What is the global water cycle in nature? The water cycle in nature. Human interaction with nature. Step-by-step instructions on how to conduct the “Water cycle in nature” experiment

What is the significance of the global water cycle in nature, you will learn from this article.

The importance of the water cycle in nature

How does the water cycle occur?

The land and oceans are heated by the sun's rays. As a result, water changes from a liquid state to a gaseous state, that is, steam, and rises upward. The ocean supplies up to 86% of moisture to the atmosphere, and only 14% of vaporous moisture is obtained through evaporation from land. The water that evaporates from the surface is fresh. It can be argued that the ocean is a colossal factory of fresh water. And without it, life on the planet would be impossible. With altitude in the atmosphere, the temperature decreases and water vapor, meeting cold layers of air, cools and begins to form clouds. Note that on land, water evaporates from rivers, lakes, streams and the surface of plants. Often, water that evaporates from the ocean returns to it through precipitation that falls from clouds over the oceans and seas. Other clouds are carried by the wind to the mainland. There, precipitation can fall in solid or liquid form. A particle of atmospheric precipitation falls into rivers, which, one way or another, carry their waters into the World Ocean, or into the Aral or Caspian Sea. Other water that falls on the earth in the form of atmospheric precipitation seeps down from the surface of the land and flows again through underground waters into the World Ocean. Here the cycle begins again and again. In another case, precipitation that falls into the soil enters the plant body through the root system. From there it evaporates through the leaves into the atmosphere.

What is the importance of the water cycle in nature?

In nature, the importance of the water cycle is very large. It not only unites parts of the hydrosphere, but connects all the shells of the planet with each other: the hydrosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere and biosphere. During the cycle, water occurs in 3 states: solid, liquid, gaseous. It transports a large number of substances that are necessary for life on the planet. The water cycle regulates river flow over time. Without it, the rivers would only have water during periods of snowmelt or precipitation. This process is also important for plants, since mineral dissolved substances and vitamins are supplied to them from the soil and water.

The unity of the Earth's natural waters requires consideration of groundwater in their inextricable connection and interaction with all types of natural waters and with the rocks in which they form, accumulate and move. Therefore, below is information about the water cycle in nature, the types of water in rocks and the basic patterns of their movement; The types of groundwater and the main properties of rocks in relation to water are considered.

Water is one of the most common substances in nature. It is found in vapor, liquid and solid states in all major areas of the Earth: in the atmosphere (vapor, clouds, snow, hail, rain), hydrosphere (oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, swamps, glaciers, snow), lithosphere (groundwater , vapor, ice, bound water), biosphere (in all living organisms and plants).

The total volume of water in the World Ocean is 1338 million km 3, the amount of ground water (with ice) is 24.5 million km 3, the atmosphere contains about 14,000 km 3 of water, and the rocks of the earth's crust contain approximately 400 million km 3. and the so-called bound water apparently accounts for the bulk of them. Thus, in total there is approximately 1.8 billion km 3 of water on our planet (in the oceans, on the land surface and in the earth’s crust). At the same time, the share of fresh water does not exceed 2% (35 million km 3).

All types of water are interconnected with each other. Water and its phase states are studied in various disciplines: vaporous water - physics and meteorology, solid water (ice) - glaciology and permafrost studies; liquid surface - oceanology and hydrology, underground - hydrogeology.

The waters of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere are in continuous interaction and movement. Evaporating from the surface of oceans, seas, lakes, rivers and other bodies of water, as well as from the surface of land, water in a vaporous state passes into the atmosphere, from where, under favorable conditions, it falls again on the surface of the Earth in the form of rain, snow, hail, forming links in the general water cycle on Earth, which is one of the most ambitious processes that determine the formation of the Earth's surface, metabolism and energy.

Atmospheric precipitation falling on the Earth's surface partially flows through rivers into the seas and oceans (surface runoff), partially seeps (infiltrates) through the soil, providing moisture to plants and replenishing groundwater, and partially evaporates again into the atmosphere. Groundwater, in turn, moving through layers of fractured and porous rocks, enters surface watercourses and reservoirs (rivers, lakes, seas, oceans), providing their underground nutrition, and thus again enters the general water cycle in nature, which begins from evaporation of surface waters.

During the cycle, water resources are constantly renewed in the atmosphere, on the Earth's surface, in the biosphere and the upper part of the lithosphere. Thus, the atmosphere contains on average about 14 thousand km 3 of water, mainly in the form of steam. However, thanks to the constant replenishment of atmospheric moisture through evaporation, 577 thousand km 3 of precipitation falls annually on the Earth's surface.

If the movement of moisture in the atmosphere and on the surface of the Earth occurs quite quickly, then with depth water exchange slows down significantly, however, deep underground waters also participate in the general water cycle.

The processes of transition of water from one geosphere of the Earth to another, which make up the general water cycle in nature, are composed of evaporation (I), precipitation (O), surface ((? surface) and underground ((? PO dz) runoff.

Distinguish big, small And inland, or local, gyres. During a large cycle, part of the water that has evaporated from the water surface of the oceans and seas is carried by the wind to land and falls there in the form of precipitation, which is then spent on surface and underground runoff, as well as evaporation. With a small circulation, water that evaporates within the oceans and seas falls out here. During the intracontinental circulation, the water evaporated within the continents (from the surface of lakes, swamps, rivers, from land and with the help of vegetation) falls again on the continent.

In Fig. Figure 5.1 shows the general diagram of the water cycle in nature and its individual components.

The determining influence on the transition of water from one state to another and its movement from one sphere of the Earth to another, i.e. The development of water cycle processes in nature is influenced by climatic factors. In the formation of individual components of the cycle, a significant role is played by geomorphological, geological-lithological, physical-geographical and other factors, which largely determine surface runoff, infiltration of atmospheric precipitation (i.e., its seepage through the soil into porous and fractured rocks), evaporation , transpiration (evaporation of moisture by vegetation), underground runoff and the development of other important processes. Therefore, when studying the hydrogeological conditions of any area or deposit, it is important to take into account the climatic, geomorphological, geological-lithological, physical-geographical and other features and conditions that affect the water balance of the studied area.

All atmospheric precipitation is divided into two types: precipitation falling to the surface from clouds (rain, hail, snow, graupel), and precipitation formed directly on the surface of rocks due to a decrease in air temperature to the dew point (dew, frost, frost, ice) . The water balance equation in general form was proposed in 1884 by A.I. Voeikov:

Where X 0- average annual amount of precipitation in the form of rain, snow, frost or dew; Y 0 - total drain, i.e. part of the precipitation,

7 - precipitation (o - snow, b- rain); 2 - highly permeable rocks; 3 - low-permeability rocks; 4 - impermeable rocks

Rice. 5.1.

5 - source; b - the direction of movement of water and water vapor that flows surface or underground; Z 0 is the part of precipitation that is spent on evaporation and transpiration (minus condensation).

Precipitation. Systematic observations of precipitation are very important for the national economy. Observations have been carried out with the help of instruments since the middle of the 19th century, as a result, certain patterns were established - the alternation of abundant years of water (rains, floods) with low-water years (droughts). Precipitation is measured by the thickness of the water layer in millimeters per year and varies widely. Thus, some areas of India receive 12,000-14,000 mm, while some areas of Chile receive only 1-17 mm. The amount of precipitation varies greatly throughout Russia. Thus, on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, 1200-3000 mm of precipitation falls, in Moscow - 500-600 mm.

In the Non-Chernozem Zone, the annual precipitation averages 400-600 mm, with groundwater feeding from 110 (upper reaches of the Volga and Western Dvina) to 20 mm (Nara River basin - southeast of the Ryazan region). In the European part, 480-500 mm of precipitation falls per year, of which 170-180 mm flows off, the rest goes to evaporation and is again included in the moisture cycle or remains in the soil (Fig. 5.2).

It has been established that moisture circulation in the south of Russia occurs 4 times a year, and in general throughout the entire territory of the European part of Russia - 2.5 times a year (Kiryukhin, Tolstikhin, 1987).

Evaporation represents the transition of a substance from a liquid or solid state to a vapor state. Every year, a layer of water 1.5 m thick evaporates from the surface of the ocean in the tropics, and 0.5 m in polar countries. A distinction is made between evaporation and evaporation. Evaporation is the actual amount of evaporation from the Earth's surface, and evaporation is the maximum possible evaporation from the water surface under existing meteorological conditions. Both of these values ​​are subject to daily and annual fluctuations: during the day and summer they are greater than at night and in winter.

Evaporation should be taken into account when addressing issues of irrigation and drainage reclamation. In the tundra, evaporation is 70-120 mm, and evaporation is 200-300 mm, in the steppe - 240-550 and 600-1100 mm, respectively, in the desert - 50-100 and 1500-2000 mm. Annual evaporation and evaporation in dry areas is greater than annual precipitation. The evaporation of moisture by plants is called transpiration. When 1 g of plant tissue is formed, 300-400 g of water evaporates. During the growing season, grasses and cultivated plants evaporate 229-254 mm per hectare, wheat - 200-300 mm, coniferous trees - 102-154 mm.

Rice. 5.2.

supply value (mm/year): 7 - 110-80; 2 - 80-70; 3 - 70-60; 4 - 60-50;

5 - 50-40; 6 - 40-30; 7 - 30-20

Line UMK O. A. Klimanova, A. I. Alekseeva. Geography (5-9)

Geography

Water cycle in nature

"Water is the juice of life."

Leonardo da Vinci

The planet consumes 14 trillion liters of water every day, and if water supplies were not renewed, the beautiful blue planet would turn into a lifeless desert, like our closest neighbor, blood-red Mars.

Water cycle in nature allows biological diversity of flora and fauna, including humans, to live, grow, and reproduce. The importance of water is difficult to overestimate. It participates in chemical, physical, and biological processes occurring in a living cell.

Desert nomads repeat: “Water is more valuable than gold.” And it is true. A wandering traveler cannot live more than a week without water. After all, the human body is approximately 70%, and a newborn baby - 85% - consists of water.

The water cycle or hydrological cycle occurs due to the ability of water to change its state of aggregation. But as we know, to change the state of aggregation of a substance, energy is needed. And the Sun provides energy for continuous processes world water cycle.

The complete hydrological cycle includes several stages:

Evaporation- the transformation of water from liquid to gaseous due to the energy of sunlight. This process occurs every day: on the surfaces of rivers and oceans, seas and lakes, as a result of sweating of a person or animal.

Steam condensation. In contact with cold air currents, the steam releases heat and then turns into liquid. Drops of dew on the grass in the early morning, autumn fog in the lowlands, or clouds in the blue sky are the visible result of condensation.

Precipitation on the ground. Colliding with each other and undergoing condensation processes, drops of water in the clouds become heavier and fall to the surface of the planet. Due to the high speed, they do not have time to evaporate. And the result is rain, snow or hail.

Passage of water through soil layers. Falling to the ground, some of the water seeps through the soil, feeding the roots of trees, and then enters underground streams. Some of the water falls directly into the sea in the form of precipitation. The rest of the liquid accumulates and is delivered to the waters of the World Ocean using wastewater.

The workbook is part of the teaching materials on geography and is intended for use when working with the textbook edited by O. A. Klimanova “Geography. Geography. 5–6 grades.” Contains a variety of tasks aimed at consolidating basic knowledge and skills in the course, as well as tasks for preparing for the Unified State Exam and the Unified State Exam.

In a simplified version, imagine How does the water cycle occur in nature? Three main steps will help:

evaporation of water from the surface of the earth;

condensation and concentration in atmospheric layers;

the fall of precipitation as rain, snow, or steam back to the ground.

The textbook “Geography 5-6th grade”, edited by O. A. Klimanova, raises a serious question, which we invite you to think about. If water does not disappear anywhere and participates in an endless cycle, why do problems arise with fresh water supplies?

Water cycle diagram shown in the illustration:

There are several types of hydrological cycles in nature:

1. World, or great cycle.

Water evaporates from the surface of the ocean, turning into water vapor, and is transported to the continents by air currents. It falls to the ground in the form of rain, snow and other atmospheric precipitation and returns to the ocean as runoff water. With a large cycle, the composition and quality of water changes. By evaporating, polluted water is purified, and salty water is deprived of salts and turns into fresh water.

2. Oceanic or small cycle. Water that has evaporated above the ocean surface falls back into the ocean as precipitation.

3. Inland gyre. The water that evaporates above the land surface condenses and falls back onto land in the form of rain, fog or snow.

The rate of circulation does not depend on the rate of condensation and precipitation, but on evaporation from the surface of the seas and oceans, as well as plant leaves. Since the surface of the ocean is covered with an oil film due to accidents on tankers, oil rigs and other man-made disasters, and the planet's forests are cut down, evaporation decreases, and, as a result, precipitation decreases.

As a result, scientists are seriously concerned that climate change will lead to even greater drought in dry areas, and increased rainfall in swampy and wet areas.

The water cycle is not an isolated process, but part of the global biological cycle of matter and energy, which can be read about on page 123 in the textbook “Geography 5-6th grade” edited by O. A. Klimanova.

Methodological advice

To visualize the water cycle, carry out a simple experiment: cover a glass of water tightly with cling film and place it on the windowsill on a sunny day. After a while, you will notice how the liquid condenses on the film, and then heavy drops, breaking away from the film, fall into the glass, reminiscent of rain.

In nature, this is a continuous process of constant movement of water on Earth. It consists of water evaporation, condensation, precipitation and water transfer in rivers and other bodies of water, and then evaporation again. And so the whole cycle begins all over again.

Without the water cycle, there would be no snow in nature, rivers would dry up over time, and all life on Earth would suffer from dehydration. And it is quite obvious that one day you may ask about any process related to water. So that such a question does not take you by surprise, play ahead and tell your child about the water cycle in nature and take them home with a package that will clearly show how it all works.

Such a visual device will also be an excellent assistant for a schoolchild to consolidate his knowledge or simply an interesting and useful entertainment for children who love experiments. But before moving on to the experiment, tell your child about each of the stages of the water cycle in nature, then it will be even easier to understand what is happening in the bag.

The water cycle in nature: a picture hint for children

- an incredible natural resource that covers 70% of the Earth's surface and is necessary for the life of all living things. This is the only substance that is present in three physical states - gas (water vapor), liquid (water) and solid (snow, ice). Most other substances have only one natural state.

During the full cycle of the natural cycle, the state of water is constantly changing, absorbing or releasing thermal energy. So, water goes through four stages in the cycle:

Evaporation- a process when water on the surface, when heated, turns into steam and goes into the air. It happens wherever there is water: on the surface of the ocean, rivers or lakes, when we or animals sweat, and when dew appears on plants. Warm water evaporates faster and you can check this by boiling water on the stove. But even when we don't see vapor, evaporation still occurs, but much more slowly.

Condensation. When water vapor in the air rises and reaches the upper atmosphere, the cold temperature causes it to release heat and turn back into liquid. These small droplets of water hang on dust particles in the air to form clouds.

Precipitation. Water droplets in clouds also collide and condense together, and then they become larger and heavier. If the falling speed of water drops exceeds the rising speed and they do not have time to evaporate, then they fall as precipitation in the form of rain, sleet, snow or hail.

Water transfer. In the form of precipitation, water returns to the Earth's surface. Some of the water flows down and ends up in the sea, lakes or rivers. The other soaks into the ground and becomes groundwater, which feeds plants or passes through the soil to reach the ocean. Another part of the water is reached and absorbed by animals. From here the water cycle begins again.

Water cycle in nature: na great experiment in a package

Step-by-step instructions on how to conduct an experiment with children that will clearly show all the stages of the water cycle in nature. This The child can spend both at school and at home.

To conduct the “Water Cycle in Nature” experiment, you will need:

• ziplock bag;
• colored markers;
• water;
• blue (optional);
• scotch.

Step-by-step instructions on how to conduct the “Water cycle in nature” experiment

1. Heat the water until steam forms, but do not bring it to a boil.
2. Add blue dye to the water to create “ocean water.”
3. Pour into the bag and zip it up.
4. Hang the bag vertically on a window or door using tape. The main thing is to fix it well.
5. When the water begins to evaporate, the child will see condensation begin to collect at the top of the bag.
6. After some time, droplets of water will appear inside the bag. When they become very large and heavy, they will eventually slide down. This is the stage of returning water back to the sea.
7. If the water is still warm or if the bag is hanging on the sunny side, the water cycle in it will continue to cycle.

The properties of water can influence our environment, so knowledge and experiments related to it are very useful. Thanks to such a simple visual, the child will be able to see and understand for himself how the water cycle occurs in nature using the example of a small bag of liquid.

Liliya Abramkina
Conversation: “Water is all around us. The water cycle in nature."

Conversation« Water around us. Water cycle in nature».

Target: Draw children's attention to the meaning water in our lives, show where, in what form it exists water in the environment, tell that droplets water in nature"walk", moving along circle.

Outdoor game "Droplets are walking along circle» .

Target: To give children the first basic knowledge about the water cycle in nature.

Developmental environment: globe, paintings depicting a river, lake, sea; scheme water cycle in nature, recording of music by E. Maricone "Raindrops", fish stencils, pencils, scissors.

Progress of the lesson.

Hello guys! My name is Liliya Vladimirovna, I want to meet you. I will come up to you, and you will place your palm on my palm and say your name.

So we met, how warm your palms are, I think we will enjoy communicating together.

Reads a poem by N. Ryzhova:

Have you heard about water?

They say she is everywhere!

In a puddle, in the sea, in the ocean

And in the water tap,

Like an icicle freezes

Fog creeps into the forest,

It's boiling on the stove

The kettle steam hisses.

We can't wash ourselves without it,

Don't eat, don't get drunk!

I dare to report to you:

We can't live without her!

Wow! How important

Which one is needed? water!

"Travelling the Globe"

Q. Tell me, who needs it and why?

D. To humans, animals, plants.

Q. I wonder how many water on our planet? Let's look at the globe. Do you know what a globe is?

D. They answer.

IN. : A globe is a model of the globe, this is how our planet Earth looks from space.

IN. : What is indicated in blue on the globe?

D. : Water.

IN. : What other colors do you see?

D. : Green, brown, yellow.

IN. : What do these colors represent?

D. : Mountains, forests, deserts.

The teacher quickly spins the globe and asks: What color is there more on the globe? What do you think this means?

D. : Means what more water.

IN. : Yes, back in ancient times, when people learned to build ships and began to sail them across the seas and oceans, they learned that the land masses were much smaller than, water and you and I are convinced of this.

Do you know that in the seas and oceans salt water? Is it possible to drink sea salt water?

B. Of course not. But look how much salty it is water on our planet! Someone probably needs it. Who do you think?

D. Sea inhabitants, people for swimming, etc.

Q. Can people and animals inhabiting the Earth drink water from the sea or ocean?

Q. What kind of water can people and animals drink?

D. Unsalted, fresh.

Q. Where does fresh water come from? water.

D. From springs, streams, rivers and lakes.

Q. How is a river born? Do you want to know?

River modeling.

Follow me to the table, everyone. Look how many strips of fabric there are of different lengths and widths.

Think about what strip of fabric we will use to make a big river?

D. From wide. (Spread out)

IN. : This wide and long strip of fabric is the main river. What will these narrow blue ribbons mean?

D. : Small rivers and streams.

IN. : Arrange them so that the streams flow into a large river. (Spread out).

IN. : Who will now tell you how a big river is born?

D. : Streams and small rivers flow into one main river.

We made a model of the river, now you know how a big river is born. Go to your seats.

IN. : You and I learned that a big river is formed from many small rivers and streams. Guys, think and say:

How else can it get water into the river?

D. : When it rains, snow melts, etc.

IN. : And now I will tell you about one interesting law nature,it's called: « Water cycle in nature» .

Water cycle in nature.

The teacher shows the diagram water cycle in nature, says that the droplets water in nature"walk", moving along circle, explains how this happens. When it rains, droplets waters fall to the ground. There are a lot of droplets, and there are puddles and streams on the ground. Streams flow and end up in a river, the river flows into the sea. In the sea a lot of water, a lot of. When the sun warms water evaporates, turns into steam. Steam rises up and clouds are formed, the wind blows and clouds float across the sky. It's cold up there, droplets the waters are getting bigger, heavier, the clouds turn into clouds. When the droplets become very large and heavy, they fall down. Many, many droplets fall down, it turns out to be rain, it rains, you get puddles…. and everything starts all over again. (Gesture to show “so by water moves in a circle in nature, it turns out cycle». Let's say it together: - Water cycle in nature.

Outdoor game "Droplets are walking along circle» .

Wear drop headbands for children.

The teacher says that she is Tuchka’s mother, and the guys are her children Droplets and it’s time for them to hit the road. (Music sounds like rain). The droplets jump, run, and dance. Mom Tuchka tells them what to do.

“The droplets flew to the ground... They jumped and played. They got bored jumping around alone. They gathered in pairs and flowed in small cheerful streams. (Droplets form streams - couples holding hands). Streams met and became a big river (streams are connected into one chain). Droplets are floating in a big river, traveling. Tekla, a river flowed and ended up in a big ocean (children form a large round dance and move along circle). The Droplets swam and swam in the ocean, got tired, decided to rest, (the children crouched down, and then remembered that Mother Cloud told them to return home. And just then the sun warmed up. The Droplets became light and stretched upward (crouched Droplets rise, raise their hands up). They evaporated under the rays of the sun and returned to the sky, to mother Cloud. Well done, Droplets, they behaved well, they didn’t get into passers-by’s collars or splash themselves. Now stay with your mom, she misses you.

The children take their seats.

Experimental activity.

Guys, now look: in front of you are two containers of water. Tell: the water in them is the same?

D. : No. In one container the water is clean, and the other is dirty.

IN. : Which water would you like to drink – this one or that one?

D. : This one.

IN. : And why?

D. : Because you need to drink clean water.

IN. : Let's try to purify dirty water and see what makes the water so dirty? To do this, take a funnel, put special paper into it and start passing water through this funnel. Look what we can do.

D. : The water has become clear.

IN. : What happened to the paper?

D. : She became dirty.

Q. Why do you think there is so much dirt in the river water?

D. People throw garbage into the river and wash their cars.

IN. : Guys, what kind of water do you think its inhabitants live well in?

D. In a clean, bright place.

IN. : Yes, in the one where they don’t throw garbage, don’t wash cars, don’t dump dirty waste factories. Is there a river or lake in your village? How do you take care of your river?

D. : They answer.

B. Well done, take care of your river, the fish live well in it! Let's make fish for our river, which we modeled. On your table there are cardboard fish and pencils. Draw the details, try to do everything carefully, then your fish will turn out beautiful.

Independent activity of children. Individual assistance from a teacher.

At the end of the work, the teacher and the children attach the fish.

Look what a river we have, how many fish there are in it, they are so beautiful.

8. Summary of the lesson.

Guys, what did we talk about today?

What interesting things did you learn?

What did you like about the lesson?

IN water travels in nature

It never disappears!

It will turn into snow, then into ice,

It will melt and go hiking again!

Along the mountain peaks,

Through the snowy valleys,

Suddenly it soars into the sky,

It will turn into rain.

Look around,

IN take a closer look at nature!

You are surrounded everywhere and always -

Our companion -

Enchantress … (in unison) Water

Well done guys, you did very well, answered questions correctly, and drew wonderful fish. Thank you for your active and interested work in class.