Global problems of the world economy. Global problems of humanity and ways to solve them In the modern world, large and even global
We present to your attention a video lesson on the topic “The essence of global problems. Interconnection and interdependence." As civilization developed, complex problems constantly arose before humanity. In this lesson we will discuss what contributed to the aggravation of problems in the 20th century and consider their essence, affecting a planetary scale. We will learn about the classification of global problems of humanity, their interconnection and interdependence.
Topic: Global problems of humanity
Lesson: The essence of global problems. Interconnection and interdependence
As civilization developed, global problems began to arise for humanity. Nowadays, humanity is closely faced with the most acute global problems that threaten the very existence of civilization and even life itself on our planet.
The term “global” itself originates from the Latin word “globe”, that is, Earth, globe, and since the late 60s of the 20th century it has become widespread to designate the most important and pressing planetary problems of the modern era, affecting humanity as a whole. .
Global problems of our time- this is a set of socio-natural problems, the solution of which determines the social progress of mankind and the preservation of civilization. These problems are characterized by dynamism, arise as an objective factor in the development of society and require the united efforts of all humanity to be solved. Global problems are interconnected, cover all aspects of people's lives and affect all countries of the world.
Global or worldwide (universal) problems, being the result of contradictions in social development, did not arise suddenly and only today. Some of them, such as the problems of war and peace, health, existed before and were relevant at all times. Other global problems, such as environmental ones, appear later due to the intense impact of society on the natural environment. Initially, these problems could only be private (single) issues for a particular country or people, then they became regional and global, i.e. problems of vital importance for all humanity.
Main features of global problems:
1. Problems that affect not only the interests of individual people, but can affect the fate of all humanity
2. They lead to significant economic and social losses, and if they worsen, they can threaten the very existence of human civilization.
3. Global problems cannot be solved on their own or even through the efforts of individual countries. They require focused and organized efforts of the entire world community.
4. Global problems are closely related to one another.
The main problems of humanity:
1. The problem of peace and disarmament, preventing a new world war.
2. Ecological.
3. Demographic.
4. Energy.
5. Raw materials.
6. Food.
7. Use of the World Ocean.
8. Peaceful space exploration.
9. Overcoming the backwardness of developing countries.
Rice. 1. Poverty and misery in Africa ()
The development of a classification of global problems was the result of long-term research and generalization of the experience of several decades of their study.
In modern scientific literature, attempts are being made to comprehensively consider the entire variety of global problems. Since all these problems are of a socio-natural nature, since they simultaneously capture contradictions both between man and society, and contradictions between man and the natural environment, they are usually divided into three main groups. Researchers have proposed many classification options.
Classification of global problems:
1. Problems that are associated with relations between the main social communities of humanity, i.e. between groups of states with similar political, economic and other interests: “East - West”, rich and poor countries, etc. These include the problem of preventing war, international terrorism and ensuring peace, as well as establishing a fair international economic order.
2. Problems associated with relations in the “person - society” system: cultural development, effective use of scientific and technological advances, development of education and healthcare
3. Problems that are generated by the interaction of society and nature. They are associated with the limited ability of the environment to withstand anthropogenic loads. These are problems such as the provision of energy, fuel, raw materials, fresh water, etc. The environmental problem also belongs to this group, i.e. the problem of protecting nature from irreversible negative changes, as well as the task of rational development of the World Ocean and outer space.
Rice. 2. Lack of drinking water in Africa ()
Global problems are interconnected.
Rice. 3. Scheme of relationships between global problems
Currently, humanity and leading countries are actively fighting the proliferation of nuclear weapons and their use. The UN General Assembly adopted the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. In addition, treaties were signed between the main nuclear powers (for example, START-1, START-2, ABM).
Largest countries by number of armed forces:
5. Russia.
The problem of weapons proliferation and disarmament remains relevant. Military bases of the United States and NATO members on the territory of many countries pose a particular potential danger.
Rice. 4. US military base in Turkey ()
Homework
Topic 11, P. 1
1. What global problems of humanity do you know?
Bibliography
Main
1. Geography. A basic level of. 10-11 grades: Textbook for educational institutions / A.P. Kuznetsov, E.V. Kim. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2012. - 367 p.
2. Economic and social geography of the world: Textbook. for 10th grade educational institutions / V.P. Maksakovsky. - 13th ed. - M.: Education, JSC "Moscow Textbooks", 2005. - 400 p.
3. Atlas with a set of outline maps for grade 10. Economic and social geography of the world. - Omsk: FSUE "Omsk Cartographic Factory", 2012. - 76 p.
Additional
1. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. prof. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2001. - 672 p.: ill., map.: color. on
Encyclopedias, dictionaries, reference books and statistical collections
1. Geography: a reference book for high school students and applicants to universities. - 2nd ed., rev. and revision - M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2008. - 656 p.
2. Africa // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional ones). - St. Petersburg, 1890-1907.
Literature for preparing for the State Exam and the Unified State Exam
1. Thematic control in geography. Economic and social geography of the world. 10th grade / E.M. Ambartsumova. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 80 p.
2. The most complete edition of standard versions of real Unified State Examination tasks: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Astrel, 2010. - 221 p.
3. The optimal bank of tasks for preparing students. Unified State Exam 2012. Geography: Textbook / Comp. EM. Ambartsumova, S.E. Dyukova. - M.: Intellect-Center, 2012. - 256 p.
4. The most complete edition of standard versions of real Unified State Examination tasks: 2010. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2010. - 223 p.
5. Geography. Diagnostic work in the Unified State Exam format 2011. - M.: MTsNMO, 2011. - 72 p.
6. Unified State Exam 2010. Geography. Collection of tasks / Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 272 p.
7. Geography tests: 10th grade: to the textbook by V.P. Maksakovsky “Economic and social geography of the world. 10th grade” / E.V. Baranchikov. - 2nd ed., stereotype. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2009. - 94 p.
8. Unified State Exam 2009. Geography. Universal materials for preparing students / FIPI - M.: Intellect-Center, 2009. - 240 p.
9. Geography. Answers on questions. Oral examination, theory and practice / V.P. Bondarev. - M.: Publishing house "Exam", 2003. - 160 p.
10. Unified State Exam 2010. Geography: thematic training tasks / O.V. Chicherina, Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: Eksmo, 2009. - 144 p.
11. Unified State Exam 2012. Geography: Model exam options: 31 options / Ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National Education, 2011. - 288 p.
12. Unified State Exam 2011. Geography: Standard exam options: 31 options / Ed. V.V. Barabanova. - M.: National Education, 2010. - 280 p.
Materials on the Internet
1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ( ).
2. Federal portal Russian Education ().
The word “creative” used to be synonymous with “disorganized.” Today we want to see a person creative and free-thinking; we admire when a non-standard approach is found to a task.
There are two methods for solving problems:
- Analytical- you select solutions and then determine which one is correct.
- Intuitive (insight method)- the solution comes to your mind ready-made.
It is difficult to go beyond the boundaries when trying to solve a problem analytically, but the insight method is perfect for this.
Scientists have checked Insight solutions are correct more often than analytical solutions both methods and found that the insight method gave more correct answers than analysis. Brain scan showed The Origins of Insight in Resting-State Brain Activity: People who solve problems in this way activate the anterior cingulate cortex. This area monitors conflicts between brain regions and identifies opposing strategies. With its help, a person can see non-obvious ways to solve a problem and direct attention to them.
In addition, during epiphanies, people noted more distracted attention. It allows you to see the whole without focusing on the specific.
Distracted attention is typical for a person in a relaxed state and in high spirits. You're not completely focused on the task, but you're not with your head in the clouds either. Perhaps this is why most epiphanies come to people in, for example, in the bathroom. If you have such an insight, along with it will come the confidence that the decision is the right one. And, judging by scientific data, he should be trusted.
No matter what method you use to solve problems, you do it better than your not-so-distant ancestors.
We are smarter than people who lived 100 years ago
IQ test scores have been increasing since 1930 The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis by three points every decade. This trend is called the Flynn effect, named after the professor who discovered it, James Flynn.
There are several reasons for this pattern:
- The quality of life has increased. The nutrition of pregnant women and infants has improved, and the number of children in the family has decreased. Now people invest in the development and education of their children until they graduate from university.
- Education has improved.
- The characteristics of work have changed. Mental work, as a rule, is valued and paid higher than physical work.
- The cultural environment has changed. In the modern world, people receive much more incentives for brain development: books, the Internet, varied communication, not limited by place of residence.
- People are used to questions from IQ tests. Since childhood, we have been able to solve such problems and use abstract thinking, so we do it better.
We are much luckier than our grandparents, but our children will not necessarily be smarter. An anti-effect has already been discovered in developed European countries The negative Flynn Effect: A systematic literature review Flynn: after the 2000s, the growth of intelligence stopped and even began to decline.
Scientists suggest that the impact of the environment has not reached its peak: it simply cannot be better. People already eat well, have one or two children and study until they are 16–23 years old. They cannot have fewer children or study longer, so it is not surprising that intelligence has stopped growing.
We have become better at solving problems on paper, but does this affect real life? After all, a person is not a machine, and mistakes often occur from an incorrect assessment of information and the characteristics of our perception.
We lack critical thinking
People tend to make mistakes and see only one side of a problem. One example of this type of thinking is the availability heuristic, where a person judges the frequency and possibility of an event by the ease with which examples come to mind.
Using this method, we rely on our memory and do not take into account real statistics. For example, a person is afraid of dying from a terrorist attack or a tornado, but does not even think about a heart attack or. Simply because high-profile cases are shown more often on TV.
Such errors include the anchor effect Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases, when people's decisions are influenced by arbitrary data obtained from the environment. This effect is well demonstrated by an experiment by psychologist Daniel Kahneman. Subjects were asked to spin a wheel of fortune, on which the number 10 or 65 randomly fell out. After this, participants had to estimate the percentage of African countries in the UN. People who saw 10 on the wheel always named a lower number than those who saw 65, although they knew that this was completely unrelated.
People like this follow us everywhere. Learning to notice them is very important, especially in the modern world, where fake news and myths pour in from all sides.
To avoid becoming a victim of illusions, learn to question all information, choose reliable sources and evaluate your beliefs from time to time, even if they seem to be the only true ones.
It is also useful to communicate with a wide range of people to develop critical thinking. We are usually drawn to those who share our views. But to develop the habit of critical thinking, we need people we know who disagree with us. They will give us a lot to think about and perhaps force us to reconsider our beliefs.
QUOTE #1
“We have reached a situation of internal stability, confidence that the country will continue to develop in a stable way. This is probably the most important thing. The economy has changed dramatically,”
- Vladimir Putin said on December 19, 2019.
What is the stability that the president talks about?
Our economic growth rates, according to the most optimistic estimates that Rosstat constantly presents to us, are about 1%. All economists know that these are conventions. The structure of production and the structure of exports are steadily deteriorating. Raw material exports are growing, while modern production is shrinking. At the same time, foreign direct investment in the Russian economy is falling. In 2015-2018, they more than halved. And most of them (60%) are directed to the mining sector.
Therefore, something else is unconditional: the lack of economic growth and a noticeable drop in living standards over the past five years. This despite the fact that, according to World Bank calculations, Russians are four times poorer Here's how this metric is calculated. The per capita wealth of the average Russian includes an estimate of:
- human capital (earnings throughout a person’s life);
- natural resources (renewable and non-renewable); produced capital (mainly buildings and structures, equipment);
- foreign assets (foreign property and liabilities of the country).
Human capital occupies the largest share of wealth (in the Russian Federation - 46%, in OECD countries - 70%), natural capital - another 20%, produced capital accounts for 33%, and foreign assets - the remaining 1%. Over the period from 2000 to 2017, the volume of Russia's total wealth in constant 2017 prices increased by 73% - from 753 trillion to 1306 trillion rubles. The per capita figure over the same period increased, according to World Bank estimates, by 76%, to 8.9 million rubles. ($152.5 thousand). However, this amount is only a quarter of the wealth of a typical resident of developed OECD countries (includes 36 developed countries). Stagnation of real incomes and falling oil prices significantly slowed down the growth of this indicator. residents of 36 developed countries (OECD members). To catch up with developed countries in terms of human capital, according to World Bank calculations, Russia will need a hundred years. This is such stability.
In general, the share of the economically vulnerable population, that is, the share of people who live hard and poorly, is not at all the same as official statistics show us. Official statistics tell us that this share is approximately 12-13%. But if you calculate by purchasing power, it turns out that 28% of the Russian population in 2018 lived on about 700 rubles a day. Moreover, both the level and inflation of tariffs in housing and communal services and prices for food products are quite noticeable.
The Minister of Economy said that the first half of 2020 “has already been lost for Russia in an economic sense.” According to the minister, the economy will face very weak consumer demand at the beginning of next year. And weak consumer demand means that poverty is expanding and people's incomes are falling.
The problem of consumer demand in our economy is not new. It has been around for at least twelve years. And we proposed a radical solution to this problem. This is a famous program"Earth-Houses-Roads" . Free transfer of land to citizens for the construction of individual housing, together with state-built infrastructure, would create the very necessary demand that determines the pace of economic development of the entire country. All European countries emerged from the post-war crisis in exactly this way. But in Russia it only ended in an unsuccessful experiment in the Far East.
Now it's unfolding before our eyesanother story , which economists will definitely be talking about for decades. This is the construction of a gas pipeline to China several hundred kilometers from Tomsk, where only 8% of residents have access to natural gas. Everyone else uses wood and coal.
In general, 65% of Russian residents do not have access to gas supply. Even 15% of Gazprom's revenues would be enough to solve this problem in favor of Russian citizens. But instead, with our own money, we are building a gas pipeline to China, which the Chinese only need in case of war in the Sea of Japan. It is no coincidence that the Power of Siberia project is surrounded by secrets, the main one of which remains the price of gas supplied to China. The media claim that the level of secrecy of the Chinese gas contract is comparable to issues of strategic weapons: only a few people in Russia know the true figure and the formula for calculating it under the agreement. And again, the program proposed by Yabloko"Gas to every home" remains a pipe dream.
QUOTE #2
“As for the withdrawal of foreign troops, there are no foreign troops there. There are local police, local self-defense forces, - Putin assured, answering a question about the situation in Donbass. -Where do they get tanks and heavy artillery? Listen, in many “hot spots” of the world, various kinds of conflicts and military operations are taking place, with the use of tanks, artillery, and so on. Where do they get it from? Apparently, from those structures and states that sympathize with them.”
What can I say? Such views and “sympathies” of the president are seriously dangerous for our country.
Russia needs a completely different policy and different sympathies. Russia needs peace, not war. We need a state of public benefit, not private interests. We need a principle of human conservation that would regulate the relationship between freedom and responsibility. And the government, which must stop treating people as nuisances. Internationally recognized borders are vital for Russia, which do not exist now and without which our country cannot exist in the modern world. Russia cannot afford a policy of hybrid and other proxy wars in very dubious interests on completely foreign territories.
Russia needs peaceful, developing neighbors: Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia - who would have every reason to be friends with Russia and not fear it. The successes of our neighbors in the development of their state institutions and in the economy are our successes. We need a belt of stability and prosperity around our country, and not the other way around.
We need - and this is the most important thing - trust in the country: trust within the country, trust of citizens with each other and between citizens and the authorities. This is exactly what it is impossible to build a modern society and a modern economy without. And this is exactly what the existing political regime cannot provide under any circumstances. The modern global economy is based largely on trust and understanding. And where this is not the case, crises and recessions occur. Today's political system does not allow creating an atmosphere of trust in the country, neither from citizens to the police, nor from citizens to the courts, nor from citizens to the state, nor to each other, nor in business - in nothing. This is a dead end of the system.
We need a state of public interest, that is, a state that works for everyone. Just as we need a policy of peace and trust with our neighbors. But instead we are immersed in a political culture of primitive authoritarianism. This political culture must be pushed aside and replaced by a completely different one. Russia vitally needs freedom. Because freedom is life without fear. Because all citizens of Russia have the right to freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want and poverty and freedom from fear. When these four freedoms are realized, then it will be a Russia of people, and not a country of officials, gangs and thieves.
NO TO CONFLICT OF CIVILIZATIONS! TO DIALOGUE AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE BETWEEN CIVILIZATIONS - YES!
MODERN RUSSIA: IDEOLOGY, POLITICS, CULTURE AND RELIGION
A. Gromyko, Corresponding Member of the RAS ON THE NEW WORLD ORDER, OR ABOUT THE GREAT DISORDER
Everyone has always been concerned about maintaining peace on the deteriorating planet Earth. They talk about it as “our house”, that it must be protected from destruction and, especially, fire. People will never have a second “home” like this. To prevent a catastrophe from happening, you need to know what dangers threaten humanity, an individual country, a people, a family. How to find the right path to get out of the labyrinth of complex contradictions that entangle the world of people? This can be done, including with the help of science, international relations scholars, the Russian Academy of Sciences, and its centers such as the Department of Global Problems and International Relations.
Today, Russia, entering 2015 (the article was written in 2014 - Ed.), like many other countries, is at the epicenter of a foreign policy cataclysm. Thanks to the skillful use of not just “soft”, but even “wise” power, flexible diplomacy, Moscow maintains stability and dynamism in world affairs.
However, there are also threats that undermine global European security. The main threat to the world community comes from the desire of the Atlanticists to put the rule of might over the force of right. Spills of violence that undermine stability in world affairs arise as if by order. One gets the impression that the backstage has become more active in world affairs, betting on creating socio-political chaos in different regions of the world, directed against the existing orders and legitimate authorities. The purpose of such a policy is to create great disorder
is to oppose the consolidation of new centers of power in world affairs instead of the never established unipolar world.
A new Cold War appears to have already arrived. This is clearly seen in the example of the information war, when the Atlanticists essentially established in Europe, by mutual consent, a de facto censorship regime on reports about the events of the civil war in Ukraine. Everything that does not fit into the scheme of the struggle of “democracy” against “Moscow’s expansion” is hushed up and distorted. The official West today pretends not to notice the state genocide that is being carried out by the Kyiv regime against the Russian-speaking population of Donbass. But this genocide gives the right to use force, including military force, to save people.
In conditions of chaos, when the threat of neo-Nazism is growing in Europe, and Islamic terrorism is rising in full force in the Greater Middle East, the world community simply must mobilize so that it is not bombs and missiles that make the history of people, otherwise it will be bloody, and this is rightfully done The United Nations, first of all, all permanent members of the Security Council, all members of the UN General Assembly.
Further successes of globalization and global governance are possible only in conditions of peace, not war. You can't drive a car if all the passengers are fighting. It should be remembered that the right does not disappear because it is maliciously violated; retribution for this will definitely come.
Principles sealed with the blood of millions
ma of Nazi Germany and its allies. This world order was laid down in the UN Charter by Soviet politicians, diplomats and scientists, American and British figures. From the very beginning it came under attack from the Cold Warriors. Attempts to destroy the UN arose constantly, but it survived largely thanks to the efforts of Soviet and Russian foreign policy and diplomacy. Studies of international relations that forget the historical experience of previous generations are unproductive. The world order established in 1945 still remains. The principles of the UN Charter are correct and cannot be eroded. These principles are a fusion of law and morality, and this makes them strong. Often, however, scientists arise who, under the pressure of politics from a position of strength, bend in their views on world affairs and make strange conclusions that the decisions of the meeting in 1945 of the leaders of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition in the Livadia Palace near Yalta on issues of the post-war system are supposedly outdated. This is, of course, not true. The Yalta Conference marked the highest level of peaceful cooperation between the Soviet Union, the United States and Great Britain. Today, of course, a lot is changing, but even more remains unchanged in the world order. What remains is the UN, its Security Council, the borders of Poland, the Kaliningrad region and much more. The UN Charter, this “bible” of international relations and world politics, is imperishable, since its text and principles are sealed with the blood of millions of soldiers and civilians who died in a global military fire. These statements may seem unconvincing, after all, so many years have passed since then. This defeatist approach is a big mistake. The UN was difficult to create, it will not be easily destroyed, and it will be impossible to recreate it. Those who violate the principles and norms of international law remain outside the field of legitimacy, and in the end, no matter how much they puff out their cheeks today, they disappear from world politics. Crimes, as we know, do not negate the criminal code, just as they cannot nullify international law. No matter how “grand” the plans of the masterminds of the new Cold War, in the end they will most likely earn a view from the window of a prison cell. The main role in international relations, which includes world politics, is played by states; they are also significantly influenced by other international institutions, including transnational corporations. The field of their activity is also the international environment in which
The swarm manifests both cooperation between people and their rivalry. The latter often develops into military combats, wars of small and medium scale and intensity, and even world wars. Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences A. A. Kokoshin notes the decisive role of states, especially strong and influential ones, in world politics. It is between states that today there is mainly a struggle for influence in the world with the help of economic, military and “soft power”2. In this conflict-ridden international environment, Russia also has to act, and quite successfully. States also play a leading role not only in politics and diplomacy, but also in economics; in their activities, they strive to rely on “soft power,” including ideological guidelines that are introduced into public and individual consciousness. Can a person survive in this conflict-ridden international environment, where violence plays a major role and poverty and hunger are widespread? Are political elites, including scientists, and science in general, able to find the right path to creating an international environment in which people, using the historical experience of previous generations, will save themselves? These issues are of great importance for developing countries, especially for those where living conditions are particularly harsh. For them, the risks of degradation and destruction of the modest income they have have ceased to be a theory, but have become everyday practice. Hundreds of millions of people are losing their chances of a prosperous life, they are waiting for changes for the better, but there are none. This leads to socio-economic and political explosions. In the context of natural disasters and countless wars, the creation of a world of planetary cooperation and joint international projects has come even more so. The international community is able to curb the militaristic thinking of politicians, who often seek to reshape the geopolitical space and tailor global governance to their own needs. Today, all states operate in a turbulent international environment, this ocean of human emotions and passions, where there is a desire of some people to dominate others, to make profit for themselves, to force everyone to live according to the rules of the individual, not the multiple, of one or more oligarchs, not the people. . Liberal ideology is called upon to establish such an order in the world community. It is supported by the strength of the leading capitalist states. Their policies are aimed at restricting social, economic and political freedoms. Liberalism is becoming
a brake on the free development of the individual and democratic society. The “art” of information wars has reached the level of mass zombification of millions. Challenges of the 21st century thus numerous. I will single out those that, in my opinion, play a primary role in the fate of humanity. This is, first of all, the fate of the person himself. People seem to know more about the universe than they do about themselves. They understand even less how civilizations develop; they have difficulty looking for and sometimes finding ways and means of resolving international conflicts. The new elites tend to forget the experiences and lessons learned by their ancestors; they have a short historical memory. Vanity and incompetence, arrogance and vindictiveness, worship of “hard power” destroy the possibility of reaching the right decisions. The world on Earth often appears to us as terra incognita - an unknown land. The unknown paralyzes the human mind and accustoms us to the idea that good is less and less likely to triumph over evil. At the service of the latter is brute force, murder weapons and obedient robotic men in uniform, who, when asked: “Why are civilians, children, women, and old people dying from your actions?”, stupidly answer: “That’s my job.” What is a person like, his spiritual life? The answer to this question does not explain the origin of man; as is known, there is great debate about it; rather, it explains human behavior, including in politics.
Man is a heavenly and earthly being
International relations and world politics are manifestations of human activity. Without man there is no civilization. There is no peace, no war. Before the end of the world, silence will reign, as man himself will disappear. Man is the only creature on Earth endowed with reason. Man is a spiritual and therefore amazing creature. He lives both in the earthly and heavenly, divine worlds. The great Venetian artist of the Renaissance, Titian, painted the painting “Heavenly Love and Earthly Love” in 1514; it is exhibited in Rome, in the Galleria Borghese museum. In front of this masterpiece, you involuntarily reflect on the mortal and the sublime in the human world. Between the two poles of the earthly and heavenly consciousness of people there is the Sphere of Life. Both poles influence it simultaneously and contradictorily; a world that is far from ideal appears in our minds. Christianity calls for following the commandments of the Old and New Testaments. Earthly world
must live in harmony with heavenly love. Many Orthodox theologians wrote about this, for example, Gregory the Theologian in his time. He defined man as a being who “ceases the enmity” of the spiritual and the physical. The theologian wrote: “I consist of soul and body. And the soul is a stream of infinite light of the Divine; and you produce the body from a dark beginning. If I am one common nature, then hostility has ceased. For it is not hostile, but friendly principles that produce the overall product.”3
The attitude towards man as a product of the “dark principle” is characteristic of most religious thinkers of the Middle Ages. They saw the correct structure of human life in absolute submission and faith in God. Man was thought of as a creation of God (recreational view). Only with the accumulation of knowledge about the world around us, about man himself, did it become possible to recognize the evolutionary path of his development, when the emergence of intelligent life on Earth and its inevitable withering and death are thought of on a scale of hundreds of thousands and millions of years. A correct vision of the world cannot exist without spiritual principles, no matter how unusual they may seem. It is more difficult to comprehend the spiritual than to understand the physical, the Earth and the Cosmos on the basis of experience. The spiritual and divine elude us even when they are obvious. With the help of intelligence, for example, you can move yourself into the past and even rush into the future. For many, such fabulous pictures awaken the consciousness and often suggest the right decisions.
People have visions of the dead, scenes from their lives, pictures of heaven or hell. In the minds of scientists, writers and poets, solutions to complex problems, interesting stories and talented verses arise in the most unexpected way. In critical situations, rulers at the pinnacle of power sometimes have an epiphany and resolve issues of peace. Isn't this all a miracle? The science of international relations, including globalization and global governance, will not provide a real picture of the world, relying only on a range of data from the field of economics and politics. This requires creative exploration. The thought of Academician N.P., who passed away untimely, is applicable to modern political science. Shmeleva. He rightly noted: “...world economic thought seems to be completely confused about where to turn right or left, but also for the future, if world theory and practice are still destined to find a way to live that will finally provide the world with a crisis-free , efficient and socially fair
development"4. The idea of social justice is especially valuable in this conclusion, because it is often forgotten. This also applies to political science, if it pursues the goal of changing our lives for the better and preserving human civilization. This is achievable in conditions of cooperation between the spiritual and material principles of the universe. They are two sides of human existence. The world of people cannot be explained by numbers and graphs alone, or fancy formulations.
Globalization and global governance
Globalization and global governance have become important phenomena in international life. A detailed analysis of foreign policy in the era of globalization is given, for example, in the work of Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences I. S. Ivanov “Foreign Policy in the Era of Globalization.” It examines possible configurations of the world order and speaks of the need to build a flexible polycentric system of global governance. World politics is assessed taking into account security threats, a conclusion is made about the fundamental role of international law in the formation of a new world order, the United Nations becomes its central element5.
Globalization as a natural historical process is analyzed in the fundamental work of A.N. Chumakov “Globalization. Contours of an integral world”, which examines its general theory and the sphere of confrontation between various forces and interests6. It is rightly emphasized that globalization is a complex phenomenon; it should be studied not fragmentarily, but holistically. Against this background, a global worldview is formed; it helps to understand globalization as a state, process and phenomenon7.
I’ll tell you from myself. Globalization is a multifaceted integration process of the formation of a modern life structure and the architecture of world politics in international relations. This process involves states, their coalitions, social, political and economic institutions, as well as military blocs. In the context of globalization, global management (regulation) of the planetary network structure is carried out, where unipolarity is weakened. The United States is making persistent attempts to restore it, but they are futile, moreover, they are harmful, since they undermine the stability of world politics. The impact of globalization on world affairs in the context of repeating
Xia economic and financial crises is falling. Powerful conflict poses great risks to it and global governance. In conditions of acute international conflicts, global governance, including at the regional level, becomes difficult to achieve. This is shown, in particular, by the events in Ukraine, where the civil war threw the country into the abyss of crisis and collapse of morality. There was a need for a moral code for humanity. Scientists are sounding the alarm. So, for example, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences A. A. Guseinov reminds that compliance with moral prohibitions depends on the will and determination of the individual to follow them: “. if a person is convinced of the moral essence of the prohibition, if he knows that it must, of course, be observed, then nothing, no external circumstances, just like no personal emotions, can prevent him from following them.”8 This applies to all morally sanctioned prohibitions, including such fundamental ones as “Thou shalt not kill.” A person, especially one marked by power, cannot violate this sacred truth, this truth of truths9. Many politicians, and even diplomats, do not think about all this and do not fight international crimes, and sometimes commit them themselves. Yet not everything is going badly in world affairs. Positive things are making their way, trends that are sustainable: international law is developing, a single world economy is emerging, universal environmental dependence and global communications are being established; there is a spiritual and civilizational rapprochement of nations. This is possible under the rule of law; The revolution in computer science and telecommunications is gaining momentum. It dramatically increases the mobilization effect of communication. Globalization declared itself loudly in the last third of the twentieth century, when a revolution took place in information technology. In its development it is fraught with many surprises and scenarios for the development of the world. Globalization also brings many risks to people. There are, for example, ecological limits to industrial growth; overloading the natural capabilities of the environment is dangerous. There is a threat of moral degeneration and dangerous mass behavior. Humanity needs a stable moral code. In many ways, it is laid down in the UN Charter, in its principles. Globalization can humanize international relations, politicians and business people. Globalization gives rise to many important tasks, such as preventing unemployment. In the world, including because of it, a widespread protest movement is growing, the social fabric of the formed
societies, the historical heritage is forgotten, the historical memory is erased. Globalization still does not have a stable ideological concept that would unite humanity to face the challenges of the 21st century, and not divide it. People are looking for a way to a conflict-free world, but so far they have not found it. This requires sound judgment and even wisdom. It is better not to rush into rebuilding the world. Wars and revolutions quickly make the history of mankind. When assessing globalization and global governance, one should, first of all, evaluate the role in the world order of such an institution as the state, its sovereignty and participation in global governance. Indeed, will this role be maintained, or is it destined to weaken and fade away?
Global Governance and the State
The scientific community, as a rule, assesses the state of the international environment from a position of optimism and believes that humanity has entered a planetary era in its development. There are good reasons for this. And the main one was globalization, which is often assessed not as a process, constant development, but as a kind of liberal model that successfully regulates the global financial and economic market. There is also a view that the market should not be opposed to government policy and regulation. In domestic and foreign policy, one can successfully use the capabilities of the state, its institutions and mechanisms. In Russia, however, the state's withdrawal from the economy “went too far”10. Academician N.P. Shmelev came to the important conclusion that one of the components of the success of the economic strategy of developing countries, including Russia, is the financing of the investment process through both private and public channels. He emphasized that social policy is an important condition for successful economic growth; without it, “economic miracles do not happen.” Shmelev concluded: “... the main modernization task of any modern government, no matter whether democratic, semi-democratic or even authoritarian, is to select a combination of these factors that, not in words, not in propaganda, but in practice, would provide these conditions for an economic breakthrough.” eleven. The old power centers of the United States and Europe have been experiencing a kind of deindustrialization for a number of years. The West as the world's main industrial base is gradually weakening. Its financial centers are active, but
They, as a rule, operate in conditions of financial and economic stagnation and crisis.
There is a lack of transparency in many financial institutions and difficulties in assessing their risks. Against this negative background, the United States and Europe are losing their positions. In the global financial system, the United States still holds the palm. When the next economic collapse and dollar devaluation occur, the United States will reduce its foreign policy activity.
Another trend in international relations is the slowdown in the development of international law and political globalization. Creating an international legal order will, however, be difficult. On this thorny path, numerous social and international conflicts will manifest themselves. New supranational alliances will appear in the world community, temporary and permanent coalitions will be established, and meetings of leaders of leading states will become more frequent. In the international arena, despite all the changes taking place in the world, national states will remain the main players for many years to come, and their sovereignty may even strengthen. There will be a turn towards statism. National egoism, when “everyone is for himself,” will manifest itself regularly. Foreign policy ideologies will receive a “new registration”; their goals, if necessary, will be disguised.
The ideological and political aspects of globalization are an under-researched area. There's something to hide here. Globalization, as it is taking place today, does not contribute to bridging the social and economic gap between rich and poor countries, and worsens the living conditions of different societies and countries. The fruits of the global economy are being distributed unfairly. This can be seen in most African countries12.
In Europe, one of the main consequences of globalization is rising unemployment and stagnation. The policies of neoliberal globalism are worsening living conditions on the planet, and they hit the least developed countries especially hard. A new big disorder is gaining momentum. When assessing the prospects of globalization and global governance, a contradictory situation is revealed. It turns out that globalization serves different purposes. “Humanitarian interventionism” often turns into unceremonious intervention and, as even Z. Brzezinski admits, gives rise to “. moral deafness and indifference to manifestations of social injustice”13.
Another point of view is also known; it is actively promoted by liberals. The world arena is assessed as a “field of common interests”; rules of conduct that are beneficial to everyone apply. The United States remains the most active sovereign on this planetary field; they strive to introduce new rules, procedures and standards into international relations that are beneficial to everyone.
Sharp contradictions arise between these “modern standards” and the norms of classical international law. For example, “humanitarian intervention” and the established norm of non-interference in the internal affairs of the state.
Nowadays, world leaders use every means to justify their actions and strive to legitimize them. New norms of international law are emerging. The role of the UN and its specialized agencies remains great. Countries that do not take an active part in creating a legitimate field for the 21st century will lose greatly and will be forced to dance to someone else's music. They risk being left out of new coalitions and international organizations.
Leaders of African countries already at the beginning of the 21st century. realized the need to increase the level of cooperation among themselves, they decided to create the African Union (AU). The European Union seems to be an example for them. This was a step in the right direction. Political and economic integration, defense of one’s sovereignty, and defense of Africa’s common interests in the face of new neo-colonialism will be more effective within the framework of such a coalition. Conferences, symposiums and seminars organized using modern means of communication will become an important means of creating the Architecture of International Relations of the 21st century. The mobilization of scientific intelligence and political knowledge, in some ways even intuition, will become one of the most important tasks.
Few states and societies today are prepared for this, Russia being one of them. Her impressive intellectual potential, however, is not eternal and, if it is not valued, can “evaporate.” It will be remembered as a time of unfulfilled hopes. In the ocean of the ferocious waves of globalization, Russia, if its society does not shake itself, is threatened with the fate of the socio-political “Titanic”.
Globalization is a new system in development, it can replace the Cold War, the latter, however, is very tenacious. WHO-
The tough world global economy is disappearing, the levers of control in it are still in the cash safes of the Atlanticists.
Globalization happens to lead to the strengthening of supranational institutions in politics (UN, NATO, G20, BRICS). Such structures, of course, have different destinies. The UN is one thing - the most democratic planetary structure in the world. Another NATO: a closed military bloc, it was created in 1949 as a defensive bloc, and today has become a springboard for offensive actions, often taken bypassing the UN Security Council. This policy of his is introducing aggressiveness, tension and elements of great disorder into world affairs.
The ideology of globalization still does not have an influential concept that would unite humanity before the challenges of the 21st century, and not divide it. People can, if they want, find a way to international cooperation. To do this, in their development they must treat the historical heritage of their ancestors with care, using everything positive from it, especially morality. Neglect of the latter leads to “arrogance of power” - “arrogance of power”. The stronger it is, the weaker humanity is.
Civilizations exist within the framework of their social and international legal institutions: laws and treaties, moral values and traditions. Together they form a fairly stable international environment. Therefore, it is better not to rush in the matter of rebuilding the world.
Quickly, I repeat, the history of mankind is made by wars and revolutions. Caution and wisdom are required. One thing is clear: socio-economic inequality creates political chaos in the minds. Double standards of behavior of states on the world stage, they, like a trail, follow the Atlanticists, destroy international stability, and do not allow the rule of law to establish itself.
The main features of the world order are embodied in transnational interactions, an increasingly interdependent global market, the process of regional integration and global cooperation. As part of this development, new tasks arise; they become common concerns for humanity.
Among them are: the development of the global economy as a financial and economic facet of globalization; global management of the world economy and politics, their finances; creation of a structure of global security, security for everyone, and not for individual privileged regions or groups of countries;
strengthening international organizations, including the UN, capable of managing global problems in all their manifestations; use of human capital in world affairs through higher and secondary education; improving, rather than worsening, people's lives through new technologies in both industry and agriculture; adaptation to climate change, environmental degradation; combating hunger, disease and infection plaguing people; preservation of the cultural heritage of mankind, including international law, as a means of managing and regulating international relations, primarily between states; creating favorable conditions to provide people, primarily in poor countries, with basic products and drinking water, and qualified medical care. Without solving these problems, it is impossible to maintain positive principles in world politics; it will degenerate into a struggle for destruction, and this will lead human civilization to destruction. Is it possible to prevent such an Apocalypse?
Almost every person will answer this question in the affirmative, including high-ranking politicians. But, and this is the whole tragedy, at the same time they will say: “everything is being done correctly, the predictions of the end of the world were invented.” And further: “the use of military force is just a continuation of politics.” Such a persistent militaristic spasm in the consciousness of the political elite destroys the sprouts of new thinking, which is absolutely necessary to create a stable and peaceful international environment where reason and law flourish.
There is another reason for the persistent commitment of a number of politicians and diplomats to politics from a position of strength. This is the desire to preserve, as far as possible, the state of a unipolar world in international affairs, to achieve a humble recognition that the world is ruled by one force, the United States and, when necessary, the military-political bloc of NATO.
Events in and around Ukraine have made the power trend in world politics even more dangerous. Russia's national interests and security are not recognized, and a cumbersome geopolitical adventure is being launched that has nothing to do with the security of Europe. Instead of strengthening partnership with Russia, a futile course has been taken to isolate and discredit it
Russian leaders, especially their most powerful figure, the president.
In such conditions, effective global governance is unlikely. Great disorder in a number of regions - the Greater Middle East, Afghanistan, and South-Eastern Europe - will grow. Meanwhile, the charges of at least three environmental bombs, the arms race and poverty are ticking loudly. To think that they won't blow up anyone is naive. Each of them can be neutralized only through joint planetary efforts.
Notes
1 On this topic, see my article in the magazine “International Affairs”, March 2012.
2 Kokoshin A. A. Some macrostructural changes in the system of world politics. Trends for 2020-2030 // Polis. Political studies. - 2014. - No. 4. - P. 38, 41. (Kokoshin A.A. 2014. Some macrostructure changes in the World politics. Trends for 2020-2030s // “Polis” journal. Political Studies. N 4) (in Russian)/
3 Global Studies. Encyclopedia. - M.: Raduga, 2003. - P. 1157.
4 Shmelev N.P. In defense of common sense // Modern Europe. - 2011. - No. 2 (October-December). - P. 139.
5 Ivanov I.S. Foreign policy in the era of globalization. - M.: OLMA Media Group, 2011.
6 Chumakov A.N. Globalization. Contours of an integral world. - M.: Prospekt, 2014.
7 Ibid. - pp. 406-407.
8 Huseynov Abdusalam. Philosophy of thought and action. - St. Petersburg. State Unitary Enterprise, 2012. -S. 306-307.
10 Popov V.V. Economic development strategy. - M.: Higher School of Economics, 2011. - P. 25.
11 Shmelev N.P. Decree. op. - P. 142. See: Gromyko An.A. Poverty and hunger - facets of globalization // Asia and Africa today. 2014, No. 10. (Gromyko An.A. 2014 Nischeta i golod grani globalizatsii // Aziya i Afrika segodnya. N 10) (in Russian).
Quote from: Russia in the diversity of civilizations. - M., 2011. - P. 53.
“Asia and Africa today”, M., 2014, No. 12, p. 2-8.