressure in large areas of the globe - from the tropics to the polar zones.

In the equatorial zone, the warm air of the tropics rises, which leads to the formation of a wind called the antipassat at the boundary of the troposphere. The anti-pass wind spreads towards the poles, north and south respectively.

The cooled air masses of the anti-trade wind settle to the surface of the earth, creating high pressure and wind in the subtropics, called the trade wind, which rushes to the equatorial zone.

Under the influence of the Coriolis force, the trade winds of the northern hemisphere receive a northeast direction, and those of the southern hemisphere (except for the northern part of the Indian Ocean, where seasonal monsoon winds blow) - a southeast direction. The speed of trade winds is also constant and reaches 5-10 m/s.

In the equatorial zone, the trade winds weaken and turn east. Therefore, between the trade winds of both hemispheres a calm zone arises (in the Atlantic “horse latitudes”), characterized by low pressure, thunderstorms and showers, and calms. At latitudes of 40-60° in both regions, the winds from the western quadrant predominate. They are less stable (from NW to SW), but much stronger (10-15 m/s or 6-7 points). In the southern hemisphere, where westerly winds circle the entire world's oceans, lay the main routes for sailing ships to sail from Europe to Australia and back to Europe around the Cape of Good Hope and the Horn. Due to their strength, frequency (up to 50%) and frequent storms, these winds received the nickname “good news”, and their latitudes - “thundering forties” and “roaring sixties”.

In the subpolar regions of both hemispheres, where cold air masses from the upper layers of the troposphere settle, forming the so-called polar maxima, southeastern and eastern winds predominate.

Trade winds are the first in the category of prevailing winds, i.e. blowing continuously in certain areas for a certain period of time. The speed and direction of the prevailing winds are determined based on long-term observations for each sea or sea area.

Another category of winds is local, blowing only in a given place or several places on the globe, arising when thermal conditions change over a period of time or under the influence of the terrain (the nature of the underlying surface)

The first type includes the following winds:

Breezes are formed under the influence of unequal heating of land and sea. The area essential for the formation of breezes is located in the coastal strip of the seas (about 30-40 km). At night the wind blows from the coast to the sea (shore breeze), and during the day, on the contrary, from the sea to the land. The sea breeze begins around 10 a.m., and the coastal breeze begins after sunset. The breeze belongs to the winds of vertical development and at an altitude of several hundred meters blows in the opposite direction. The intensity of the breeze depends on the weather. On hot summer days, the sea breeze has a moderate strength of up to 4 points (4-7 m/s); the coastal breeze is much weaker.

On land you can also observe breezes. At night, near the surface of the earth, there is a draft of air from the field to the forest, and at the height of the tree crowns - from the forest to the field.

Foehn is a hot, dry wind that occurs when moist air flows around mountain peaks and is heated by the warm leeward underlying surface of the mountain slope. In the Black Sea it is observed off the coast of Crimea and the Caucasus mainly in spring.

Bora is a very strong wind directed down the mountain slope in areas where the mountain range borders the warm sea. Cold air rushes down to the sea at high speed, sometimes reaching the force of a hurricane. In winter, at low temperatures it causes icing. It is observed in the Novorossiysk region, off the coast of Dalmatia (Adriatic Sea) and on Novaya Zemlya. In some mountainous regions, for example, in the Caucasus in the Leninakan region, or in the Andes, a phenomenon is observed every day when, after sunset, masses of cold air rush down from the mountain peaks surrounding the valley. Gusts of wind reach such strength that they tear down tents, and a sharp and strong drop in temperature can lead to hypothermia.

Baku Nord is a cold north wind in the Baku area, blowing in summer and winter, reaching storm force and often hurricane force (20-40 m/s) bringing clouds of sand and dust from the shore.

Sirocco is a very warm and humid wind originating in Africa and blowing in the Central Mediterranean Sea, accompanied by clouds and precipitation.

Seasonal winds are monsoons, which are continental in nature and arise due to differences in atmospheric pressure with uneven heating of land and sea in summer and winter.

Like other winds, monsoons have a pressure gradient directed towards low pressure - on land in summer, at sea in winter. Under the influence of the Coriolis force in the northern hemisphere, the summer monsoons in the Pacific Ocean off the east coast of Asia are deflected to the southeast, and in the Indian Ocean - to the southwest. These monsoons bring cloudy weather from the ocean to the Far East, with frequent rain, drizzle and fog. At this time, prolonged and heavy rains fall on the southern coast of Asia, which leads to frequent floods.

The winter monsoons reverse their direction. In the Pacific Ocean they blow from the northwest, and in the Indian Ocean - from the northeast towards the ocean. The wind speed in the monsoons is uneven. The winter northeastern monsoons coincide with the trade winds of the northern hemisphere, but their speed does not exceed 10 m/s. But the summer monsoons of the Indian Ocean reach storm force. Monsoon change occurs in April-May and October-November.

Wind is no less important than clouds for weather forecasting. Moreover, without wind, the weather cannot change. Wind is characterized by strength and direction. The strength of the wind can be determined by its effect on land objects and the surface of the sea. Table No. 1 shows signs of wind on the 12-point Beaufort scale.

Western winds usually bring milder weather, i.e. In summer it will be cooler and there may be some rain. In winter they are accompanied by heavy snowfalls and thaws. The north wind will definitely bring cold, and it is unknown whether there will be precipitation. The south wind brings warmth, i.e. In winter there is a thaw with snow, in summer it can be warm without precipitation. The east wind is less predictable, it can be both cold and warm, one thing is certain. It will not bring much rainfall either in summer or winter.

Table No. 1

Mountain, Barguzin, Verkhovik, Kultuk, Sarma, Angara

Strong winds, even without taking into account the resulting waves, can pose a serious danger to a light tourist boat. Therefore, it is worthwhile to get acquainted with the Baikal winds and the signs by which you can judge impending troubles while still on land in a calm environment.

Baikal is surrounded on all sides by mountain ranges, which have a significant impact on the climate, in particular on the formation of air flows. The determining factor is the presence of intermountain basins surrounding Baikal, the temperature in which differs significantly from the temperature in the main basin - the Baikal basin. The greatest temperature difference occurs in autumn, it reaches 30–40 degrees, which leads to a significant pressure drop and the emergence of powerful air currents.

The average wind load on Lake Baikal depends on the geographical location, time of year and time of day. The most favorable season is the one that interests us most - summer. In June–July, 80% of the time is calm or weak wind (wave height does not exceed 0.5 m). Most often, strong winds occur in the fall; for example, in the area of ​​Olkhon Island in October–December, strong winds blow on average 58 days out of 100.

During the day, the quietest time is two to three hours after sunrise and about the same before sunset. Calm lasting during daylight hours rarely occurs. The figure below with wind roses in different places along the coast can give you an idea of ​​the duration of the calm.

The Baikal wind tends to intensify near capes. Even in complete calm, a small breeze can blow opposite the capes, and in windy weather the increase in wind speed can be significant. This should be taken into account when passing rocky headlands that drop vertically into the water.

Based on their origin, winds in the Baikal basin are divided into passing and local. The first are associated with the passage of atmospheric fronts and air masses over the lake - these are the strongest winds. Local winds arise due to the difference in air temperatures over water and land. A striking and well-known example is a breeze that blows from sea to land during the day, and from land to sea at night. Local winds are usually not dangerous. The exception, apparently, is pokatuha, which will be discussed below.

Depending on the direction, there are two main types of Baikal winds - longitudinal and transverse. The former blow along the basin of the lake and, due to the considerable length of the acceleration, raise large waves, the latter blow across the basin and are particularly cunning and ferocious.

A good artistic description of the Baikal winds can be found in O. Gusev’s book “Naturalist on Baikal”. According to O. Gusev, there are about 30 local names for winds, often the same wind has several names.

Below is a description and characteristics of the most remarkable air currents found on Lake Baikal. Let me note that it is not for nothing that Baikal is famous for its violent temper; even in the calmest season - summer - strong storms can occur. It often happens that several winds blow at the same time and it is quite difficult to understand which of them we are dealing with. The wind in such situations can almost instantly change direction to the opposite.

The directions of air flows on Baikal and wind roses for the summer period are shown on the map.

Verkhovik

Verkhovik, also known as angara (the second name is more often used in the northern part of the lake, in the southern part it causes confusion - angara is also called the wind that dominates the source of the Angara). Sometimes the names verkhovka, north, siver are used. It is named so because it blows from the valley of the Upper Angara River, i.e. from the upper end of the lake.

Verkhovik can blow simultaneously throughout Lake Baikal. In summer, the verkhovik reaches the southern tip of Baikal extremely rarely, limiting itself to Cape Tolstoy as the southern border (there are six capes with this name on Lake Baikal, in this case we mean the cape located approximately 10 km east of the village of Listvyanka). On northern Baikal, the verkhovik blows from the north, on middle and southern Baikal - from the northeast.

Particularly ferocious verkhoviks occur before Baikal freezes - in December. The wind is not gusty - it usually blows calmly, the weather with such a wind is dry and clear.

The wind usually begins in the morning, after sunrise, and often subsides before sunset, but it can blow for a very long time without stopping - up to ten days. Such prolonged winds begin in mid-August. Due to its considerable duration and lack of gusts, the Verkhovik can create very large waves. This is one of the most famous and significant winds on Lake Baikal.

The harbinger of verkhovik is the bright red horizon before sunrise.

Kultuk

Kultuk, aka nizovik, nizovka. The wind blows from the lower, southern tip of Baikal, from Kultuk Bay (more precisely, from Kultuchnaya Pad). This is a southwest wind, it blows in the direction opposite to the upper wind, but also along the lake basin. Kultuk brings with it powerful storms, rain and cloudy weather. Sometimes in spring and early summer the kultuk blows even in clear weather. This wind can blow over the entire basin of the lake at once, but not for as long as the upper part of the lake. Often the kultuk flies suddenly, and just as suddenly it can give way to the wind of the opposite direction - the verkhovik. Kultuk leads to the most powerful storms on Lake Baikal, raising huge gloomy, leaden waves.

The harbinger of kultuk is the gloomy clouds gathering in the southwestern part of Lake Baikal.

Barguzin

Barguzin - smooth and strong northeast wind. The names midnight owl are also used (sometimes barguzin blows at night) and the already outdated barguznik. An air stream escapes from the Barguzin Valley.

Unlike the longitudinal winds - Verkhovik and Kultuk - Barguzin blows across the basin of the lake and only in its middle part. It is assumed that under certain conditions the barguzin can reach southern Baikal. In terms of duration and strength, it is inferior to verkhovik and kultuk.

Barguzin usually does not blow for more than a day, most often it begins after sunrise and subsides towards sunset. Usually Barguzin brings with it sunny weather. The wind speed rarely exceeds 20 m/s, but in the Barguzin Bay it can reach hurricane force.

Mountain

North-west wind. Refers to cross winds. The cold air flow breaks down from the mountains (hence the name) - from the slopes of the Primorsky and Baikal ridges and spreads its influence only on the western coast of Lake Baikal. The Olkhon Buryats in former times called the mountain wind - Khoyta-Khaltin or Barun-Khoyta-Khaltin.

The occurrence of this wind is due to the existence of the Primorsky and Baikal mountain ranges on the northern coast of Lake Baikal. Cold Arctic masses, approaching Baikal, accumulate near these mountain ranges, unable to cross them on the move. Having accumulated a critical mass, the cold air passes over the mountains and, accelerating, rushes along the steep slopes to Lake Baikal. In some places on the coast - in mountain river valleys - there are especially favorable conditions for accelerating air flows. This is how sarma, harakhaikha and other types of mountain winds of hurricane force arise.

Gornaya is the most ferocious and treacherous of the Baikal winds. It comes suddenly, the speed increases in leaps and bounds, the maximum mountain speed can reach 40–50 m/s. The mountain one is often called sarma, although sarma, like harakhaikha, buguldeika, and angara, are varieties of the mountain one.

There are a number of signs that can be used to predict the occurrence of a mountain in advance. In summer, it is often preceded by calm, windless weather and sweltering heat; clouds appear over the mountain peaks, gradually forming a gloomy cloud bank stretching over the mountain range. A fairly reliable sign can be a sharp drop in atmospheric pressure.

According to my personal observations, in summer the mountain wind most often begins at night.

Sarma

A strong squally wind escaping from the valley of the Sarma River, a type of mountain river, flowing into the Small Sea. Cold arctic air from the Lena Upland, rolling over the Primorsky ridge, enters the Sarma River valley, which narrows towards Baikal - a natural wind tunnel, at the exit of which it reaches hurricane speed.

Sarma can blow continuously for several days, the wind being so strong that it knocks down trees, capsizes ships, rips roofs off houses and throws livestock from the shore into the sea. Residents tie the roofs of houses in the village of Sarma, located in the valley of the river of the same name, to the ground. This wind is most frequent and fierce in autumn and winter. On average, in November sarma blows for 10 days, in December - 13. Usually sarma covers the Maloe More and the western part of Baikal, but sometimes it can also be felt on the eastern shore of the lake. The wind speed increases abruptly and quickly reaches hurricane force.

A sign of the approaching sarma are stratocumulus clouds with sharply defined boundaries, gathering over the peaks of the Primorsky ridge near the Sarma gorge. Typically, 2–3 hours pass from the beginning of cloud concentration to the first gust of sarma. The last warning is the opening of the “gate” - the appearance of a gap between the tops of the mountains and the lower edge of the clouds. Sometimes wisps of clouds are visible rushing down the mountain slopes. The wind comes 15-30 minutes after that.

Harahaiha

A type of mountain wind, an extremely fierce squally wind blowing from the valley of the Goloustnaya River. It is especially frequent in autumn and winter, at the same time it is most powerful and lasting. The name comes from the Buryat “hara” - black.

Buguldeyka

A strong cross wind escaping from the valley of the Buguldeika River. Like all mountain winds, it can blow continuously for several days.

Angara

A type of mountain wind that blows from the Angara River valley. Reaches great strength, dispersing fierce waves in the shallow source of the Angara. Usually it blows evenly, without squalls. Brings wet, cold weather to the east coast. It happens especially often in autumn and winter.

Selenga

A cold cross wind from the southeast direction, blowing from the valley of the Selenga River, can reach the western shore and lead to the appearance of a dead swell in the area of ​​​​the village of Buguldeika.

Shelonnik

Rolling down from the Khamar-Daban ridge, air masses coming from Mongolia manifest themselves in the form of a warm southeast wind. The speed of the moth usually does not exceed 10 m/s.

The name was most likely brought by the Novgorodians - this is the name of the southeast wind on the Shelon River, which flows into Lake Ilmen. Shelonnik is most often observed in spring, autumn and early winter, covering only the southern part of the lake. Brings warm weather.

Pokatuha

Strong short-term local squall. Its harbinger can be an elongated cloud or a strip of fog over the water (according to V.P. Bryansky, a cylindrical harbinger cloud, rotating around a longitudinal axis, is located in the mountains, at an average altitude). After some time, the cloud begins to move quickly with a powerful squall, overturning boats, breaking trees, sweeping away everything in its path.

This is how eyewitness L. Perminov describes the ride: “A strange cloud attracted my attention. It was small in diameter and stretched evenly over the lake along the west-east axis. The cloud seemed to stand still for a long time, but suddenly rushed to the east. I considered it prudent get to the shore. And then ahead I saw a “devilish spiral” rushing low over the water. Spinning clockwise (as viewed from the east), the spiral rushed over the water with an unusually high speed for a cloud. There was something mystical about this whirlwind. The lake boiled "Dangerous high waves rolled after the cloud."

There is quite a bit of information about the wind; apparently, this wind occurs only on the eastern shore of Lake Baikal in the Vydrino-Boyarsky section.

In conclusion, I would like to note the following. Although many years of statistical data have been accumulated on Baikal winds, no one can reliably answer the question of which direction the wind will prevail in any area of ​​Baikal, for example, in July. The reason is that the main wind flows are through, i.e. are determined by external conditions - atmospheric fronts passing through the Baikal basin.

Literature:

OK. Gusev “Naturalist on Baikal”, “Soviet Russia”, M., 1977.
V.P. Solonin "The Shores of Baikal", Materials for tourists, Irkutsk, 1991.
V.P. Bryansky “Desired, furious, beautiful”, Tourist Guide, Irkutsk, 2001.

WIND DICTIONARY

Wind is the most important characteristic of weather and climate. The wind causes the movement and mixing of air and carries impurities suspended in it. Wind facilitates the exchange of heat, moisture and energy between the underlying surface and the atmosphere, and also transports huge air masses in the general atmospheric circulation system. Many natural processes and phenomena are associated with the action of wind. Strong winds cause soil erosion, dust storms, disturbances in water bodies, and hurricanes and storms cause destruction and flooding of coastlines. Wind has a significant impact on the work of numerous sectors of the national economy: agriculture, aviation, sea, river, road and rail transport, utilities, etc.

The Dictionary contains the names and characteristics of winds and wind systems on planetary and local scales, as well as some synoptic, meteorological, hydrodynamic, technical, geographical and marine terms and characteristics related to the action of winds.

For ease of use of the Dictionary, terms and concepts are grouped in two parts: the first (main) part gives the names and characteristics of winds and wind systems, as well as some terms related to the genesis of winds; in the second part - meteorological, synoptic, geological and Pomeranian terms and concepts characterizing the action of winds. In addition, the second part includes some special terms that are necessary for understanding the main entries in the first part of the dictionary, as well as geographical names associated with wind.

The Dictionary contains terms and concepts found in various literary sources, both in Russian and in some foreign languages. When compiling the Dictionary, encyclopedic and special dictionaries, reference books, textbooks, monographs and individual studies were used. In addition, materials from the author's long-term correspondence with some meteorological institutions, stations and libraries of the Soviet Union, as well as with meteorological services of the German Democratic Republic, the People's Republic of Bulgaria, Japan, Hawaii, Sweden, Spain, France, etc. were used.

It should be noted that textbooks on climatology and meteorology and special reference books, as a rule, contain very brief information about the main wind systems and winds. The “Meteorological Dictionary” by S.P. Khromov and L.I. Mamontova, the “Geographical Dictionary” by S.V. Kolesnik and others also provide a description of only the main and most well-known winds and wind systems. The “Dictionary of General Geographical Terms” by D. Stump gives the names of some local (local) winds of foreign countries. There are many similar winds in the USSR and, unfortunately, they are not mentioned either in dictionaries or textbooks.

However, due to the expansion and improvement of the observation system, as well as the development of previously uninhabited territories in recent years, meteorologists and weather forecasters have begun to pay more and more attention to local winds as an important factor influencing weather conditions and human production activities.

When compiling the characteristics of the winds, the author proceeded from the definitions established in Soviet geographical science. The uneven completeness of the presentation of a number of terms is due to their varying significance, degree of study and coverage in the literature.

The dictionary does not claim to be exhaustive. Some definitions may seem subjective; this is due to the difference in views of the authors of a number of works and monographs from which the definitions and spellings of names are drawn.

The author expresses deep gratitude to all the specialists who kindly responded to his requests, read certain sections of the manuscript and made useful comments that contributed to the improvement of the book. The author will be grateful for any comments, additions, suggestions regarding the content and structure of the Dictionary and asks to send them to the author at the Ukrainian Research Institute of the State Committee for Hydrometeorology (252028, Kyiv, Nauki Ave., 105).

How to use the Dictionary

Terms in the Dictionary are arranged in alphabetical order. Multi-word terms are placed without inversion. For example, GEOSTROPHIC WIND, not GEOSTROPHIC WIND. Titles of articles are given in bold capital font, synonyms are in light lowercase font, separated by commas. The most common synonyms are listed in alphabetical order with reference to the main article. There is no description of wind in the synonym article. If the name of the wind does not fully correspond to a foreign word, then “from” is indicated in parentheses after the title of the article (for example, from German Glets-chcr), if the name of the wind fully corresponds, then without “from”.

Geographical names in foreign languages ​​are given only in cases where the difficulty of pronunciation may cause the word to be distorted.

The title of each article corresponds to the most famous name (sound) in Russian.

Links to articles within one part are in italics, links to articles in another part are in bold. When repeating a term within an article, abbreviations are accepted (for example, BREEZE-B., GLACIAL WIND -L. v.).

In articles that combine a group of winds (for example, WINDS ON THE DANUBE) all winds or winds of the main directions are listed. At the same time, for the territory of the USSR, in some cases a general description of the wind is given (for example, WINDS ON LAKE BAIKAL), despite the fact that a separate article is devoted to each of the winds of this group. In other cases, the unifying article lists all the winds in a given area with brief characteristics, and the articles provide cross-references with the name of each of these winds (for example, WINDS ON LAKE TOBA).

Since in many areas the winds are called by the sides of the horizon (cardinal points), in the Dictionary these names (synonyms) are given in different languages ​​(see, for example, WEST).

Concepts related to the action of winds are collected in the second part and are also presented there in alphabetical order.

1. Names of winds and wind systems

A

ABAZA, the basis is a strong northeastern or eastern wind on the Lower Danube and off the western shores of the Black Sea. Sometimes reaches the strength of the cruel storms Accompanied by snowstorms and severe frosts. Dangerous for fishing vessels. Cm. Winds on the Danube.

ABODIE(Pomeranian) - calm with a clear sky, a quiet sunny day on the shores of the northern seas of the USSR. Wed. Alcyonides.

ABREGO(Spanish: abrego) - moderate humid southwest wind in southwest Spain. Accompanied by short but heavy rains. Occurs when a cyclonic vortex moves from the southwest to the Gulf of Cadiz.

ABROLHOS, cambueiros (port, abrolhos, cambuei-ros) - winter (May-August) frontal squalls with rains on the southeastern coast of Brazil, as well as in the Abrolhos Bank area.

AVAL(French aval) - stable downwind on the Atlantic coast of France, blowing up river valleys: in the north-west of France mainly from the west, in the south-east - from the south-east. Wed. Amon.

AVALANSHWIND- cm. Avalanche wind.

AUGONGADAUR(English dial. avgongadaur) - a period of calm, clear weather in the Faroe Islands. Wed. Alcyonides.

AVGON SHAMOLI- cm. Afghan.

AVR(French avre) - warm winter and cold summer wind in Luc-en-Diois (drôme, France). Wed. Evr.

AUSTRALIAN MONSOON-wind blowing in summer from the ocean towards the Australian continent, and in winter - from the continent towards the ocean. In the north of Australia, the warm and humid northwestern AM sometimes penetrates as far as Queensland, and in the south, the cold southern AM reaches Sydney. In winter, in the north of the continental anticyclone, which forms monsoon air flows, dominates southeast trade wind, in the south - west wind. Wed. Burster, Brickfielder.

AGEY, aiguol (French agueil, aiguolas) - a cold east wind in the southern part of the Cevennes (France). Accompanied by cloudy weather, often with rain and snow. In spring it often lasts for several days.

AG EL(Azerb.)- dry wind in the Kura-Araks lowland (in Baku, Kazakh, Shemakha, etc.). It is a strong eastern stream of tropical air, sometimes at a speed of 10 m/s or more at air temperatures up to 40 °C. Usually observed in spring and summer. Wed. We ate it ourselves.

AG KULEK(Azerb.) - warm eastern or south-eastern wind in Shemakha, Maraz, etc. (Azerbaijan). Wed. Ag el.

ADENA CYCLONES-tropical cyclones of the Arabian Sea moving westward (to the Gulf of Aden). Their speed of movement is low (10-20 km/h). The zone of strong winds has a radius of up to 180 km. The pressure drop in the cyclone reaches 40 hPa. The strongest wind is observed to the west of the island. Socotra. In the open sea in the southern sector of A. c. The monsoon southwest wind sometimes reaches the force of a storm. Cm. Arabian cyclones.

AJINA-SHAMOL(Taj.) - squally northern damn wind blowing in the south of Tajikistan from the Karjalad-Kum desert. Accompanied by high air temperatures, up to 50 °C in summer. The wind raises huge masses of hot sand, damages cotton leaves, uproots trees, and fills streams and canals with sand. To protect against squalls and wind sediments near cities create protective plantings of saxaul.

ADRIATIC BORA- cold and strong (sometimes up to 60 m/s) north or northeast wind blowing from the mountain passes between the Alps and the Dinaric Highlands towards the Adriatic Sea, over the Dalmatian coast, between the Istrian Peninsula and Dubrovnik. On the seaward slopes of the mountains, a strong wind is observed in the layer up to a height of 800 m. Above the sea, it weakens sharply and intensifies only on the windward slopes of mountainous islands. A. b. may last from several days to several weeks. Great strength A. b. called boracia, and of low strength - Borino.

There are black cyclonic B. - skura(B. scura), accompanied by rain and often spreading out to sea for a distance of up to 60 km, and white anticyclonic B.- Chiara(B. chiara), sometimes rampant along the entire coast of Yugoslavia in clear skies and does not penetrate far into the sea. However, with white forest, the tops of the mountains are covered with clouds. Chernaya A. b. occurs when cyclones pass through the central part of the Adriatic Sea. At the same time, in the south of the coast of Yugoslavia there is a warm and humid wind. yugd, and in the north of the coast - A. b.

At sea A. b. whips up the waves, tearing off their crests, resulting in a kind of fog (see. Spalmedjjo).

A. b. blows mainly in winter, when the ground is frozen or covered with snow. It intensifies in the morning, and in the evening it subsides or weakens. Continues for long periods of time. Due to the high repeatability of A. b. A peculiar belt of aeolian-marine sediments has formed along the coast; in some places there is a complete absence of vegetation on the coast. To protect gardens and fields from A. b. They build stone walls and string ropes along the streets for pedestrians.

The wind is especially strong in the area of ​​Trieste, Rijeka, Idrija, Pula, Klenovica, in the Bay of Kotor, Vrulje and Makarska bays, at the mouth of the Neretva River, between the island. Zirje and Cape Ploče and further in Zadar Bay (Zadar forest), Senj harbor (Senjska Bora), in the Kvarner Strait (kvarner); here between Cape Kamenyak and about. Uniye with A. b. may arise tornadoes, while in the open sea there is no wind. The direction of the wind on the coast depends on the features of the relief. Before starting A. b. clouds rise over mountain peaks (for example, over the Rukovets and Velebit mountains) and break.

AE(Hawaii) - northeastern scalding trade wind on the Hawaiian Islands.

ASIAB(Arab, aziab)- khamsin, moistened while moving over the Red Sea; brings stuffiness to the coast.

ASIATIC MONSOON - winter northeast and summer southwest monsoon in the northern Indian Ocean. Cm. Monsoon.

AZOVETS- dry wind in the Azov region.

AI-(Evenki)-cold downwind, blowing in the river valley Olekma. It is observed mainly in the cold season. Wed. Lamus.

AIR DE CARTAGENA - see.Levece.

IRON WIND(English, iron wind - iron wind) - northeast wind in Central America. It blows for several days in February - March. Wed. Norser.

AQUILON(from Latin aquilo - north) - the cold north or northeast wind in Rome and the deity personifying this wind in Roman mythology. Cm. Boreas, Septeitrio.

AKMAN, tukman - heavy snow blizzard in Bashkiria, marking the transition to spring. Wed. Storms of the Equinox.

ALICIO(Spanish alisio - Punic, Carthaginian wind), elise - dry northeast trade wind in the Canary Islands and off the coast of Spain. Wed. Tiempo del Monte.

ALLERSEELENWINTER(German: Allerseelenwin-ter) - unstable northerly winds in early November in Central Europe, accompanied by a short-term return of cold weather.

ALLERHEILIGENWIND(German: Allerheiligen-wind), allerheiligensommer is a warm foehn-type wind and foehn weather in the Alps.

ALCION DAZE(English, halcyon days) - calm days, quiet sunny weather in England during the winter solstice. Wed. Alcyonides.

ALUGU-cm. Winds on Lake Toba.

ALOU DE VAN(French aloup de vent) - cold night wind in the Brévenne valley (France).

ALUSTON- a strong foehn-type wind blowing from the Angarsk Pass to Alushta.

ALBANY DOCTOR- cm. Doctor.

ALBE(French albe) - southwest Spanish wind, warm and humid in the Eastern Pyrenees, blowing along the slopes of Alberia towards Perpignan in the river basin. Dreams. Sometimes preceded by rain and thunderstorms. In some areas of France it is southern. Occurs when southwestern air flow covers a significant part of Western Europe. Has a stimulating effect on some sick people. See Howl d"Espana. Wed. Garbi.

ALBERTVILLE, Albertville (French albertville) - dry northwest wind in partly cloudy weather in the Albertville valley (Isère basin, France).

ALBTALVIND(German Albtalwind) - night mountain wind in the alpine meadows of the Northern Black Forest.

AL DE MARS(French hale de mars) - dry and cold north, northeast or east wind (visas) to area of ​​the Morvan mountain range and in a number of areas of the dep. Jura (France).

ALKIONIDES- windless and warm days in winter in Greece (Alcyone is the mythical daughter of the wind god Aeolus). Wed. Abodye, Alsion Days.

ALMVIND(German Almwind) - south wind type hairdryer, blowing from Hungary and Slovakia through the Tatra Mountains to Zakopane (Poland). Sometimes it reaches a speed of 25 m/s. Particularly strong A. is observed in spring and autumn. When there is wind, the air temperature rises by 10-15 °C.

ALPS- cm. Upperwind.

ALPINE HAIRDRYER-cm. Hairdryer

ALTAN, altanus (lat. altanus) - sea wind. Cm. Otan.

AMBA(French amba) - a soft, fresh south wind in the river basin. Rhone. Wed. Embat, Embatis, Imbat.

AMON, van d'amon (French vent d'amont) - high wind. On the Atlantic coast of France it is predominantly eastern or northern, in Boulogne it is northeastern, in the dept. Oise and on the hills of Perche (dept. Somme) - northwestern, in the south of the Massif Central - northern or northeastern (like biza). Wed. Aval.

ANABATIC WIND(from the Greek anabaino - to rise, to ascend) - an upward wind directed up the slopes or along the surface of a layer of denser air. For example, valley wind. At the upper boundary of the ascending air flow, a well-defined surface of a layer of ground-level haze is formed, often coinciding with the level of the surrounding peaks. A.v. promotes the separation of vortices from slopes, especially if the leeward slope faces the Sun. Wed. Ka-tabatic wind.

ANGARA - riding northern or northeastern katabatic wind type burs, blowing from the river valley Upper Angara.

ENGIN(indon.angin) - breeze on the islands of Malaysia: A. darat - onshore breeze; A. laut - sea ​​breeze.

ANGIN RIBUT- cm. Ribut.

ANGREN WIND - mountain wind in Angren. The flow of relatively cold air from the mountains into the Angren Valley (Central Asia). In the lower part of the valley, the air flow is already sufficiently heated due to adiabatic compression and takes on the characteristics hairdryer

UNDER, andro (dial. Italian andre, andro) - moderate, sometimes strong south wind on the lake. Garda (Italy).

ANCOMBR(French encombres) - north wind in partly cloudy weather, blowing from the pass in Saint-Martin-la-Porte (France).

ANTI-BREEZE- the upper branch of the breeze circulation, directed opposite to the lower branch - breeze.

ANTILLEAN HURRICANE-tropical cyclone in the Atlantic Ocean, occurring in the Antilles region. When moving along the initial branch of the trajectory, it can penetrate to Florida and the shores of the continent, then, after turning to the north and northeast, it moves along the return branch of the trajectory. A.u. in some cases they reach Iceland and Scandinavia. Their average frequency is 10 times a year. Most often they are observed in July - September.

ANTI-MONSON- upper branch of the monsoon circulation, air flow over monsoon, the opposite direction to it. It is part of the zonal (western) flow dominant at these heights.

ANTIPASSAT, counter-passat - air current over trade winds in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere of tropical latitudes, having a predominantly western and southwestern direction in the northern hemisphere and northwestern in the southern. It starts at an altitude of 2-4 km, 600-700 km from the equator. A. is better developed in the northern hemisphere. In the winter hemisphere, it carries to the east the air that has risen in intertropical convergence zone. At about 200 hPa it is high-risejet stream. Continuous and regular A. do not exist.

ANTI-CYCLONIC HAIR DRYER - hair dryer from a free atmosphere. AOGITA(Japanese) - north wind (monsoon) in the north of the island Kamijima blowing towards the Korea Strait (Tsushima Islands).

APARKTIY(Greek aparktias) - the north wind in Greece and the deity of this wind in Greek mythology. A. is usually associated with clearing, but is sometimes accompanied by squally clouds and brings severe cold.

AP VALLEY- cm. Lower(grassroots) wind.

APERWIND(German Aperwind), alps (German alpach - open) - spring hair dryer in the Alps, bringing a thaw, evaporating the snow and exposing the soil like snowmobile

APELIOTES(ancient Greek apheliotes) - see. Aphelion.

APOGEEAL WINDS - onshore winds in Greece.

ARAB WINDS - cm. Garbi.

ARABIA AND ASIA MINOR STORMS - the general name for red and yellow storms in the deserts and semi-deserts of Asia Minor and the eastern Mediterranean. Cm. Sirocco, Khamsin, Haboub.

ARABIAN CYCLONES -tropical cyclones Arabian Sea. They are observed infrequently (1-2 times a year) mainly in May - June and October - November, i.e. during periods of change monsoons. Cm. Aden cyclones.

ARAKATI(port, aracaty) - northeast wind in the state of Ceará (Brazil).

ARACCHINKA- north wind blowing from the left bank of the river. Volga on the right southwest of Kazan (from the village of Arakchno to the village of Verkhny Uslon).

WATERMELON WIND - see.Karpuz meltemi, Meltem.

ARV(French arves) - westerly wind from the Jarier Pass (dept. Savoie, France).

ARGEST(ancient Greek argestes) - a dry west-northwest wind in Greece and the deity of this wind in Greek mythology. A. is accompanied by clearing, but is rarely associated with thunderclouds and hail. In the Ionian Sea it is a variety etesius.

ARDENNES WIND(French vent d'ardennes) - wind from the Ardennes; in the south of the mountains - north, in the north of France - southeast.

ARI(French ari) - winter northeast wind in dep. Jura (France).

ARIFI(Arabic, arifi) - cm. Sirocco.

CHINOOK ARCH, Chinook arch, Chinook collar - arcsquall and a cloud bank in the zone hairdryer or burs. It looks like a thick cloud sleeve - a collar, parallel to the mountain range. A. frequency is observed, for example, over the Rocky Mountains in America, over the foothills of the Ciscarpathian region during southwestern tropospheric currents, and in the Sudetes. The appearance of A. h. is a sign of the presence standingmountain waves over the leeward slopes of the mountains. Flying in the A.H. zone is dangerous. Wed. Chinook.

ARCTIC HIGH JET CURRENT- strong wind in the troposphere of high latitudes at a level of 5-7 km, associated with the Arctic atmospheric front, which separates the Arctic and polar air masses.

ARKYRAGAN SHAMAL(Kyrgyzstan) - Hurricane in Kyrgyzstan.

ARMAVIR WIND-strong, cold and dusty southeast wind blowing along the river valley. Kuban, in the Armavir corridor-gorge between the Stavropol plateau and the Caucasian foothills. The plateau ends in a ledge, which leads to a powerful wind effect. A.v. sometimes reaches speeds of 40 m/s, and winds of 20 m/s are observed 70 times a year, most often in winter. A.v. sometimes lasts up to 10 days. Due to the raised dust, visibility during A.V. sometimes worsens to 50 m. The wind blows away crops. Wind-blown sand grains damage tree bark and wall plaster. A.v. occurs on the southwestern periphery of the continental anticyclone in the presence of a cyclone in the Black Sea. Cm.

ARMENAZ(French armenaz) - west wind in Frontignan - Albertville (dept. Savoie, France).

ARSINE(French arslne) - westerly wind, accompanied by thunderstorms and hail in the river valley. Guisan (department of Hautes-Alpes, France).

ARUERG, rouergue (fr. arouergue, rouergue) - a strong, gusty, warm and humid westerly wind in the south of the Massif Central in the area of ​​Mount Aigual (France). Usually observed in spring, accompanied by sudden rain, sometimes with hail or sleet. Favorable for the development of vegetation. Wed. Ruerga.

ARYSS WIND-dry and dusty gusty wind in the river valley. Arys. Represents drain cold air from the mountains and spurs of the western tip of Talas Alatau. Occurs at any time of the year. In summer it is often accompanied dust storm.

ASGARDWEG(Swedish, aasgardweg) - destructive thrombus (tornado) in Sweden.

ASIFAT(Arabic asifat) - tropical cyclone Arabian Sea. Cm. Arabian cyclones.

ASPR(French aspre) - soft and dry northeast wind type hairdryer The flow of heated air from the Massif Central mountains to the Garonne Lowland (France). Cm. Lou Cantalier.

ASTRAKHAN- dry east or southeast wind in the Stavropol Territory, Kalmykia, Salsky steppes. Sometimes accompanied dust storm. Similar Armavir wind. In Kuban they call it Stavropol citizen, A. reaches storm speed most often in the cold and transitional seasons of the year. Lasts up to a week. Intensifies during the day and weakens at night. In winter it brings humid and relatively warm air from the unfrozen part of the Kacn Sea, often accompanied by advective fogs. Cm. Easterly winds in the south of the ETC and in the North Caucasus.

ATOS FALLWIND(German: Athos Fallwind) - falling winds, suddenly falling from the slopes of Mount Athos on the southeastern tip of the Agion Oros Peninsula. A.f. usually observed on summer evenings or nights and can reach great strength. Particularly dangerous for ships. A sign of the beginning of A. f. - sharply defined white clouds over the mountains.

AURO, aure (French aoigo) - a soft, humid, moderate (sometimes to strong) westerly wind in the south of France. In winter it is accompanied by heavy rain or snow, in summer - thunderstorms and hail. They are distinguished: A. rousso (A. rousso) - winter westerly wind, accelerating the melting of snow; A. de Meyruis - southwestern squall; A. negro - northwest and west wind with cloudy weather; A. bas-se - southwest wind; A. du Mezenc - west wind, in dep. Ardèche. In some places A. acquires the features base. Wed. Oro, Orasso.

AUST-ER, Austrian (from Latin austellus - south breeze) - a warm southern, sometimes southwestern wind in Rome and throughout the Mediterranean basin. Wed. Spicy.

AUSTROAFRIKUS-south-southwest wind in Italy. Cm. Libonotos.

AUSTRU- southeast, south or southwest wind in the Danube lowland. In winter it brings clear weather to the leeward valleys (due to the foehn effect), and cold temperatures at night. Wed. Krivets.

AFAT(Azerb.)-summer (May - June) warm dry wind, mainly eastern direction in Zangelan (Azerbaijan). Sometimes it has a southern direction, and occasionally it has a northern direction. It strips leaves and small fruits from trees and dries out vegetation. Dangerous for crops.

AFGHAN, avgon shamoli (uzb.) - a very strong and dusty westerly or southwest wind in the eastern Karakum desert and in the Surkhandarya region. It blows for several hours, sometimes up to two days, up the valleys of the Amu Darya, Syrdarya, and Vakhsh rivers. Accompanied dustystorm and a thunderstorm. In Termez there are up to 70 days a year. A. oppresses vegetation, covers fields with sand and dust, and removes the fertile layer of soil. In early spring, it is accompanied by downpours and a sharp cooling to frost, destroying cotton seedlings. In winter it is sometimes accompanied by wet snow and leads to frostbite and death of livestock caught on the plains.

Arises in connection with the northwestern frontal invasions of cold into the Turanian Lowland. A day or two before the event, a thin haze appears in the sky, the luminaries acquire an orange color, the air temperature rises (in summer sometimes up to 45 ° C), humidity decreases, and atmospheric pressure drops. As the atmospheric front approaches, whirlwinds and tornadoes appear. Suddenly, a solid wall of dust blows down from behind the Kelif Heights with a hurricane-force westerly wind. Then, after a short lull, the wind speed increases again to 20 m/s or more. A. reaches its greatest strength in Termez and east of the Kelif Gate.

The southwestern flow of heavily dusty air reaches the Alai Valley and often penetrates into Xinjiang, into the river basin. Tarim. The weakening of the wind is accompanied by a sharp increase in pressure and some cooling. At the same time, an eastern prefrontal wind, as well as a 120-day wind, can blow along the middle reaches of the Amu Darya west of the Kelif Gorge.

APHELION, apeliotes (lat. apeliotes) - a warm east wind in Greece, blowing “from the Sun” (sunny wind), and the deity of this wind in Greek mythology. A. is sometimes accompanied by light showers. Cm. Solaris.

AFRICAN WAVES are atmospheric disturbances of a cyclonic scale, arising as a result of hydrodynamic instability of the atmosphere over Central and Eastern Africa and spreading to the west. Connected with "hurricanes" also moving west.

AFRICAN WIND, afer, afric, Corinthian wind - southwest wind in Rome, as well as in other areas of southern Italy.

AFRICAN MONSOON - northeast wind in southern Africa, which is a southeasterly one deflected off the coast of the continent trade wind Most often observed in September - February. Cm. Tropical monsoon.

AFRICAN HURRICANE - see.Hurricane.

AFROASIA SUMMER MONSOON -monsoon off the northeastern coast of Africa. Cm. Tropical monsoons.

A complete collection of wind names is here in the wind dictionary - http://old.marin.ru/lib_wind_index_01.shtml

Information taken from the website "Cloud Haven"

Unfortunately, the site no longer exists and the link therefore does not work.

“The winds are evil over Canada”, “There is a month above the window. There is a wind under the window”, “Hey, Barguzin, move the shaft!”, “Night zephyr flows through the ether”, “Blizzard, blizzard”, “Let the storm blow stronger!”, as well as “Hostile whirlwinds” and kamikazes, all not mentioned by night , the wind of change, finally (I don’t want to remember the Nord-West at all) - we know all this from songs and poems. I wonder if poetry would gain more if it used all the possible names of the winds, and there are countless of them.

Literary scholars, of course, have calculated the approximate number of statements for each classic of Russian literature that embody the image of the wind. It turns out a lot - more than fifty. And there is also European literature. What about Chinese poetry? What about Japanese? The average person gets by with a small set of different definitions of winds. We all know about blizzards, blizzards, blizzards. HURRICANE came from the language of the Indians (in truth, there is another version about the Turkic origin of the word, but storms and storms in Central America among the Quiché tribes were caused by “Huracan” - the one-legged god of thunder and thunderstorms,

any bad weather and storms, and this is convincing). The Chinese word dai-feng - big wind - became the well-known TYPHOON. Those who paid tribute to travel books in childhood cannot help but remember the MISTRAL - a strong, gusty, cold and dry wind from the northern directions, MONSONS (very strong seasonal winds) and TRADE WINDS (easterly winds towards the equator).

Oh my darling, my incomparable lady,

My icebreaker is sad, and my navigator is looking south,

And imagine that a star from the constellation Cygnus

He looks directly into my copper window.

The wind flies directly into the same window,

Called in different places either monsoon or trade wind.

He flies in and flips through the letters with an obvious grin,

Unsent because the recipient was missing. (Vizbor).

How the children's imagination was affected by the description of SAMUMA (poisonous heat) - a fiery wind, the breath of death - a hot, dry storm in the deserts or SIROCCO - a very dusty storm wind blowing from the deserts. And those who have read Paustovsky should remember SORANG - according to legend, the legendary hot night wind in Scotland, observed once every few hundred years.

Many people remember from mythology BOREAUS - the cold north wind, in many areas of the northern coast of the Mediterranean Sea and the deity of the north wind in Greek mythology. Or ZEPHYR - warm and humid on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea (Greece, Italy) and the deity of this wind in Greek mythology. And also AQUILON - the cold northern one in Rome and the corresponding deity. Less known is ARGEST, a dry wind in Greece and, of course, a deity. And the wind can be, for example, WHITE. This is a very good wind, probably many people love it: a dry and warm wind in good weather without precipitation. In different countries it has different names: Tongara putih, Levant, Maren, Otan, Levkonotos. And on Lake Seliger either the SINGLE or the MARRIED wind blows. It turns out that there is a Wind of France - Biz, viz - the northern wind in the mountainous regions of France, Italy, Switzerland. It plays a significant role in shaping living conditions and is accompanied by significant cooling.

There is black biz (biz noir, biz negro), there is twilight or brown. And what beautiful names of winds the Arabs (sea and desert travelers) have - ZOBAA (in desert Egypt), KASKAZI - off the south-eastern coast of Arabia, IRIFI - strong dust storms in the Sahara and Morocco, sometimes bringing clouds of locusts to the Canary Islands. KALEMA - very strong winds and ocean surf off the western coast of North Africa with waves reaching 6 meters in height. Kalema is also observed in other places on the ocean coasts - California and India. KHABABAI - on the shores of the Red Sea.

Even for sandstorms there is more than one name: KHABUB, JANI, HAVA JANUBI, the famous KHAMSIN. What about the Spaniards, who conquered the seas and oceans? IMBERNO, ABREGO, CRIADOR, COLLA, COLLADA, LOS BRISOTES DE LA SAYTA MARIA, TEMPORALE, PAMPERO in the Andes and on the Atlantic coast, PARAMITO in Colombia, ALICIO in the Canary Islands, CORDONASO and CHUBASCO in Mexico. Of course, the masters of the seas of the 18th and 19th centuries could not remain silent, and we know many English names of the winds. But there are also lesser known ones. English learners come across the idiom dog days - dog days are a period of light winds and hot weather, often with thunderstorms. And in the ports of the USA and Canada, workers called the storm with sleet, slush and splashing waves - BARBER (scratched the skin like a bad hairdresser). In Australia there is a thunderstorm called DRUNK, or Squint-eyed BOB.

And they seem to be not at all poetic in sound, but it is possible that they are very nice German names: ALLERHEILIGENWIND - warm wind in the Alps, or MOATZAGOTL (goat's beard) - in the Sudetes. Surely the BERNSTEINWIND (amber wind) sounded in German poetry - the wind from the sea on the Baltic coast of the Kaliningrad region. In Japan, wind has always been of great importance. The infamous KAMIKAZE is the divine wind in Japanese mythology. According to legend, in 1281 he sank a squadron of ships of Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan. But there are also many other winds in Japan: KOGARASHI - wind with snow, MATSUKAZE - a small breeze, autumn HIROTO, cloudy YAMASE. And a very good wind in beautiful weather - SUZUKAZE. “The wind sounds” in other languages. LU, onion, feces - hot, dry, sultry and very dusty wind from the Himalayas to Delhi. (With Lu, there have been cases of lethargic sleep leading to memory loss).

ADJINA-SHAMOL - a squally damn wind blowing in Tajikistan and uprooting trees. BATTIKALOA KACCHAN - warm wind on the island. Sri Lanka. (Received the nickname of a madman, as it has a negative effect on the condition of some patients). TAN GA MB I LI - in Equatorial Africa and Zanzibar, which is called violent. AKMAN, Tukman - a strong snowstorm in Bashkiria, marking the transition to spring. Indonesian winds TENGGARA and PANAS UTARA, Mexican (Aztec word) - TEHUANTEPEQUERO, Yakut SOBURUUNGU TYAL, Afghan BAD-I-SAD-O-BISTROZ, Bengal BAISHAK, Nigerian, demolishing the roofs of houses - GADARI, Hawaiian UKIUKIU. Forty-day SHAMAL of the Persian Gulf. What about the winds in Russia? There are so many blizzards: blizzard, blowing snow, winnowing snowstorm, blizzard, chicken, borosho, and with it - drifting snow, drifting snow, crawling crawl, mud, diarrhea, dragging. SOLODNIK, chief - at the mouth of the Kolyma River.

INDIAN WIND - weak Kamchatka wind. MIDNIGHT - a northeast wind in the north, blowing from high latitudes; on the Yenisei it is called rekostav, frostbite. PADARA - a storm with snow and wind. HVIUS, khius, khiz, fiyuz - a sharp north wind, accompanied by severe frost. CHISTYAK - a severe storm with clear skies and severe frost in Western Siberia. SHELONIK - southwest wind.

There are also common names, for example, the famous LEVAN (Levant) - the east wind on the Mediterranean, Black and Azov Seas (from Gibraltar to Kuban) or GARBIA - the southern sea wind in Italy, as well as on the Black and Azov Seas. In Yalta Bay it whips a high wave and is capable of throwing a fishing boat ashore.

We cannot hide from the winds. Wind I is over, but you are alive.

And the wind, complaining and crying, rocks the forest and the dacha.

Not every pine separately, but all the trees

With all the boundless distance, Like the bodies of sailboats

On the surface of the ship's bay. And this is not out of daring

Or out of aimless rage, And in order to find words in anguish

A lullaby for you.

Boris Pasternak