What lives in the pond. Dream Interpretation. Pond: swim in a pond, fish pond, clean pond, dirty pond. Interpretation of dreams. Verkhovka and silver carp

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The surface of the pond is an elastic film that serves as a habitat for many plants and animals. Water lilies use the surface tension of water to keep their large leaves afloat (air cavities in the leaves also help).

Duckweed, the world's smallest flowering plant, also floats due to surface tension. Water striders and whirling beetles, whose bodies and legs are not wetted by water, glide along the surface of the pond. Pond snails slowly crawl along the underside of the surface film. Plants form their own miniature world, inhabited by various larvae, planaria, hydra, etc.

But most of the inhabitants of the pond cannot be seen with the naked eye - for example, single-celled protozoa and funny rotifers, at the head end of which there is a “wheel” - a disk surrounded by a corolla of large, quickly swaying cilia, with the help of which these animals move and get food. At the bottom of the pond, dragonfly larvae (naiads) wait for prey, and snails and crayfish, feeding on organic remains, are looking for something to eat.

Beavers

No other wild animal has as significant an impact on the environment as beavers. The large dams they build can flood hundreds of hectares of land. In wetlands, trees die and the burrows of mice, shrews and many other animals are destroyed. But nature quickly adapts. Ponds created by beavers usually contain a lot of fish. Waterfowl, as well as herons, kingfishers and other birds nest or find food here.

One of the most remarkable architects in the animal world, beavers build dams and huts from branches, sticks and clay on small rivers. Thanks to the dam, a pond is formed on which beavers build their huts with a diameter of up to 2 m or more, rising 1-1.5 m above the water. In Eurasia, beavers live both in huts and in burrows dug in steep banks.

The pile of branches and sticks that make up the hut is held together with mud. The branches piled on top are not coated, which ensures ventilation. The entrances to the beaver houses are located under water. In winter, animals feed on branches that are flooded next to the hut.

How do insects hunt underwater?

Dragonfly larvae are completely different from the beautiful adults that can often be seen flying over the water. First of all, the larvae do not have wings and they live in water; they do not fly, but swim using a kind of water jet engine. If adult dragonflies catch prey in the air, capturing the victim with their legs folded like a basket, then the larva has a weapon - a huge lower lip thrown forward - the so-called mask. Having noticed potential prey, the larva moves the mask forward and, holding the victim with hooks located on the mask, injects an enzyme into it that dissolves the tissue, after which it pulls the prey to its chewing jaws.

Elongated, stick-like bugs, or water scorpions, crawl on aquatic plants. Although these insects can bite if touched, they grab prey not with their jaws, but with their legs. When other insects or small fish approach, the water scorpion quickly closes its long, braid-like legs, and the prey is trapped.

Smooth beetles

Aquatic insects are diverse not only in appearance, but also in their methods of movement. Whirling beetles describe circles on the water, and water striders glide along the surface as if on ice skates. Smooth and rowing water beetles row with long, hairy legs. On the surface of the water, smoothies float belly up.

This amazing swimming device is a chemical produced by some land beetles. This substance breaks the surface tension of water at one end of the insect's body, as a result of which the surface tension remaining at the other end of the beetle's body pushes it and it floats on the water.

Daphnia

Tiny transparent daphnia, or water fleas, are not insects, but crustaceans, but their movement in the water really resembles the jumping of fleas. Despite their outward inconspicuousness, these creatures are quite interesting. So, daphnia reproduce without the participation of males. From their unfertilized eggs, females develop, and only under certain unfavorable conditions, for example, when there is a lack of food, do males develop from some eggs.

The color of daphnia changes depending on the oxygen content in the surrounding water. If there is little oxygen, their blood becomes dark red, as the hemoglobin content in it increases, and at the same time transparent daphnia turns red; when there is oxygen saturation, the blood and, accordingly, the color of daphnia turn pale. Water fleas also react to temperature changes. In the summer, they grow long feathery bristles, which increases their surface area and helps them stay afloat. In winter, when the water is colder and its density is higher, it easily supports the round, compact body of daphnia.

How leeches suck blood

Many types of leeches - worms that live in ponds and reservoirs - feed on the blood of turtles and fish. A blood-sucking medicinal leech (in the past it was used in the treatment of certain diseases) is attached to the victim with a rear sucker, and with its head end, armed with teeth, it makes a wound through which it sucks blood. Her salivary glands produce a special substance that prevents blood clotting. In the digestive tract of a leech there are sinuses in which it stores blood, so the leech, having pumped once, can feed on it for several months.

The pond is characterized by a special animal world.

The inhabitants of fresh water bodies provide food for a variety of fish, and these, in turn, serve as food for various amphibians, aquatic and semi-aquatic animals, reptiles, birds and animals. Some of them are of economic interest to humans, especially fish.

In stagnant bodies of water, a number of biotopes are distinguished (territories occupied by a certain plant community and the animal population associated with it) and biocenoses characteristic of them are distinguished.

Of the individual groups of organisms living in a pond, it is customary to distinguish plankton (a set of small organisms living in the water column and passively moving in it), nekton (a set of organisms actively moving in the water column), and benthos (soil inhabitants at the bottom of the reservoir).

Plankton consists of two main groups of organisms - phytoplankton (bacteria and microscopic small algae) and zooplankton (small roundworms and lower crustaceans). It varies in its composition depending on the type of reservoir, but everywhere it is a significant source of nutrition for many freshwater animals, in particular, various fish and their fry.

Benthos is most richly represented by animals (zoobenthos), among which a prominent place is occupied by some worms, shells, aquatic snails, beetles, bedbugs, dragonflies, mosquitoes and their larvae. Benthos organisms are in complex relationships between their constituent parts, as well as with plankton and nekton, and form a powerful food supply for fish and other inhabitants of the reservoir.

Nekton is mainly represented by fish and, to a lesser extent, crustaceans, amphibians, reptiles and mammals.

Near the shore, among the above-water parts of plants, dragonflies quickly scurry around in pursuit of smaller insects. Dragonfly larvae live in water for many months before they grow into adult insects capable of living on land.

In addition to dragonflies, above the coastal thickets there are adult winged insects sitting motionless on plants, emerging from pupae in the water - caddis flies and mayflies, and somewhat less often - inconspicuous butterflies, the caterpillars of which live in the water. There are swarms of mosquitoes in the air, the development of which also occurs in the water. Among the leaves of water lilies, egg capsules, and stems of the above-mentioned plants floating on the water, large spiders - dolomedes, bordered on the sides of the body with a cream-colored stripe, run. Clinging to the stems of plants with their marigolds, these spiders climb them well, and sitting on some floating leaf, they lie in wait for their prey.

Not far from the shores, attention is drawn to a flock of black insects with a metallic sheen, which swim quickly, making sharp turns, twirling and spinning. These are predatory spinning beetles. They hunt small insects living in the water or fallen into the water. Aquatic plants of coastal thickets create a favorable environment for the life of a wide variety of living inhabitants of the pond.

So, for example, the only one among spiders - the silver spider - arranges a kind of dwelling under water in the form of a web bell.

You can also spot the water strider bug here, hunting for flies and mosquito larvae. In addition to water strider bugs, which live on the surface of the water, fresh water bodies are home to many other species of bugs that stay under water and lead different lifestyles there. Among them, the original smooth bug deserves attention. It swims unusually: dorsal down, belly up, i.e. in an inverted position. The shape of its body resembles a spoon with well-streamlined smooth sides. The hind legs act as oars, making wide swings, while the shorter front and middle legs serve to grab prey.

The smooth bug is somewhat similar to another bug, which, however, differs in its smaller size, dark body color and manner of swimming with its back up, i.e. in the usual way. Unlike smooth ones, the paddlefish feeds on algae and dilapidated plant tissues. It collects this food with scoops of its front legs from the bottom and from the surface of aquatic plants.

The direct opposite of the smoothie is another bug - the water scorpion. Unlike smooth fish, it avoids free water and hides among aquatic plants in the upper layer of coastal algae near the surface of the water. It leads a hidden lifestyle: slowly crawls between branches or sits motionless waiting for prey. In addition to water bugs and spiders, the inhabitants of the pond include various beetles and their larvae. The largest of them are the swimmer and the water lover. The larvae of swimming beetles are very aggressive and attack all living things that are close to them. An adult swimming beetle feeds on insects, crustaceans, snails, tadpoles, frogs, newts, fish, worms and other inhabitants of the reservoir. The swimmer itself also becomes a victim of waterfowl and predatory fish.

Of greatest interest are fish that have well-defined food connections both with aquatic organisms and with animals that live outside the water, but attack fish. For example, water snakes, seagulls, kingfishers, and otters feed on fish.

Fish eggs, juveniles and fry are attacked by swimming beetles and their larvae, smoothies and water scorpions, and dragonfly larvae. On the other hand, fish eat land insects falling into the water and even prey on stoneflies and mayflies when they lay eggs in the water. In the reservoir, fish feed heavily on planktonic organisms, as well as mosquito and caddisfly larvae, mollusks and worms. Fish find a lot of food in coastal thickets. Fish that are not very demanding on the purity of water and the oxygen content in it, for example, roach, tench, and crucian carp, spend most of their lives in coastal areas. Ruff, bream, perch, carp and pike stay further from the shore.

Pond inhabitants

Toothless Silver Spider Water Strider

Smooth bug Water scorpion bug Swimming beetle

Water beetle Water snake Frog

Dragonfly Prudovik beetle

Fish:

Ruffcrucian carp

TenchBream

PerchRoach

RotanPike

Bioindication of ponds by species composition of living organisms

Note: During the cold season, biological indication systems in hydrobiology cannot be used at all. Therefore, this study was carried out based on the results of summer observations.

On Monday, July 16, the editorial office of NK received several calls with reports that pollution had appeared on almost the entire surface of the reservoir. And in large pieces.

“It was impossible to swim on the city side, we rented a boat and sailed to the other shore, but it was the same there,” said a concerned reader. - Isn't this dangerous? And what is this?

A small investigation showed that there is no danger in these influxes.

Experienced fisherman: “Man is a natural disaster of nature”

“Yesterday I was at the pond, swimming in the area of ​​the rescue station, I didn’t notice anything particularly dirty,” answered the question from Mikhail Romantsov, a well-known active public fisheries inspector in Kachkanar, a man who is deeply concerned about the condition of the reservoir. – After the recent hurricane and downpours, of course, there was fluff from the poplars and leaves. The water washes a lot of “good” into the pond.

When I arrived at the pond, many fishermen were sitting on the shore. And they also confirmed the version about the consequences of the hurricane.

“In warmed shallow waters, naturally, both bottom algae and surface duckweed bloom profusely,” the 80-year-old fisherman points to the remains of wind-blown layers of aquatic vegetation. “The wind and waves tore it all down and spread it all over the pond.” Now everything has returned to normal, the floating vessel washed ashore, something sank to the bottom. Self-cleaning of the pond still works for now. What’s worse and more dangerous is what people do on the shore,” the fisherman sighed sadly, circling the coastal strip with his hand.

The mirror of the reservoir was indeed clean. On weekdays there are few swimmers on the beach. But the shore... No element could create such a mess as the vacationers left behind.

At every step there are fire pits, scattered bottles and plastic bags. Burnt tree branches, broken glass.

And the fishermen are right when they say that the people have become wild. From lack of control and impunity for your vandalism.

“How many times have I participated in community cleanups to clean the shore, and everything is useless,” one of the fishermen, reeling in his fishing rods, carefully tidied up his place of stay. I collected the worm boxes in my backpack and put the empty bottle in there.

“Inhumans were playing around here, there is no escape from two-legged animals,” the man sighed as he left.

On the newly developed section of the shore, where comfortable, beautiful benches and lanterns are installed, there are overflowing trash cans. There is the same disgrace all around.

Having carefully wiped one of the benches with a handkerchief, a neatly dressed, slightly prim elderly lady tiredly sat down on the edge. We started talking.

“There is no demand, no fear of responsibility,” she briefly described this unsightly, disgusting picture. – How to make people respect yourself? Don't know. Maybe organize some kind of surveillance or duty? Yes, ask more strictly. This is the municipality's concern!