Essay on social studies plan and cliches. Essay on social studies (USE): structure, cliché phrases, typical mistakes. Social Studies Essay Examples

Here is a collection of the main cliché phrases that can help you write an essay on social studies correctly.

1. Phrases-cliches for formulating an understanding of the statement, problems and their relevance

1. In his statement, the author meant that ...
2. The author wanted to convey to us the idea that ...
3. The meaning of this statement is...
4. The author draws our attention to the fact that ... the author's thought is that ...
5. The relevance of the issue raised is that ...
6. This problem (topics) is relevant in the conditions ...

• ... the globalization of public relations;
• ...formation of a single information, educational, economic space;
• ... exacerbation of global problems of our time;
• ... the special controversial nature of scientific discoveries and inventions;
• ... the development of international integration;
• ...modern market economy;
• ...development and overcoming the global economic crisis;
• ... rigid differentiation of society;
• ... the open social structure of modern society;
• ...formation of the rule of law;
• ... overcoming the spiritual, moral crisis;
• ...dialogue of cultures;
• ...the need to preserve their own identity, traditional spiritual values.

2. Phrases-clichés for formulating one's own position:

1. "I agree with the author that..."
2. “It is impossible not to agree with the author of this statement ...”
3. "The author was right in asserting that..."
4. “In my opinion, the author quite clearly reflected in his statement the picture of modern Russia (modern
5. society ... the situation that has developed in society ... one of the problems of our time)"
6. “Let me disagree with the author’s opinion that ...”
7. “In part, I adhere to the author’s point of view about ..., but I cannot agree with ...”

3. The multidimensionality of the analysis of the statement (phrases-clichés):

1. The statement can be analyzed from different angles ...
2. Let's look at the statement from different angles...
3. In the content of the statement, two aspects can be seen ...
4. The statement can be analyzed both in a broad and in a narrow sense ...
5. It is worth noting that…

4. Argumentation should be carried out at two levels:

1. Theoretical level. Cliche phrases:

• Consider the statement from the point of view of economic (political, sociological ...) theory ...
• Let us turn to the theoretical meaning of the statement ...
• In economic (political, sociological…) theory, this statement has its grounds…
• This statement has a deep theoretical justification ...
• To substantiate this statement from a theoretical standpoint…
• In the course of social science (economics, sociology ...) ...

2. Empirical level - two options are possible here:

1. using examples from history, literature and social reality;
2. appeal to personal experience.

Arguments of the second level should illustrate and reinforce the theoretical provisions used to substantiate one's own position.

Cliche phrases:

• Here are examples from public life that confirm my idea ...
• Let's look at examples from history...
• What do the facts of public life tell us...
• Numerous examples from public life refute the author's idea ...
• We meet confirmation of the author's thought at every step ...
• Many examples from our life confirm the author's idea ...
• I can confirm my idea with examples from my own life ...
• My personal experience (experience of my parents, classmates…) says otherwise…

5. Phrases-cliches for output:

1. In this way…
2. In conclusion, it can be concluded that…
3. Summing up, I would like to note that…
4. Based on the foregoing, it can be argued that…

An essay is a literary genre of small volume and free composition. This written form was introduced into the USE as a means of assessing and evaluating students. In a prose essay, the examinee should express his own thoughts and impressions on the formulated problem. In order to understand how to write an essay on social science, you need to properly organize your educational activities and train on this task systematically.

In the process of preparation, one should learn to analyze the content of the text; check the style, consistency and consistency of the material presented; work with the final version and make important corrections to it. The study proceeds in five blocks (man and society; sociology, economics, politics and law), each of which will be reflected in the control and measuring material.

How to write an essay on social studies - features of preparing for the Unified State Examination 2018

Every year, the Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements (FIPI) introduces innovations in the demonstration version of the Unified State Examination in social science. In 2018, the requirements and the assessment system for a social science essay (tasks 29) changed slightly.

Consider the amendments on specific examples:

1. The form remained the same - a mini-essay.
2. The term “problem”, which the author of the statement highlights, has been replaced by the word “idea”. This does not seem to make any fundamental difference. We will also talk about the considerations that arise when understanding the quote of the thinker.
3. The requirement to highlight several ideas, if they are embedded in the author's statement, is more unambiguously formulated. In the 2017 demo, this was described by the expression "if necessary ...".
4. Two examples from a variety of sources are still being evaluated.
5. A more rigorous claim is made for a detailed argument and its explicit connection with the idea of ​​a designated quotation.

It follows from this that the volume of an essay claiming a high score will undergo an increase (examples will need to be expanded in more detail, several ideas need to be highlighted). The composition begins to gradually move away from the genre of light and transparent composition, when it is not necessary to thoroughly reveal the example, it is enough to voice the idea.

Plus, the criteria for evaluating the material written by the examinee have changed. A provision appeared on the correctness of the use of concepts, theoretical positions, reasoning and conclusions.

For example, if a student writes that the reproductive function of the family is the upbringing of children, that stratification is the movement of an individual in a social structure, then he will receive 0 points on this basis, since his theoretical arguments are incorrect.

In all other respects, the KIMs of 2017 and 2018 are similar.

Structure and content of the essay

The form of a mini-essay provides scope for creative thought, subjectivity and artistic depiction.

However, in the practice of assessing task No. 29, a special rigor, accuracy and balance have formed, which follows from the structure and content of the written material.

The final version of the essay for a high score should include the following components:

1. Quote. One of the five proposed statements by the author, according to which the examinee preferred to express his position. To do this, it is necessary to identify with which sections of the course of social science the problematics considered by the thinker is connected and to evaluate one's own knowledge on it.

   Quotes and statements of thinkers can be used in the work

2. The problem (topic) raised by the thinker, its relevance. It is a subjective author's position. The student must identify the problem and express their personal written response to the question posed.

   List of Philosophy Topics

   Suggested List of Topics in Economics and Sociology

3. The meaning of the author's statement represents his subjective opinion on the designated problem. The examinee can support the proposed idea completely or partially or completely refute it. In any case, this point should be explicitly reflected in the prose essay, since a clearly defined evaluation criterion is established for it. Material written by a student without a correctly understood meaning will be evaluated at 0 points.

   The meaning of the statement is the subjective opinion of the author on the designated topic

4. own point of view. This is the personal opinion of the examinee regarding the issue raised. The stated judgment must meet the signs of logic and certainty. It flows through the entire text and cannot have contradictory statements.

   Your own point of view should be logical and definite

5. theoretical reasoning. Social science knowledge (concepts, terms, contradictions, directions of scientific thought, interconnections, as well as opinions of scientists, thinkers). They must correspond to the topic of the block on which the student is writing an essay.

   Theoretical argumentation must necessarily correspond to the topic of the essay

6. factual reasoning. Two options are allowed here: the use of examples from history, literature and events in society; appeal to empirical experience.

   With factual argumentation, you can use examples from history or refer to empirical experience.

7. The conclusion is the logical conclusion of the reasoning. It should not coincide verbatim with the judgment given for justification. With correct spelling, one or two sentences should highlight the main ideas of the arguments and come to the final conclusion, which the student adhered to throughout the essay.

   The essay should have a logical conclusion

Thus, to write an essay on social science for a high score, you should read all the quotes in task No. 29 and determine their problems. In each statement, you will need to find the answer to the question "What did the author want to say?" and choose the most appropriate topic.

You can evaluate your strength mentally by answering the questions:

• What basic social science theoretical provisions does the proposed statement correspond to?
• What do I need to know to unlock it?

After that, make sure that you own the fundamental concepts of the block to which the statement refers and understand its meaning.

Make a proposed writing plan, but keep in mind the time limit for the exam.

Subject to all the above conditions and regular training on task No. 29, the examinee is guaranteed to cope with the essay.

How to issue

It must be borne in mind that an essay is a small essay, distinguished by semantic unity.

Additional benefits in assessing assignment No. 29 by the experts will be the inclusion in it:

• basic information about the author of the statement (for example, "outstanding German economist", "famous Russian thinker of the Golden Age", "famous existentialist philosopher", "founder of the rational trend in philosophy", etc.);
• indications of alternative ways of solving the stated issue;
• descriptions of different points of view on the problem or different approaches to its solution.

These grounds are not directly noted in the assessment criteria, but they will demonstrate the erudition of the examinee and his deep preparation.

It is also worth remembering that your work will be evaluated by an expert. A plus would be to write the text in the USE form in neat handwriting, systematized and without careless blots.

cliché phrases

Cliche phrases are understood as standard patterns of word usage, typical schemes of phrases and syntactic constructions. With the help of these speech formulas, the process of writing an essay on social studies undergoes a significant simplification.

For the first part of a prose essay, when formulating an understanding of the statement, its problems and relevance, the following phrases are perfect:

• “In his saying, the author meant that ...”;
• “The thinker tried to convey to us the idea that ...”;
• “The meaning of the proposed statement is that ...”;
• “The urgency of the problem raised is manifested in the fact that…”;
• "This issue is relevant in the conditions of ...".

In the following paragraph, a number of standard clichés are used to substantiate one's own position regarding the statement:

• "I fully agree with the author of the quote that...";
• “It is impossible not to agree with the thinker of the indicated statement...”;
• “The agent was absolutely right in asserting that...”;
• “In my opinion, (the writer, philosopher, economist) extremely accurately reflected in his statement the picture of modern reality by the fact that ...”;
• “Let me disagree with the author’s opinion that ...”
• "In part, I share the thinker's point of view about ..., but with ... I can not agree."

In theoretical argumentation, expressions are used:

• “Let's analyze the idea proposed by the author from the point of view of (economic, legal, sociological) theory…”;
• “Let's turn to the theoretical understanding of the statement ...”;
• “In (sociological, political, philosophical) science, this statement has its grounds ...”;
• “The proposed quotation has a deep social science justification ...”;
• “To substantiate this statement from a theoretical standpoint…”;
• “In the social studies course (law, political science, etc.)…”;

In terms of selecting facts, examples from public life and empirical social experience, the following phrases are used:

• “Let's give a justification from public life, confirming my idea ...”;
• “Based on personal experience, (according to the stories of my parents, classmates ...) circumstances indicate the opposite ...”;
• “The position that sympathizes with me is confirmed by examples from life ...”;
• “Let's turn to similar situations in (history, literature, cinema)…”;
• “Confirmation of the quote of the thinker we meet at every step…”;

In conclusion, the following speech clichés are used:

• “Based on the foregoing, it should be concluded that…”;
• “Summing up a general line, I would like to note that…”;
• “Finishing the work, it can be argued that ...”;
• "In this way …";

Some experts are of the opinion that the abuse of such hackneyed phrases should be avoided. Although when writing an essay, they help to formulate thoughts and clearly delimit the text. It will be better if you do not take a large number of ready-made clichés, but change them, keeping the meaning.

Criteria for evaluating an essay in social studies

In general, for a mini-essay, one could get 6 primary points, which are evaluated according to the following criteria:

1. Revealing the meaning of the statement. In this case, one or more ideas contained in the author's statement must be correctly highlighted. For this, the examinee is entitled to 1 primary point. For non-disclosure, you will receive 0 not only for this criterion, but for the entire essay.
2. Theoretical content of the mini-essay. It is estimated at 2 points maximum if a connected chain of theoretical reasoning and constructions can be traced. Separate positions that are not connected in a single picture, but related to the topic, are evaluated only by 1 point. Off topic 0 points.
3. The correctness of the use of concepts, theoretical positions, reasoning and conclusions. This criterion gives the student 1 point for the absence of errors in theoretical constructions and terms. Not scored if there are theoretical inaccuracies.
4. The quality of the facts and examples given. Two examples should be clearly related to the selected provisions and theses, as well as deployed. Then the examinee will receive the maximum score for this criterion - 2. With one painted example, only 1 point. Complete absence of examples - 0 points.

In the Unified State Exam in Social Studies, an essay is the most valuable task in terms of points. This creative essay should be given increased attention and practiced frequently over it.

Reading additional literature on law, philosophy, sociology, economics and political science will greatly help you choose the right argument and most fully reveal the proposed problem. Understanding the evaluation criteria will help indicate the required points in the essay and get the maximum score.

How to choose an essay topic?

1. Do I understand the meaning of the statement that I wanted

2. What are the main problems

social studies related topic?

3. Do I agree with the above statement,

how to express your attitude towards him?

4. What social science terms do I need

to justify your point of view?

5. What examples to give from history, literature,

social life, his life experience?

The following additional arguments are welcome:

Brief information about the author of the statement (for example:I. Kant, founder of German classical philosophy ).

Names of his predecessors, followers or scientific opponents.

Descriptions of different points of view on the problem or different approaches to solving it.

Indication of the ambiguity of the concepts and terms used with the rationale for the meaning in which they are used in the essay.

Suggestions for alternative solutions to the problem.

It is necessary to select arguments (evidence), that is, to recall the basic terms, theoretical provisions.

Argumentation should be carried out at two levels:

Theoretical level- its basis is social science knowledge (concepts, terms, contradictions, opinions of scientists, thinkers)

Empirical level- two options are possible here:

Using examples from history, literature and social reality;

Appeal to personal experience

The meaning of the statement

“The meaning of this statement is that…”

own point of view

It is impossible not to agree with the opinion of the author ...

I don't share that point of view...

I cannot subscribe to this statement because...

The depth of thought of the great ...

Surprising non-standard approach to the problem ...

This phrase makes me think...

For me, this phrase is the key to understanding...

The choice of this topic is dictated by the following considerations ...

A striking scope for thought opens up this short statement ...

Thinking about this phrase, you come to the conclusion that ...

Examples

There are several approaches to this problem...

Since time immemorial, there has been an opinion...

Let's look at the problem from the other side...

Firstly Secondly Thirdly,…

Let's look at a few approaches...

For example,…

Let's illustrate this with the following example...

It must be noted…

Conclusion

Based on the above...

Summing up the thoughts...

In this way,…

Let's summarize the discussion...

So,…

That is why I cannot agree with the author of the statement ...

That's why I agree with the opinion...

Summarizing what has been said, it should be noted ...

Tips for working with task C9.

When choosing a topic, the graduate should be guided by the following considerations: “I am sure that ...

1) I understand the meaning of the statement;
2) I know what the main problems of social science are related to this topic;
3) I can express my attitude to the statement;
4) I know the terms;
5) I will be able to give examples from history, social life, and my own experience.”

1) an essay should begin with a clear and precise definition of a personal position: “I agree (on) with this opinion”; "I cannot join this statement"; “In this statement there is something with which I agree (on), and that. which seems debatable to me”;
2) in the next sentence it is appropriate to formulate an understanding of the statement that has become the topic of the essay;
3) the main part of the essay is a relatively detailed presentation of your own opinion regarding the problem posed;
4) it is advisable that each paragraph of the essay contains only one main idea;
5) the final sentence (paragraph) sums up the results of the work.

Example 1

"It is not the art of acquiring that should be learned, but the art of spending." (I. Sgobey)
1. The author argues that the consumer needs to learn how to rationally spend their income before purchasing goods and services.
2. We are talking about issues related to the economy of consumption.
3. I fully agree (disagree) with this statement.
4. Terms: income and expenses, limited resources, family budget, consumer behavior, consumption patterns.
5. Examples: Russian nobles of the 18th - early 20th centuries, who lived "beyond their means"; some "new Russians" of the 1990s

Additional information welcome:

1) brief information about the author of the statement (for example: I. Kant, the founder of German classical philosophy);
2) the names of his predecessors, followers or scientific opponents;
3) descriptions of different points of view on the problem or different approaches to its solution;
4) indications of the ambiguity of the concepts and terms used with the rationale for the meaning in which they are used in the essay;
5) indications of alternative solutions to the problem.

So the topic has been chosen. The next step is to properly structure your thoughts. In general, the structure of an essay might look like this.

“The human soul can be buried under a pile of money” (N. Hawthorne, American writer, 19th century)

1. Once again write the title of the topic and the name of the author.
I paragraph
The statement of N. Hawthorne, an American writer, points to the problem of human immorality. This problem is relevant for modern society. In our time, immorality has become so "integrated" into a person's personality that it leads to the commission of crimes.

II paragraph
Representing the author's point of view on the problem. The outstanding American writer N. Hawthorne in his statement speaks of the influence of money on a person's life, on his character, on his moral qualities. One cannot but agree with the point of view of N. Hawthorne. Becoming richer, a person "loses" his moral and ethical qualities. By getting money, a person gets power. And having gained power over others, a person loses all rationality.

III paragraph(theoretical substantiation of the point of view)
Morality is the degree of assimilation by a person of the moral values ​​of society. The moral consciousness of a person is a reflection in the consciousness of a person of an attitude to moral standards. This statement can be confirmed by the statements (opinions) of famous people (examples are given - quotes). Many active personalities argued about human morality, for example. Carlisle Thomas, who argued that "Cash is not the only connection between man and man". There are statements about that “money has no morality”, “money spoils a person”. And it's hard to resist. In fact, that's exactly what it is.

IV. Examples
The problem of the influence of money on a person was also touched upon by famous writers. In his story “The Hero of Our Time”, M. Yu. Lermontov reveals the essence of people who set the goal at the head of everything - to get wealth at any cost. So. the brother of the main character, in order to get a horse, decided to give his own sister to a gypsy, while at the same time coming up with a plan according to which it was conditionally impossible to implicate him in committing an inhuman act.

V. Argumentation(own experience).

The influence of money on a person can be observed in everyday life, one has only to turn on the TV. On any channel, you can see news that talks about a crime committed for selfish purposes. How many trials are shown in which relatives go to extreme measures (including murder) in order to obtain a will.

VI. Conclusion

Returning to the topic, I can say that the problem of immorality in the country, as it was, will remain until then. until the state establishes supervision over the observance of moral norms, since the problem of immorality is too great and cannot be “destroyed” without state intervention.

For other essay materials and more, see the section

The Unified State Examination in Social Studies promises to become one of the most popular elective exams in 2020, which means that graduates should learn more about what the test will be like in the new year, what the structure of the essay should be (task number), and what it costs pay special attention during preparation.

In this article, we will consider in detail the issues related to writing an essay.

Task number 29

Recall that in total there are 29 tasks in KIM on society - 20 with a short answer, 8 with a detailed answer and an essay (a mini-essay with elements of reasoning on a given topic).

In the demo version of 2020, the following wording of the task is proposed:

Please note that it is recommended to use as social science knowledge, which you need to rely on, revealing the chosen topic:

• real events from public life;
• literary and historical examples;
• situations from films and theatrical productions;
• personal experience.

The task itself belongs to the category of alternative. This means that examinees are given the right to choose. In this particular case - the right to choose a topic for a mini-essay. The task offered 5 statements, one for each thematic block:

• philosophy;
• economy;
• sociology;
• political science;
• jurisprudence.

The specifications recommend allocating 30-45 minutes out of 235 for completing all 29 USE tasks in social studies for writing a mini-essay. But, teachers recommend increasing the time for writing an essay and focusing on about 60-90 minutes. So the test part will be a little less than 3 hours, which is more than enough.

Another tip from tutors is to start with a mini essay. The first 60 minutes the brain works as efficiently as possible, and the essay will be easier to write than after 3 hours of being in a stuffy classroom.

Essay grading

For the correctly completed task 29, you can get 6 points, which is 9% of the maximum primary score (in 2020 it is 65).

The second part of the social studies exam paper is assessed by experts, so it is very important to write legibly.

FIPI has established the following criteria for checking essays:

Please note that for task No. 29 as a whole, zeros will be set if the meaning of the statement is not disclosed, and according to the K-3 criterion, “0” will be automatically set if there is no explanation of key concepts and the second criterion K-2 is estimated at zero points.

We want to reassure those who are worried about the literacy of the essay - spelling errors do not affect the grade for an essay in social studies. The exceptions are mistakes made in the spelling of terms and concepts.

The results of checking the tasks of the 2nd part can be appealed. Of course, if you are sure that you are right and are ready to defend your opinion before an expert commission for the consideration of appeals.

How to write an essay

In order to avoid problems with writing a mini-essay at the social studies exam in 2020, you need to prepare in advance - think about what the structure of the essay should be, select relevant examples for different topics, and prepare clichés.

Since the topics that will be offered to examinees at the USE in 2020 are not disclosed in advance, at the preparation stage, you can focus on the most relevant areas identified for each of the 5 blocks.

In 2020, the structure of essays in social studies will not change. The mini-essay should include the following blocks:

• main quote;
• the issue in question;
• the essence of the statement;
• view of the examinee on the problem;
• argumentation of opinion;
• examples;
• conclusion.

Along with what the structure of an essay on social science should be, experts also tell you what you should not write about in an essay on the Unified State Exam 2020. So, proof of relevance will be superfluous in the text, as well as biographies of authors of literary works and famous personalities appearing in the examples. Most often, it is on these blocks that do not add points to the essay that graduates waste time in vain, instead of describing the meaning of the statement in the most detailed way and finding the right examples.

Cliche

So, now you know what is worth and what is not worth writing in an essay on the exam in society. Now let's take a closer look at how you can assemble the necessary essay from the prepared blocks. Such blocks are called clichés and help, when writing an essay on social studies, to competently build a text, taking into account the requirements dictated by the structure and evaluation criteria of the USE 2020.

We bring to your attention a selection of the main clichés that will be useful when writing an essay on almost any topic:

For more information on how to write a mini-essay for the USE 2020 in social studies, see the lesson from an online tutor: