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A hydroelectric power station is a hydroelectric power station that converts the energy of water flow into electricity. The flow of water, falling on the blades, rotates turbines, which, in turn, drive generators that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. Hydroelectric power plants are built on river beds, and dams and reservoirs are usually built.

Principle of operation

The basis for the operation of hydroelectric power plants is the energy of falling water. Due to the difference in levels river water forms a continuous stream from source to mouth. A dam is an integral part of almost all hydroelectric power plants and blocks the movement of water in the river bed. A reservoir forms in front of the dam, creating a significant difference in water levels before and after it.

The upper and lower water levels are called the pool, and the difference between them is called the drop height or pressure. The principle of operation is quite simple. A turbine is installed on the downstream, onto the blades of which the flow from the upstream is directed. The falling flow of water sets the turbine in motion, and it rotates the rotor through a mechanical linkage electric generator. The greater the pressure and the amount of water passing through the turbines, the higher the power of the hydroelectric power station. Coefficient useful action is about 85%.

Peculiarities

There are three factors efficient production energy from hydroelectric power plants:

• Year-round guaranteed water supply.
• Favorable terrain. The presence of canyons and drops contribute to hydraulic construction.
• Greater slope of the river.

The operation of a hydroelectric power station has several, including comparative features:

• The cost of electricity produced is significantly less than at other types of power plants.
• Renewable energy source.
• Depending on the amount of energy that a hydroelectric power plant must produce, its generators can be turned on and off quickly.
• Compared to other types of power plants, hydroelectric power plants have much less impact on the air environment.
• Basically, hydroelectric power plants are objects remote from consumers.
• Construction of hydroelectric power plants is very capital intensive.
• Reservoirs occupy large areas.
• The construction of dams and the construction of reservoirs blocks the paths to spawning grounds for many species of fish, which radically changes the nature of fisheries. But at the same time, fish farms are being set up in the reservoir itself, and fish stocks are increasing.

Kinds

Hydroelectric power plants are divided according to the nature of the structures erected:

• Dam-based hydroelectric power plants are the most common stations in the world in which the pressure is created by a dam. They are built on rivers with predominantly a slight slope. To create high pressure, large areas are flooded under reservoirs.
• Derivation - stations built on mountain rivers with a large slope. The required pressure is created in bypass (diversion) channels with a relatively low water flow. Part of the river flow through the water intake is directed into a pipeline in which pressure is created, which drives the turbine.
• Pumped storage stations. They help the power system cope with peak loads. The hydraulic units of such stations are capable of operating in pumping and generator modes. Consists of two reservoirs in different levels connected by a pipeline to the hydraulic unit inside. At high loads, water is discharged from the upper reservoir to the lower one, which rotates the turbine and generates electricity. When demand is low, water is pumped back from low storage to higher storage.

Hydropower of Russia

Today in Russia, a total of more than 100 MW of electricity is generated at 102 hydroelectric power plants. The total capacity of all hydraulic units of Russian hydroelectric power stations is about 45 million kW, which corresponds to fifth place in the world. Share of hydroelectric power plants in total number Electricity generated in Russia is 21% - 165 billion kWh/year, which also corresponds to 5th place in the world. In terms of the number of potential hydropower resources, Russia ranks second after China with an indicator of 852 billion kWh, but the degree of their development is only 20%, which is significantly lower than almost all countries in the world, including developing ones. To harness the hydro potential and develop Russian energy, it was created in 2004 Federal program for ensuring reliable operation functioning hydroelectric power plants, completion of existing construction projects, design and construction of new stations.

List of the largest hydroelectric power stations in Russia

• Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station - Divnogorsk, on the Yenisei River.
• Bratsk hydroelectric power station - Bratsk, r. Angara.
• Ust-Ilimskaya - Ust-Ilimsk, r. Angara.
• Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station - Sayanogorsk.
• Boguchanskaya hydroelectric power station is on the river. Angara.
• Zhigulevskaya HPP - Zhigulevsk, r. Volga.
• Volzhskaya hydroelectric power station - Volzhsky, Volgograd region, Volga river.
• Cheboksary - Novocheboksarsk, Volga River.
• Bureyskaya hydroelectric power station - village. Talakan, Bureya River.
• Nizhnekamsk hydroelectric power station - Chelny, r. Kama.
• Votkinskaya - Tchaikovsky, r. Kama.
• Chirkeyskaya river. Sulak.
• Zagorskaya PSPP - river. Cunha.
• Zeyskaya - town of Zeya, r. Zeya.
• Saratov hydroelectric power station - river. Volga.

Volzhskaya HPP

In the past, the Stalingrad and Volgograd hydroelectric power stations, and now the Volzhskaya, located in the city of the same name Volzhsky on the Volga River, are a medium-pressure run-of-river station. Today it is considered the largest hydroelectric power station in Europe. The number of hydraulic units is 22, the electrical capacity is 2592.5 MW, the average annual amount of electricity generated is 11.1 billion kWh. The throughput capacity of the waterworks is 25,000 m3/s. Most of The generated electricity is supplied to local consumers.

The construction of the hydroelectric power station started in 1950. The first hydraulic unit was launched in December 1958. The Volzhskaya hydroelectric power station became fully operational in September 1961. Commissioning played vital role in the unification of significant energy systems of the Volga region, Center, South and energy supply of the Lower Volga region and Donbass. Already in the 2000s, several upgrades were made, which increased the overall capacity of the station. In addition to generating electricity, the Volzhskaya HPP is used to irrigate arid land masses in the Trans-Volga region. Road and railway crossings across the Volga are constructed at the waterworks facilities, providing connections between the Volga regions.

INTRODUCTION

Today there are different kinds for generating electricity, they differ in the use of different types of raw materials. There are renewable and non-renewable energy sources. This essay will examine one type of electricity generation at a hydroelectric power station, which uses a renewable energy source as a raw material.

GENERAL CONCEPT ABOUT HPP

Hydroelectric power station (HPP) is a power plant that uses the energy of water flow as an energy source. Hydroelectric power plants are usually built on rivers by constructing dams and reservoirs.

For efficient production of electricity at hydroelectric power plants, two main factors are required: guaranteed water supply all year round and possibly large slopes of the river, canyon-like types of relief are favorable for hydraulic construction.

Disadvantages of hydroelectric power plants:

flooding of arable land;

construction is carried out where there are large reserves of water energy;

on mountain rivers they are dangerous due to the high seismicity of the areas;

reduced and unregulated water releases from reservoirs for 10-15 days (up to their absence), lead to the restructuring of unique floodplain ecosystems along the entire riverbed, as a result, river pollution, reduction of trophic chains, reduction in fish numbers, elimination of invertebrate aquatic animals, increased aggressiveness of components midges (midges) due to malnutrition at the larval stages, disappearance of nesting sites of many species of migratory birds, insufficient moisture of floodplain soil, negative plant succession (depletion of phytomass), reduction in the flow of nutrients into the oceans.

OPERATING PRINCIPLE OF HPP

The operating principle of a hydroelectric power station is quite simple. Chain hydraulic structures provides the necessary pressure of water flowing to the blades of the hydraulic turbine, which drives generators that produce electricity (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Scheme of a platinum hydroelectric station

The required water pressure is generated through the construction of a dam, and as a result of the concentration of the river in a certain place, or by diversion by the natural flow of water. In some cases, both a dam and a diversion are used together to obtain the required water pressure. All power equipment is located directly in the hydroelectric power station building itself. Depending on the purpose, it has its own specific division. In the machine room there are hydraulic units that directly convert the energy of the water flow into electrical energy. There is still everything possible optional equipment, control and monitoring devices for the operation of hydroelectric power stations, transformer stations, switchgears and much more.

Hydroelectric stations are divided depending on the power generated:

powerful ones produce from 25 MW and above;

average up to 25 MW;

small hydroelectric power plants up to 5 MW.

The power of a hydroelectric power station depends on the pressure and flow of water, as well as on the efficiency of the turbines and generators used. Due to the fact that, according to natural laws, the water level is constantly changing, depending on the season, as well as for a number of other reasons, it is customary to take cyclic power as an expression of the power of a hydroelectric station. For example, there are annual, monthly, weekly or daily cycles of operation of a hydroelectric power station.

Hydroelectric power plants are also divided depending on the maximum use of water pressure:

high-pressure over 60 m;

medium-pressure from 25 m;

low-pressure from 3 to 25 m.

Depending on the water pressure, different types of turbines are used in hydroelectric power plants. For high-pressure turbines, bucket and radial-axial turbines with metal spiral chambers. At medium-pressure hydroelectric power plants, rotary-blade and radial-axial turbines are installed, at low-pressure hydroelectric power stations, rotary-blade turbines are installed in reinforced concrete chambers. The operating principle of all types of turbines is similar; water under pressure (water pressure) enters the turbine blades, which begin to rotate. Mechanical energy is thus transferred to a hydrogenerator, which generates electricity. Turbines differ in some ways technical characteristics, as well as steel or reinforced concrete chambers, and are designed for different water pressures.

Hydroelectric stations are also divided depending on the principle of use of natural resources, and, accordingly, the resulting concentration of water. The following hydroelectric power stations can be distinguished here:

run-of-river and dam hydroelectric power plants;

dam hydroelectric power stations;

diversion hydroelectric power plants;

Pumped storage power plants.

Run-of-river and dam hydroelectric power plants are the most common types of hydroelectric power stations. The water pressure in them is created by installing a dam that completely blocks the river or raises the water level in it to the required level. Such hydroelectric power stations are built on high-water plain rivers, as well as on mountain rivers, in places where the river bed is narrower, more compressed

Dam-based hydroelectric power plants are built at higher water pressures. In this case, the river is completely blocked by a dam, and the hydroelectric power station building itself is located behind the dam, in its lower part. Water, in this case, is supplied to the turbines through special pressure tunnels, and not directly, as in run-of-the-river hydroelectric power plants.

Diversion hydroelectric power stations are built in places where the river slope is high. The required water concentration in a hydroelectric power station of this type is created through diversion. Water is removed from the river bed through special drainage systems. The latter are straightened, and their slope is significantly less than the average slope of the river. As a result, water is supplied directly to the hydroelectric power station building. Diversion hydroelectric power plants can be different types non-pressure or with pressure diversion. In the case of pressure diversion, the water pipeline is laid with a large longitudinal slope. In another case, at the beginning of diversion, a higher dam is created on the river and a reservoir is created. This scheme is also called mixed derivation, since both methods are used to create the required water concentration.

Pumped storage power plants (pumped storage power plants) are capable of accumulating the generated electricity and putting it into use at times of peak loads. The operating principle of such power plants is as follows: during certain periods (not peak load), pumped storage power plants operate as pumps from external sources energy and pump water into specially equipped upper pools. When demand arises, water from them enters the pressure pipeline and drives the turbines.

Hydroelectric stations, depending on their purpose, may also include additional structures, such as locks or ship lifts that facilitate navigation through a reservoir, fish passages, water intake structures used for irrigation, and much more.

The value of a hydroelectric station is that for the production electrical energy, they use renewable Natural resources. Due to the fact that there is no need for additional fuel for hydroelectric power plants, the final cost of the generated electricity is significantly lower than when using other types of power plants.

hydroelectric power station energy dam run-of-the-river

Hydroelectric power plant

Hydroelectric power station (HPP) - power station, using as an energy source energy of water flow. Hydroelectric power plants are usually built on rivers, constructing dams And reservoirs.

For efficient production of electricity at hydroelectric power stations, two main factors are necessary: ​​a guaranteed supply of water all year round and possibly large river slopes, which are conducive to hydraulic construction canyon-shaped types of relief.

Peculiarities

Principle of operation

The operating principle of a hydroelectric power station is quite simple. A chain of hydraulic structures provides the necessary pressure of water flowing to the blades of a hydraulic turbine, which drives generators that produce electricity.

Largest hydroelectric power stations in the world

Hydroelectric power stations of Russia

As of 2009, Russia has 15 hydroelectric power plants with a capacity of over 1000 MW (operating, under construction, or in frozen construction), and more than a hundred hydroelectric power plants of smaller capacity.

The largest hydroelectric power stations in Russia

Notes:

Other hydroelectric power stations in Russia

Background to the development of hydraulic engineering in Russia

IN Soviet period energy development, the emphasis was placed on the special role of the unified national economic plan for the electrification of the country - GOELRO, which was approved December 22 1920. This day was announced on USSR professional holiday - Energy during the day. Chapter of the plan dedicated to hydropower- called " Electrification and water energy." It stated that hydroelectric power plants can be economically beneficial, mainly in the case of integrated use: for generating electricity, improving conditions shipping or land reclamation. It was assumed that within 10-15 years it would be possible to build a hydroelectric power station in the country with a total capacity of 21,254 thousand. Horse power(about 15 million kW), including in the European part of Russia - with a capacity of 7394, in Turkestan- 3020, in Siberia- 10,840 thousand hp For the next 10 years, it was planned to build a hydroelectric power station with a capacity of 950 thousand kW, but subsequently it was planned to build ten hydroelectric power stations with a total operating capacity of the first stages of 535 thousand kW.

Although already a year earlier in 1919, the Council of Labor and Defense recognized the construction Volkhovskaya And Svirskaya hydroelectric power stations and objects of defense significance. In the same year, preparations began for the construction of the Volkhov hydroelectric power station, the first of the hydroelectric power stations built according to the GOELRO plan.

However, even before the start of construction of the Volkhov hydroelectric station, Russia had quite a rich experience in industrial hydraulic construction, mainly by private companies And concessions. Information about these hydroelectric power stations built in Russia over the last decade of the 19th century and the first 20 years of the twentieth century is quite fragmented, contradictory and requires special historical research.

It is considered the most reliable that the first hydroelectric power station in Russia was the Berezovskaya (Zyryanovskaya) hydroelectric power station, built in Rudny Altai on the Berezovka River (a tributary of the Bukhtarma River) in 1892. It was four-turbine with a total power of 200 kW and was intended to provide electricity for mine drainage from the Zyryanovsky mine.

The Nygri hydroelectric station, which appeared in the Irkutsk province on the Nygri River (a tributary of the Vacha River) in 1896, also claims to be the first. The power equipment of the station consisted of two turbines with a common horizontal shaft, which rotated three dynamos with a power of 100 kW each. The primary voltage was transformed by four three-phase current transformers up to 10 kV and transmitted via two high-voltage lines to neighboring mines. These were the first high-voltage power lines in Russia. One line (9 km long) was laid through the loaches to the Negadanny mine, the other (14 km) - up the Nygri valley to the mouth of the Sukhoi Log spring, where the Ivanovsky mine operated in those years. At the mines, the voltage was transformed to 220 V. Thanks to the electricity from the Nygrinskaya hydroelectric station, electric lifts were installed in the mines. In addition, the mine site was electrified railway, which served for the removal of waste rock, which became the first electrified railway in Russia.

Advantages

• use of renewable energy.
• very cheap electricity.
• the work is not accompanied by harmful emissions into the atmosphere.
• quick (relative to CHP/CHP) access to operating power output mode after turning on the station.

Flaws

• flooding of arable land
• construction is carried out only where there are large reserves of water energy
• on mountain rivers are dangerous due to the high seismicity of the areas
• reduced and unregulated water releases from reservoirs for 10-15 days (up to their absence) lead to the restructuring of unique floodplain ecosystems along the entire riverbed, as a result, river pollution, reduction of trophic chains, decrease in fish numbers, elimination of invertebrate aquatic animals, increase aggressiveness of midge components (midges) due to malnutrition at the larval stages, disappearance of nesting sites of many species of migratory birds, insufficient moisture of floodplain soil, negative plant succession (depletion of phytomass), reduction in the flow of nutrients into the oceans.

Major accidents and incidents

Notes

see also

Links

• Map of the largest hydroelectric power stations in Russia (GIF, 2003 data)

The general principle of operation of a hydroelectric power plant is probably known to everyone. Water, moving from the upper reservoir to the lower one, rotates the turbine wheel. The turbine drives a generator, which actually produces electricity. But the most interesting thing is in the details.

By the way, in order to obtain 1 kWh of electrical energy, it is necessary to release 14 tons of water from a height of 27 m.

Unlike, for example, thermal stations, which are designed in exactly the same way, each hydroelectric power station is designed with its own characteristics. That is, there is no one type of hydroelectric power station. They differ in water flow and pressure, reservoir volume, geographical criteria locality: climate, soil, relief, proximity to the sea.

Here is the machine room, quite ordinary, except that the windows are artificial (illuminated): the hall is located at a depth of 76 m inside the rock.

This is the turbine room of the first underground hydroelectric power station in the USSR; four water conduits with a diameter of 6 m are connected to it from the surface of the earth.

To remove equipment from the hall if it needs to be replaced or repaired, a shaft was cut into the rock:

Discharge structures and gates

Not all water can always be used to generate energy: part of it is discharged past hydroelectric power stations. This may be necessary during spring floods (if there is no long-term regulation reservoir), when repairing units, when there is a need for idle water discharge to allow fish fry to pass downstream, and for other reasons. At the Belomorskaya HPP, the idle spillway consists of three gates.

The issue of redundancy is very important, because if the water level in the reservoir is not lowered in time, it will have serious consequences. To raise and lower the gates, gantry cranes and electric winches are provided; there is also a manual drive.

When the gate is raised, there is an idle discharge of water for the Belomorsk water intake, which is located downstream.

When the gate is icing, induction heating is used: heating one gate requires 150 kW.

For the same purpose, it is possible to use bubbling - passing air along the valve from deep, using hoses from a compressed air system.

To dampen the kinetic energy of water during discharge, they are used various ways: collision of streams, steps, water wells. For example, at the Volkhov hydroelectric power station there is a water trench with dampers.

About fish

In order for salmon to rise upstream to spawn, the Nizhnetulomskaya hydroelectric station has a special fish passage that imitates a mountain stream. Its design includes stones at the bottom, zigzag passages, and places for fish to rest.

During the spawning period, the hydraulic unit closest to the fish ladder is turned off so that its noise does not prevent the fish from finding the stream and swimming in the right direction.

Safety

As a result of an emergency water breakthrough, a hydroelectric power station may be left without electricity even for its own needs, so backup sources are provided: batteries, emergency diesel generators.

Another component of the safety system is aeration pipes, which are, for example, in the upper part of the water pipes of the Kondopozhskaya HPP.

Aeration pipes are installed to protect water pipes when a deep vacuum forms in them, from which their steel walls can rupture. This vacuum occurs in a situation where the water pipeline is suddenly emptied after the upper valves are closed. They are filled with air through aeration pipes, which prevents deformation.

Remains of a 1930s wooden water pipeline.

A protective wall (in the center of the frame) is provided for the situation if the water main does break through.

The wall will redirect the water flow so that it will bypass the station on the left side, and not through the administration building, and go downstream along the excavation.

Control and management

The next photo shows the turbine, generator and the shaft that connects them. On the left you can see a diagram of the hydraulic unit, on which there are hydromanometers that show the pressure in the lubrication system.

Below are the hydraulic drives of the guide vane.

In the turbine room you can monitor other parameters: water levels in the pools, air and water temperatures.

Mnemonic diagram

This hydraulic unit does not work. The power and rotation speed of the rotor are zero, the guide vane is closed.

Water is taken from the turbine spiral chamber from below and supplied to the generator coolers (the cooler is in the center of the diagram, it is red, coolers A and B), as well as to lubricate the thrust bearing, upper (VGP) and lower (LGP) generator bearings. The bearings are lubricated with water, and the heated water is sent to the fish factory. On the right - a red oil tank - refers to the hydraulic control system of the guide vane. Also here you can see the levels and flow rates and pressures of all liquids.

Vibration

Vibration is very dangerous: for example, at the Sayano-Shushenskaya station, the hydraulic unit was destroyed precisely because of it. More precisely, due to fatigue failure of the turbine cover mounting studs due to vibrations that arose when the hydraulic unit passed through the “forbidden zone” range.

On the central control panel of the hydroelectric power station you can see where this “forbidden zone” is located.

Hydraulic units G1, G3, G4 are working. G2 – stopped. The power generated by the generators is shown on a black background, 38.1/38/38 MW respectively. Red bars G3 and G4 indicate operation at full capacity; G1 still has a reserve. The red zone behind the bars is the power range at which the operation of the hydraulic unit is undesirable; when starting and stopping, it must be quickly passed.

You can find out which hydraulic unit is not working even before entering the building.

When the counterweights are raised, it means that the gates on the corresponding turbine conduits are lowered. Actively being implemented remote control. At the same time, the dispatcher must keep under control and take into account the mutual influence of hydroelectric power plants in the cascade, the values ​​of water levels in reservoirs, and the needs of consumers for electricity and water. Based on this information, electricity generation is distributed between stations.