Formation of the world system of socialism. Test: Analyze the stages of development of the world socialist system. Vietnam. Laos.Mongolia. North Korea

The foreign policy activities of the Soviet state in the second half of the 40s took place in an atmosphere of profound changes in the international arena. Victory in the Patriotic War increased the authority of the USSR. In 1945, it had diplomatic relations with 52 states (compared to 26 in the pre-war years). The Soviet Union took an active part in resolving the most important international issues, and above all in resolving the post-war situation in Europe.

In seven countries of Central and Eastern Europe, leftist, democratic forces came to power. The new governments created in them were headed by representatives of the communist and workers' parties. The leaders of Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Poland, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia carried out agrarian reforms in their countries, the nationalization of large industry, banks and transport. The established political organization of society was called people's democracy. It was seen as one of the forms of proletarian dictatorship.

In 1947, at a meeting of representatives of nine communist parties of Eastern European countries, the Communist Information Bureau (Cominformburo) was created. He was entrusted with coordinating the actions of the communist parties of the people's democracies, which began to call themselves socialist. The documents of the meeting formulated the thesis about dividing the world into two camps: imperialist and democratic, anti-imperialist. The concept of two camps, of confrontation on the world stage between two social systems lay at the heart of the foreign policy views of the party and state leadership of the USSR. These views were reflected, in particular, in the work of I.V. Stalin "Economic problems of socialism in the USSR". The work also contained the conclusion about the inevitability of wars in the world as long as imperialism exists.

Treaties of friendship and mutual assistance were concluded between the USSR and the countries of Eastern Europe. Identical treaties linked the Soviet Union with the GDR, created on the territory of East Germany,

the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) and the People's Republic of China (PRC). The agreement with China provided for a loan of $300 million. The right of the USSR and China to use the former CER was confirmed. The countries reached an agreement on joint actions in the event of aggression by any of the states. Diplomatic relations were established with states that gained independence as a result of the national liberation struggle that unfolded in them (the so-called developing countries).

One of the leading directions of foreign policy in the post-war years was the establishment of friendly relations with the states of Eastern Europe. Soviet diplomacy provided assistance to Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania in the preparation of peace treaties with them (signed in Paris in 1947). In accordance with trade agreements, the Soviet Union supplied grain, raw materials for industry, and fertilizers for agriculture to Eastern European countries on preferential terms. In 1949, in order to expand economic cooperation and trade between countries, an intergovernmental economic organization, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), was created. It included Albania (until 1961), Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, and since 1949 the GDR. The seat of the CMEA Secretariat was Moscow. One of the reasons for the creation of CMEA was the boycott by Western countries of trade relations with the USSR and the states of Eastern Europe.

The main directions of relations between the USSR and Eastern European countries were determined by bilateral agreements between them. Military and other types of assistance were provided in the event that one of the parties became involved in hostilities. It was planned to develop economic and cultural ties and hold conferences on international issues affecting the interests of the contracting parties.

Already at the initial stage of cooperation between the USSR and the states of Eastern Europe, contradictions and conflicts appeared in their relations. They were mainly associated with the search and choice of the path to building socialism in these states. According to the leaders of some countries, in particular, W. Gomulka (Poland) and K. Gottwald (Czechoslovakia), the Soviet path of development was not the only one for building socialism. The desire of the USSR leadership to establish the Soviet model of building socialism and to unify ideological and political concepts led to the Soviet-Yugoslav conflict. The reason for it was Yugoslavia’s refusal to participate in the federation with Bulgaria recommended by the Soviet leaders. In addition, the Yugoslav side refused to fulfill the terms of the agreement on mandatory consultations with the USSR on issues of national foreign policy. Yugoslav leaders were accused of retreating from joint actions with socialist countries. In August 1949, the USSR broke off diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia.

In 1955, an agreement on friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance was signed in Warsaw between the USSR and European socialist countries. The Soviet Union, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, East Germany and Czechoslovakia became members of the Warsaw Treaty Organization (WTO). The organization set itself the task of ensuring the security of the Warsaw States and maintaining peace in Europe. The countries pledged to resolve conflicts arising between them by peaceful means, cooperate in actions to ensure the peace and security of peoples, and consult on international issues affecting their common interests. United armed forces and a common command were created to direct their activities. A Political Advisory Committee was formed to coordinate foreign policy actions.

The results of the foreign policy activities of the USSR in the second half of the 40s and early 50s were contradictory. Its position in the international arena has strengthened. At the same time, the policy of confrontation between East and West significantly contributed to the growth of tension in the world.

At the end of the 80s. A wave of democratic revolutions swept through the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe, eliminating the monopoly power of the ruling communist parties, replacing it with a democratic form of government. The revolutions unfolded almost simultaneously - in the second half of 1989, but occurred in different forms. Thus, in most countries the change of power occurred peacefully - Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, but in Romania - as a result of an armed uprising.

Democratic revolutions were a necessary condition for subsequent transformations in the sphere of economic relations. Market relations began to be restored everywhere, the process of denationalization proceeded rapidly, the national economic structure changed, and private capital began to play an increasingly important role.

“These processes continue today, strengthened by the victory of democratic forces in our country in August 1991. However, their course is rather tortuous and often inconsistent. If we leave aside the national costs of reforms and the mistakes of the new leadership of each country, then the mistakes associated with the conscious line towards the economic disintegration of the former allies of the world system of socialism and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, against the backdrop of an integrating Europe, are incomprehensible and difficult to explain. Mutual repulsion of former partners hardly contributes to faster entry into new economic and political alliances, and also hardly has a positive effect on the internal reform of each of the former socialist countries.” .

After the death of Mao Zedong, his successors were faced with the task of overcoming the deepest crisis into which the “cultural revolution” plunged the country. It was found on the path of a radical restructuring of the structure of socio-economic relations. During the economic reform, which began in the fall of 1979, significant results were achieved in economic development. Based on the liquidation of communes and the distribution of land to peasants, the worker's interest in the results of labor was restored. The introduction of market relations was accompanied by no less radical reforms in industry. The role of state planning and administrative control over production was limited, the creation of cooperative and private enterprises was encouraged, the system of financing, wholesale trade, etc. underwent changes.

Directors of state-owned enterprises received fairly broad independence in the matter of free disposal of unplanned production, up to entering the foreign market, issuing shares and loans in order to expand above-plan production. The system of the state and party apparatus, security forces and, above all, the army have undergone some reform. In other words, a softening of the harsh totalitarian regime began.

The result of the reforms of the 80s. China experienced unprecedented rates of economic growth of 12-18% per year, a sharp improvement in living standards, and new positive phenomena in public life. A distinctive feature of Chinese reforms was the preservation of the traditional socialist model of governance, which inevitably brought to the fore problems of a socio-political and ideological nature in the late 80s.

Today, the Chinese leadership adheres to the concept of building “socialism with Chinese characteristics,” trying, apparently, to avoid the deep social upheavals and collisions experienced by Russia and other countries of the former world system of socialism. China is following the path of building market relations and bourgeois liberalization, but with a certain consideration of civilizational characteristics and national traditions.

Vietnam and Laos are following the Chinese path of economic and social reform. Modernization has brought certain positive results, however, less tangible than in China. This is explained by their later entry into the period of market reforms, a lower initial level, and the difficult legacy of a long military policy. Mongolia is no exception. Following in the wake of market reforms and liberalization of social relations, it not only actively attracts foreign capital, but also actively revives national traditions.

North Korea remains a completely motionless, unreformed country from the former camp of socialism today. Here the system of essentially personal dictatorship of the Kim Il Sung clan is preserved. It is obvious that this country will not be able to remain in a state of practical self-isolation and even confrontation with the majority of countries in the world for long.

“The situation remains quite complicated in another country of the former world socialist system - Cuba. Over the short history of socialism, this island state has, in general terms, repeated the path traveled by most countries of the world socialist system. Having lost their support, its leadership continues to adhere to the concept of building socialism and remains faithful to Marxist ideals, while the country is experiencing increasing economic and social difficulties. Cuba’s situation is also worsening as a result of the ongoing confrontation with the powerful United States since the liberation revolution.”

As a result of the collapse of the world socialist system, a line was drawn under more than 40 years of totalitarian period in the history of most countries of Eastern Europe. The balance of power has undergone significant changes not only on the European continent, but also in Asia. Apparently, the bloc system of relations on the world stage as a whole is disappearing into oblivion.

However, the relatively long period of coexistence of countries within the framework of the world socialist system cannot pass without leaving a trace.

Obviously, in the future, it is inevitable to establish relations between former allies who have common geographical borders, but on the basis of a new balance of interests, taking into account national and civilizational specifics and mutual benefit.

18.1. Education of the world system of socialism

A significant historical event of the post-war period was people's democratic revolutions in a number of European countries: Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Asia: Vietnam, China, Korea and a little earlier - the revolution in Mongolia. To a large extent, the political orientation in these countries was determined by the presence of Soviet troops on the territory of most of them, carrying out a liberation mission during the Second World War. This also largely contributed to the fact that in most countries, radical transformations began in the political, socio-economic and other spheres in accordance with the Stalinist model, characterized by the highest degree of centralization of the national economy and the dominance of the party-state bureaucracy.

The emergence of the socialist model beyond the boundaries of one country and its spread to South-Eastern Europe and Asia laid the foundations for the emergence of a community of countries called "world system of socialism"(MCS). In 1959, Cuba and in 1975, Laos entered the orbit of a new system that lasted more than 40 years.

At the end of the 80s. The world system of socialism included 15 states, occupying 26.2% of the world's territory and accounting for 32.3% of the world population.

Taking into account even just these quantitative indicators, we can talk about the world system of socialism as an essential factor in post-war international life, requiring a more in-depth consideration.

Eastern European countries

As noted, an important prerequisite for the formation of the MSU was the liberation mission of the Soviet Army in the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe. Today there are quite heated discussions on this issue. A significant part of researchers are inclined to believe that in 1944-1947. there were no people's democratic revolutions in the countries of this region, and the Soviet Union imposed the Stalinist model of social development on the liberated peoples. We can only partially agree with this point of view, since, in our opinion, it should be taken into account that in 1945-1946. In these countries, broad democratic transformations were carried out, and bourgeois-democratic forms of statehood were often restored. This is evidenced, in particular, by: the bourgeois orientation of agrarian reforms in the absence of nationalization of land, the preservation of the private sector in small and medium-sized industry, retail trade and the service sector, and finally the presence of a multi-party system, including the highest level of government. If in Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, immediately after liberation, a course was taken towards socialist transformations, then in the rest of the countries of South-Eastern Europe, a new course began to be implemented from the moment the essentially undivided power of national communist parties was established, as was the case in Czechoslovakia (February 1948), Romania (December 1947), Hungary (autumn 1947), Albania (February 1946), East Germany (October 1949), Poland (January 1947). Thus, in a number of countries for one and a half to two post-war years, the possibility of an alternative, non-socialist path remained.

1949 can be considered a kind of pause that drew a line under the prehistory of the MSS, and the 50s can be identified as a relatively independent stage of the forced creation of a “new” society, according to the “universal model” of the USSR, the constituent features of which are quite well known. This is the comprehensive nationalization of industrial sectors of the economy, forced cooperation, and essentially the nationalization of the agricultural sector, the displacement of private capital from the sphere of finance and trade, the establishment of total control of the state, the highest bodies of the ruling party over public life, in the field of spiritual culture, etc.

Assessing the results of the course taken to build the foundations of socialism in the countries of South-Eastern Europe, one should note, on the whole, the rather negative effect of these transformations. Thus, the accelerated creation of heavy industry led to the emergence of national economic imbalances, which affected the pace of eliminating the consequences of post-war devastation and could not but affect the growth in the standard of living of the population of countries in comparison with countries that did not fall into the orbit of socialist construction. Similar results were obtained during the forced cooperation of the village, as well as the displacement of private initiative from the sphere of crafts, trade and services. As an argument confirming such conclusions, one can consider the powerful socio-political crises in Poland, Hungary, the GDR and Czechoslovakia of 1953-1956, on the one hand, and the sharp increase in the repressive policy of the state towards any dissent, on the other. Until recently, a fairly common explanation for the reasons for such difficulties in building socialism in the countries we are considering was the blind copying by their leadership of the experience of the USSR without taking into account national specifics under the influence of Stalin’s cruel dictates regarding the communist leadership of these countries.

Self-governing socialism of Yugoslavia

However, there was another model of socialist construction, which was carried out in those years in Yugoslavia - model of self-governing socialism. It assumed in general terms the following: economic freedom of labor collectives within enterprises, their activities on the basis of economic calculations with an indicative type of state planning; refusal of forced cooperation in agriculture, fairly widespread use of commodity-money relations, etc., but subject to the preservation of the monopoly of the Communist Party in certain spheres of political and public life. The departure of the Yugoslav leadership from the “universal” Stalinist construction scheme was the reason for its practical isolation for a number of years from the USSR and its allies. Only after the condemnation of Stalinism at the 20th Congress of the CPSU, only in 1955, did relations between the socialist countries and Yugoslavia gradually begin to normalize. Some positive economic and social effects obtained from the introduction of a more balanced economic model in Yugoslavia would seem to confirm the argument of supporters of the above point of view on the causes of the crises of the 50s.

Education CMEA

An important milestone in the history of the formation of the world socialist system can be considered the creation of the Council Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) in January 1949. Economic, scientific and technical cooperation of the initially European socialist countries was carried out through the CMEA. Military-political cooperation was carried out within the framework of the military-political cooperation established in May 1955. Warsaw Pact.

It should be noted that the socialist countries of Europe remained a relatively dynamically developing part of the MSU. At its other pole were Mongolia, China, North Korea, and Vietnam. These countries most consistently used the Stalinist model of building socialism, namely: within the framework of a rigid one-party system, they decisively eradicated elements of market and private property relations.

Mongolia

Mongolia was the first to take this path. After the coup of 1921, the power of the people's government was proclaimed in the capital of Mongolia (Urga), and in 1924 the People's Republic was proclaimed. Transformations began in the country under the strong influence of its northern neighbor - the USSR. By the end of the 40s. In Mongolia, there was a process of moving away from primitive nomadic life through the construction of mainly large enterprises in the mining industry and the spread of agricultural farms. Since 1948, the country began to accelerate the construction of the foundations of socialism following the model of the USSR, copying its experience and repeating mistakes. The party in power set the task of transforming Mongolia into an agrarian-industrial country, regardless of its characteristics, its essentially different civilizational base from the USSR, religious traditions, etc.

China

China remains the largest socialist country in Asia to this day.

After the victory of the revolution, the defeat of the Chiang army Kaishi ( 1887-1975) was proclaimed on October 1, 1949. People's Republic of China (PRC). Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and with great help from the USSR, the country began to restore the national economy. At the same time, China most consistently used the Stalinist model of transformation. And after the 20th Congress of the CPSU, which condemned some of the evils of Stalinism, China opposed itself to the new course of the “big brother”, turning into the arena of an unprecedented experiment called the “Great Leap Forward”. The concept of accelerated construction of socialism Mao Zedong(1893-1976) was essentially a repetition of the Stalinist experiment, but in an even harsher form. The main task was to strive to catch up and overtake the USSR by dramatically breaking social relations, using the labor enthusiasm of the population, barracks forms of work and life, military discipline at all levels of social relations, etc. As a result, already at the end of the 50s, the country's population began to experience hunger. This caused unrest in society and among the party leadership. The response of Mao and his supporters was the “cultural revolution.” This was the name given to the “great helmsman” of a large-scale campaign of repression against dissidents, which lasted until Mao’s death. Until this moment, the PRC, considered a socialist country, nevertheless was, as it were, outside the borders of the MSU, evidence of which can be, in particular, even its armed clashes with the USSR in the late 60s.

Vietnam

The most authoritative force leading the struggle for Vietnamese independence was the Communist Party. Its leader Ho Chi Minh(1890-1969) headed the provisional government of the proclaimed Democratic Republic of Vietnam in September 1945. These circumstances determined the Marxist-socialist orientation of the subsequent course of the state. It was carried out in the context of the anti-colonial war, first with France (1946-1954), and then with the USA (1965-1973) and the struggle for reunification with the south of the country until 1975. Thus, the construction of the foundations of socialism took place for a long time in military conditions, which had a significant impact influence on the features of the reforms, which increasingly acquired a Stalinist-Maoist coloring.

North Korea Cuba

A similar picture was observed in Korea, which gained independence from Japan in 1945 and was divided into two parts in 1948. North Korea was in the zone of influence of the USSR, and South Korea was

USA. A dictatorial regime has been established in North Korea (DPRK) Kim Il Sung(1912-1994), who carried out the construction of a barracks-like society, closed from the outside world, based on the cruelest dictate of one person, the total nationalization of property, everyday life, etc. Nevertheless, the DPRK managed to achieve in the 50s. certain positive results in economic construction due to the development of the foundations of the industry laid under the Japanese conquerors and a high work culture combined with the strictest production discipline.

At the end of the period under review in the history of the MSU, an anti-colonial revolution took place in Cuba (January 1959). The hostile US policy towards the young republic and its strong support by the Soviet Union determined the socialist orientation of the Cuban leadership.

18.2. Stages of development of the world socialist system

In the late 50s, 60s, 70s. Most MSU countries managed to achieve certain positive results in the development of the national economy, ensuring an increase in the living standards of the population. However, during this period, negative trends were also clearly visible, primarily in the economic sphere. The socialist model, which was strengthened in all MSU countries without exception, fettered the initiative of economic entities and did not allow them to adequately respond to new phenomena and trends in the global economic process. This began to manifest itself especially clearly in connection with the outbreak that began in the 50s. scientific and technological revolution. As it developed, the MSU countries increasingly lagged behind the advanced capitalist countries in terms of the pace of introduction of scientific and technical achievements into production, mainly in the field of electronic computers, energy- and resource-saving industries and technologies. Attempts to partially reform this model undertaken during these years did not produce positive results. The reason for the failure of the reforms was the strong resistance of the party and state nomenclature to them, which mainly determined the extreme inconsistency and, as a result, the failure of the reform process.

Controversies within the MSU

IN To a certain extent, this was facilitated by the internal and foreign policies of the ruling circles of the USSR. Despite criticism of some of the ugliest features of Stalinism at the 20th Congress, the leadership of the CPSU left intact the regime of undivided power of the party-state apparatus. Moreover, the Soviet leadership continued to maintain an authoritarian style in relations between the USSR and the MSU countries. To a large extent, this was the reason for the repeated deterioration of relations with Yugoslavia in the late 50s. and a protracted conflict with Albania and China, although the ambitions of the party elite of the latter two countries had no less influence on the deterioration of relations with the USSR.

The style of relationships within the MSU was most clearly demonstrated by the dramatic events of the Czechoslovak crisis of 1967-1968. In response to a broad public movement of citizens of Czechoslovakia for economic and political reforms, the leadership of the USSR, with the active participation of Bulgaria, Hungary, the GDR and Poland, sent its troops into an essentially sovereign state on August 21, 1968, under the pretext of protecting it “from the forces of internal and external counter-revolution ". This action significantly undermined the authority of the MSU and clearly demonstrated the party nomenklatura’s rejection of genuine, rather than declarative, reforms.

In this regard, it is interesting to note that against the backdrop of serious crisis phenomena, the leadership of the socialist countries of Europe, assessing the achievements of the 50-60s. in the economic sphere, it came to the conclusion that the stage of building socialism had ended and the transition to a new stage - “the construction of developed socialism.” This conclusion was supported by the ideologists of the new stage, in particular by the fact that the share of socialist countries in world industrial production reached in the 60s. approximately one third, and in global national income - one quarter.

The role of CMEA

One of the significant arguments was the fact that, in their opinion, the development of economic relations within the MSU along the CMEA line was quite dynamic. If in 1949 the CMEA was faced with the task of regulating foreign trade relations on the basis of bilateral agreements, then in 1954 a decision was made to coordinate the national economic plans of its member countries, and in the 60s. followed by a series of agreements on specialization and cooperation of production, on the international division of labor. Large international economic organizations were created, such as the International Bank for Economic Cooperation, Intermetal, the Institute of Standardization, etc. In 1971, the Comprehensive Program for Cooperation and Development of CMEA member countries on the basis of integration was adopted. In addition, according to the estimates of the ideologists of the transition to a new historical stage in the construction of communism in most European MSU countries, a new social structure of the population has emerged on the basis of completely victorious socialist relations, etc.

In the first half of the 70s, most countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe actually maintained very stable growth rates in industrial production, averaging 6-8% annually. To a large extent this was achieved using an extensive method, i.e. increasing production capacity and growth of simple quantitative indicators in the field of electricity production, steel smelting, mining, and engineering products.

However, by the mid-70s. the socio-economic and political situation began to become more complicated. At this time, in countries with market economies, under the influence of scientific and technological revolution, a structural restructuring of the national economy began, associated with the transition from an extensive to an intensive type of economic development. This process was accompanied crisis phenomena both within these countries and at the global level, which in turn could not but affect the foreign economic positions of the MCC subjects. The growing lag of the MSU countries in the scientific and technical sphere steadily led to the loss of the positions they had gained in the world market. The domestic market of socialist countries also experienced difficulties. By the 80s. the unacceptable lag of industries producing goods and services from the mining and heavy industries that were still afloat led to the emergence of a total shortage of consumer goods. This caused not only a relative, but also an absolute deterioration in the living conditions of the population and, as a result, became a reason for growing discontent among citizens. The demand for radical political and socio-economic changes is becoming almost universal.

Complications since the mid-70s.

The crisis situation was clearly evident in the sphere of interstate economic cooperation, based on administrative decisions that often did not take into account the interests of the CMEA member countries, but also in a real reduction in the volume of mutual trade.

Events in Poland

Poland became a kind of detonator for the subsequent reform process. Already in the early 70s. There were mass protests of workers against the economic policy of the government, and an independent trade union association of workers, Solidarity, arose." Under his leadership, protests in Poland took place in the 70s and 80s.

The manifestation of the growing crisis was also observed in other countries. But until the mid-80s. the ruling communist parties still had the opportunity to keep the situation under control, and there were still some reserves for containing the economic and social crisis, including the use of force. Only after the start of transformations in the USSR in the second half of the 80s. The reform movement in most MSU countries has intensified noticeably.

18.3. The collapse of the world socialist system

Democratic revolutions in Eastern Europe

IN late 80s A wave of democratic revolutions took place across the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe, eliminating monopoly power

ruling communist parties, replacing it with a democratic form of government. The revolutions unfolded almost simultaneously - in the second half of 1989, but occurred in different forms. Thus, in most countries the change of power occurred peacefully (Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria), but in Romania it was as a result of an armed uprising.

Democratic revolutions were a necessary condition for subsequent transformations in the sphere of economic relations. Market relations began to be restored everywhere, the process of denationalization proceeded rapidly, the national economic structure changed, and private capital began to play an increasingly important role. These processes continue today, strengthened by the victory of democratic forces in our country in August 1991.

However, their course is rather tortuous and often inconsistent. If we leave aside the national costs of reforms and the mistakes of the new leadership of each country, then the mistakes associated with the conscious line towards the economic disintegration of the former allies of the MSU and CMEA, against the backdrop of an integrating Europe, are incomprehensible and difficult to explain. Mutual repulsion of former partners hardly contributes to faster entry into new economic and political alliances, and also hardly has a positive effect on the internal reform of each of the former socialist countries.

Politics of China

After the death of Mao Zedong, his successors were faced with the task of overcoming the deepest crisis into which the “cultural revolution” plunged the country. It was found on the path of a radical restructuring of the structure of socio-economic relations. During the economic reform, which began in the fall of 1979, significant results were achieved in economic development. Based on the liquidation of communes and the distribution of land to peasants, the worker's interest in the results of labor was restored. The introduction of market relations in rural areas was accompanied by no less radical reforms in industry. The role of state planning and administrative control over production was limited, the creation of cooperative and private enterprises was encouraged, the system of financing, wholesale trade, etc. underwent changes. Directors of state enterprises received fairly broad independence in the matter of free disposal of unplanned products, up to entering the foreign market , issuing shares and loans in order to expand above-plan production. The system of the state and party apparatus, security forces and, above all, the army have undergone some reform. In other words, a softening of the harsh totalitarian regime began.

The result of the reforms of the 80s. China experienced unprecedented rates of economic growth (12-18% per year), a sharp improvement in living standards, and new positive phenomena in public life. A distinctive feature of Chinese reforms was the preservation of the traditional socialist model of governance, which inevitably brought to the fore problems of a socio-political and ideological nature in the late 80s. Today, the Chinese leadership adheres to the concept of building “socialism with Chinese characteristics,” trying, apparently, to avoid the deep social upheavals and collisions experienced by Russia and other countries of the former MSU. China is following the path of building market relations and bourgeois liberalization, but with a certain consideration of civilizational characteristics and national traditions.

Vietnam. Laos.Mongolia. North Korea.

Vietnam and Laos are following the Chinese path of economic and social reform. Modernization has brought certain positive results, but less tangible than in China. Perhaps this is explained by their later entry into the period of market reforms, a lower initial level, and the difficult legacy of a long military policy. Mongolia is no exception. Following in the wake of market reforms and liberalization of social relations, it not only actively attracts foreign capital, but also actively revives national traditions.

North Korea remains a completely motionless, unreformed country from the former camp of socialism today. Here the system of essentially personal dictatorship of the Kim Il Sung clan is preserved. It is obvious that this country will not be able to remain in a state of practical self-isolation and even confrontation with the majority of countries in the world for long.

Cuba

The situation in another former MCC country, Cuba, remains quite complicated. Over the short history of socialism, this island state has, in general terms, repeated the path traveled by the majority of the MSU countries. Having lost their support, its leadership continues to adhere to the concept of building socialism and remains faithful to Marxist ideals, while the country is experiencing increasing economic and social difficulties. Cuba's situation is also worsening as a result of the ongoing confrontation with the powerful United States since the liberation revolution.

As a result of the collapse of the world socialist system, a line was drawn under more than 40 years of totalitarian period in the history of most countries of Eastern Europe. The balance of power has undergone significant changes not only on the European continent, but also in Asia. Apparently, the bloc system of relations on the world stage as a whole is disappearing into oblivion.

However, the relatively long period of coexistence of countries within the framework of the MCC, in our opinion, cannot pass without leaving a trace. Obviously, in the future, it is inevitable to establish relations between former allies, and often close neighbors who have common geographical borders, but on the basis of a new balance of interests, taking into account national and civilizational specifics and mutual benefit.

Self-test questions

1. When the world system of socialism was formed, what main stages did it go through in its development?

2. What factors caused the slowdown in economic growth in the socialist countries in the 70s? What caused the intensification of contradictions between them?

3. What features can you name in the socio-economic development of countries that were part of the world system of socialism at the present stage?

A significant historical event of the post-war period was the people's democracy. revolutions in a number of European countries - in ALBANIA, BULGARIA, HUNGARY, EAST GERMANY, POLAND, ROMANIA, CZECHOSLOVAKIA, YUGOSLAVIA and in Asian countries - VIETNAM, CHINA, KOREA, MONGOLIA. In these countries, new political policies were established. regimes and declared course to socialism.To a significant extent political. orientation in these countries was determined by the presence of Soviet troops on their territory, which also contributed to cardinal changes in the political, social and economic spheres, cat. characterized by the highest degree of centralization of the people's economy and the predominance of the party-state bureaucracy. Countries were invited to use the experience of building socialism in the USSR. The emergence of the socialist model beyond the boundaries of one country, its spread to South-Eastern Europe and Asia laid the foundation for the emergence of a community of countries, cat. called " world socialist system"(MSS). In 1959 CUBA, and in 1975 LAOS, became part of this new system, which existed for more than 40 years. At the end of the 80s. The world system of socialism included 15 states, accounting for 32.3% of the world population, which was a significant factor indicating the existence of a world system of socialism in the post-war international. life. STAGES OF MSS DEVELOPMENT. The plan for the construction of socialism provided not only for carrying out a proletarian revolution and establishing the dictatorship of the proletariat in one form or another, but also for concentrating key positions in the government in the hands of the authorities (this is the nationalization of industry, transport, communications, natural resources, financial -credit system, foreign and domestic trade), industrialization and transformation of small peasant property into cooperative property (i.e. the creation of large socialized production), cultural revolution, establishment of total control of the state, the highest bodies of the ruling parties over common life, etc. 1st stage of MSS (1945-1949) included changes to the political regimes that led to a change in social-ecological orientation. Simultaneously with the restoration of the war-damaged economy, the restructuring of the economic structure began with active political activity. and material assistance from the USSR. An important step in the history of the formation of the world system of socialism can be considered the creation in 1949. Council of Economic Mutual Assistance (CMEA) in order to organize a systematic economic, scientific and technical. and cultural cooperation, designed to facilitate the reorientation of external. trade of Eastern European countries (previously, until 1939, Germany was the main partner). In addition, CMEA served as a channel for economic assistance to less developed socialist countries from the USSR (as opposed to the Marshall Plan) and its creation was motivated by political. considerations - promoting the interdependence of Eastern European countries with the USSR. It can be considered 1949. a kind of pause that drew a line under the prehistory of the MSS. Stage 2 MCC(1950-1960) 50s can be distinguished as a relatively independent stage of the forced creation of a “new” society (modeled on the USSR). However, the socialist countries of Europe were a relatively dynamic part of the MSU, and the countries of Asia MSU used the Stalinist model of construction, eradicating market elements in the economy. Military-political cooperation was carried out within the framework of the organization created in May 1955. Warsaw Pact. At this stage, in the countries of Eastern Europe after nationalization, industrialization, why the first plans for national economic development were adopted. Agrarian reforms are taking place, but land nationalization has not been carried out. Land was taken from large landowners, and not all land was taken, but only its surplus in excess of the established norm and was sold on preferential terms to peasants. And in some cases, landowners even received partial compensation. Cooperation of the peasantry was carried out, cat. was completed in most countries of Eastern Europe by the beginning of the 60s (the exception was Poland and Yugoslavia, where the state structure in the agricultural sector did not acquire decisive importance). In new countries, changes in ek-ke had compromise character And were carried out more carefully, than in the USSR (the experience of our country was taken into account, showing the destructiveness of extreme measures of revolutionary transformation, therefore there was no “war communism” in these countries). Industry in the 50s experienced rapid development, its growth rate was about 10% per year and countries from agricultural ones turned into industrial-agrarian(except Czechoslovakia and East Germany). Methods of forced industrialization contributed to the formation of an administrative management system and a monopolized structure of the national economy, indifferent (i.e., indifferent) to the characteristics of specific countries. In general, despite the largely extensive type of development, the results of the decade were favorable in most countries. In this period The activities of the CMEA were unfolding, cat. before that, it was mainly based on the ideological factor and was little developed in the interstate Ur-not and in the Ur-ne of enterprises and firms. However, the Cold War situation favored the reorientation of trade and economic relations in a short time, and with the help of CMEA, its participants were able not only to survive, but also to restore their economy after the war and achieve impressive progress. If at the initial stage the CMEA activities were focused on the development of trade exchange, coordination and development of foreign affairs. trade, provision of scientific and technical documentation and information, then from 1956-57. The CMEA countries moved to specialization and cooperation of production, to the coordination and coordination of national economic plans, to the creation of joint scientific centers and economic organizations. Stage 3 of the MCC (1960-1970) associated with the exhaustion of resources for extensive growth, a drop in the growth rate of industry and national income, which necessitated the need for economic reforms. During this period, they began to appear flaws socialist economic system, since the model that had become entrenched in the CMEA countries fettered the initiative of economic entities and did not allow them to adequately respond to new phenomena and trends in the global economic process (this became especially evident in connection with the scientific and technological revolution in the 50s. , when countries began to lag further and further behind the advanced capitalist countries). Therefore, in many CMEA countries attempts were made to partially reform this model. Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia The guideline for reforms was the use of the market mechanism with the aim of including international relations in the system. division of labor and access to the world market. In these countries, changes in the economic system were radical. IN Poland, GDR the changes did not go further than the modernization of the existing administrative system of planning and management of the national economy. Mongolia, Romania, Cuba, Vietnam reform of national development models was not started during this period. However, economic reforms in the 60s. did not give positive results and were curtailed, since the liberalization of pricing, although it gave positive results in the agricultural sector, but in the conditions of the monopoly position of industrial enterprises did not lead to the formation of competition, but to the realization of monopoly advantages, incl. and rising prices. In addition, when their collectives gained the right to influence the distribution of income, the income of enterprises simply began to be “eaten away.” An important reason for the failures was the strong resistance to the reforms of the party and state nomenklatura, cat. basically determined their extreme inconsistency, and therefore the futility of the initiated reforms. In 1968 Liberalization and democratization reforms were interrupted by the entry of Warsaw Pact troops into Prague. In general, the collapse of reforms was explained not only by politics. pressure, but also the aggravation of social contradictions caused by the difficulties of transition to commercial principles of management. The activities of the CMEA continued to coordinate the national economic plans of the countries and in 1964. was created Intl. Ek-cooperation bank- regulatory body for international calculations. Stage 4 MCC (1970-mid 80's) characterized by attempts to solve the economic problems of socialist countries by modernizing the administrative system of economic management, but without resorting to radical changes. The global energy crisis of 1973-74 had a great influence on the development of socialist countries. reflected in rising oil prices. While the capital countries, due to the crisis, sought to reduce their dependence on imports of raw materials and fuel, therefore they quickly rebuilt the structure of the economy by introducing resource- And energy saving technologies, introduced the production of microprocessors and biotechnologies. However, the CMEA countries, due to receiving resources from the USSR at preferential prices (lower than world prices) and the slowness of the pricing system in mutual trade, were deprived of all incentives for such innovations. This resulted in a serious lag in all key areas of scientific and technical technology. progress. The exhaustion of resources for extensive growth forced the CMEA countries to resort to the use of foreign loans. Contradictions began to appear within the CMEA. Countries that carried out radical reforms (Hungary, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia) began to become more actively involved in the world market and their highest quality products were already going to Western markets, and the share of their exports to the CMEA countries was declining. As a result, the share of the CMEA began to decline. The problems facing the CMEA required a change in the forms of its activities and in 1971. was accepted Comprehensive program of socialist economic integration. It set the goal of developing industrial cooperation and specialization, scientific and technical. cooperation, coordination of eco-development plans, joint investment activities (i.e. development of higher forms of eco-integration). As a result, the role of CMEA in the economy of the socialist countries in the 70s. increased during 1971-1978. 100 multilateral and 1000 bilateral agreements on industrial cooperation were concluded. The automotive industry has received the greatest development of cooperation and specialization. In addition, the role of CMEA increased due to dependence on oil imports from the USSR during the global energy crisis. However, the scale and forms of industrial cooperation within the CMEA significantly lagged behind Western standards due to the insusceptibility of the economy to scientific and technological revolution. Therefore, in the late 70s. another attempt was made to modernize the CMEA - they began develop long-term targeted programs of economic cooperation. During the 80s. problems grew within the CMEA, which led to its crisis. Period of collapse of the MSS (2nd half of the 80s - early 90s) characterized by growing problems within the CMEA and the collapse in 1991. world system of socialism. During this period, it became obvious that the existing social-economic system and its economic mechanism could not create an effective social-oriented economy that actively used scientific and technological achievements. progress and interacting with the world economy. The countries of the Eastern European CMEA countries were characterized by a drop in economic growth rates, a lag in knowledge-intensive industries, distortions in the financial sector, and growth in foreign exchange. debt, relatively low standard of living of the population. All measures taken to intensify production in the 80s. The ongoing deep economic crisis and the instability of the emerging political systems were not crowned with success. systems, aggravation of national contradictions, the collapse of multinational states (Yugoslavia), unemployment, impoverishment of the population - all these processes were characteristic of the late 80s. Processes of deep crisis were also typical for the USSR. This led to the collapse of the CMEA system, since the Soviet Union was the initiator of the creation of the world system of socialism. Ek reforms carried out since the early 90s. in the countries of Eastern Europe they became part of the renewal of social and political issues. building, the formation of a qualitatively new economic model in post-socialist countries, where the main course was in the direction of Western democracy and market relations through the privatization of the public sector and the encouragement of private entrepreneurship. In the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe, the weakening socialist economies was caused simultaneously by the collapse of economic management methods and the process of reforms carried out in the Soviet Union. CONCLUSION: The CMEA crisis and the cessation of its activities were predetermined by the following factors: 1) the barrier of the initial intersectoral division of labor scheme, based on the partners’ interest in Soviet raw materials, was not overcome; 2) greenhouse conditions in the development of mutual ties (i.e., lack of competition); 3) the general increase in crisis phenomena in socialist countries; 4) the deterioration of the position of Eastern European goods on the world market; 5) disagreements and conflicts over prices and the principles of balanced trade; 6) the desire to transition to Western market paths of economic development. Discontinued in 1991 The activities of the CMEA had a different impact on the economy of the countries that were part of it. For the USSR, the cessation of supplies through CMEA channels meant an additional factor in deepening the crisis. The reaction of different countries of Eastern Europe was determined by the dependence of their economies on the supply of raw materials from the USSR and alternative sources of imports, and the prospects for the transition to resource-saving technologies in these countries.

a social, economic and political community of free sovereign states following the path of socialism and communism, united by common interests and goals, and bonds of international socialist solidarity. Countries M. s. With. have the same type of economic basis - public ownership of the means of production; a uniform state system - the power of the people led by the working class and its vanguard - the communist and workers' parties: a single ideology - Marxism-Leninism; common interests in protecting revolutionary gains, in ensuring security from the encroachments of imperialism, in the struggle for world peace and in providing assistance to peoples fighting for national independence; a single goal - communism, the construction of which is carried out on the basis of cooperation and mutual assistance. Socialist countries, while remaining sovereign states, are drawing closer and closer together within the framework of socialism. pp., which opposes the class-opposite world capitalist system (see articles Capitalism, Capitalist system of the world economy).

The material basis of M. s. With. is a world socialist economic system based on socialist production relations. It represents a set of interconnected and gradually converging economies of sovereign socialist states, connected by the international socialist division of labor (See International Socialist Division of Labor) and the world socialist market (See World Socialist Market).

Education M. s. With. - a natural result of the development of world economic and political forces during the period of the general crisis of capitalism (See General crisis of capitalism) , the collapse of the world capitalist system and the emergence of communism as a single all-encompassing socio-economic formation. The emergence and development of M. s. With. - the most important objective result of the international revolutionary workers and communist movement, the struggle of the working class for its social liberation. It is a direct continuation of the Great October Socialist Revolution, which marked the beginning of the era of humanity's transition from capitalism to communism.

The successes of the USSR in building socialism, its victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45 over fascist Germany and militaristic Japan, the liberation of the peoples of Europe and Asia by the Soviet Army from fascist occupiers and Japanese militarists accelerated the maturation of conditions for the transition to the path of socialism of new countries and peoples. As a result of the powerful upsurge in the liberation struggle of peoples in a number of countries in Central and Eastern Europe (Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia), as well as the struggle of the Korean and Vietnamese peoples in 1944-49, the people's democratic and socialist revolutions were victorious. From that time on, socialism went beyond the borders of one country and the world-historical process of its transformation into a world economic and political system began. In 1949, the GDR entered the path of socialism, and the revolution in China was victorious. At the turn of the 50-60s. in M. s. With. The first socialist country in the Western Hemisphere, Cuba, entered.

Countries M. s. With. began the process of creating a new society from different levels of economic and political development. Moreover, each of them has its own history, traditions, and national specifics.

In M. s. With. There are countries that even before World War II (1939-45) had a large proletariat, seasoned in class battles, while in others the working class was small at the time of the revolution. All this gives rise to certain features in the forms of socialist construction and puts forward the task of creative use of the general laws of socialist construction, taking into account specific conditions. In the presence of M. s. With. Even those countries that have not gone through the capitalist stage of development, for example the Mongolia, can begin socialist construction and successfully implement it.

With the victory of socialist revolutions in a number of countries in Europe and Asia, a new, socialist type of international relations gradually began to form, which are based on the principle of socialist Internationalism. This principle follows from the nature of the socialist mode of production and the international tasks of the working class and all working people.

The formation of a new type of international relations is a complex and multifaceted process associated with overcoming the difficult legacy left by the centuries-old dominance of the exploiting classes, national isolation, discord, and mistrust. Objective difficulties in establishing multifaceted cooperation between socialist states are generated by differences inherited from the past in the levels of economic and social development and in the class structure. Overcoming these consequences, getting rid of all the remnants of petty-bourgeois and nationalist ideology is a task that requires a relatively long time. Forward movement of M. s. With. takes place in a fierce struggle against imperialism, which is trying to separate the socialist countries using various methods.

The core of all forms of cooperation between socialist states is inter-party cooperation. Without the active leadership of the Marxist-Leninist parties, the construction of socialism is generally impossible. Based on knowledge of objective laws and generalization of collective experience, communist and workers' parties jointly developed principles and norms of inter-party and interstate relations within mass media. pp., which include complete equality, mutual respect for independence and sovereignty, mutual benefit of economic cooperation, and fraternal mutual assistance. Unity of action in the international arena, coordination of efforts in building and defending socialism, broad exchange of experience in party, economic and government work, cultural exchange, expansion and deepening of fraternal mutual assistance correspond to the fundamental interests of every socialist country. Experience M. s. With. showed that the successful creation of a new society is possible only on the basis of using the general laws of building socialism discovered by Marxism-Leninism, that departure from the principles of Marxism-Leninism and proletarian internationalism, from the general laws of building socialism leads to serious deformations in the functioning of the economic basis and political superstructure. The chauvinistic anti-Soviet course of the Maoists harmed the cause of the unity of the M. s. With. (see Maoism). Despite all the difficulties, the main and determining line of development of M. s. With. there was and is a strengthening of the unity and cohesion of socialist states.

Formation of M. s. With. occurred simultaneously along two interconnected lines. In countries that had fallen away from the capitalist system, the process of creating a new society was underway, and the position of socialism was strengthened. At the same time, strong economic and political ties were being established between the socialist states, closely uniting them into a socialist community.

Until the end of the 40s. in most European countries of people's democracy (See People's Democracy), predominantly general democratic, anti-imperialist, anti-feudal tasks were solved. At this stage, the revolutionary-democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and peasantry took shape and strengthened. On the initiative of the communist and workers' parties in people's democracies, measures were taken that prepared the conditions for a gradual transition to the construction of socialism.

Profound transformations were carried out during this period in the economic sphere. The first years of people's power are the years of implementation of fundamental agrarian reforms (See Agrarian reforms) , which destroyed the remnants of feudal relations in the countryside and eliminated the class of large landowners. During this period, the nationalization of industry, transport, banks, and trading enterprises unfolded. Nationalized property became the basis of the public sector in the national economy. The big bourgeoisie and dependence on foreign monopolies were practically eliminated. In Bulgaria the revolution was socialist in character from the very beginning; state power was formed as the power of the working class, in close alliance with the working peasantry.

During the people's democratic revolutions, the military-political alliance of the USSR with the people's democratic states, which had formed during the liberation struggle, was strengthened, which gave them the opportunity to defend the gains of the working people, despite economic and political pressure, and the military threats of imperialism. The most important political act aimed at stabilizing the international position of the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe and increasing the international prestige of these countries was the conclusion of treaties of friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance between them and the Soviet Union.

At the turn of the 40-50s. In the European countries of people's democracy, the fullness of state power and the commanding heights in the economy passed into the hands of the working class in alliance with the peasantry and other sections of the working people. Socialist Industrialization began national economy and the Socialist transformation of agriculture. The economies of socialist states began to develop on the basis of long-term national economic plans. In difficult historical conditions, relying on the help of the Soviet Union, the fraternal countries created their own industry, ensured the victory of socialist production relations and a steady increase in the material and cultural standard of living of the working people. In most European socialist countries during the 50s - the first half of the 60s. The material and technical base of socialism was created.

In the field of mutual interstate relations, during this period the international socialist division of labor began to take shape and cooperation on the basis of long-term economic agreements began to develop. Since the mid-50s. Most countries moved to coordinate five-year national economic plans, which became the main method of their economic cooperation.

The process of development of the socialist community has developed in such a way that the countries that are members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (1949), the organization of the Warsaw Pact of 1955 (See Warsaw Pact of 1955), are most closely united economically and politically, designed to unite and coordinate their political, economic and military efforts. Close ideological cooperation is also developing between the CMEA countries, mutual enrichment and rapprochement of national socialist cultures is taking place. In the process of exchanging experiences and mutual enrichment of cultures, common criteria for the socialist way of life are developed, socialist patriotism and socialist internationalism are strengthened. The CMEA countries form a powerful industrial complex that allows them to jointly solve complex problems of further economic development and technological progress. They have achieved great results in raising the living standards of workers.

In the mid-60s. many countries M. s. The villages, having completed the creation of the foundations of socialism, moved on to the construction of a developed socialist society. The USSR entered the stage of developed socialism. Sov. the people create the material and technical base of communism. The CMEA countries are moving to deeper and more complex forms of economic cooperation and the development of socialist economic integration (see Socialist Economic Integration). An active factor in the close rapprochement and improvement of national economic complexes is the formation of rational interstate national economic proportions through mutual adaptation and improvement of their national economies to increase the efficiency of social production.

As M. develops, With. Socialist internationalism is strengthening, the strength of which is especially clearly manifested during the emergence of acute international situations. International socialist mutual assistance made it possible to repel imperialist aggression in Korea and Vietnam, to withstand socialist Cuba, and to reliably protect socialist gains in Hungary and Czechoslovakia from the imperialists. On the basis of socialist internationalism, the peoples of fraternal countries are steadily strengthening their moral, political and economic unity.

In M. s. With. The economic laws of socialism apply. Joint planning activities are the main method for implementing socialist economic integration. An organic component of the modern world socialist economy is the world socialist market with a system of commodity-money relations. During the development of M. s. With. Significant differences in the levels of economic, political and cultural development of socialist countries are gradually being overcome. The relatively less developed socialist countries are moving forward at a faster pace and are catching up with the more developed ones. For example, the formerly industrially backward agricultural country of Bulgaria by the beginning of the 70s. In terms of industrial production and national income per capita, the living standard of the population has come significantly closer to countries such as the USSR, the GDR, and Czechoslovakia.

M. s. With. is the main force consistently defending peace and international security, blocking the path to the imperialist policy of war and conquest. The ruling circles of the imperialist powers are forced to reckon with the peace-loving and decisive policy of the socialist countries and their defense power.

The most important feature of the modern stage of development of M. s. With. is the consistent implementation by the countries of the socialist community of a coordinated foreign policy course aimed at strengthening universal peace and international security, at ensuring the most favorable international conditions for the development of socialism. As a result of M.'s successes. With. in the economic competition with capitalism, a new balance of power in the international arena was determined, opening up real prospects for humanity for a long lasting peace.

During 1951-73, while industrial output in developed capitalist countries grew 3.3 times, industrial output in socialist countries increased 9.15 times. The share of socialist countries in world industrial output increased 13 times between 1917 and 1973. Occupying in the early 70s. 26% of the entire territory of the globe and accounting for 1/3 of its population, M. s. With. produces approximately 39% of all industrial products produced in the world. The CMEA countries, occupying 18% of the territory and accounting for less than 10% of the world's population, create 33% of the world's industrial output and approximately 25% of the world's national income. M. s. With. isolation and autarky are alien. Based on the peaceful coexistence of two world systems on the initiative of M. s. With. Various forms of international economic cooperation are steadily developing (See International economic cooperation).

M. s. With. is recapturing decisive frontiers from capitalism. By coming into contact with the non-socialist world, the socialist community contributes to the activation of all truly democratic and revolutionary forces in it. More and more states and peoples are taking the path of fighting imperialism, with its neo-colonialist and aggressive aspirations, and choosing the path of socialist orientation.

Thus, in the course of coexistence and confrontation between the two world systems, the preponderance of the forces of socialism over the forces of capitalism accumulates. This creates favorable conditions for the class struggle of the proletariat in capitalist countries, facilitates their transition to socialism, and creates opportunities for independent development for peoples liberated from colonial oppression.

Within the framework of the socialist community itself, on the basis of the objective process of internationalization of the productive forces, the rapprochement of socialist states is being carried out. Both of these processes - the transition to the construction of socialism in an increasing number of countries and socialist internationalization - create the preconditions for the complete victory of socialism and communism on a worldwide scale.

Lit.: Marx K., Engels F., Manifesto of the Communist Party, Marx K. and Engels F., Works, 2nd ed., vol. 4; Marx K., Engels F., Lenin V.I., On proletarian internationalism, 2nd ed., M., 1968; Lenin V.I., On the patterns of the emergence and development of socialism and communism, [Collection], M., 1960; him. On the international significance of the experience of the CPSU [Collection], M., 1963; Brezhnev L.I., On the foreign policy of the CPSU and the Soviet state. Speeches and articles, M., 1973; Program documents of the struggle for peace, democracy and socialism. Documents of the Meetings of representatives of communist and workers' parties held in Moscow in November 1957, in Bucharest in June 1960, in Moscow in November 1960, M., 1961; Documents of the International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties, Moscow, June 5-17, 1969, M., 1969; Statement of the communist and workers' parties of the socialist countries, Pravda, 1968, August 4; Program of the CPSU, M., 1973; Materials of the XXIV Congress of the CPSU, M., 1971; Basic principles of the international socialist division of labor, M., 1964; Comprehensive program for further deepening and improving cooperation and development of socialist economic integration of the CMEA member countries, M., 1971; Charter of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, in the book: Multilateral economic cooperation of socialist states, (Collection of documents), 2nd ed., M., 1972.

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"World System of Socialism" in books

World revolution. Construction of socialism. Communism