Accounting of financial results. How to calculate financial results Basic accounting entries for accounting for financial results

Accounting for financial results is organized on the basis of PBU 9/99 “Income of the organization” and PBU 10/99 “Expenses of the organization”. These provisions are developed in accordance with international financial reporting standards.

To summarize information on other income and expenses, account 91 “Other income and expenses” is used. The following subaccounts can be opened for this account:

91/1 “Other income”;

91/2 “Other expenses”;

91/9 “Balance of other income and expenses.”

Subaccount 91/1 “Other income” takes into account receipts of assets recognized as other income.

Subaccount 91/2 “Other expenses” takes into account expenses recognized as other expenses.

Subaccount 91/9 “Balance of other income and expenses” is used to identify the balance of other income and expenses for the reporting month.

Entries for subaccounts 91/1 and 91/2 are made cumulatively throughout the reporting year. The balance of other income and expenses is determined monthly by comparing the debit turnover in subaccount 91/1 and the credit turnover in subaccount 91/2. This balance is written off monthly (with final turnover) from subaccount 91/9 to account 99 “Profits and losses”. Thus, as of the reporting date, account 91 “Other income and expenses” does not have a balance.

At the end of the reporting year, subaccounts 91/1 and 91/2 are closed with internal entries to subaccount 91/9.

Accounting for income and expenses from the sale of assets (with the exception of finished products and goods). When depreciable property is disposed of due to sale, write-off due to the end of its useful life and for other reasons, when materials and other non-depreciable property are disposed of due to sale, write-off due to damage, or gratuitous transfer, their value is written off to the debit of account 91. The amount of debt from buyers for sold property is reflected in the debit of account 62 “Settlements with buyers and customers” and the credit of account 91.

Accounting for other income and expenses.

When carrying out transactions on contributions to the authorized capitals of other organizations and on contributions of participants of a simple partnership to the common property of partners in non-monetary means, a difference usually arises between the value of the transferred property and the agreed upon assessment of the contribution. This difference is reflected depending on its value for the credit or debit of account 91 and the credit of account 58).

Deductions to valuation reserves (for the reduction in the value of tangible assets, for securing investments in securities, for doubtful debts) are reflected in the debit of account 91 and the credit of accounts 14 “Reserves for the decrease in the value of tangible assets”, 59 “Reserves for the depreciation of investments in securities” and 63 “Provisions for doubtful debts”. Unused reserves in the period following the period of their creation are written off to the debit of accounts 14, 59 and 63 from the credit of account 91.

When writing off the value of property lost as a result of emergency circumstances, depreciable property is debited to account 91 at its residual value (from the credit of accounts 01 and 04), and the remaining property is debited at actual cost (from the credit of accounts 08, 10, 20, 21, 23 , 29, 41, 43, 50, 58, etc.).

In accordance with PBU 9/99 and 10/99, other income and expenses are:

· receipts and expenses associated with the provision for a fee for temporary use (temporary possession and use) of the organization’s assets;

· revenues and expenses associated with the provision for a fee of rights arising from patents for inventions, industrial designs and other types of intellectual property;

· income and expenses associated with participation in the authorized capitals of other organizations (including interest and other income on securities);

· profit received by the organization as a result of joint activities (under a simple partnership agreement);

· receipts and expenses from the sale of fixed assets and other assets other than cash (except foreign currency), products, goods;

· interest received and paid for the provision of the organization’s funds for use, as well as interest for the bank’s use of funds held in the organization’s account with this bank;

· expenses related to payment for services provided by credit institutions;

· fines, penalties, penalties for violation of contract terms;

· assets received free of charge, including under a gift agreement;

· proceeds to compensate for losses caused to the organization;

· profit of previous years identified in the reporting year;

· losses of previous years recognized in the reporting year;

· amounts of accounts payable and depositors, accounts receivable for which the statute of limitations has expired;

· exchange differences;

· the amount of revaluation and depreciation of assets;

· other income and expenses.

Other income and expenses are also, respectively, income and expenses arising as a consequence of emergency circumstances of economic activity (natural disaster, fire, accident, nationalization of property, etc.): the cost of material assets remaining from the write-off of assets that are not suitable for restoration and further use , and so on.

Proceeds from the payment of fines, penalties, various penalties and other types of sanctions are reflected in the credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” and in the debit of the cash and settlements with debtors accounts.

Analytical accounting for account 91 is carried out for each type of other income and expenses. At the same time, the construction of analytical accounting for other income and expenses related to the same financial and business transaction should provide the ability to identify the financial result for each operation.

Purpose and structure of account 99 “Profits and losses”.

The concept of financial result

The financial result in accounting is formed on account 99 “Profit and Loss”, which is active-passive. This account has a balance of either credit or debit. On an accrual basis during the year, the debit 99 of the “Profit and Loss” account records losses and losses, and the credit, respectively, records profits and income. By comparing the turnover in the debit and credit of account 99, the final financial result of the enterprise’s activities for the reporting period is determined. The balance on credit 99 of the Profit and Loss account is a profit, and the debit balance is a loss.

The final financial result, that is, net profit or loss, is formed during the year on account 99 “Profit and Loss” from the following components:

• profit or loss from ordinary activities;
• other expenses and income;
• losses, income and expenses caused by extraordinary circumstances of activity;
• amounts of conditional expenses accrued for income tax, permanent liabilities, payments for recalculation of income tax from actual profit, the amount of tax sanctions.

Finished works on a similar topic

• Course work Accounting for financial results 440 rub.
• Essay Accounting for financial results 220 rub.
• Test Accounting for financial results 220 rub.

Note 1

The enterprise receives most of its profit or loss from the sale of finished products, goods, services and works. The financial result from sales is defined as the difference between sales proceeds excluding value added tax, excise taxes, duties and other deductions, and production and sales costs. Costs associated with the production and sale of products affect the cost price and their list is regulated.

Trading, sales, and supply companies calculate the result from the sale of goods by subtracting from the selling price the purchase price and sales expenses that relate to the goods sold during the reporting period.

Features of accounting for financial results

The cost of sales is reflected in the active-passive 90 “Sales” account. The debit of this account includes the actual cost of products sold, the purchase price of goods, expenses, VAT and other expenses. The credit of the specified account records the proceeds from the sale of products, goods, services, and works. As a result of comparing the turnover in the debit and credit of the 90 “Sales” account, the result is determined that is debited monthly from the 90 “Sales” account to the 99 “Profit and Loss” account.

If a profit is made, an accounting entry is made:

• Debit 90 “Sales”
• Credit 99 “Profits and losses”.

If a loss is received, this result is reflected in the entry:

• Debit 99 “Profits and losses”
• Credit 90 “Sales”.

Account 90 “Sales” is closed and has no balance.

All operating and non-operating income, as well as expenses, are reflected in 91 accounts “Other income and expenses”. Analytical accounting for 91 accounts is carried out by type of non-operating and operating income and expenses.

Operating expenses and income, which are recorded on 91 accounts “Other income and expenses” in accordance with PBU9/99 and PBU10/99, are:

• results from the sale of fixed assets, tangible assets, intangible assets, foreign currency;
• income due to participation in the authorized capital of third-party organizations;
• income and expenses from rental property;
• profit received as a result of joint activities.

The result of the sale or other disposal of fixed assets as profit or loss is reflected in account 91 “Other income and expenses”. At the same time, debit 91 of the sub-account “Other expenses” indicates the residual value of fixed assets that have been disposed of and the costs associated with disposal, the amount of VAT received as part of the proceeds from the sale of fixed assets. Under credit 91 of the “Other Income” subaccount, the proceeds from the sale of fixed assets are indicated. The result is transferred to account 99 “Profit and Loss”. If a profit is made, then the following entry is made:

• , subaccount “Balance of other income and expenses”
• Credit 99 “Profits and losses”.

The resulting loss is reflected in accounting by posting:

• Debit 99 “Profits and losses”
• Credit 91 “Other income and expenses”, subaccount “Balance of other income and expenses”.

Note 2

It should be noted that the loss resulting from the disposal of fixed assets does not reduce taxable profit.

Accounting records similarly reflect the results obtained from the sale of other property of the enterprise. Income from participation in other companies arises when the enterprise receives part of the profits of other companies and dividends on shares that belong to the shareholder organization.

Today, it is possible to use two options for reflecting income from participation in other companies:

• based on actual receipt of funds;
• according to preliminary accrual on income accounts.

When funds are received, accounting entries are made:

• Debett 51 “Currency accounts” or 52 “Currency accounts”

At the end of the month an entry is made:

• Debit 91 “Other income and expenses”
• Credit 99 “Profits and losses”.

The amount of income receivable from contributions to the authorized capital of enterprises and dividends are reflected by posting:

• Debit 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”
• Credit 91 “Other income and expenses.”

At the end of the month the following is posted:

• Debit 91 “Other income and expenses”
• Credit 99 “Profits and losses”.

Income payments are reflected by posting:

• Debit 51 “Currency accounts”, 52 “Currency accounts”
• Credit 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors.”

Operating expenses include amounts payable for taxes and fees. The accrual of taxes and fees is reflected in the accounting entries:

• Debit 91 “Other income and expenses”
• Credit 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees” (according to subaccounts).

Income received in the form of fines, penalties, penalties is reflected in the entry:

• Debit 51 “Current account”
• Credit 91 “Other income and expenses.”

The amounts of fines, penalties, penalties accrued to the enterprise for violation of the terms of business contracts are reflected in the entry:

• Debit 91 “Other income and expenses”
• Credit 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors.”

Note 3

It should be noted that the amounts of sanctions are not included in non-operating expenses, they reduce the profit of the enterprise, and are reflected in the accounting entries:

• Debit 99 “Use of profit”
• Credit 68 “Calculations for taxes and fees.”

Positive or negative exchange rate differences arise as a result of recalculation at the current rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation of currency in the bank on the accounts of the enterprise and settlements that are carried out in convertible currency.

Extraordinary income and expenses include receipts or expenses that arise as a result of extraordinary circumstances of the economic activity of the enterprise. They are accounted for in account 99 “Profit and Loss”.

At the end of the reporting year, the final entries in December are the transfer of the amount of net profit or loss to account 84 “Retained earnings or uncovered loss.” The “Profit and Loss” account as of January 1, following the reporting year, does not have a balance.

The amount of net profit of the reporting year is recorded by posting:

• Debit 99 “Profits and losses”
• Credit 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss).”

The amount of net loss for the reporting year is recorded by posting:

• Debit 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)”
• Credit 99 “Profits and losses”.

In the year following the reporting year, net profit is distributed based on the decision of the general meeting of shareholders or participants. Net profit can be used to pay dividends, compensate for losses of previous years and for other purposes.

The most important results of the financial and economic activities of any enterprise, which characterize the efficiency of its work, are considered to be the amount of income and expenses. They also form the financial result, which can be either positive or negative depending on how effectively the enterprise worked. Audit, inventory and accounting of financial results allow the organization to control current work and plan future activities.

What is the financial result of an enterprise

Based on a comparison of debit and credit turnover for a particular reporting period, it is possible to determine the financial result of the company’s activities - net profit or loss. In a simple sense, a financial result is the results of an enterprise’s work for a particular period. In order to understand how effectively an organization functions, profit and loss accounting is carried out. The financial result is determined for the organization as a whole, and the accounting includes a number of data:

• sales of manufactured products, works or services;
• operating activities;
• non-operating operations.

This also takes into account accrued taxes, fees, and fines that were paid from profits.

Regulatory framework

Today in the Russian Federation there is a large list of standards, regulations, which in one way or another affect the accounting activities themselves, accounting and analysis of financial results. Firstly, this is the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, where special attention is paid to taxable profit and the federal law “On Accounting”. In addition, there are a number of other documents:

• PBU “Organization expenses” (No. 10/99);
• PBU “Income of the organization” (No. 9/99);
• Account correspondence;
• PBU “Accounting statements of an enterprise” (No. 4/99);
• Charts of accounts;
• PBU “Accounting Policy of the Organization” (No. 1/2008);
• International Financial Reporting Standards;
• PBU “Information by segments” (No. 12/2010), etc.

Profit in accounting – concept and its types

Accounting profit is the difference between an organization's income and expenses. It can be positive or zero. In the first case, there is an excess of income over expenses. In the second case, that indicator is zero. It is important to note that there cannot be a negative accounting profit, since this would already be considered a loss.

Profit has two functions:

• Estimated. It determines the efficiency of the company, which includes labor productivity, quality of material and production resources.
• Stimulating. Shows employee satisfaction with their work, whether dividends are paid, whether charity is carried out.

Financial performance accounting considers five types of revenue:

• gross profit;

• arising as a result of sales;
• before tax is calculated;
• from normal activities;
• net profit.

From the main activity

Profit from the core activities of an enterprise is the benefit from the sale of goods (products), works or services. This is a financial result that is determined separately for each type of company activity. It is equal to the difference from the sale of goods and the costs of its production. Profit is the organization’s revenue minus VAT, excise taxes, markups, the cost of the product itself and export tariffs, if any.

Other types of profit

If profit cannot be attributed to the main activity of the enterprise, then it is classified as so-called other types:

• income received from renting out property;
• benefits from securities or other investments;
• proceeds from the sale of own assets;
• gratuitous economic benefits;
• prescribed fines, penalties, penalties, compensation for losses;
• positive exchange rate differences;
• writing off accounts payable after the expiration of the statute of limitations;
• inventory surplus.

What does a company's income include?

If you do not take into account charity, then all the activities of the enterprise are aimed at generating income. In accounting, this concept implies all means that affect the growth of assets with the exception of material support for the founders. As a rule, these are funds that were received as a result of the transfer of goods or services by their customers. The following are not considered income:

• makings;
• advances;
• VAT amounts received from counterparties;
• funds used to repay previously received borrowings;
• money received under commission or agency agreements in favor of third parties;
• pledges that pass into the possession of the pledgee under the terms of the agreements.

Operating

In the classification of income, operating income is considered to be income, the receipt of which is not related to the implementation of the main type of activity. They are reflected in the credit of subaccount 91/1. These include income received from renting out property, if this is not the profile of the organization. In addition, this includes benefits received from the paid transfer of patents and industrial designs. The enterprise's participation in the capital of third-party companies, the sale of fixed assets, interest on loans issued - all this is operating income.

Non-operating

Non-operating income, as the name suggests, has a different origin. These include profits earned from exchange rate differences, assets received by the organization free of charge, and profits from previous years that were identified only in the current period. This includes all kinds of payments in the form of fines and penalties for non-fulfillment of concluded contracts.

Accounting for enterprise expenses

Any organization in the course of its activities has certain expenses that may be associated, for example, with the payment of employees, the purchase of materials for production. If you look at Accounting Regulation 10/99, you can see that the expenses of an enterprise are generally considered to be a decrease in economic benefits due to the disposal of cash and other assets. In addition, this includes obligations that have arisen that led to a decrease in the company’s capital, unless this was caused by a decision of the participants.

When accounting for financial results, it is necessary to adhere to the main principle, which is that all expenses are recognized in the reporting period when they were used for the benefit of the organization. All prepaid expenses and those that were recognized but not paid are recorded in accounts payable. If expenses are tied to a specific period, such as wages or rent, they are taken into account directly in the reporting month, although their payment may occur at another time.

What costs can be included in the cost of production?

If we talk about the full cost of products, works or services, then this includes all costs directly related to the technological and organizational features of production and of a non-capital nature. This includes innovation, environmental protection, providing workers with proper working conditions, and production management. Costs incurred as a result of personnel training and social contributions are also included in the cost of production.

In addition, the cost calculation should include:

• losses resulting from production downtime;
• costs associated with warranty repairs or maintenance;
• payments due to employees in case of staff reduction.

Reflection of profit in accounting - postings

Profit according to the accounting data of financial results is recalculated from the accrual method to the cash method by adjustment. To reflect profit in accounting, account 99 is used, with debits reflecting profits and credits reflecting losses. Analytical accounts include:

• 99.1 - profits and losses;
• 99.2 - income tax;
• 99.3 - extraordinary income (expenses);
• 99.6 - tax sanctions;
• 99.9 - other losses and profits.

If necessary, enterprises have the right to independently create additional sub-accounts of the third and fourth levels due to the specifics of their activities. At the end of the reporting year, account 99 is closed at 84, which reflects retained earnings (uncovered loss). Moreover, there should be no funds left for 99.

Accounting for financial results from ordinary activities of an enterprise

The financial result in accounting is reflected in the following accounts:

• 90 "Sales". Used to record income and expenses from main activities.
• 91 “Other income and expenses.” Used to take into account income and expenses arising from other operations.
• 99 "Profits and losses." It is used to summarize data on the formation of the final financial and economic result of the enterprise’s activities in the reporting year.

Particular attention should be paid to account 90, since at the end of the reporting month, according to debit and credit, you can use it to find out the total obtained from sales, because this indicator is extremely important for the effective operation of the organization. Typical wiring for it looks like this:

How are other results reflected in accounting?

Accounting for financial results relating to other expenses and income from financial and investment activities (except for emergency ones) and which are not related to the main production are reflected on account 91:

• subaccount 91.01 - income from rent, transfer of rights to intellectual property, purchase of shares in the authorized capital of other organizations;
• subaccount 91.02 - expenses for interest on loans, maintenance of fixed assets for conservation, fines, penalties.

Main entries for income:

To record financial results for expenses, you can use the following entries:

Accounting for extraordinary income and expenses

To reflect surpluses or losses of fixed assets or inventories that arose as a result of fires, accidents, nationalization, etc., account 99 is used.

You can use the following wiring:

If losses or surpluses were discovered in the cash register or in the current account due to emergency situations, the following entries can be used:

How to calculate the financial result for the reporting period

If for a certain period for which the total is summed up, the amount of revenue and all income is greater than expenses, we can talk about a positive financial result. Otherwise it is considered negative. It should be understood that the definition of financial results in accounting, tax and management accounting has its own characteristics, so their indicators always differ. Analytical and synthetic accounting of financial results in accounting is carried out using special accounts 90, 91, 99.

In its structure, the financial result consists of:

• results obtained from the main activities of the organization;
• results calculated from other activities;
• emergency receipts and waste;
• accrued income tax.

Income tax - procedure for calculation and reflection in accounts

If an organization does not apply PBU 18/02 in its work to calculate income tax, all expenses and income in accounting for financial results are divided into accounted and non-accounted. To check the correctness of income tax calculation, you only need to check the tax accounting registers. To calculate the tax, Dt 99 Kt 68.04.1 is used, and is immediately attributed to the subaccount for accounting settlements with the budget.

When using PBU 18/02, things are different. In order to generate the amount of income tax in accounting, a posting involving subaccount 68.04.2 is used. Ultimately, in subaccount 68.04.2, when tax is calculated, the amount reflected in the declaration is formed. Afterwards, the total amount of subaccount 68.04.2 is closed in full to subaccount 68.04.1, where the tax is distributed among budgets. It also takes into account further settlements with the budget based on the amount accrued for payment.

Accounting for retained earnings and its use

During the normal functioning of the company, after paying all taxes and other expenses, free money remains - the so-called retained earnings. Accounting for financial results is carried out by transferring the balance from account 99 with the last entry for the year to account 84. The profit will be reflected by the entry Dt 99 Kt 84, and the loss - Dt 84 Kt 99. The owners decide how to manage these funds in the next reporting period.

Replenishment of reserve capital

The created reserve capital in the company is used to compensate for losses when conducting production and financial activities. If there is a lack of profit for the reporting period, funds from the fund are used to pay investors and cover accounts payable. The formation of reserve capital by postings has the following form:

Repayment of losses from previous years

This year, it is necessary, according to all the rules, to take into account the financial results of existing losses and profits for previous years. All of them are accumulated in accounting account 99, and at the end of the financial year they are closed in the following accounts:

• 82 – reserve capital;
• 84 – additional capital;
• 84 – retained earnings.

If the company does not have sufficient income during this reporting period, then existing losses are transferred from account 99 to account 97 - Deferred expenses.

Payment of dividends to founders

Part of the organization's profit, which is accounted for in account 84, can be directed for distribution among participants, founders and other shareholders, and is defined as dividends. To account for calculations related to their payment, account 75.02 is used, but only if the founders are not full-time employees of the enterprise. Otherwise, count 70 is used.

Reflection of losses in accounting

Under certain circumstances, an organization may incur losses from its financial and economic activities. All of them are accounted for as a debit to account 99, corresponding to accounts 90 and 91. In some cases, losses can be attributed to account 97 as deferred expenses, but such posting is not always used. Covering losses can be accomplished in several ways:

If a reserve for doubtful debts has not been created, accounts receivable are written off as non-operating expenses. When creating an assessment reserve - Db 63 Kt 60, 62, 70, 71, 73, 76. Without creating an assessment reserve - Db 91.2 Kt 60, 62, 70, 71, 73, 76. Other non-operating expenses and losses are written off at the time of their occurrence from the debit or credit of the corresponding accounts to account 91.

Form 2 “Report on financial results”

Documentation of the accounting of financial results is reflected in the financial statements. The executive bodies of the company present to the owners a report on the company's profits and losses based on the results of production and economic activities. It is reflected in the legally established form of financial statements No. 2 and is submitted along with the balance sheet. It is compiled cumulatively and contains information for the entire reporting period, starting from January 1 and ending on December 31. The report reflects:

• income and expenses received as a result of the main activities of the organization;
• non-operating, operating, extraordinary income and expenses;
• the amount of income before taxation;
• net profit.

Analysis of the financial results of the enterprise

Accounting for financial results is required for making management decisions in order to increase the profitability of the company. It includes horizontal, vertical and trend analysis of indicators, plus determination of the reasons and circumstances of changes in profit indicators and their quantitative assessment. Financial analysis includes analysis of the physical indicators of production and consideration of the organization's cash flows, which are based on its value. Only a combination of these two components can give a real assessment of the state of the organization.

Analytical methods

Each company chooses those analysis methods that more fully correspond to the specifics of the work and the industry in which the company operates. Among the common methods it is worth highlighting the following:

• comparative. It involves comparing the same values ​​over equal periods of time, revealing the difference between them, up or down.
• structural. The structure of the final financial indicators is being determined. It turns out how much each of them influences the outcome of economic activity.
• factorial. The influence of each factor on the economic result of the organization’s activities is determined.

Profitability of sales and production of products

Profitability is considered to be such a use of funds, as a result of which the company not only covers the amount of costs, but also makes a profit. The efficiency of an enterprise directly affects the level of profitability. Profitability is highlighted:

• Assets. Reflects the profit received by organizations for each ruble spent and is calculated using the formula:

(Profit / Average annual assets) x 100%;

• Fixed production assets. Shows the profitability that was obtained from the use of fixed assets. Its formula is:

(Profit / Average annual cost of fixed assets) x 100%;

• sales Informs about the part of profit related to revenue. Calculated in the following way:

(Profit / Revenue) x 100%.

Video

Greetings! In this article we will expand the concept of the financial result formula and talk about enterprise taxes. In general, we already know so much that we can draw conclusions and “play with information.” This is what we will do.

Financial result in accounting - a little theory

Let's start by recalling our formula for financial results. This is what she looks like.

Result = Revenue from activities (Revenue) - Expenses for activities

• if Result > 0, then Profit
• if Result< 0, тогда Убыток.

This is a general formula in accounting terms. Now we will rewrite it using accounts. I suggest doing this yourself. Completing this assignment is nothing more than testing your understanding of how accounting works and your knowledge of basic accounting accounts. Rewrite the previous formula using abacus and then compare your answer with mine.

The formula that we just successfully recalled shows the result of all the activities of the company. And we, of course, throughout a number of articles have come across mentions that firms have main and non-core activities. What is it? And how is this reflected in the formula?

To begin with, let us recall the concepts of main and non-core activities of an enterprise.

Main activity of the enterprise- these are activities (i.e. there may be more than one) that are indicated at the time of registration of the company. These are the activities in which the company plans to work and earn money. There are many names for these activities, but they are all grouped into 4 types: trade in goods, production of products, performance of work, provision of services.

Accounting main activity happens on accounts:

• 90.1 - revenue (income) from activities
• costs/expenses on accounts - 90.2….90.8, 26, 44

Not the main activity- these are situations in an enterprise as a result of which the enterprise receives income. Such income is taken into account in account 91.1. What kind of situations could these be?

Several such situations we already know - this is the sale of materials and the sale of fixed assets. Initially, the sale of these inventory items is not envisaged, since they are used for the operation of the enterprise itself. Therefore, when this happens, we classify it as a non-core activity and record everything through 91 accounts.

Another situation. The bank issued a loan to our company. To do this, the bank opened a current account for us, into which we deposited money. While the money is lying around, that is. Our company does not use everything right away; interest is charged on the deposit. This accrued amount of interest on the deposit will be income for the company. and this income relates to non-core activities.

Another situation may be when an enterprise receives penalties or fines from suppliers or buyers in case of violation of supply or payment agreements.

In general, there are many different situations where a company receives income that relates to non-core activities. The variety of such situations is a matter of experience and studying the tax code, reading accounting journals, consulting with auditors.

So, our formula for financial results breaks down into two: for main and non-core activities. Try to write them yourself, using account 90 for the main activity, and 91 for non-main activity.

Where are taxes in the financial result of accounting?

Let's look at this issue. We know three groups of taxes:

• taxes from payroll,
• income taxes
• taxes independent of profit (Property, Land, Transport, VAT, etc.)

Taxes from the payroll fund (payroll)

We include taxes on the payroll fund (PFR), social insurance (FSS) and health insurance (FFOMS). The company pays these taxes at its own expense and has every right to include them as costs/expenses. Therefore, payroll taxes are located in cost/expense accounts, namely 20, 23, 25, 26, 44. These taxes appear in accounting accounts at the time of “closing the month” and provided that there are wages to employees. Those. There is a payroll for the current month. (there is a Credit Turnover on account 70)

Taxes not dependent on profit

Transport, Property and Land are the most common taxes. They are counted as expenses. But unlike payroll taxes taken into account in cost/expense accounts (20, 25, 26, 44), these tax amounts immediately go to account 91.2.

Transport, Property and Land taxes are calculated quarterly. For each such tax, one entry is made once a quarter in Db 91.2 account with Kr 68.x (its own subaccount).

VAT, which is in the group of taxes that do not depend on profits, is accounted for differently. VAT is a tax for the fact that a mark-up is made on a product, product, service or work performed. VAT stands for - tax on added price. Those. the sales price of each product or service contains a certain amount of VAT (if, of course, the enterprise is obliged to pay this tax). This amount of VAT, each time you register a sale, will go to:

Profit

But this tax cannot be included in the financial result formula. This tax is an expense of the business itself, i.e. at your own expense. It must be paid as a result of successful activity.

Income tax is calculated after we determine the “Result” sign. Remember the formula with which we started the article? If “Result” > 0 we have “Profit”, and if less - then “Loss”.

For every count, be it 90 ( primary activity) or 91 ( not the main activity), the “result” is calculated. Then, through posting with account 99, this “Result” is transferred to account 99, and accounts 90 and 91 as a whole give a zero ending balance at the end of the period (this is the “month closing” mechanism).

It turns out that from two types of activities (main and non-main) everything will be collected in account 99. Here is an example of what it looks like when accounts 90 and 91 are collected (closed).

If the 99 account shows PROFIT (KO 99 is greater than TO 99), then the “Income Tax” is taken from the difference between KO99-DO99.

The received amount of “Income Tax” is added by posting (accrued) to Debit 99. And after this, the net profit of the enterprise will remain on account 99. Those. PROFIT, after all Expenses (expenses themselves and basic taxes) and “Income Tax”.

Financial result in accounting - primary documents

Summing up the financial result is called “closing the month.” Happening this is monthly in the following way:

• actions to collect all expenses (depreciation, closing 26, 25, 23, 20, 40, 44)
• accrual of taxes from the payroll fund (payroll taxes)
• calculation of taxes that do not depend on profit (once a quarter) (Transport, Property, Land)
• final calculation of the financial result (closing 90 and 91 accounts. “rolling over the final figures to 99”)
• accrual of income tax (once per quarter)

All the steps described except " calculating taxes that do not depend on profit” are done at the end of the month, at the time of “Closing the month”. And counting taxes independent of profit", you need to make a manual entry until the moment of "closing the month", since these amounts affect the financial result. So they have to get to 91 before it starts to close at 99.

Additionally

You noticed that in the financial result formula, I wrote down the expenditure part like this [90.2….90.8 + 26, 44 ]. At the same time, I highlighted the cost accounts in bold. Did you notice? I wanted to bring this to your attention and raise a couple of questions from you. Which?

• Why is there no 20, 25 count here when there is 26?
• Why are these accounts highlighted?

Let's take it in order.

Why is there no 20, 25 count here when there is 26

The presence of 20 and 25 accounting accounts is typical for manufacturing companies. And all firms except trading ones have a 26 account. When the procedure for “closing the month” begins for manufacturing firms, accounts 26 and 25 are closed at 20, and 20 is closed at 40.

But 40, if there are deviations between the actual price from production and the planned price at which the products arrived at the warehouse, will partially go into expenses of 90.2 for the goods sold and 43. Probably, the result is a complex proposal. To fully understand it, it will be necessary to analyze production in detail. This is the task of other materials.

For manufacturing enterprises, to obtain the cost of production, all expenses are collected into account 20. But what is included in the financial result formula? Only the cost of goods sold at the time of sale is included. And also expenses from account 44.

Then what does the 26th account in the financial result formula tell us? The presence of account 26, which transfers its amounts to account 90, is typical for companies providing services.

Why do you highlight these accounts in the formula?

Because these accounts do not exist in the formula! That's how! I wrote them so that you have an answer to the question “Where will the amounts from the accounts storing costs/expenses go and where will they end up?” These amounts will be in the financial result formula, but will be transferred there to the appropriate subaccounts.

Amounts from cost/expense accounts will be transferred to subaccounts:

• 90.7 “Sale expenses”. Amounts from account 44 will come here (production and trading activities, performance of work)
• 90.8 “Administrative expenses”. Amounts from account 26 (service activities) will come here.

This is where I will end this article. All you have to do is work through it, understand the patterns, basic situations and conditions. This knowledge is enough for each time you draw up a primary document to think about how the entry made will affect the financial result of accounting.

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In order to determine whether an organization has a profit or a loss at the end of the reporting period, it is necessary to determine the financial result. In the article we will describe in detail what the concept of “financial result” means, what is the methodology for determining it and what entries it is reflected in accounting.

The concept of financial result

Financial result is understood as an indicator that characterizes the results of an enterprise’s activities, namely whether a profit is made or a loss is incurred. The period for determining the financial result is a calendar month.

The value of the financial result is influenced by such indicators as the value of , income from non-sales transactions, as well as expenses incurred in connection with the manufacture, acquisition and sale of products.

The financial result is defined as the difference between the profit from products sold (goods, services, work) and the costs of its production (purchase). Also, the financial result indicator is revealed minus taxes and fees that are payable to the budget, as well as costs associated with sales (delivery of goods to the retail network, salaries to sellers, storage costs, etc.).

Financial result in accounting

To identify the meaning of the financial result in accounting, data analysis is performed:

• financial results for main activities;
• indicators of other income and expenses;
• accruals for taxes to be paid to the budget and excise duties.

The financial result is determined by closing the reporting period (month). To do this, balances on accounts 90 and 91 are rolled up. With this operation, the accountant identifies the overall result from the main activities (the “Sales” account) and from other operations (the “Other income and expenses” account).

The procedure for reflecting financial results includes the following steps:

1. Writing off the amount of expenses. All costs of production (purchase) and sale of goods (work, services) are written off against sales.
2. Analysis of account balances 90 and 91.
3. Crediting profit to Kt 99 or crediting loss to Dt 99.

Financial performance indicators are cumulative in nature; its value for the reporting period is summed up with the values ​​for previous months (quarters).

An example of reflecting financial results in accounting

Based on the results of February 2016, Flagman LLC sold products (ceramic tableware) in the amount of 951,000 rubles, VAT 145,068 rubles. at a cost of 674,000 rubles. The cost of selling tableware amounted to 34,300 rubles. As of February 2016, revenue for payment amounted to 911,000 rubles, VAT 138,966 rubles.

Let's say that ownership of the goods passes to the buyer at the time of shipment.

The accountant of Flagman LLC will reflect the transactions in accounting in the following way:

Let's change the conditions: the buyer receives ownership of the goods at the time of payment. Let’s also assume that sales costs are subject to write-off against the cost of goods that were sold in February 2016.

Under the changed conditions, accounting for the operation to reflect the financial result of Flagman LLC will look like this: