The main organization in the world. International economic and economic-political organizations. Legal basis of international organizations

International organizations are permanent associations of an intergovernmental or non-governmental nature, created on the basis of international agreements in order to facilitate the solution of international problems specified in the agreements.

The term “international organizations” is usually used to refer to both international intergovernmental (interstate) organizations and international non-governmental organizations. However, these organizations have different legal natures.

International intergovernmental (interstate) organizations are permanent associations of states created on the basis of an international treaty in order to facilitate the solution of international problems specified in the treaty.

International non-governmental organizations are permanent associations of national unions, associations, non-governmental societies to achieve common goals in the field of health, culture, education, science and technology, charity, etc. To recognize an organization as an international non-governmental organization, it must meet the following requirements:

the purpose of the organization is non-profit activity of international importance;

the establishment of an organization is carried out in accordance with the domestic legislation of the state, and not on the basis of an international agreement;

The organization's effective activities are carried out in at least two countries.

Classification by number of participants

universal (that is, for all states; e.g. - UN)

regional (whose members may be states of the same region; e.g. - Organization of African Unity, Organization of American States)

interregional

Classification by nature of powers

interstate - not limiting the sovereignty of the state

supranational (supranational) - partially limiting the sovereignty of the state: by joining such organizations, member states voluntarily transfer part of their powers to an international organization represented by its bodies.

Classification by functions performed

Rulemaking advisory intermediary operational information

Classification by order of admission of new members

open (any state can become a member at its discretion)

closed (reception with the consent of the original founders)

Classification by competence (field of activity)

general competence (eg - UN)

special competence (political, economic, credit and financial, trade, health; e.g. - Universal Postal Union)

Largest international organizations:

UN - (UN, United Nations)

WIPO - World Intellectual Property Organization.

IAEA - International Atomic Energy Agency.

UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

Interpol - (Interpol)

Other international regional organizations:

Andean community -

ASEAN - Association of Southeast Asian Nations

ASEM - Forum "Asia - Europe"

APPF - Asia-Pacific Parliamentary Forum

African Union (formerly OAU) - African Union

European Free Trade Association - EFTA

European Union

CARICOM

LAS - League of Arab States

The League of nations

NATO - North Atlantic Treaty Organization - NATO

NAFTA - North American Free Trade Area - NAFTA

INOBI - International Organization for Entrepreneurship and Investment - INOBI

OSCE - Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe

OPEC - Organization of Petroleum Producing and Exporting Countries - OPEC

Organization of Islamic Conference

Northern Council

CIS - Commonwealth of Independent States English. Commonwealth of Independent States

OVD - Warsaw Pact Organization

CMEA - Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

Comintern - Third Communist International

Union of Orthodox States

The role of international organizations

International organizations are among the most developed and diverse mechanisms for regulating international life. According to data from the Union of International Associations, in 1998. there were 6,020 international organizations; over the past two decades, their total number has more than doubled.

International organizations are usually divided into two main groups.

1. Interstate (intergovernmental) organizations are established on the basis of an international treaty by a group of states; within the framework of these organizations, interaction between member countries takes place, and their functioning is based on bringing the participants’ foreign policy to a certain common denominator on those issues that are the subject of the activities of the relevant organization.

2. International non-governmental organizations arise not on the basis of an agreement between states, but through an association of individuals and/or legal entities whose activities are carried out outside the framework of the official foreign policy of states. International non-governmental organizations do not include structures whose goal is to make profit (transnational corporations).

It is clear that interstate organizations have a much more tangible impact on international political development - to the extent that states remain the main actors in the international arena.

The influence of non-governmental organizations on international life is also quite noticeable. They can raise issues that are not addressed by government activities; collect, process and disseminate information about international issues requiring public attention; initiate concrete approaches to address them and encourage governments to enter into appropriate agreements; monitor the activities of governments in certain areas of international life and the fulfillment by states of their obligations.

International organizations - one of the most important forms of multilateral cooperation between states. They arise on the basis of an agreement between the participants. The activities of international organizations are regulated by charter; their effectiveness depends on the degree of coordination between states. The main goals and objectives of all international organizations are the creation of a constructive multilateral basis for international cooperation, the establishment of global and regional zones of peaceful coexistence. Nowadays in the world there is a huge number of different blocs and unions of countries that can be combined into three groups: political, economic and mixed.

Main purpose of activity political blocs - cooperation of the participating countries in the political and military spheres, participation in the creation of a collective defense system, cooperation in maintaining peace and security in their territories and in the world in general, coordination of efforts to solve military-political and legal problems.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization - NATO - a military-political union of 18 countries, created on May 4, 1949, consisting of the USA, Great Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Canada, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Denmark, Iceland; in 1952 Greece and Turkey joined it, in 1955 - Germany, in 1981 - Spain. In 1966, France left the military structure, in 1983 - Spain, and in 1999 the Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary entered.

Target: ensuring the freedom and security of all members by political and military means in accordance with the principles of the UN Charter; common actions and full cooperation to strengthen the security of participating States; ensuring a fair order in Europe based on common values, democracy, and human rights. Headquarters - Brussels, Belgium).

Interparliamentary Union. An international governmental organization that brings together national parliamentary groups. Created in 1889 Target - uniting parliamentarians of all countries to strengthen peace and cooperation between states. Headquarters - Geneva, Switzerland).

Organization of African Unity - OAU. Created on May 26, 1963 at a conference of heads of state and government of African countries in Addis Ababa. Compound (52 African countries. Target: promoting unity and solidarity among African countries, intensifying and coordinating efforts to improve living standards; protection of sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence; the elimination of all forms of colonialism; coordination of cooperation in the fields of politics, defense and security, economics, education, health and culture. Headquarters - Addis Ababa (Ethiopia).

ANZUS. A five-party bloc of Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore. Target - promoting collective defense in the Pacific region. Constant headquarters No.

Organization of American States - OAS. A military-political alliance created in 1948 at the 9th Inter-American Conference in Bogota, which adopted the OAS Charter. Compound (35 countries. Target: supporting peace and security in America; prevention and peaceful resolution of conflicts between participating states; organizing common actions to repel aggression; coordination of efforts to solve political, economic, legal problems; promoting economic, social, scientific, technical and cultural progress of participating countries. Headquarters - Washington (USA).

Strengthening integration processes in the world economy has strengthened the status of economic unions and groupings countries aiming to promote the economic development of the participating countries, improve the living standards of their population and protect the economic interests of these states on the world stage.

Amazon Pact- a trade and economic bloc created on the basis of the Amazon Cooperation Agreement, which gained force in 1980. Compound (8 countries. Target: accelerated overall development and rational use of the natural resources of the Amazon basin, protecting it from foreign exploitation, cooperation in creating infrastructure. Headquarters - Lima (Peru).

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development - OECD - was formed in 1961 as the successor to the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, formed with the aim of making optimal use of American economic and financial assistance for the reconstruction of Europe (Marshall Plan) in cooperation with the European countries receiving this assistance. Compound (25 countries). Target : contribution to the development of the world economy by ensuring optimal economic growth, increasing employment and living standards, maintaining the financial stability of participating states; promoting economic and social welfare by coordinating the policies of participating States; harmonization of assistance from OECD countries to developing countries. Headquarters - Paris, France).

Arab Maghreb Union - CAM - created in 1989 compound 5 countries included: Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia. Target : assistance in successfully resolving issues of economic development, ensuring high competitiveness of goods of the region’s countries in world markets. Headquarters - Rabat (Morocco).

Association of Caribbean States - ACS - founded by representatives of 25 countries and 12 territories at a conference in Cartagena in 1994. compound 24 countries included. Target : promoting economic integration of Caribbean countries. Headquarters - Port of Spain (Trinidad and Tobago).

Andean Pact - AP- a trade and economic union formed in 1969 by Bolivia, Colombia, Chile, Peru, Ecuador, and Venezuela. In 1976, Chile withdrew. Since 1969, Panama has been an associate member. Target : liberalization of regional trade and introduction of common external tariffs; creation of a common market; coordination of economic policy regarding foreign capital; development of industry, agriculture and infrastructure through common programs; mobilization of internal and external financial resources; balancing the economic influence of Brazil, Argentina and Mexico. Headquarters - Lima (Peru).

Visegrad Four formed in 1991 by Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Target - elimination of restrictions and customs borders in trade between members of the four. Constant headquarters No.

European Free Trade Association - EFTA - established in 1960 compound 9 countries included. Target - independent economic policy; duty-free trade among participating countries while they maintain independent tariffs in relation to other countries. Headquarters - Geneva, Switzerland).

Latin American Integration Association - LAAI - formed on the basis of the Montevideo II Treaty, signed by the participating countries, which came into force in 1981. In compound 11 countries included. Target - creation of a single Latin American market. Subregional groups are preserved within the boundaries of LAAI: the Treaty of the La Plata Basin (1969), the Cartagena Agreement (1969), the Treaty on Cooperation of the Countries of the Amazon Zone (1978). Headquarters - Montevideo (Uruguay).

La Plata group - trade and economic union formed on the basis of the Treaty on Economic Integration and General Development of the La Plata River Basin in 1969. compound 5 countries included: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay. Target: general economic development, use and protection of the resources of the La Plata basin. In 1986, Argentina and Brazil signed a long-term economic cooperation program - the “Act of Integration”, which was joined by Uruguay, and in 1991 by Paraguay. Headquarters - Buenos Aires, Argentina).

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries - OPEC - organized in 1960 at a conference in Baghdad. The Charter was adopted in 1965 and has undergone numerous changes over time. Compound (12 countries): Venezuela, Iraq, Iran, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Indonesia, Libya, Algeria, Nigeria, UAE, Gabon. Target : coordination and unification of the oil policies of the participating states; determining the most effective means of protecting their interests; searching for means to ensure price stability on world oil markets; environmental protection. Controls up to 50% of world oil trade. Headquarters - Vienna, Austria).

North American Free Trade Association - NAFTA - the establishment agreement was signed on December 17, 1992 in Washington, and became effective on January 1, 1994. Compound : USA, Canada, Mexico. Target: creation of a free trade zone in North America for 15 years; Measures are proposed to liberalize the movement of goods, services, and capital across borders with the gradual elimination of customs and investment barriers. In the future - the unification of all American states (similar to the EU in Europe). Constant headquarters No.

Black Sea Economic Cooperation Region - CHRES - created in 1990-1992 IN compound 11 countries included: Ukraine, Russia, Greece, Turkey, Albania, Romania, Bulgaria, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova, Armenia. Target: creation of a regime of free movement of goods, services and capital in order to expand production cooperation and common entrepreneurship; expansion of economic ties in the Azov-Black Sea region and surrounding areas. Provides for general projects in the field of transport, television, energy, ecology, science and technology, agriculture, food industry, and the creation of a SEZ. Possible location headquarters Main Executive Committee - Istanbul (Türkiye).

BENELUX - an economic union created on the basis of the customs union. The establishment agreement was signed in 1958 for a period of 50 years and came into force in 1960. Compound : Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg. Headquarters - Brussels, Belgium).

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation - APEC - established on the initiative of Australia in 1989 in the amount of 12 countries. In 2001 there were 21 countries. IN compound included: Australia, Canada, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea, USA, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, Brunei, Mexico, Papua New Guinea, Chile, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Russia, Vietnam, Peru. Target : creation of APEC; easing mutual trade barriers; exchange of services and investments; dissemination of cooperation in the field of trade, environmental protection, etc. It is planned to create an APEC Free Trade Area by 2010. Constant headquarters No.

TO mixed blocks belong to integration groups of countries whose goal is cooperation in several areas. The direction of cooperation is determined by the goals of creating the organization.

Association of Southeast Asian Nations - ASEAN - political-economic union created in 1967 in Bangkok. IN composition 9 countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar. In 2005, Russian President V.V. Putin attended the next summit. Target: promoting regional cooperation in the economic, social and cultural spheres in order to strengthen peace in the region; accelerating economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region through common action on the principle of equality and partnership; cooperation in agriculture, industry, trade, transport, communications in order to improve the standard of living of the population; strengthening peace and stability, etc. Headquarters - Jakarta (Indonesia).

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation - SAARC - political-economic union created in 1985 in Dhaka. Compound (7 countries): India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Maldives. Target : acceleration of economic, social and cultural development of participating countries, establishment of peace and stability in the region. In 1987, an agreement on the creation of a regional food fund and a convention on combating terrorism were signed in Delhi. Headquarters - Kathmandu (Nepal).

Caribbean Community - CARICOM - a political and economic organization for cooperation in the areas of trade, credit, currency relations, coordination of economic and foreign policies, the creation of common facilities. Created in 1973 on the basis of the Treaty of Chaguaramas (Trinidad and Tobago). IN compound 13 countries included. Target : political and economic cooperation; foreign policy coordination; economic convergence of the common customs regime; coordination of policies in the areas of currency and credit, infrastructure and tourism, agriculture, industry and trade; cooperation in the fields of education and health. Headquarters - Georgetown (Guyana).

League of Arab States - LAS - created in 1945 in Cairo on the basis of the Arab League Pact. Compound (21 countries). Target: strengthening ties between participating states in various fields (economics, finance, transport, culture, healthcare); coordination of actions of participating states to protect national security, ensuring independence and sovereignty; prohibition of the use of force to resolve disputes. Relations are based on the principles of respect for existing regimes in other countries and refusal to attempt to change them. Headquarters - Cairo (Egypt).

Organization “Islamic Conference” - OIC - created in 1971 at a conference of heads of state and government of Muslim countries in Rabbat (Morocco). Compound (50 countries. Target : promoting the strengthening of Muslim solidarity; protection of holy places; support for the struggle of all Muslims to ensure independence and national rights; supporting the struggle of the Palestinian people; cooperation in economic, social, cultural, scientific and other spheres of life. Headquarters - Jeddah (Saudi Arabia).

Commonwealth of Nations - a voluntary association of independent states, whose symbol is the British monarch, recognized as the head of the Commonwealth. Created in 1947 Compound (51 countries). Target : regular consultations of countries on economics, finance, science, education, and military issues; promoting the well-being of peoples. At meetings of the heads of state and government of the Commonwealth member states, the international situation, issues of regional development, socio-economic situation, cultural issues, as well as special programs of the Commonwealth are discussed. Headquarters - London, Great Britain).

Commonwealth of Independent States - CIS - political-economic union created by agreement of December 8, 1991 Compound (12 countries): Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Ukraine. The location of the Executive Secretariat is Minsk (Belarus). CIS budget is formed from equal contributions from participating states. Target: creating conditions for stable development of countries in the interests of increasing the living standards of the population; gradual creation of a common economic space based on market relations; creation of equal opportunities and guarantees for all economic entities; general implementation of economic projects; solving economic problems; political, military, economic and cultural cooperation of the participating countries. Headquarters - Minsk, Belarus) .

United Nations - UN - created on October 24, 1945, in 2002 it had 190 members. Observers UN: Vatican, Palestine, Organization of African Unity, European Union, Organization of the Islamic Conference, International Committee of the Red Cross, etc. Officially not a member of the UN one country is the Vatican. Target : support and strengthening of international security; development of relations between nations based on respect for the principles of equality and self-determination; international cooperation to solve world problems of a political, economic, social, cultural nature; promoting respect for human rights; transforming the UN into a center for coordinating the efforts of nations and peoples to achieve common goals. Headquarters - New York, USA).

Main subsections UN are as follows: General Assembly (GA) - the main body of the UN, which unites all its members (according to the principle of “one state - one vote”). Security Council (SC) - a single UN body that can make decisions binding on UN members. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOR) - is responsible for economic and social cooperation and solves problems related to the implementation of the GA recommendations (research, reports, etc.). Coordinates the activities of UN specialized agencies. Guardianship advice - consists of of the permanent members of the Security Council and resolves issues of US trusteeship over some islands of Micronesia.

International Court - The main judicial and legal body of the UN. Created in 1945, location - The Hague (Netherlands). The court resolves disputes only between states. UN Secretariat - consists of of the Secretary-General (elected for a 5-year term) and his appointed staff, who are responsible for carrying out the day-to-day work of the UN. High Commissioner for Human Rights appointed by the Secretary-General and responsible for the UN's activities in the field of human rights. Official languages ​​of the UN - English, Spanish, Chinese, Russian, French.

TO UN specialized units relate: IAEA - International Atomic Energy Agency ( headquarters - Vienna); WMO - World Metrology Organization (Geneva); WHO - World Health Organization (Geneva) ; WIPO - World Intellectual Property Organization (protects copyright in all areas - Geneva ); UPS - Universal Postal Union ( Berne ); MMO - International Maritime Organization (maritime safety and ocean protection - London ); ICAO - International Civil Aviation Organization ( Montreal ); ILO - The International Labour Organization ( Geneva ); IBRD - International Bank for Reconstruction and Development; IMF ; ITU - International Telecommunication Union (radio, telephone, telegraph - Geneva) ; IFAD - International Fund for Agricultural Development - Rome ; UNESCO - UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization - Paris;FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - Rome.

Various criteria can be applied to classify international organizations.

· By nature of membership they are divided into interstate and non-governmental.

· By circle of participants interstate organizations are divided into universal, open to the participation of all states of the world (UN, its specialized agencies), and regional, whose members can be states of the same region (Organization of African Unity. Organization of American States).

Interstate organizations are also divided into organizations general and special competence. The activities of organizations of general competence affect all areas of relations between member states: political, economic, social, cultural, etc. (for example, the UN, OAU, OAS). Organizations of special competence are limited to cooperation in one special area (for example, the Universal Postal Union, the International Labor Organization, etc.) and can be divided into political, economic, social, cultural, scientific, religious, etc.

Classification by nature of powers allows us to distinguish between interstate and supranational or, more precisely, supranational organizations. The first group includes the vast majority of international organizations whose purpose is to organize interstate cooperation and whose decisions are addressed to member states. The goal of supranational organizations is integration. Their decisions apply directly to citizens and legal entities of member states. Some elements of supranationality in this understanding are inherent in the European Union (EU).

· From point of view entry procedure in them, organizations are divided into open (any state can become a member at its own discretion) and closed (membership is accepted at the invitation of the original founders). An example of a closed organization is NATO.

Modern international organizations.

International organization is considered a permanent association that is created on the basis of an international agreement. The purpose of the association is to facilitate the solution of those problems that are specified in the agreement. International organizations are of an interstate nature - operating at the level of state governments, and of a non-governmental nature. There are also international organizations of a global and regional nature. There are also classifications by type of activity, by the nature of authority, by the range of participants, international clubs, etc.

World Trade Organization (WTO). It is an organization of global significance. Founded in 1995. The goal is to streamline the rules of international trade. As of 2008, the WTO had 153 member countries. The headquarters is located in Geneva (Switzerland). The WTO was created on the basis of the GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade). According to its charter, the WTO can only settle trade and economic issues.

WWF. Public international organization. Founded in 1961. Works in all areas that relate to conservation, research and restoration of the environment. The headquarters is located in Gland (Switzerland).

Greenpeace. The organization was founded in 1971. It is an independent public organization. The goal is to preserve the environment and solve global environmental problems. Greenpeace principles do not allow accepting financial assistance at the state and political level. The organization relies on donations from supporters. Headquarters in Vancouver (Canada).

European Union (EU). The Organization of European States, created in 1993 on the basis of three organizations, two of which are still part of it - the EEC (European Economic Community - now the European Community), ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community - ceased to exist in 2002), Euratom ( European Nuclear Energy Community). This is a unique organization that is a cross between an international organization and a state. It has a common market, a common currency system, etc. The scope of activity covers many areas - economics, politics, currency, labor market, etc. As of 2007, the EU included 27 states.

League of Arab States (LAS). The organization was created in 1945. The goal is to unite Arab and friendly states for cooperation in various fields, including those related to defense. The headquarters is located in Cairo (Egypt). It consists of more than 20 states, including the state of Palestine, which is not recognized by the entire world community.

International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (International Red Cross). Non-governmental organization. It is a humanitarian movement with more than 100 million employees and volunteers worldwide. The main goal of the movement is, literally, “To help all those who suffer without any unfavorable distinction, thereby contributing to the establishment of peace on Earth.” Consists of the International Committee of the Red Cross (headquarters in Geneva), the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. The organization was created on the basis of the Red Cross Society, known since 1863 and subsequently renamed the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).

International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol). The current charter was adopted in 1956. Interpol was created on the basis of the International Criminal Registration Center (1923). The organization’s activities are carried out in the field of combating ordinary crime (search for missing valuables, criminals, missing people, etc.), it in no way concerns other areas (politics, economics, defense, etc.), although the organization is used to investigate crimes can use information about these areas. In terms of the number of member countries, Interpol is in second place after the UN - at the beginning of 2009, 186 states. The headquarters is located in Lyon (France).

Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC). International Islamic Organization. Created in 1969. The goal is cooperation between Muslim states in various fields, joint participation in activities in the international arena, and achieving stable development of the participating countries. The headquarters is located in Jeddah (Saudi Arabia). At the beginning of 2009, it included 57 states.

United Nations (UN). An interstate organization created in 1945 by the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition. The purpose of the organization is to maintain peace between states, strengthen peace, develop and security international relations, and develop international cooperation in various fields. The UN consists of six main organs (General Assembly, Security Council, Economic and Social Council, Secretariat, International Court of Justice and Trusteeship Council). There are many different structural divisions of the UN and various organizations working under the auspices of the UN in different areas of international activity. The headquarters of most of the main UN divisions is located in New York (USA), but there are also branches in different parts of the world. As of 2007, the UN had 192 member states. It is the largest international organization.

Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). Exists since 1975. It is the largest regional organization in the world that deals with security issues. The goal is to prevent and resolve conflicts in the region and eliminate the consequences of conflicts. As of 2008, the OSCE united 56 states, which are located not only in Europe, but also in Central Asia and North America.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). It is an international union with a military-political orientation. Created in 1949 on the initiative of the United States. The main goal is the security and freedom of all member countries in accordance with UN principles, both in North America and Europe. To achieve its goals, NATO uses military capabilities and political influence. The headquarters is located in Brussels (Belgium). In 2009, NATO included 28 states.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). An intergovernmental organization created in 1960 at the initiative of Venezuela. The goal is to control global oil policy and stabilize oil prices. OPEC sets limits on oil production. The headquarters is located in Vienna (Austria). As of 2009, OPEC included 12 countries.

Council of Europe (CoE). Regional European organization of political orientation. Created in 1949. The goal is to build a united Europe. At the beginning of 2009, the membership included 48 countries. The headquarters is located in Strasbourg (France, on the border with Germany).

Commonwealth of Nations (British Commonwealth of Nations). Officially established in 1931. It consists of Great Britain and almost all of its former colonies and dominions. Some of the constituent states recognize the Queen of Great Britain as the head of state. The headquarters is in London. The goal is voluntary cooperation in many areas, the main one being economic.

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The organization was created in 1991 by the former republics of the USSR. The main goals are cooperation in political, economic, environmental, humanitarian, cultural and other areas, including the creation of a common economic space. The permanent body of the CIS - the CIS Executive Committee is located in Minsk (Belarus). The Interparliamentary Assembly of the CIS is located in St. Petersburg (Russia). At the moment, Mongolia and Afghanistan, which have observer status, are showing keen interest in the activities of the CIS.

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, APEC- the world's largest economic association, whose members account for about 60% of global GDP and approximately half of world trade. The goals of the organization are to strengthen cooperation between the countries of the Pacific region and ensure conditions of free open trade in it. APEC was formed in 1989 in Canberra on the initiative of the prime ministers of Australia and New Zealand. Initially, the highest body of Cooperation was meetings at the ministerial level, but later meetings of state leaders also began to be held. Since the organization includes not only countries, but also territories (Hong Kong and Taiwan), its members are usually called “APEC economies.”

G8 name the 8 most industrialized countries in the world (they account for about 60% of world GDP). The G8 is not an official international organization, its decisions do not have legal force, but, nevertheless, the annual summit of the leaders of the G8 countries is one of the most important political events. The term “Big Seven” itself appeared in Russian due to an incorrect interpretation of the abbreviation “G7”: instead of “Group of Seven”, journalists deciphered it as “Great Seven”.

The first meeting of leaders of industrialized countries took place in 1975 (without Canada's participation) and subsequently such meetings became regular. In 1992, Russia joined the participating countries, after which the Seven turned into the Eight.

Questions and tasks:

1. Define the concept of “international organization”.

2. When and why the first international organizations appeared.

3. Write down the classification of international organizations in your notebook.

4. Fill out the table “Modern international organizations”

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

An intergovernmental organization created to regulate monetary and credit relations between states. The IMF was established at the UN International Monetary and Financial Conference in Bretton Woods (USA) in 1944. The Conference adopted an Agreement that serves as a Charter. The agreement came into force in 1945, and the practical activities of the Fund began in 1947. The IMF is a specialized agency of the UN, headquartered in Washington. In accordance with the Agreement, the UN has no right to make recommendations to the Fund regarding its policies.

The articles of the agreement were amended in 1969, 1978, 1992. Currently, the IMF includes more than 180 countries. Russia joined the IMF on June 1, 1992.

The fund is structured on the model of a joint stock company. The IMF's capital is formed from contributions from participating countries in accordance with quotas reflecting the share of each in the world economy and trade. The voting system is determined by the size of a country's contribution to the Fund.

Objectives of the IMF:

Promoting international cooperation in the monetary sector;

Promoting the expansion and balanced growth of international trade and, accordingly, the growth of employment and improvement of economic conditions of the participating countries;

Providing assistance to participating countries by providing loans and credits in foreign currency to settle balances of payments and stabilize exchange rates;

Providing advisory assistance on financial and currency issues to participating countries;

Monitoring compliance by participating countries with the code of conduct in international monetary relations.

The IMF cooperates only with official government organizations. Financial resources are issued in shares (tranches), the receipt of each of which is linked to the fulfillment by the borrowing country of its obligations. In fact, the IMF is the institutional basis of the international monetary system.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

The WTO is a multilateral intergovernmental organization that includes the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT, signed in Geneva in 1947); General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and other agreements.

The WTO is a specialized agency of the UN, established on January 1, 1995, with headquarters in Geneva. Currently, there are about 130 states in the WTO. The budget is formed from contributions from participating countries, decisions are made by consensus.

Main goals of the WTO:

Liberalization of international trade, thus ensuring economic growth and development of participating countries;

Monitoring trade policy;

Priority of the multilateral trading system over regional trade agreements.

Negotiations are currently underway on Russia's accession to the WTO.

Council of Europe (CoE)

International consultative organization of European countries. The Council of Europe was founded in 1949 by Western European states. Currently, the Council of Europe includes more than 40 states. Observer status was granted to the USA, Canada, and Japan. Russia joined the Council of Europe in 1996.

The main areas of activity of the Council of Europe: human rights problems, development of humanitarian, legal, socio-economic cooperation between member countries. Currently, the main task of the Council of Europe is to assist the countries of central and eastern Europe in carrying out political, legislative, and constitutional reforms.

Main bodies of the Council of Europe:

The Committee of Ministers (CM) consists of the foreign ministers of the participating countries;

Parliamentary Assembly (PACE);

Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of Europe (CLRAE).

The activities of the Council of Europe are based on the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The supervisory body is the European Court of Human Rights. Headquarters – in Strasbourg (France).

Organization of American States (OAS)

Created in 1948 in Bogota (Colombia); participants - 35 countries of the Western Hemisphere, including the USA, Canada, Cuba. Permanent observers in the OAS: Japan, Germany, France, Russia (since 1992), Israel, Spain, Italy and other countries.

Objectives of the OAS:

Maintaining peace and security on the continent;

Promoting social, cultural and economic cooperation between states.

The principles written in the OAS Charter:

Sovereign equality of states;

Resolving controversial issues exclusively by peaceful means;

Refusal to use force;

Refusal from direct or indirect interference in the affairs of neighboring countries.

In 1994, the “Action Plan for America” was adopted, it provides for:

Strengthening the American Community of Democracies;

Promoting prosperity through economic integration and free trade;

Eradicating poverty and discrimination in the Western Hemisphere;

Ensuring sustainable development and conservation of the environment for future generations.

The highest body of the OAS, the General Assembly, consists of representatives of member countries, convenes annually, alternately in their capitals. The executive body, the Permanent Council of the OAS, is located in Washington.

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

Established in 1989 in order to support the economic growth and development of member countries, enhancing the positive impact of the growing economic interdependence of the countries of the Asia-Pacific region.

Currently, APEC includes 21 countries in the region: Australia, Brunei, Hong Kong, Canada, China, Kiribati, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, South Korea, Singapore, USA, Thailand. Taiwan, Philippines, Chile, Vietnam, Peru, Russia (since 1997)

APEC's main activities:

Exchange information and conduct consultations on policies and economic developments with a view to achieving sustainable growth and reducing the economic development gap;

Development of strategies to reduce obstacles to the movement of goods, services, and investments;

Cooperation in areas such as energy, fisheries, transport, telecommunications, tourism, environmental protection;

Promoting the development of regional trade, investment, movement of financial resources, technology transfer, industrial cooperation, infrastructure development, and provision of labor resources.

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

Organization of the main oil-producing countries of Asia. Africa and Latin America, which account for more than 1/3 of world oil production. Created in 1960 at a conference in Baghdad (Iraq). OPEC includes: Venezuela. Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Algeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Qatar, Nigeria, United Arab Emirates.

OPEC goals:

Coordination and unification of the oil policies of the participating countries;

Determining effective collective and individual means of protecting their interests;

Using the necessary means and methods to ensure price stability on the world oil market;

Protecting the interests of oil-producing countries by ensuring their sustainable income;

Ensuring efficient, regular supply of oil to consumer countries;

Ensuring that investors receive fair returns from investments in the oil industry;

Ensuring environmental protection;

Cooperation with non-OPEC countries to implement initiatives to stabilize the global oil market.

The highest body of OPEC is the Conference, which includes representatives of the participating countries, meetings are held 2 times a year at the OPEC headquarters in Vienna (Austria).

League of Arab States (LAS)

Organization of Arab countries. The Arab League was founded in March 1945 at a conference in Cairo. Currently it includes: Asian countries - Jordan, Iraq, Yemen, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, UAE, Palestine; African countries - Egypt, Libya, Sudan, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Mauritania, Somalia, Djibouti, Comoros.

LAS goals:

Coordination of political, military, economic activities of participating countries;

Prohibition of the use of force in the settlement of interstate disputes;

Respect for the political regimes of the participating countries.

The governing body is the Council of the Arab League, which includes heads of state or government or their authorized representatives. Headquarters - Tunisia.

Organization of African Unity (OAU)

Intergovernmental Organization of African States. Created in 1963 in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia) at a conference of heads of state and government of African countries. It includes more than 50 African countries.

Goals of the OAU:

Strengthening unity;

Development of political and economic cooperation;

Protection of sovereignty, territorial integrity;

Coordination of actions in the field of foreign policy, economics, defense, culture.

The highest executive body is the Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs (sessions - 2 times a year). The permanent administrative body is the General Secretariat. Headquarters in Addis Ababa (Ethiopia).

African Union (AU)

Intergovernmental Organization of African States. The African Union was established in July 2002 (Durban, South Africa), and is the successor to the Organization of African Unity (OAU), which existed for 39 years (since 1963). The AU includes 52 member countries of the OAU.

Strengthening unity and solidarity among African countries and peoples;

Protection of the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of the participating countries;

Promoting the establishment of political and socio-economic integration;

Defense of the common positions of African countries on issues of interest to the contingent and its peoples;

Promoting the expansion of international cooperation, taking into account the UN Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights;

Ensuring peace, security and stability on the continent;

Ensuring democratic principles and the functioning of democratic institutions, participation of large sections of the population in public life and effective leadership of countries;

Ensuring and protecting human and peoples' rights in accordance with the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights and other documents on this issue;

Creating the necessary conditions to strengthen Africa's role in the global economy and in international negotiations;

Ensuring progressive development in the economic, social and cultural fields, integration of the economies of African countries;

Promoting cooperation in all areas to improve the living standards of the peoples of Africa;

Coordination of policies between regional economic communities to gradually achieve the goals of the union;

Promoting the development of the continent, the development of research in various fields, especially in science and technology;

Collaboration with international partners to eliminate various diseases and improve the health care system;

The AU approved the socio-economic development program - the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD). The program provides a plan for modernizing the continent, overcoming poverty, combating AIDS and other infectious diseases, raising the living standards of the population, etc.

The Charter of the African Union is based on the Charter of the OAU and the Treaty establishing the African Economic Community. It is planned to create an African Central Bank, an African Monetary Fund, an African Court of Justice and an All-African Parliament.

Course program “International Relations in a Global World”……....3

Literature………………………………………………………………………………..…5

Topic 1. World politics and international relations…..……………....6

Topic 2. The problem of East-West, North-South relationships…………….24

Topic 3. Ethnopolitical processes in the modern world...……………….37

Topic 4. Development of the globalization process..…………………………………...47

Topic 5. EU and Russia: opportunities for cooperation..……………………….58

Topic 6. Geopolitical interests of Russia in the development of the global energy market..……………………………………………………………………………….70

Topic 7. The nature of international conflicts and ways to resolve them...………79

Application. International political and economic organizations…………………………………………………...…..…………….89

international organizations) - 1) associations of states or associations of national societies (associations) of a non-governmental nature and individual members for consultation, coordination of activities, development and achievement of common goals in various areas of international life (political, economic, scientific and technical, social, cultural, military etc.); 2) one of the most important forms of multilateral cooperation between states.

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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

fr. organization, from lat. organizo - give a slender appearance, arrange) - one of the main organizational and legal forms of international cooperation in the modern world; voluntary organizations whose activities cover a variety of aspects of international relations: economic, political, cultural. The number of international organizations is growing steadily - if at the beginning of the 20th century. There were about 40 intergovernmental and 180 non-governmental organizations; today there are about 300 and 5000, respectively. The first international organization was the Universal Postal Union, created in 1875. Modern international organizations include: 1) regional organizations: Council of Europe, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), League of Arab States (LAS), Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) , Organization of African Unity (OAU), Organization of American States (OAS); 2) organizations of an economic nature: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), etc.; 3) professional organizations: International Organization of Journalists (IOJ), International Association of Political Science (IAPS), International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL); 4) demographic organizations: International Democratic Federation of Women (IDFW), World Youth Association (WAY); 5) organizations in the field of culture and sports: International Olympic Committee (IOC); 6) military-political organizations: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Pacific Security Pact (ANZUS), etc.; 7) trade union organizations: International Conference of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), World Confederation of Labor (CGT), etc.; 8) various organizations in support of peace and international solidarity: the World Peace Council (WPC), the International Peace Institute in Vienna, etc.; 9) organizations for the protection of victims of wars, disasters and natural disasters: International Red Cross (IRC); 10) environmental organizations: Greenpeace and others. The most significant role in the system of international relations is played by the United Nations (UN), established in 1945 in order to maintain the global security system. The UN Charter enshrines such principles of international cooperation as the sovereign equality of all its members, the resolution of international disputes by peaceful means, renunciation of the use of force, and non-interference in the internal affairs of states. The structure of the UN is made up of: 1) the UN Secretariat (headed by the Secretary General); 2) Security Council (15 countries, of which 5 are permanent members with veto power - Russia, USA, Great Britain, France, China); 3) General Assembly (all member countries of the organization); 4) a number of organizations - structural units of the UN, including: WHO (World Health Organization), ILO (International Labor Organization), UNESCO (World Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), IMF (International Monetary Fund), IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development), UNICEF (International Children's Fund), International Court of Justice.