Select international economic organizations from the list provided. International economic organizations: goals, functions, activities. System of international economic organizations. Economic Commission for Europe

(IEO) - a system of entities of various types created on the basis of agreements between governments or state bodies, economic organizations of interested countries for the coordination of economic actions, cooperation or joint production and economic activities in certain areas of the economy, science and technology. IEOs are created through equity contributions, operate on the basis of a charter, and have governing bodies with equal representation of the participating parties.

Currently, there are more than 4 thousand international organizations, of which more than 300 are intergovernmental. The key and most universal of them are organizations that arose almost simultaneously in the late 40s. and today act as the most important forums for coordinating economic policies between countries:

International Monetary Fund (macroeconomic policy) - is a compact international organization that performs, among other things, the function of overseeing the development of the international economy in general and the macroeconomics of each of the 184 member countries in particular.

World Bank Group (Structural Policy) - consists of five organizations: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (184 members), the International Development Association (163 members), the International Finance Corporation (178 members), the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (167 states) and the International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes (134 members ). Their main task is to provide loans to developing countries and countries with economies in transition for the implementation of structural policy measures, such as financial sector reforms, labor market support, environmental improvement, improvement of the education system, etc.

World Trade Organization (trade policy), whose members include 149 states, focuses on regulating a key area of ​​the international economy - trade in goods and services.

United Nations System (social policy) itself is a system of many organizations that is in the process of reorganization. Officially, the UN system includes: UN programs(UN Children's Fund, UN Development Program, World Food Program, etc.). Specialized agencies(International Labor Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), World Bank, International Monetary Fund, United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), etc.). UN Autonomous Organizations(International Atomic Energy Agency, International Tourism Organization).

Among the international organizations responsible for monitoring and regulating certain areas of the international economy, the following main functional groups can be distinguished:

1. Country Advisory Groups - relatively permanent mechanisms for coordinating the economic policies of countries, usually not formalized in a permanent international organization, but often having their own secretariat, placed at their disposal by a member country or some permanent international organization. For example: The Group of Seven (G5 + Canada and Italy) united until Russia was admitted to it in 1997.

2. Universal international organizations - unite the vast majority of countries in the world, collect information and regulate specific forms of international economic relations. These include the IMF, the World Bank Group, the UN system, the WTO, and the International Labor Organization.

3. Industry international organizations - regulate certain sectors of the production of goods or services and trade in them on the international stage. The most significant of these is the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), a forum of 12 oil-exporting countries whose main task is to set and enforce oil production quotas, which is considered a mechanism to maintain world oil prices.

4. Regional international organizations - numerous associations of small groups of countries that have not taken the form of integration and serve as a forum for them to discuss regional problems of mutual interest, harmonize regional policies in matters of production and foreign trade, and collect and summarize information about a given region.

5. International banking organizations - include organizations such as the Bank for International Settlements, the Scandinavian Investment Bank... A separate group here are international development banks - the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the African Development Bank (ADB), the West African Development Bank (EADB), etc. d. A characteristic feature of development banks is that they are regional in nature and their activities are aimed at jointly financing projects in member countries with other banks.

Classification of international economic organizations:

1. By the nature of membership and legal nature of the participants:

· Interstate(intergovernmental) - an association of states established on the basis of an international treaty to achieve common goals;

Non-governmental– are created on the basis of an association of individuals or legal entities in the form of associations, federations and acts in the interests of members to achieve specific goals (Association of International Law, League of Red Cross Societies).

2. According to the circle of participants:

· Universal– open to participation of all countries (UN and its specialized units);

· Regional– created at the regional level, members can be participants from the same region (Organization of African Unity, Organization of American States).

3. In terms of competence:

· Organizations of general competence– cover all areas of relations between member states: political, economic, social, cultural (UN, Council of Europe);

Organizations of special competence– carry out cooperation and regulation in one area (IAEA - International Atomic Energy Agency, International Labor Organization (ILO)).

4. By the nature of the powers:

· Interstate– include almost all IEOs, the purpose of which is to implement interstate cooperation;

· Supranational organizations carrying out integration, their decisions apply directly to individuals and legal entities of the Member States (EU).

5. According to the terms of participation in membership:

· Open– any state can become a member at its discretion;

· Closed– where the reception is at the invitation of the original founders (NATO).

Main functions.1. Assistance- organization of international conferences, collection and analysis of statistical and factual materials, publication and dissemination of statistics and research, provision of premises and secretariat for multilateral and bilateral negotiations.

2. Observation- assistance with the possibility of formulating and publishing the official point of view of the organization on certain problems, which is a way of creating public opinion and thereby influencing the economic policy of the country. The most typical example of an organization performing a monitoring function is the UN; the UN does not possess any real levers of influence other than the power of persuasion.

3. Supervision- a more stringent form of monitoring associated with the obligation of countries to report on a regular basis and in an established form data on their economic situation and listen to recommendations on the substance of current economic development. A typical example is the IMF, whose main function is precisely strict supervision of the economic policies of member countries in order to provide them with recommendations based on international experience to prevent potential macroeconomic imbalances and the most effective solution to existing problems.

4. Regulation- supervision, based on forcing countries to implement the recommendations of the international community through the development of relevant international norms and mechanisms for enforcing their implementation. An example is the WTO, within which certain international trade rules have been established, to which more than a hundred countries have agreed, as well as strict anti-dumping and other procedures that are applied against violators of the agreed rules.

The goals and functions of the IEO, both at the global and regional levels, are:

Studying and taking action on the most important problems in the field of international economic organizations; - Adoption of resolutions and recommendations in the field of regulation of world economic relations; - Promotion of reconstruction and economic development in developing countries; - Ensuring the stabilization of currencies; - Promoting the elimination of trade barriers and ensuring widespread trade between states; -Providing funds to complement private capital to assist technological and economic progress; - Stimulating improvement of working conditions and labor relations.

The main permanent intergovernmental organization is the United Nations (founded in 1945). According to the charter UN is called upon to carry out international cooperation in order to resolve global economic problems (Article 1) “with the aim of creating conditions of stability and prosperity”, with the aim of “promoting improved living standards, economic development and progress in the world.”

Issues of economic cooperation are dealt with by the highest body of the UN - the General Assembly and the ECOSOC (Economic and Social Council) led by it.

General Assembly UN organizes research and makes recommendations to states to promote international cooperation in economic, social and other sectors; The GA also exercises leadership functions in relation to ECOSOC.

The Economic and Social Council is called upon to solve specific problems of international economic cooperation. According to the UN Charter, the functions of ECOSOC include conducting various types of research and reports on international issues in the areas of economic, social, culture, education, health and similar issues.

Within the framework of the Council, draft international agreements and conventions are developed, which are subsequently submitted for approval to the General Assembly. The functions of ECOSOC also include coordinating the activities of specialized UN agencies, with which it enters into special agreements, as well as the leadership of regional economic commissions.

The following regional economic commissions operate under the leadership of the Economic and Social Council.

1. Economic Commission for Europe(Economic Commission for Europe) was created in 1947 for a period of five years to provide effective assistance to European countries devastated by World War II. Then the term of this commission was extended indefinitely. The highest body of the commission is the plenary sessions (convened once a year). The permanent body of the Commission is the Secretariat, which has departments: plans and research, industrial, transport, trade and intermediary. There are ten committees within the Commission: on ferrous metallurgy; for coal; for electricity; on industry and inland transport; by labor force; on the housing issue; on the development of foreign trade, etc.

2. Economic Commission for Asia and the Pacific(ESCAP) was created in 1947 as a temporary organization. In 1952 the commission was reorganized into a permanent one. The highest body of the Commission is the plenary sessions (convened once a year). The permanent body is the Secretariat, consisting of the departments of industry and trade, transport and communications, social affairs, research and plans. ESCAP has: the Committee on Industry and Natural Resources, the Committee on Inland Transport and Communications, and the Committee on Trade. With the participation of ESCAP, projects were developed for the construction of a trans-Asian railway and the construction of a trans-Asian highway through 15 countries.

3. Economic Commission for Latin America(ECLA) was created in 1948, in 1951 it was transformed into a permanent commission. Its members are 20 Latin American countries. The highest and permanent bodies of the Commission are the plenary sessions and the Secretariat, respectively. The Secretariat consists of six departments. With the participation of ECLA, the Latin American Economic System (LAES) was created.

Economic Commission for Africa(ECA) was formed at the XXV session of ECOSOC (1958). The functions, supreme and permanent bodies are similar to other economic commissions. ECA has developed projects for the construction of the Trans-African, Trans-Saharan and East African Highways.

5. Economic Commission for Western Asia(ECZA) focused on the research form of activity, summarizing and forecasting trends and development prospects for individual countries in the region. In particular, the practice of transnational corporations in the oil industry of the region is examined.

An important subsidiary body of the UN General Assembly is International Trade Commission(UNISTRAL), which works to promote and unify international trade rights. In particular, it developed the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, adopted at a UN conference in 1980.

One of the most significant UN bodies dealing with problems of economic cooperation is UN Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD). It was established in 1964 as a subsidiary body of the UN General Assembly and has long grown into an independent body. The highest body of UNCTAD is the conference sessions (meeted once every three to four years). Between sessions, the conference functions as the Trade and Development Council (meets twice a year). The Council has seven standing committees: on commodities; for industrial goods; according to preferences; on invisible items and trade-related financing; on sea transportation; on Technology Transfer and Economic Cooperation of Developing Countries, as well as four working groups.

In the UNGA resolution that established UNCTAD, its functions were formulated as follows:

1) encouragement of international trade, especially from the point of view of accelerating economic development, in particular trade between countries at different levels of development;

2) establishing principles and policies relating to international trade and related economic development issues;

4) review and facilitate coordination of the activities of other agencies within the UN system;

5) taking, if necessary, measures in cooperation with the competent UN bodies to negotiate and approve multilateral legal acts in the field of trade;

6) coordination of policies of governments and regional economic groupings in the field of trade;

7) consideration of any other issues within the competence.

The nature of UNCTAD's activities, its structure, universality, scope of competencies and the nature of the documents adopted give every reason to consider it as a permanent international organization. The organization's headquarters is located in Geneva.

United Nations Industrial Development Organization(UNIDO) was created in 1956 to promote the industrialization of developing countries. In 1985, it acquired the status of a specialized agency of the UN. The highest body of UNIDO is the General Conference, convened once every four years; the governing body is Industrial Development Council, whose meetings are held once a year. The Council consists of 45 members elected by the General Conference for a term of three years based on the principle of equitable geographical representation. The Standing Committee is a subsidiary body of the Council and meets twice a year. The Secretariat - the administrative body of UNIDO is located in Vienna (Austria). The Secretary-General of UNIDO, on the recommendation of the Council, is approved by the General Conference for a period of four years. The governing bodies also include the Program and Budget Committee. Since 1981, an information bank on industry and technology has been operating.

The founding documents of the organization are the Lima Declaration and Plan of Action for Industrial Development and Cooperation, adopted in 1975. UNIDO develops recommendations and programs for governments of developing countries to provide technical assistance in the design and construction of facilities.

The establishment of equal international economic cooperation in the field of science and technology should promote World Intellectual Property Organization(WIPO), which is designed to assist developing countries in establishing national systems for the protection of industrial property and copyright.

Among UN monetary institutions stand out: International Monetary Fund (IMF);

■ International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD);

■ International Finance Corporation (IFC);

■ International Development Association (MAP).

All these organizations are intergovernmental in nature and have the status of specialized agencies of the UN, i.e. The UN cannot advise them on policies and guidelines for their activities.

IMF And IBRD- the largest international monetary and credit organizations - created on the basis of agreements adopted by the Bretton Woods Conference (USA) in 1944. Members of each organization are 184 states, including the Russian Federation.

The objectives of the IMF are to coordinate the monetary and financial policies of member countries and to provide loans to them to settle balances of payments and maintain exchange rates.

The main goal of the IBRD is to promote the reconstruction and development of the territories of member states by encouraging investment for productive purposes.

MFC(established in 1956 as a subsidiary of the IBRD and has 176 member countries) finances primarily multinational projects involving local and foreign capital, providing loans on preferential terms and without government guarantees.

MAP(established in 1960 as a branch of the IBRD; it now includes more than 160 countries) provides interest-free loans to developing countries on more favorable terms than the IBRD. The loan term for the least developed (according to the UN list) countries is 40 years, for the rest - 35 years.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade(GATT) is the largest intergovernmental trade agreement. It was adopted in 1948 as a temporary agreement. Throughout history (1948-1994), its most important function was to conduct multilateral rounds of trade negotiations. There were 8 such rounds in total. The last, Uruguay round, ended in April 1994 with the signing of the Final Act, which consisted of an agreement on the establishment World Trade Organization and a number of documents that together made up the WTO system.

The highest body of the WTO is Ministerial Conference WTO member states. Its sessions are held at least once every two years. Between sessions, the General Council of WTO Members is convened as necessary. It serves as a Dispute Settlement Authority and a Trade Review Mechanism.

politicians. The Ministerial Conference appoints a Director General, who heads the WTO Secretariat. All decisions within the WTO are made by consensus. The competence of the WTO includes:

■ International trade in industrial and agricultural goods;

■ trade in textiles and clothing;

■ international trade in services; ■ intellectual property;

■ trade-related investments;

■ special protective, anti-dumping and countervailing measures;

■ sanitary and phytosanitary measures;

■ rules of origin of goods;

■ import licensing, etc.

All multilateral WTO agreements are binding on member states; other countries are forced to follow the norms and rules developed in the GATT/WTO.

In modern international economic relations, a significant role belongs to universal associations that are not formally international organizations. These include, first of all, the Paris and London clubs of creditors.

Paris Club - an interstate mechanism created to develop multilateral agreements between creditor states in relation to debtor states in order to revise the terms of debt repayment. Officially, it does not have a charter, admission rules or assigned structures.

The Russian Federation, being a successor to the USSR, in connection with membership in the Club, received the opportunity to put into practice the sale of significant external assets, many of which were considered “hopeless”.

London club was created with the aim of developing agreements with debtor countries on the payment of external debt and repayment of interbank debt. It unites 600 commercial creditor banks from the leading countries of the world. It is headed by representatives of Deutsche Bank (Germany).

International economic integration (IEI) has found practical implementation in a number of integration associations around the world, which determine the state and prospects for the further development of the world economy in general and international economic relations in particular. The concept of "integration", i.e. "restoration, replenishment." It means the state of connectedness of individual differentiated parts and functions of the system as a whole. This concept also means the process leading to such a state. Therefore, international integration can be defined as an objective, conscious process aimed at bringing together, interpenetrating and merging the national economies of different countries in the region.

Integration is, first of all, interstate regulation of economic interdependence, as well as the formation of a regional economic complex with a structure and proportions focused on the needs of the region as a whole; a process that frees the movement of goods, services, capital and labor from national barriers, leading to the creation of a single internal market, which ensures an increase in labor productivity and an increase in living standards in the countries of this integration association. MPEI has reached its greatest maturity in the economic space of the European continent. The integration process in Western Europe after World War II was initiated by political decisions taken at the level of leadership of the leading countries of the European region.

Global financial crisis 2007 2011 plunged the world and regional integration process into a special phase of survival of almost all integration unions in the world, especially the European Union.

European Union. The starting point for the creation of the EU and the formation of a pan-European economic space should be considered the Paris statement on May 9, 1950 by French Foreign Minister R. Schuman, who proposed placing all coal and steel production in Western Europe under common interethnic leadership.

A new impetus for European integration was given in 1957 with the signing of the Treaty of Rome, according to which two more associations were established - the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). Thus, the Treaty of Rome united three communities: the ECSC, the EEC and Euratom into a single economic bloc, called the European Economic Community until 1992, and then renamed the European Union.

In the European Union, since January 1, 1993, national mechanisms for monitoring intraregional relations have been eliminated. Economic feasibility has become the criterion for international economic activity throughout the EU, so within the EU the concepts of “export” and “import” have lost all meaning.

Over the years of the existence and development of the EU, a single market for financial services has also been created. In the tax sphere, gradually, by overcoming various difficulties, the harmonization of taxes and taxation systems of EU countries continues.

The most important component of European economic integration has become the monetary integration of EU countries. The objective basis for currency integration was the achievements in the formation of a unified regional economic complex. The formation of a monetary union within the EU and the introduction of a single European currency into non-cash circulation since January 1999 required the EU countries and its governing bodies to both theoretically understand and practically solve the problems of international monetary integration being carried out for the first time in the world.

For the successful development of deep economic integration, it was necessary to develop and constantly implement a unified integration policy for all EU member countries in the following areas of economic interaction.

Agrarian policy. Agriculture is one of the most important areas of EU policy. The vast majority of all regulations and directives concern agricultural issues, and the majority of the EU budget is directly or indirectly allocated to this sector. Agricultural policy is based on a single price system, guaranteeing the establishment of a single minimum price for many agricultural products in EU countries.

Industrial policy. It can be defined, based on the economic policy of the EU as a whole, as a set of interrelated decisions of the governing bodies of the EU, seeking, through various business development tools, to achieve quantitative and qualitative medium- or long-term goals for the European industry.

the union as a whole. The effectiveness of industrial policy as such can only be ensured through its interaction with the entire range of EU integration policy measures, and its goals must be subordinated and coordinated with general and local goals in all other areas of EU economic activity. The goal of industrial policy is to strengthen and renew the industrial base of European countries and change its structure to increase the share of domestic consumption of products from advanced industries through domestic production and increase the competitiveness of industrial goods of EU countries on world markets.

Foreign economic policy is one of the most important tools for influencing the state and dynamics of development of European industry. It is based on a reasonable combination of measures that remove obstacles to the free international exchange of goods, services and factors of production, and measures to protect domestic EU producers.

Foreign trade policy at the current stage provides the following opportunities to national governments of EU countries:

• introduce import quotas on goods from third countries;
• conclude agreements on so-called voluntary export restrictions (primarily with countries that have extremely low prices for products of the textile and electronics industries);
• use, according to the agreement, import quotas for trade in textile fibers;
• maintain special trade relations with the former colonies of Great Britain.

Competition regulation policy. Competition regulation has become one of the most important areas of EU integration policy. Officially, the purpose of this policy is not only to remove obstacles to exchange among member countries, but also to stimulate the optimal allocation of resources and the creation of more competitive structures.

The main purpose of EU competition policy is to remove public and private barriers to the development of open and free competition, which is essential for stimulating cross-country economic cooperation in the interests of international business.

Monetary policy. When the EU was created, a desire was expressed to achieve a single monetary policy. However, concrete steps in this direction were not taken at first. In addition, a single monetary policy determines the implementation of a single economic policy, which the member countries could not decide to do in the early stages of the formation of the EU. The first step towards creating a European monetary system was the introduction in 1971 of the European unit of account - the ECU. The ECU was replaced in 1999 by a new currency unit of united Europe - the euro. In this regard, the European Central Bank was created, located in Frankfurt am Main (Germany). The transition of 12 EU countries to the euro has significantly facilitated the conduct of international business both within the EU and beyond. In 2015, the euro is used as the official currency in 19 European countries.

Regional policy. In the process of Western European integration in the 1990s. The role of regional politics steadily increased. Now we are talking about the creation of a fundamentally new formation - a “Europe of regions”, gradually moving towards a federal form of suprastate structure.

Enlargement of the European Union to the East. Since 2004, the European Union has entered a qualitatively new stage of its development, and in 2004, 2007 and 2013. the number of its members expanded to include the states of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), Southern Europe and the Baltics from 15 to 28. Given the associated geopolitical factors, such an event can be compared in significance to the creation of the Common Market itself more than 40 years ago.

The European Union went through seven stages of expansion from 1957 to 2013. The new quality of the last three stages is determined primarily by the fact that countries that 10 years ago were building a socialist society joined the EU. Some of them (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) were part of the former USSR and directly interacted in the economic sphere with Russia, which is nearby geographically and provides them with financial, scientific and logistical support. Since 2007, Bulgaria and Romania have been admitted to the EU, and since 2013, Croatia.

EU enlargement to the East will also have positive and negative consequences for Russia in the short and long term.

Let us note that 2009 was marked by the adoption of the Lisbon Act (Treaty), which provided for a radical restructuring of the governance structure of the European Union (introduction of the post of President of the EU, EU Minister of Foreign Affairs and other changes). During the years of the current financial and economic crisis, the European Union has to take intense measures to regulate the economies of a number of EU countries (Greece, Ireland, Spain, Portugal) with a single European currency - the euro. Despite the allies' disagreements and differences of opinion on ways and means of solving emerging problems, the leading EU countries (France and Germany) manage to contain the onslaught of crisis impulses and keep the European ship "EU" afloat.

NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement). The integration process in North America has been developing for several decades, but the political institutions that contribute to the formation of this process have become widespread relatively recently. This is due to the fact that the main initiator of the integration process in North America is the United States with an exceptionally high level of economic development (US GDP amounted to $16.7 trillion in 2013). Until the end of the 1980s. The United States did not feel the need to enter into agreements with any countries.

The agreement to create a free trade area between the United States, Canada and Mexico represents a new stage in the development of international economic relations on the North American continent. This tripartite agreement was intended to form a single economic space by eliminating customs barriers between states and ensuring the free movement of goods, services, capital and labor across their borders. The effectiveness of the Agreement can only be revealed after two decades, which is primarily due to the scale of the US economy compared to Canada and Mexico. In recent years, there has been a general increase in exports and imports between the United States and Mexico, an increase in employment and income levels in the NAFTA countries, and an increase in labor productivity. In addition, there is a transfer of part of the business from the United States to Mexico, with a simultaneous migration of labor resources from Mexico to the United States. All this can be explained, to a certain extent, by the positive impact of the formation of NAFTA on international economic cooperation on the North American continent.

Integration associations of Latin America. Integration in Latin America led to the creation in 1960 of the Latin American Free Trade Association (LAST). In 1980, LAST was transformed into the Latin American Integration Association (LAI). Then the states of Latin America began to move from the practice of creating multilateral associations to organizing small groups. One of them is the Common Market (MERCOSUR) created in 1995 between Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay. Later, Paraguay joined MERCOSUR, and then Venezuela. In MERCOSUR, 95% of mutual trade is not subject to duties, and the remaining tariffs are planned to be eliminated in the near future.

Thanks to the creation of MERCOSUR, there was a significant increase in internal trade between the countries participating in this association, interaction with other international associations increased (for example, in 1995, a Cooperation Agreement with the EU was signed), and investment activity of both participants of the Agreement and third countries increased. In addition, a preliminary agreement on the establishment of a free trade area was signed between MERCOSUR and the Southern African Development Community.

ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations). Since the 1980s. The Asia-Pacific region (APR) is attracting increasing attention from international business as an area of ​​dynamic economic growth.

ASEAN is an international integration association formed on August 8, 1967 in Bangkok. It included Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines, then Brunei Darussalam (1984), Vietnam (1995), Laos and Myanmar (1997), Cambodia (1999). Papua New Guinea has special observer status. ASEAN is one of the world's largest integration associations, with a total population of about 636 million people, and the total GDP of ASEAN countries reaches $3.8 trillion (2013).

In the economic sphere, the Association countries are pursuing economic integration and liberalization in the region on the basis of the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement, the ASEAN Investment Area Framework Agreement and the Basic Agreement on the Industrial Cooperation Scheme. In accordance with the long-term development program for ASEAN, developed by an expert group consisting of leading politicians and scientists, military leaders and businessmen, it is envisaged to achieve a level of integration in ASEAN that is higher than in the European Union, i.e. complete unification of the state banking sector, armed forces and police, foreign policy and scientific and technological departments and other government bodies.

Russia is showing particular interest in cooperation with the ASEAN bloc, as well as ASEAN countries in partnership with our country in a variety of areas. This was confirmed by the first ever Russia-ASEAN summit held on December 13, 2005 in the capital of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. The main result of this summit meeting was the signing of the Declaration on a Comprehensive Partnership between Russia and the ASEAN member countries, which includes as an integral part of the Comprehensive Action Program for the Development of Cooperation for 2006-2015. in the political, economic, military-technical and cultural fields.

At the same summit, the question was raised about the creation of a new inter-country organization - East Asian Cooperation, or, as it is also called, Club 16.

APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation).

Quite active efforts are being made to develop international cooperation within the framework of the APEC forum, formed in November 1989. At the initial stage, it functioned as a ministerial meeting. Since 1993, regular meetings of heads of state and government have been held. Currently, 21 countries are participating in the forum: Australia, Brunei, Vietnam, Hong Kong (as a special zone of China), Indonesia, Canada, China, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Republic of China, Russia , Singapore, USA, Thailand, Philippines, Chile, Japan. Thus, it represents countries with very significant and growing economic potential.

But in terms of its character, goals and even composition of participants, APEC looks rather atypical. This economic association was created by states with very different conditions and levels of economic development, economic structures, traditions, ideology and even the psychology of people. However, developed and developing countries cooperate here as equal partners. More than 2.5 billion people live in APEC member countries; the total GDP of these countries exceeds $26 trillion. They account for more than 50% of world trade.

Russia traditionally attaches special importance to the development of relations with the countries of the Asia-Pacific region. This attention is due to our country’s direct affiliation with this dynamically developing region and the need for economic growth in Siberia and the Far East. Russia seeks to intensify its cooperation with the main integration structures of the region, including APEC. At the APEC summit held in November 2009 in Singapore, the heads of 21 APEC member countries signed and announced a Declaration, which indicated their intention to create in the near future a free trade area in the Pacific economic space from Chile to China.

CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States). After the collapse of the USSR, young states began to acutely feel the insufficient development of productive forces and the increasing dependence of their economies on the West. By joining forces in the fight against the unequal division of labor, the former USSR republics are achieving fairer economic relations. After the collapse of the USSR, these new problems were called upon to be solved by the Commonwealth of Independent States - CIS.

A very important integrating factor within the CIS is the presence of a jointly created, unified and integral infrastructure (transport, energy, communication systems). Violation of the unity of the infrastructure that existed in the USSR excludes for each of the states of the post-Soviet space the possibility of its effective operation. Fixed assets created in accordance with uniform technical and economic conditions and state standards, as well as a general system for training specialists and scientific personnel in all spheres of the economy, are important. One of the main integrating factors remains the need to restore and develop closer trade and economic cooperation within the CIS.

The failure to realize the potential opportunities for mutual cooperation is one of the main reasons for the low share of the CIS in the main indicators of the world's leading integration associations.

By the beginning of the 21st century. The CIS failed to radically solve many vital tasks, including organizing qualitatively new economic relations between sovereign states, forming and maintaining a common economic space.

In October 2000, in Astana (Kazakhstan), the presidents of Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan signed the Treaty establishing the Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC), which is not only a form of legal and organizational formalization of the unification of five states, but also the basis for the translation of their interstate cooperation to a new level. The community was formed on the foundation of the partners’ experience of interaction in the trade, economic, social and humanitarian fields and the previously developed regulatory framework. The goals of the EurAsEC are proclaimed: effective promotion of the process of strengthening the Customs Union and the common economic space, implementation of other tasks defined in the basic documents previously signed by the parties.

The EurAsEC existed from 2001 to 2014 and, in general, positively contributed to the formation of the Customs Union and the Common Economic Space of the participating countries. The EurAsEC was liquidated due to the creation on January 1, 2015. Eurasian Economic Union (ELES) consisting of Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia (August 12, 2015

Kyrgyzstan joined it). The Treaty on the EAEU stipulates that it ensures the freedom of movement of goods, services, capital, labor, as well as the implementation of a unified, agreed or coordinated policy in various sectors of the economy.

So, the intercountry integration associations formed in various years of the last century in the regional economic spaces of the five continents of the world in the 21st century. continue to develop and strengthen their political and economic positions. As they grow quantitatively and qualitatively, their role in the new global economy of the current century will also grow. It will be easier for countries that are members of one of the integration unions to jointly overcome the global financial and economic crises.

The growth of interdependence between countries, the clash of interests of numerous IEO subjects in the world market, the emergence of global problems of mankind have led to the need to regulate international relations by the united efforts of the countries of the world, i.e. at the multilateral level.

As a result, in the mid-20th century, a system of international regulation of world economic relations was formed, which is based on the norms of international law.

International regulation of IEO is carried out within the framework of international economic organizations.

International organizations are an organizational form of international cooperation that brings together members from different countries.

International organization – This is an organization established by an agreement between member states, a subject of international law, which has goals agreed upon by its participants, competent authorities, charter, membership order and other attributes.

An international organization is created through the conclusion of an international treaty, which is the constituent document of the organization. The date of its signing is considered the date of creation of the organization. The termination of the organization's existence occurs by signing a protocol on dissolution.

By joining one or another international organization, states lose the right to take actions within the competence of the international organization and are obliged to obey its decisions.

Only sovereign states are members of international organizations. They participate equally in the work of the organization and are responsible for its activities, make contributions, forming the organization’s budget. Incomplete (associate) membership is also possible, when the country does not have the right to vote and be elected to executive bodies.

Non-member states may send observers to participate in the work of the organization if the rules so provide.

The main phases of the organization's activities consist of discussion, decision-making and monitoring its implementation. This leads to three main types of functions of an international organization: :

1. Regulatory function consists in defining the goals, principles and rules of behavior of member countries, which are fixed in resolutions. These decisions (resolutions) of organizations do not have binding force (i.e. they do not create international legal norms), but have a significant impact on the formation of international law.

2. Control functions consist in monitoring the compliance of state behavior with international law, as well as resolutions. For these purposes, organizations have the right to collect and analyze relevant information, discuss it and express their opinions in resolutions. In many cases, states are required to regularly submit reports on their implementation of the norms and acts of the organization in the relevant field.

3. Operational function is to achieve goals using the organization’s own means. That is, they provide economic, scientific, technical, consulting and other assistance to member countries.

International organizations classify according to a number of criteria:

- by the nature of membership and the legal nature of the participants

· Intergovernmental – an association of states established on the basis of an international treaty to achieve common goals.

· Non-governmental – created on the basis of an association of individuals or legal entities in the form of associations, federations and acts in the interests of members to achieve specific goals (unions of entrepreneurs, international chamber of commerce, etc.).

- depending on the number of participants

· General (universal) – designed for the participation of all states (UN and its specialized agencies, WTO);

· Limited composition - can be regional (CIS, Council of Europe, League of Arab States), or depending on another criterion (OECD - only industrialized countries participate, OPEC - countries for which the main export product is oil).

-depending on the nature of the competence

· General competence - their activities cover all areas of relations between countries: political, economic, social, cultural, etc. (UN, Council of Europe)

· Special competence – cooperate in one area (Universal Postal Union, International Labor Organization, International Atomic Energy Agency, etc.)

-by organizational basis

· Members of the UN system (UNCTAD, IMF, WTO)

· Non-UN members (OECD, ICC, International Energy Agency)

· Regional economic organizations

-depending on the scope of international regulation, there are international organizations that regulate

· economic and industrial cooperation and ME industries (UNDP - UN Development Programme, World Trade Organization for Tourism, International Maritime Organization, etc.);

· the sphere of world trade (WTO, UNCTAD - UN Conference on Trade and Development, IOC - International Coffee Organization, etc.);

· monetary, credit and financial relations (IMF, WB Group, EBRD);

· cooperation in the field of intellectual property and scientific and technical cooperation (WIPO)

· entrepreneurial activity (UN Commission on TNCs);

· cooperation in the field of certification and standardization of products (m/n organization for standardization - ISO)

· area of ​​international investment

· cooperation in the field of international commercial practice

- in relation to the volume of competence transferred by states to an international organization

· intergovernmental organizations performing coordination functions, in which the redistributed competence remains joint for the state and the organization;

· international organizations that perform certain supranational functions, have exclusive competence on a number of issues and limit the functions of member states in resolving them. An example is the mandatory implementation of decisions of the IMF and the World Bank in the monetary sphere for participating countries.

· supranational organizations created to formulate rules binding on member states, and mechanisms for monitoring and enforcing participants to comply with these rules. Similar functions are vested in the supranational bodies of the European Union: the European Council, the European Parliament, etc.

- according to status

· formal

· informal.

The leading role in the system of international economic organizations belongs to organizations included in UN system.

UN - created in 1945. The UN includes 192 states. The headquarters is located in New York (USA).

UN goals:

Maintaining peace and security through collective action and peaceful settlement of disputes

Development of friendly relations between countries based on respect for the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples

Implementation of international cooperation in resolving international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature, promoting respect for human rights without distinction of race, gender, language, religion;

Acting as a central body for coordinating the efforts of different countries aimed at achieving these goals.

UN Principles:

Sovereign equality of all members

Resolution of international disputes by peaceful means

Providing assistance to UN members in all its activities.

The UN is a universal international organization, both in terms of membership and the issues within its competence.

The UN system includes:

1) main and auxiliary organs

2) specialized institutions and organizations

3) autonomous organizations

UN structure:

1. General Assembly - the main organ of the UN. Consists of representatives of all member states. It determines the UN policy, its program, approves the budget, and develops the main directions of activity. The Assembly meets in regular annual session from September to December and thereafter as necessary.

The UN GA has special bodies, the most significant of which are:

Ø In 1964 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) . The headquarters is located in Geneva. It is designed to consider issues related to the participation of developing countries in international trade, issues of external debt, financing of development projects, and the transfer of new technologies to them. This organization pays significant attention to the least developed countries. UNCTAD publishes a number of studies that have received worldwide recognition (World Investment Report, etc.)

Ø United Nations Development Program (UNDP) – established in 1965, headquartered in New York, 166 countries participate. The main task is to assist countries in sharing knowledge and global development experience in order to improve socio-economic development. Compiles and publishes the Human Development Report annually.

Ø International Trade Law Commission (UNCITRAL - UN Commission on International Trade Law) - founded in 1966. for the purpose of harmonization and unification of legal norms in international trade.

Ø And others.

2. Security Council bears primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security; All members of the UN are obliged to obey its decisions. The five permanent members of the Security Council (Russia, USA, Great Britain, France, China) have the right of veto (i.e. they can block any decision made by the Council).

3. Economic and Social Council(ECOSOC)- carries out the functions of the UN in the field of economic, social, cultural and humanitarian international cooperation. ECOSOC members include:

5 regional commissions - Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean swimming pool (ECLAC). The goals of the regional commissions are to study the economic and social problems of the respective regions of the world, and to develop measures and means to provide assistance.

6 functional commissions - for social development, on narcotic drugs, on science and technology for development, on development assistance, on statistics, on transnational corporations

ECOSOC coordinates the activities of 18 specialized institutions:

· International Telecommunication Union, ITU – 1865.

· UPU – Universal Postal Union – 1874.

· ILO – International Labor Organization – 1919.

· ICAO – International civil aviation organization – 1944.

· FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - 1945.

· UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization - 1945.

· IMF – International Monetary Fund – 1945.

· WHO – World Health Organization – 1948

· WMO – World Meteorological Organization – 1951.

· IMO – International Maritime Organization – 1959.

· UNIDO - United Nations Industrial Development Organization - 1966.

· WIPO – World Intellectual Property Organization – 1970.

· IFAD – M\n Agricultural Development Fund – 1977.

World Bank Group

o IBRD – International Bank for Reconstruction and Development – ​​1946.

o IFC – M\n Financial Corporation – 1956

o IDA – International Development Association – 1960.

o MCISS – International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes – 1966.

o MIGA – International Investment Guarantee Agency – 1988.

UN-related organizations (autonomous institutions)

ü IAEA – International Atomic Energy Agency

4. Guardianship Council authorized to examine and discuss reports of the Administering Authority relating to the political, economic and social progress of the peoples of the Trust Territories and educational progress, and, in consultation with the Administering Authority, to examine petitions coming from the Trust Territories and to make periodic and other special visits to the Trust Territories.

5. International Court of Justice- the main judicial organ of the UN.

6. Secretariat are international staff working in agencies around the world and performing the varied day-to-day work of the UN. It serves the other main organs of the UN and implements the programs and policies adopted by them. The Secretariat is headed by the Secretary General, who is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a period of 5 years with the possibility of re-election for a new term. Ban Ki-moon took office as Secretary General on January 1, 2007.

The GATT/WTO plays a fundamental role in regulating transport.

GATT – General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.

The treaty establishing the GATT came into force in 1948.

On January 1, 1995, GATT ceased to exist and was modified into the World Trade Organization (WTO).

GATT is a multilateral international agreement containing principles, legal norms, rules of conduct and government. regulation of mutual trade of participating countries. It was mainly concerned with the liberalization of mutual trade in goods between the participating countries.

The WTO was created as a response to changing conditions in the global practice of international trade: the growth of trade in services, the emergence of a specific segment in the goods market - the market for intellectual products (formally, the WTO is based on three councils: the Council on Trade in Goods, the Council on Trade in Services and the Council on Trade Aspects of Security intellectual property rights).

The WTO is made up of 153 countries, which account for almost 97% of world trade.

The legal mechanism of GATT/WTO is based on a number of principles and norms:

Reciprocal provision of most favored nation (MFN) treatment in trade;

Reciprocal provision of national treatment (NR) to goods and services of foreign origin;
- regulation of trade primarily by tariff methods;

Refusal to use quantitative and other restrictions;

Trade policy transparency;

Resolution of trade disputes through consultations and negotiations, etc.

Over the years of its existence, the GATT/WTO managed to reduce the level of import tariffs from 40-50% in the late 40s to 8-10% by the early 70s and to 4-5% currently.

Russia is negotiating to join the organization.

UNCTAD– UN Conference on Trade and Development:

1964 - creation. Headquarters - Geneva. In total - 193 member countries.

The Russian Federation and former USSR countries are members of UNCTAD.

Target– promote the development of MT and stimulate the development of member countries through MT.

The highest body - the Conference - meets once every 4-5 years, all members of the organization are represented at it.

UNIDO- UN Industrial Development Organization:

Headquarters - Vienna. 173 member states, including the Russian Federation. 1966 - creation.

Initially, UNIDO was an arena of struggle for a new economic order, since the G-77 group was part of it: the countries of the rich North had to voluntarily transfer 1% of GDP annually in favor of developing countries. The USA refused, the USSR at first agreed, but then it turned out that G-77 classifies the USSR as a country of the “rich North”. On the part of the USSR, there was a refusal of the conditions, since it never owned colonies in the south.

Target– promote the industrial development of member countries, as well as providing assistance in finding investors.

Structure:

The highest body is the Conference; meets once every 2 years.

The UNIDO Council meets twice a year. It examines individual situations in industry, develops recommendations for developing countries, carries out an examination of the investment attractiveness of projects (+ implements programs to increase the investment attractiveness of states), collects and processes information.

Example: in the Sakha Republic, UNIDO promoted cooperation between foreign capital and the republic and supported several investment projects.

The UNIDO examination system is taken as a basis in many countries, including the Russian Federation.

IMF– International Monetary Fund (International Monetary Fund) is an intergovernmental organization designed to regulate monetary relations between member states and provide them with financial assistance. currency assistance. difficulties caused by the balance of payments deficit by providing short- and medium-term foreign loans. currency. The IMF, a specialized agency of the UN, was established in 1944 at the Bretton Woods international conference.

The fund's capital is formed on the basis of contributions from participating countries. The number of votes when making decisions depends on the size of the country's contribution. PRS have the largest contributions (subscription quotas). The largest in size: USA, Germany, Japan, France, Great Britain, China, Saudi Arabia.

The IMF carries out all operations (primarily credit) only with official bodies of member countries.

IMF loans are issued, as a rule, in credit shares (tranches) of 25% of the loan amount, the receipt of which is associated with the fulfillment of macroeconomic obligations recommended by the fund's experts (failure to fulfill them leads to the suspension of the issuance of the next tranche).

Russia is a member of the IMF.

World Bank Group or – an intergovernmental financial institution whose primary purpose is to help developing countries increase productivity and income and fight poverty.

Established in 1944 at the Bretton Woods international conference.

Consists of 5 organizations.

IBRD – International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (“World Bank”). Created in 1944. 184 countries.

IDA – International Development Association. Created in 1960. 163 countries.

IFC – International Finance Corporation. Created 1956 175 countries.

MAGI - Multilateral Investment Guarante Agency. Created in 1980, 158 countries.

ICSID - International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes. Created in 1966. 134 countries.

Russia participates in all organizations of the World Bank Group except ICSID.

Organizations outside the UN system include a very influential organization in the world OECD - The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, which was created in 1961 at the initiative of the United States. Headquarters in Paris.

It consists of 34 countries, primarily countries with developed market economies. OECD member countries:

Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Chile, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway , Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Great Britain, United States. OECD member countries produce about 2/3 of GDP.

The annual budget is about 328 million dollars. USA. The size of a country's contribution depends on the country's GDP. The largest contribution is from the USA and Japan.

A condition for joining the OECD is the country's commitment to the principles of democracy and a market economy. Russia has observer status.

The OECD is primarily a forum within which member governments have the opportunity to discuss, develop and improve economic and social policies. Within its framework, they exchange experiences, look for ways to solve common problems and develop coordinated domestic and foreign policies. The OECD Secretariat collects data, tracks trends, analyzes and forecasts economic processes, studies social changes, the structure of trade relations, the environment, agriculture, technology, taxation, etc.

Most OECD research and analysis is published in the open press.

Evolution of the OECD

The OECD arose from the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, created to distribute American and Canadian aid channeled under the Marshall Plan for the post-war reconstruction of Europe. The main goal of the OECD, which was created as the successor to the OEEC in 1961, is to build healthy economies in its member states, improve their efficiency, mutually adjust their market systems, spread free trade and contribute to the further development of both industrialized and developing countries .

Over the thirty years of the Organization's existence, the focus of its analytical work has gradually shifted from the member states themselves to the analysis of the development of countries - currently practically all members of the world community - professing the principles of a market economy. For example, the Organization offers all its accumulated experience to the services of states engaged in building a market economy, especially those making the transition from a centrally planned economy to a capitalist system. The OECD is also engaged in increasingly concrete policy dialogue with dynamic countries in Asia and Latin America.

However, the scope of the OECD's work is not only expanding geographically. From analyzing the development of specific areas of economic and social policy in specific member states, the OECD is moving on to studying their interaction, not only within the Organization itself, but also on a global scale. The Organization's area of ​​interest includes such problems as, for example, the impact of ongoing social policies on the functioning of the economy, or the impact of globalization processes on the economies of individual countries, which can both open up new growth prospects and provoke a defensive reaction, expressed in increased protectionism.

As the OECD expands its contacts around the world, so does its area of ​​interest. The OECD's goal in the coming post-industrial era is to closely intertwine the economic ties of member countries with a future prosperous world economy based on scientific principles.

Organization Structure

Committees

Representatives of OECD member countries meet with each other and exchange information within the framework of the relevant relevant committees. These committees are attended by representatives of national governments or the respective permanent missions of member countries, located, like the Secretariat, in Paris. All work is carried out under the guidance of the Council, which has decision-making powers. The Council consists of one representative from each member state, as well as a representative of the European Commission. The Council holds its meetings on a regular basis at the level of ambassadors of member countries to the OECD, and at these meetings the general directions of the Organization’s activities are developed. Once a year, Council meetings are held at the level of heads of ministries, when the ministers of foreign affairs, finance, etc. take part in its work, who raise the most important issues and draw public attention to them, and also set the OECD's work priorities for the coming year .

Specialized committees meet to generate new ideas and evaluate progress made in narrower areas, such as trade, public sector enterprise management, development assistance, financial markets, etc. The OECD bodies include more than 200 committees, working groups and expert groups. About 40 thousand senior officials of national governments attend their meetings annually to organize, review the results and participate in the work of the OECD Secretariat. Thanks to electronic communications, they are able to remotely access Organization documents and exchange information through OECD data networks.

Secretariat

Secretariat staff (1,900 people) directly or indirectly support the work of OECD committees. About 700 economists, scientists, lawyers and representatives of other professions who are employees of the relevant directorates carry out research and analytical activities.

The work of the Secretariat is carried out under the leadership of the OECD Secretary General and his four deputies. The Secretary General also presides over Council meetings, serving as the most important link between national representations to the OECD and the Secretariat.

The official languages ​​of the OECD are English and French. Staff are recruited from OECD member countries; however, while employed, they are considered international employees and do not represent the interests of their respective countries. The OECD does not apply any national quotas when recruiting staff; the Organization's personnel policy is to recruit people who are highly qualified in relevant fields, taking into account their work experience and nationality.

Financing

The work of the OECD is financed by contributions from member countries. The size of the annual contribution of Member States to the Organization's budget is calculated according to a certain formula based on relevant economic indicators. The largest contributor is the United States, providing 25 percent of the OECD budget, with Japan the second largest contributor. With the approval of the Council, member countries have the right to provide additional funding for individual programs or projects.

The size of the annual budget, currently approximately $300 million, and the OECD's annual work plan are determined by member states at Council meetings.

Results of work

Unlike the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, the OECD does not distribute funds. The organization is primarily a forum for the development of new ideas based on scientific research and analysis of socio-economic policies and their discussion with the aim of assisting national governments in developing both the general policies agreed within the OECD and the national policies of the respective states pursued both in internal affairs, as well as in other international forums.

Despite the fact that the OECD's role in these matters is not always decisive, it is nevertheless extremely important in the eyes of member governments. Working within the OECD is a highly efficient process that begins with data collection and includes both analysis and policy deliberation. The effectiveness of the OECD's work is based on the cross-checking of proposed solutions by national governments, multilateral monitoring of their implementation, and the mutual influence of countries to comply with their commitments or implement reforms. It was the behind-the-scenes work within the OECD that made it possible to determine the cost of agricultural subsidies, which subsequently became a decisive factor in concluding agreements on their agreed reduction. Interdisciplinary research into the causes of rising unemployment and the fight against this phenomenon provided the impetus that forced governments to develop appropriate measures to combat it. Identifying barriers to efficient operations, economic growth and modernization and their consequences often prompts national governments to take tough policy decisions aimed at improving economic performance. The OECD's analytical work and efforts to build consensus on trade in services issues contributed to the successful conclusion of the Uruguay Round of GATT negotiations.

In some cases, discussions initiated within the OECD lead to full-scale negotiations under the auspices of the organization, as a result of which member countries come to agreement on the development of certain rules for cooperation on an international scale. These negotiations may result in either formal agreements (for example, on anti-corruption, export credits, capital flows and foreign direct investment), or the development of certain standards and models in international taxation, or recommendations and guidelines for environmental policies. .

Much of the material collected and analyzed as part of the OECD's work is made public through a wide range of publications: from press releases and regularly published compilations of data and forecasts to one-off publications (or monographs) on specific issues, from annual economic reviews of each member country to regularly published reviews on education systems, science and policy issues in the field of technology and environmental protection. The Economic Outlook collection is published twice a year, and the Employment Outlook and the OECD International Aid Policy Report are published annually. OECD publications enjoy well-deserved authority, and, perhaps, it is by them that the public judges the activities of the Organization.

Secretariat structure

The activities of the Secretariat are organized in accordance with the structure of committees; The committees are organized into directorates, which also include working groups and subgroups formed by the committees. However, it should be noted that the OECD's work is increasingly based on interdisciplinary and horizontal research that goes beyond individual sectors. For example, the OECD's International Futures program, which aims to proactively identify emerging policy issues, draws on a wide range of scientific disciplines. Experts in the field of macroeconomics, taxation, entrepreneurship and technology work together with labor market and social policy researchers on the problems of employment and unemployment. It is no longer conceivable to study problems of environmental protection and economic processes separately. Trade and investment issues are inextricably linked. The development of biotechnology affects policies in the fields of agriculture, industry, science, environmental protection and economic development. Studying the problems of globalization will inevitably require the involvement of specialists from almost all areas of socio-economic policy.

A number of international organizations have been created by developing countries. Received the greatest fame Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), created by the oil-producing powers in 1960. Members of this organization are countries whose economies largely depend on revenues from oil exports.

Currently, OPEC has 12 members: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Qatar, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador, Angola. In 2008, Russia announced its readiness to become a permanent observer in the cartel.

The goal of OPEC is to coordinate activities and develop a common policy regarding oil production among the member countries of the organization, maintaining stable oil prices, ensuring stable supplies of oil to consumers, and obtaining returns from investments in the oil industry.

In the 70s. OPEC achieved significant success, but subsequently its importance weakened for a number of reasons. But, at present, it again plays a vital role in the global energy market, regulating the volume of production and trade in oil and petroleum products by member countries.

A characteristic feature of global economic development is the increasing role informal economic organizations :

1) World Economic Forum- an international non-governmental organization whose activities are aimed at developing international cooperation. The forums are held in Davos (Switzerland).

Created in 1971. The members of the EEF are about 1,000 large companies and organizations from around the world, including Russia. The permanent executive body is the Board of Directors. The headquarters is located in the Geneva suburb of Cologny. The budget is formed from annual membership fees and funds contributed by Forum participants. The composition of participants is reviewed annually.

The founder and permanent director of the WEF is professor from Switzerland Klaus Schwab. On his initiative, the first symposium was held in 1971, bringing together about 450 executives of leading European companies to discuss the prospects for the global economy and develop a common strategy. At the first meetings, which were held under the auspices of the Commission of the European Communities (now the European Commission), the main topics discussed were improving the competitive position of Western Europe. Over the years, the topic gradually expanded; the agenda included political and economic issues affecting other regions, problems of improving the mechanism of world trade, and correct partnerships. In the mid-70s, influential people from all over the world (members of governments and business leaders) began to be invited to Davos, and already in the next decade the forum acquired the status of one of the main events of the year.

The main event of the WEF is the annual meetings, which are traditionally held at the world-famous ski resort of Davos in late January - early February (with the exception of the session in New York in 2002, held in solidarity with the United States after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001).

Traditionally, key issues of our time, prospects for economic development, strengthening stability and peace, and the situation in “hot spots” are discussed here in an informal setting. Resolutions or other documents are not adopted here, but the Forum provides an opportunity to meet and discuss in an informal setting many key issues for the global economy, establish new business contacts, and hold informal meetings “face to face” and “without ties.”

Since 1979, WEF specialists have compiled the annual Global Competitiveness report, which evaluates more than 100 countries around the world based on two main indicators - the potential growth index and the competitiveness index. Recently, the WEF has begun to issue additional ratings of individual regions and economic sectors. In particular, in 2005, the Competitiveness of the Arab World report was released, the first study of its kind for the Arab region; for the 60th anniversary session of the UN General Assembly, a WEF report on partnership between government and business in solving problems such as global poverty was published; As part of the WEF's Global Governance Initiative, a report was presented on progress in solving global problems in 2005.

Within the framework of the Forum, groups or clubs based on professional interests have been created and operate. Thus, recently the associations “Pioneers of High Technologies” have been formed (including the heads of the most advanced companies in the field of scientific and technological progress), as well as the “Forum of New Global Leaders”, uniting well-known executives no older than 40 years old, “who have demonstrated a commitment to improving the situation in the world "

Russia's cooperation with the EEF began in 1986. Since 1987, Russian delegations have constantly participated in the annual meetings of the Forum, and EEF visiting sessions are regularly held in Russia.

Big Eight- an international club that unites the governments of the seven most industrialized countries in the world and Russia. The G8 is not an international organization, it is not based on an international treaty, has no charter and is secret

The increasing complexity of the issues to be resolved in everyday international life necessitates a prompt solution through an institutional mechanism. Such a mechanism is international economic organizations (IEO).

International governmental organizations- These are international organizations of which states are members and which are established on the basis of relevant treaties to fulfill certain purposes.

These organizations have a system of permanent bodies and have international legal personality (the ability to have rights and obligations).

The following types of IEO are distinguished:

1. Interstate universal organizations, the purpose and subject of activity of which are of interest to all states of the world.

This is primarily the UN system, which includes the UN and UN specialized agencies, which are independent IEOs. Among them are the IMF, IBRD, WTO, UNCTAD (UN Conference on Trade and Development).

2. Interstate organizations of a regional and interregional nature, which are created by states to resolve various issues, incl. economic and financial. For example, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

3. IEOs operating in certain segments of the world market.

In this case, they most often act in the form of commodity organizations uniting a circle of countries. For example, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC, 1960), International Tin Agreement (1956), International Agreements on Cocoa, Coffee, International Textile Agreement (ITT, 1974).

4. IEOs, represented by semi-formal associations of the G7 type (USA, Japan, Canada, Germany, France, UK and Italy).

5. Various trade, economic, monetary, financial and credit, industry and specialized economic, scientific and technical organizations.

UN – United Nations , created in 1945. The UN system consists of the United Nations with its principal and subsidiary organs, 18 specialized agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and a number of programmes, councils and commissions.

UN goals:

Maintaining international peace and security through effective collective action and peaceful settlement of disputes;

Development of friendly relations between nations based on respect for the principles of equality and self-determination of peoples;

Ensuring international cooperation to resolve international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems and promoting human rights.

WTO – World Trade Organization. It began to operate on January 1, 1995, and is the successor to the one that had been in force since 1947. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO is the sole legal and institutional basis of the world trade organization. The fundamental principles of the WTO are:

Providing most favored nation treatment in trade on a non-discriminatory basis;

Mutual provision of national treatment to goods and services of foreign origin;

Regulation of trade primarily by tariff methods;

Refusal to use quantitative restrictions;

Promoting fair competition;

Resolution of trade disputes through consultations.

World Bank Group. The World Bank is a multilateral lending institution consisting of 5 closely related institutions whose common goal is to improve living standards in developing countries through financial assistance from developed countries.

1. IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) was founded in 1945, goal: to provide loans to relatively rich developing countries.

2. IDA (International Development Association) was founded in 1960, the goal: to provide concessional loans to the poorest developing countries.

3. IFC (International Finance Corporation) was created in 1956, goal: to promote economic growth in developing countries by providing support to the private sector.

4. IIG (International Investment Guarantee Agency) was founded in 1988, the goal: to encourage foreign investment in developing countries by providing guarantees to foreign investors against losses caused by non-commercial risks.

5. ICSID (International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes) was created in 1966. Goal: promoting increased international investment flows by providing arbitration and dispute resolution services to governments and foreign investors; consulting, scientific research, information on investment legislation.

IMF – International Monetary Fund. Created in 1945

Maintaining a general payment system;

Monitoring the state of the international monetary system;

Promoting stability of exchange rates;

Providing short-term and medium-term loans;

Providing advice and participating in collaboration.

Each state, when joining the IMF, contributes a certain amount - a subscription quota (a richer country contributes a larger quota and has more votes). To provide financial support to its members, the IMF uses the following mechanisms:

1. Conventional mechanisms:

Tranche policy (loans in the form of shares constituting 25% of a given country's quota);

Extended financing mechanism (lending for 3 years to overcome balance of payments difficulties).

2. Special mechanisms:

Lending in case of unforeseen circumstances (for example, rising prices for imported grain);

Financing of buffer stocks (loan for replenishment of raw materials).

3. Emergency assistance (in the form of purchases of goods in order to solve balance of payments problems).