Study: Human hands are more primitive than chimpanzee limbs. The chimpanzee's hand is anatomically more developed than that of humans. Differences in behavior
According to genetic research that has just been carried out, there are incomparably large differences between humans and apes.
Remarkably, human DNA allows us to perform complex calculations, write poetry, build cathedrals, walk on the moon, while chimpanzees catch and eat each other's fleas. As information accumulates, the gap between humans and apes becomes increasingly clear. The following are just a few of the differences that cannot be explained by minor internal changes, rare mutations, or survival of the fittest.
1 Tails - where did they go? There is no intermediate state between having a tail and not having a tail.
2 Our newborns are different from baby animals. Their sense organs are quite developed, the weight of the brain and body is much greater than that of monkeys, but with all this, our babies are helpless and more dependent on their parents. Gorilla babies can stand on their feet 20 weeks after birth, while human babies can stand only after 43 weeks. During the first year of life, a person develops functions that baby animals have before birth. Is this progress?
3 Many primates and most mammals produce their own vitamin C. We, as the “strongest,” apparently lost this ability “somewhere along the way to survival.”
4 Monkeys' feet are similar to their hands - their big toe is movable, directed to the side and opposed to the rest of the fingers, resembling the thumb of a hand. In humans, the big toe is directed forward and not opposed to the rest, otherwise we could, having taken off our shoes, easily lift objects with the help of the big toe or even start writing with our feet.
5 Monkeys have no arch in their feet! When walking, our foot, thanks to the arch, absorbs all loads, shocks and impacts. If man descended from ancient monkeys, then the arch of his foot should have appeared from scratch. However, a spring vault is not just a small part, but a highly complex mechanism. Without him, our life would be completely different. Just imagine a world without upright walking, sports, games and long walks!
Differences between monkeys and humans
6 A person does not have a continuous coat of hair: if a person shares a common ancestor with monkeys, where did the thick hair go from the monkey’s body? Our body is relatively hairless (disadvantage) and completely devoid of tactile hair. There are no other intermediate, partially hairy species known.
7 Human skin is rigidly attached to the muscular frame, which is characteristic only of marine mammals.
8 Humans are the only land creatures that can consciously hold their breath. This seemingly “insignificant detail” is very important, since an essential condition for the ability to speak is a high degree of conscious control of breathing, which we do not share with any other animal living on land. Desperate to find a land-based "missing link" and based on these unique human properties, some evolutionists have seriously proposed that we evolved from aquatic animals!
9 Among primates, only humans have blue eyes and curly hair.
10 We have a unique speech apparatus that provides the finest articulation and articulate speech.
11 In humans, the larynx occupies a much lower position in relation to the mouth than in monkeys. Due to this, our pharynx and mouth form a common “tube”, which plays an important role as a speech resonator. This ensures better resonance - a necessary condition for pronouncing vowel sounds. Interestingly, a drooping larynx is a disadvantage: unlike other primates, humans cannot eat or drink and breathe at the same time without choking.
12 The thumb of our hand is well developed, strongly opposed to the rest and very mobile. Monkeys have hook-shaped hands with a short and weak thumb. No element of culture would exist without our unique thumb! Coincidence or design?
13 Only humans have true upright posture. Sometimes, when monkeys are carrying food, they can walk or run on two limbs. However, the distance they travel this way is quite limited. In addition, the way monkeys walk on two legs is completely different from how humans walk on two legs. The unique human approach requires a complex integration of the many skeletal and muscular features of our hips, legs and feet.
14 Humans are able to support our body weight on our feet while walking because our hips meet at our knees, forming a unique 9-degree bearing angle with the tibia (in other words, we have “knees”). Conversely, chimpanzees and gorillas have widely spaced, straight legs with a bearing angle of almost zero. When walking, these animals distribute the weight of their body on their feet, swaying their body from side to side and moving using the familiar “monkey gait”.
15
The complexity of the human brain is much greater than that of monkeys. It is approximately 2.5 times larger than the brain of great apes in volume and 3–4 times larger in mass. A person has a highly developed cerebral cortex, in which the most important centers of the psyche and speech are located. Unlike monkeys, only humans have a complete Sylvian fissure, consisting of the anterior horizontal, anterior ascending and posterior branches.
In most other mammals, the grasping organs are a pair of jaws with teeth or two front paws that press together. And only in primates the thumb on the hand is clearly opposed to the other fingers, which makes the hand a very convenient grasping device in which the other fingers act as a single unit. Here is a demonstration of this fact, but before proceeding with the practical experiment, read the following warning:
While performing the exercise below, bend your index finger and DO NOT HOLD middle finger with the other hand, otherwise you may damage the forearm tendon.
After reading the warning, place one palm on a flat surface, back side down. Bend your little finger, trying to touch it to your palm. Please note that along with the little finger, the ring finger also rose, and its movement occurs automatically, regardless of your will. And in the same way, if you bend your index finger, then your middle finger will follow it. This happens because the hand has evolved to grasp, and it is possible to grasp something with minimal effort and maximum speed if the fingers are connected to the same mechanism. In our hand, the gripping mechanism is “headed” by the little finger. If you set yourself the task of quickly squeezing your fingers one by one so that they touch your palm, then it is much more convenient to start with the little finger and end with the index finger, and not vice versa.
Opposite these fingers is the thumb. This is not uncommon in the animal kingdom, but in few groups this feature extends to all members of the group. Birds of the order Passeriformes have opposable digits, although in some species it is one digit out of four, and in others two digits are opposed to the other two digits. Some reptiles, such as the branch-walking chameleon, also have opposable toes. In invertebrates, prehensile organs take many forms—the claws of crabs and scorpions and the forelimbs of insects such as the praying mantis come to mind. All these organs are used to manipulate objects (the word "manipulation" comes from the Latin manus, which means "hand").
Our thumb is opposed to the other fingers only on our hands; in other primates this feature extends to all limbs. Humans lost the opposable toe as they descended from the trees to the ground, but the size of the big toe still indicates its special role in the past.
Compared to all monkeys, man has the most dexterous hand. We can easily touch the tip of our thumb with the tips of all our other fingers because it is relatively long. The chimpanzee's thumb is much shorter; they can also manipulate objects, but to a lesser extent. When monkeys hang and swing on a branch, their thumb usually does not wrap around it. They simply fold their remaining fingers into a hook and grab the branch with them. The thumb does not take part in the formation of this “hook”. A chimpanzee only grasps a branch with all its fingers when walking slowly along it or standing on top of it, and even then, like most apes, it does not so much grasp the branch as rest on its knuckles, as when walking on the ground.
Chimpanzee palm and human palm.
Primates have another evolutionary adaptation for manipulation on their hands. In most of their species, the claws have turned into flat nails. Thus, the fingertips are protected from damage, but the fingertips retain sensitivity. With these pads, primates can press on objects, grasp them and feel any surface, even the smoothest, without scratching it. To increase friction, the skin in this area is covered with fine wrinkles. This is why we leave fingerprints.
The hands of modern apes may have arisen after the human type of hand was formed in the evolution of our common ancestors.
Man differs from chimpanzees, his closest evolutionary relatives, not only in brain size and almost complete absence of hair. For example, our hands and theirs are structured differently: in humans, the thumb is relatively long and strongly opposed to its neighbors, and the rest are short; in chimpanzees, on the contrary, the thumb is shortened, and the rest are noticeably longer than in humans. This arrangement of the limb helps monkeys climb trees; as for the human hand, it is believed that it is ideally suited for wielding tools and a variety of fine work. That is, the fact that we can draw, play the piano and hammer nails is the result of a long evolution of human anatomy, which began 7 million years ago, when the predecessors of humans split off from their common ancestor with chimpanzees.
Chimpanzee hand. (Photo by DLILLC/Corbis.)
Reconstruction of the limb of Ardipithecus ramidus. (Photo: Euder Monteiro/Flickr.com)
The human hand, despite its antiquity, turned out to be a very multifunctional tool. (Photo by Marc Dozier/Corbis.)
However, William Youngers ( William L. Jungers) and his colleagues from the State University of New York at Stony Brook believe that the human hand has not evolved that much and has remained a fairly simple anatomical “device.” The earliest tool created by man dates back to 3.3 million years ago, however, if you look at the skeleton of Ardipithecus Ardipithecus ramidus, who lived 4.4 million years ago and belonged to the evolutionary group of people, we will see that his hand resembles the hand of a modern person rather than the hand of a chimpanzee. In other words, the human hand acquired its characteristic appearance even before our ancestors learned to use it. Moreover, a hypothesis has emerged that it was like this in our most ancient predecessors, who had just diverged in evolution from chimpanzees.
To test this assumption, anthropologists compared the hand and finger anatomy of a variety of living primates, including common apes, great apes, and humans themselves. Several extinct species were added to them: Ardipithecus, Neanderthals (that is, real people, albeit of a different variety than modern ones), Australopithecus Australopithecus sediba, who lived about 2 million years ago and is considered by many to be a direct ancestor Homo, and apes of the genus Proconsul, whose remains are 25 million years old.
This means that the human hand type is actually older than that of chimpanzees and orangutans, whose limbs adapted to an arboreal lifestyle. But why did our ancient ancestors need a hand with a long thumb opposed to the rest - a hand that would be convenient for making and grasping tools, if they existed then? According to the authors of the work, a good grasping hand helped not with tools, but with food: ancient primates ate a wide variety of food, and in order to take and hold pieces of it, just such a hand was needed.
On the other hand, some anthropologists generally doubt that this work makes sense: in their opinion, it is impossible to draw such conclusions based only on the analysis of the skeleton of the hands, and in order to talk about what kind of hand our ancient ancestor, more data is needed.
Here we cannot help but recall another study that we wrote about in 2012: its authors, employees of the University of Utah, came to the conclusion that the hand of the first people was intended not so much for performing complex manipulations, but rather for (which, by the way, other primates cannot do). Although in that article the authors adhered to the hypothesis that it was the monkey hand that turned into the human hand, and not vice versa, here they also dispensed with tools as the driving force in the formation of the human hand. One way or another, no matter how our ancestors used their hands, they turned out to be quite well adapted for complex and subtle manipulations with objects.
An amazing discovery was made by anthropologists. These scientists were able to prove the seemingly unthinkable: from an anatomical point of view, chimpanzee hands are more perfect than human hands.
This indicates that the common ancestor of chimpanzees and Homo sapiens did not bear noticeable similarities to the modern great apes, which are both humans and chimpanzees. In any case, this is exactly what the scientists themselves said on the pages of the Nature Communications publication.
As Owen Lovejoy, an anatomist from the University of Kent, argues on the Science website, the discoveries made by anthropologists since the discovery of the remains of Ardipithecus have fortunately begun to penetrate the consciousness of large sections of the scientific community, which is gradually accepting that we have in common with The chimpanzee ancestor was not at all like them. After all, chimpanzees are adapted to a lifestyle on high tree branches and eating fruit and therefore can hardly be used as an example of the probable appearance of our common ancestors.
In practice, this statement was proven by a group of paleontologists and anthropologists, led by Sergio Almesihi from the University of Washington. To do this, it was necessary to compare the structure of the hands of Australopithecus sediba, Ardipithecus, humans and chimpanzees, as well as some other modern monkeys and ancient primates.
First of all, scientists were interested in the ratio of length and a number of other anatomical features of the thumb and other parts of the hand. This made it possible to quite accurately not only trace, but also restore the various evolutionary connections that exist between different species of primates.
Thanks to these anatomical characteristics, paleontologists demonstrated that it was the human hand, and not the chimpanzee hand, that was closer in structure to the hand of Ardipithecus, Australopithecus and other ancient anthropoids. Therefore, anatomically, our hands are more primitive than the hands of chimpanzees.
As scientists emphasize, this conclusion not only does not refute Darwin’s theory of evolution, but, on the contrary, further confirms it. This is explained by the fact that, with sufficient prosperity, many species of living beings begin to specialize in a certain ecological niche, acquiring, as a result, highly specialized adaptations and at the same time losing universal features, since it is the above-mentioned highly specialized adaptations that help them survive in specific conditions.
Chimpanzees are a good example of this mechanism, in particular their short thumbs and long hands, which are superbly adapted for life on tree branches.
At the same time, chimpanzees are almost incapable of efficiently performing some tasks that are familiar to us, for example, accurately throwing stones.
At the same time, it is the human hand, although it is more primitive and, accordingly, more universal, that gives him the opportunity to confidently solve a lot of different problems, without being capable of performing those specialized tasks that chimpanzees face.
Primate hand
In most other mammals, the grasping organs are a pair of jaws with teeth or two front paws that press together. And only in primates the thumb on the hand is clearly opposed to the other fingers, which makes the hand a very convenient grasping device in which the other fingers act as a single unit. Here is a demonstration of this fact, but before proceeding with the practical experiment, read the following warning:
While performing the exercise below, bend your index finger and DO NOT HOLD middle finger with the other hand, otherwise you may damage the forearm tendon.
After reading the warning, place one palm on a flat surface, back side down. Bend your little finger, trying to touch it to your palm. Please note that along with the little finger, the ring finger also rose, and its movement occurs automatically, regardless of your will. And in the same way, if you bend your index finger, then your middle finger will follow it. This happens because the hand has evolved to grasp, and it is possible to grasp something with minimal effort and maximum speed if the fingers are connected to the same mechanism. In our hand, the gripping mechanism is “headed” by the little finger. If you set yourself the task of quickly squeezing your fingers one by one so that they touch your palm, then it is much more convenient to start with the little finger and end with the index finger, and not vice versa.
Opposite these fingers is the thumb. This is not uncommon in the animal kingdom, but in few groups this feature extends to all members of the group. Birds of the order Passeriformes have opposable digits, although in some species it is one digit out of four, and in others two digits are opposed to the other two digits. Some reptiles, such as the branch-walking chameleon, also have opposable toes. In invertebrates, prehensile organs take many forms—the claws of crabs and scorpions and the forelimbs of insects such as the praying mantis come to mind. All these organs are used to manipulate objects (the word "manipulation" comes from the Latin manus, which means "hand").
Our thumb is opposed to the other fingers only on our hands; in other primates this feature extends to all limbs. Humans lost the opposable toe as they descended from the trees to the ground, but the size of the big toe still indicates its special role in the past.
Compared to all monkeys, man has the most dexterous hand. We can easily touch the tip of our thumb with the tips of all our other fingers because it is relatively long. The chimpanzee's thumb is much shorter; they can also manipulate objects, but to a lesser extent. When monkeys hang and swing on a branch, their thumb usually does not wrap around it. They simply fold their remaining fingers into a hook and grab the branch with them. The thumb does not take part in the formation of this “hook”. A chimpanzee only grasps a branch with all its fingers when walking slowly along it or standing on top of it, and even then, like most apes, it does not so much grasp the branch as rest on its knuckles, as when walking on the ground.
Chimpanzee palm and human palm.
Primates have another evolutionary adaptation for manipulation on their hands. In most of their species, the claws have turned into flat nails. Thus, the fingertips are protected from damage, but the fingertips retain sensitivity. With these pads, primates can press on objects, grasp them and feel any surface, even the smoothest, without scratching it. To increase friction, the skin in this area is covered with fine wrinkles. This is why we leave fingerprints.
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