Which peoples were deported? Which peoples were deported by Stalin during the Great Patriotic War. Why did Stalin repress entire nations?

It is 67 years since the deportation of the Chechen and Ingush peoples from the territory of the North Caucasus in. But, besides the Chechens and Ingush, in the USSR in different years... two dozen more ethnic groups were evicted, which for some reason are not widely discussed in modern history. So, who, when and for what of the peoples of the Soviet Union were forcibly resettled and why?

The deportation of an entire people is a sad page in the USSR of the 1930s-1950s, the “wrongness” or “criminality” of which almost all political forces are forced to admit. There were no analogues to such an atrocity in the world. In ancient times and during the Middle Ages, peoples could be destroyed, driven from their homes in order to seize their territories, but no one thought of relocating them in an organized manner to other, obviously worse conditions, or to introduce such concepts as “people” into the propaganda ideology of the USSR. traitor", "punished people" or "reproached people".

Which peoples of the USSR experienced the horrors of deportation?

Two dozen peoples inhabiting the USSR were subject to deportation, explained experts from the Masterforex-V academy and exchange trading. These are: Koreans, Germans, Ingrian Finns, Karachais, Balkars, Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingush, Crimean Tatars and Meskhetian Turks, Bulgarians of the Odessa region, Greeks, Romanians, Kurds, Iranians, Chinese, Hemshils and a number of other peoples. Seven of the above-mentioned peoples also lost their territorial-national autonomy in the USSR:

1. Finns. The first to come under repression were the so-called “non-indigenous” peoples of the USSR: first, back in 1935, all Finns were evicted from a 100-kilometer strip in the Leningrad region and from a 50-kilometer strip in Karelia. They went quite far - to Tajikistan and Kazakhstan.

2. Poles and Germans. At the end of February of the same 1935, more than 40 thousand Poles and Germans were resettled from the territory of the border Kyiv and Vinnitsa regions deep into Ukraine. “Foreigners” were planned to be evicted from the 800-kilometer border zone and from places where it was planned to build strategic facilities.

3. Kurds. In 1937, the Soviet leadership began to “clean up” the border areas in the Caucasus. From there, all Kurds were hastily deported to Kazakhstan.

4. Koreans and Chinese. In the same year, all local Koreans and Chinese were evicted from the border areas in the Far East.

5. Iranians. In 1938, Iranians were deported from areas near the border to Kazakhstan.

6. Poles. After the partition in 1939, several hundred Poles were resettled from the newly annexed territories to the north.

The pre-war wave of deportations: what is characteristic of such evictions?

It was typical for her:

. the blow was dealt to the diasporas who have their own national states outside the USSR or live compactly on the territory of another country;

. people were evicted only from border areas;

. the eviction did not resemble a special operation, was not carried out with lightning speed, as a rule, people were given about 10 days to get ready (this implied the opportunity to leave unnoticed, which some people took advantage of);

. all pre-war evictions were only a preventive measure and had no basis, except for the far-fetched fears of the top leadership in Moscow regarding the issue of “strengthening the defense capability of the state.” That is, the repressed citizens of the USSR, from the point of view of the Criminal Code, did not commit any crime, i.e. the punishment itself followed even before the fact of the crime.

The second wave of mass deportations occurred during the Great Patriotic War

1. Germans of the Volga region. The Soviet Germans were the first to suffer. All of them were classified as potential “collaborators.” There were a total of 1,427,222 Germans in the Soviet Union, and during 1941 the vast majority of them were resettled in the Kazakh SSR. The Autonomous SSR Ne?mtsev Povo?Lzhya (existed from October 19, 1918 to August 28, 1941) was urgently liquidated, its capital city of Engels and 22 cantons of the former Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were divided and included by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of September 7, 1941 to the Saratov (15 cantons) and Stalingrad (Volgograd) (7 cantons) regions of the Russian Federation.

2. Greeks, Romanians, Bulgarians and Finns. In addition to the Germans, other preventively resettled peoples were Greeks, Romanians, Bulgarians and Finns. Reasons: the allies of Nazi Germany that attacked the USSR in 1941 were Hungary, Romania, Italy, Finland and Bulgaria (the latter did not send troops to the territory of the USSR)

3. Kalmyks and Karachais. At the end of 1943 - beginning of 1944, Kalmyks and Karachais were subject to punishment. They were the first to be repressed as punishment for real actions.

4. Chechens and Ingush On February 21, 1944, L. Beria issued a decree on the deportation of Chechens and Ingush. At the same time, the forced eviction of the Balkars took place, and a month later they were followed by the Kabardians.

5. Crimean Tatars. In May-June 1944, mainly Crimean Tatars were resettled.

6. Turks, Kurds and Hemshils. In the fall of 1944, families of these nationalities were resettled from the territory of the Transcaucasian republics to Central Asia.

7. Ukrainians. After the end of hostilities on the territory of the USSR, hundreds of thousands of Ukrainians (from the western part of the republic), Lithuanians, Latvians and Estonians were subject to partial deportation.

What was characteristic of the second wave of deportations?

. lightning speed. The deportation of an entire people took place in an extremely short period of time. People simply did not have time to organize for any resistance;

. universality. Representatives of a certain nationality were sought out and punished. People were even recalled from the front. It was then that citizens began to hide their nationality;

. cruelty. Weapons were used against those who tried to escape. Transportation conditions were terrible, people were transported in freight cars, not fed, not treated, and not provided with everything they needed. In the new places, nothing was ready for life; the deportees were often dropped off simply in the bare steppe;

. high mortality rate. According to some reports, losses along the way amounted to 30-40% of the number of internally displaced persons. Another 10-20% were unable to survive the first winter in a new place.

Why did Stalin repress entire nations?

The initiator of most of the deportations was the People's Commissar of the NKVD Lavrentiy Beria, it was he who submitted reports with recommendations to the commander-in-chief. But the decision was made and he personally bore responsibility for everything that happened in the country. What reasons were considered sufficient to deprive an entire people of their homeland, abandoning them along with children and old people in a deserted, cold steppe?
1. Espionage. All repressed peoples, without exception, were accused of this. “Non-natives” spied for their mother countries. Koreans and Chinese in favor of Japan. And the indigenous people provided information to the Germans.

2. Collaborationism. Concerns those evicted during the war. This refers to service in the army, police and other structures organized by the Germans. For example, German Field Marshal Erich von Manstein wrote: “...The majority of the Tatar population of Crimea was very friendly towards us. We managed to form armed self-defense companies from the Tatars, whose task was to protect their villages from attacks by partisans hiding in the Yayla mountains.” In March 1942, 4 thousand people already served in self-defense companies, and another 5 thousand people were in the reserve. By November 1942, 8 battalions were created, and 2 more in 1943. The number of Crimean Tatars in the fascist troops in Crimea, according to N.F. Bugay, consisted of more than 20 thousand people.

A similar situation can be observed for a number of other deported peoples:
. Mass desertion from the ranks of the Red Army. Voluntary defection to the enemy's side.

. Help in the fight against Soviet partisans and the army. They could serve as guides for the Germans, provide information and food, and help in every possible way. Hand over communists and anti-fascists to the enemy.

. Sabotage or preparation of sabotage at strategic sites or communications.

. Organization of armed units with the aim of attacking Soviet citizens and military personnel

. Traitors. Moreover, the percentage of traitors among representatives of the deported people should be very high - much higher than 50-60%. Only then were there sufficient grounds for his forced eviction.

Naturally, this does not apply to peoples punished before the war. They were repressed only because they, in principle, could have committed all of the above crimes.

What other motives could the “Father of All Nations” have pursued?

1. To secure the most important regions for the country on the eve of a possible Third World War. Or “prepare” the place for some important event. Thus, the Crimean Tatars were evicted just before the Yalta Conference. No one, even hypothetically, could allow German saboteurs to make an attempt on the Big Three on the territory of the USSR. And the Soviet intelligence services knew very well how extensive the Abwehr’s intelligence base was among the local Tatars.

2. Avoid the possibility of major national conflicts, especially in the Caucasus. The people, who for the most part remained loyal to Moscow, after the victory over the Nazis could begin to take revenge on the people, many of whose representatives collaborated with the occupiers. Or, for example, demand a reward for yourself for your loyalty, and the reward is the lands of “traitors”.

What do Stalin’s “defenders” usually say?

. The deportations of Soviet peoples are usually compared to internment. The latter is a common practice, formalized at the level of international legislation. Thus, according to the Hague Convention of 1907, the state has the right to settle the population belonging to the titular nation (!) of the opposing power, “... to settle, if possible, far from the theater of war. It may keep them in camps and even imprison them in fortresses or places adapted for this purpose.” This is what many countries that participated in the First World War did, and this is what they did in the Second World War (for example, the British in relation to the Germans or the Americans in relation to the Japanese). In this regard, it is worth saying that no one would have blamed I. Stalin if his repressions were limited only to the Germans. But hiding behind the Hague Convention to justify the punishment of two dozen ethnic groups is, to say the least, absurd.

. Ottoman trace. They also often try to draw parallels between Stalin’s policies and the actions of the colonial administrations of Western countries, in particular. But the analogy is again lame. European colonial empires only increased the presence of representatives of the titular nation in the colonies (for example, Algeria or India). British government circles have always opposed changes in the ethno-confessional balance of power in their empire. What is the cost of the British administration's obstruction of the mass emigration of Jews to Palestine? The only empire that practiced using nations as chess pieces was the Ottoman Empire. It was there that they came up with the idea of ​​resettling Muslim refugees from the Caucasus (Chechens, Circassians, Avars and others) to the Balkans and Arab countries of the Middle East. Stalin may have learned national politics from the Turkish sultans. In this case, angry accusations against the West are absolutely groundless.

magazine "Stock Leader" at the traders' forum: Do you think that such a policy of Stalin can be justified?

Yes, all means are good to win. We must think stately.
. No, the system of collective responsibility is typical only for a world far from civilization.

All countries of the world, including Russia, are faced with the issue of migrants. People coming to Russian territory may have different goals - from tourism to getting a job and permanent residence. In some cases, authorities use deportation against those found to be violating order in the country. Everyone needs to know what this procedure is.

Process history

Expulsion of a person from the state is not a new mechanism for working with apostates. World history knows many similar cases. People were often expelled, and almost all modern states resorted to this method. The term itself means the expulsion of a person from the place where he currently lives.

THE USSR. Newspaper "Red Banner", 1937

If you look at the history of the Soviet Union, it becomes obvious that at that time expulsion was practically the main way to solve internal problems. It was carried out without court decisions, and very large groups of people were sent to remote regions of the state that were poorly suited for life. Most often it was about northern, uninhabited lands, as well as the so-called virgin lands. Entire peoples suffered as a result of such a policy - Ingush, Karachais, Germans, Chechens, Crimean Tatars, Koreans and others. But the damage was caused not only to them, but also to the economy of the state itself, as well as its cultural development.

To restore a positive opinion of the authorities, they passed a law rehabilitating such repressed migrants. This allowed them to return back to where they lived.

Current state of affairs

Of course, the situation looks different these days. No one deports without trial anymore, similar procedures are carried out exclusively in accordance with the legislative framework. In addition, today it is impossible to apply deportation to full citizens of the country. Only migrants who have violated the rules of stay are subject to it.

It is important to understand that this is not a punishment, but a method of influencing unscrupulous immigrants. The essence of deportation is that a person is moved outside the Russian Federation. This distinguishes it from deprivation of citizenship or administrative removal. The main reason is a violation by a guest of the state of any of the provisions of the legislation relating to migration issues.

Provisions that must not be violated

Citizens of other states, when coming to Russia, are required to be familiar with the provisions of the country's migration legislation. This means that they must:

• stay on the territory of the state for no more than the period for which they have official permission (for example, a visa is considered such);
• when the permit expires, the foreigner must return to his home country within three days;
• in case of cancellation of a document allowing to stay on Russian territory, the foreigner must leave it 15 days in advance.

The body monitoring compliance with these and other norms is the Federal Migration Service, which has branches throughout the country. Her responsibilities also include explaining the rules to foreign citizens.

Reasons for deportation

Today, deportation is not carried out without compelling reasons. These are understood as:

• crossing the border of the Russian Federation without permission;
• non-compliance with the visa regime;
• unextended period of temporary residence permit or residence permit.

Also necessarily expelled from the country the person who got into it using forged documents or illegally. In this case, the procedure can be performed voluntarily by the migrant or forcibly, with the involvement of migration control forces, which implies a convoy to the border.

Who cannot be expelled

• refugees who have officially confirmed their status;
• who requested political asylum in Russia.

In this case, persons must be registered in the place where they live. Moreover, if a person arrived in the state with the aim of obtaining refugee status, but has not yet had time to submit documents or has submitted, but his request has not yet been approved, he also cannot be deported. During the entire period of consideration of documents, a person may remain in the Russian Federation. If a person has already lost his status as a political refugee, but still cannot return to his homeland because his life is in danger there, the government cannot expel him outside the country.

The third category of persons not subject to the described procedure are people working officially in international organizations represented in the territory of the state. These include employees of diplomatic missions and consular offices.

Special mention should be made of persons who do not have any citizenship. There is simply nowhere to send them out of the country. Therefore, instead of deportation, they end up in life imprisonment. Moreover, they can appeal such a verdict at any time.

Removing the “deported” status

In order to expel a migrant from the country, you need to have an appropriate court decision. Moreover, even before the hearing on the case takes place, FMS employees warn the foreign applicant about what he faces. In this situation, he must independently leave the country as soon as possible. If he refuses this action, the court forces him to do so.

But, if the decision has already been made, it can be canceled. First of all, this is done through filing an appeal against the decision. This can be done no later than 10 days from the date of the court hearing, during which time no one will evict a foreign citizen, because the decision comes into force only on the 11th day.

If a person had good reasons why he did not meet the 10-day deadline, but wants to file an appeal, he can do so later. It would be right to use the help of a migration lawyer who specializes in such cases, because the stakes are very high and residence in the country is at stake.

To remove the “” status and cancel the need to leave the country, you need to prove to the judge that:

• a marriage was concluded between a foreign and a Russian citizen, and a common child was born;
• the foreigner has a job, temporary residence permit or residence permit obtained legally and therefore cannot be expelled;
• a person who arrived from abroad studies at Russian institutions (in this case, the presence of state accreditation of the university must be confirmed);
• A person needs to live in the Russian Federation to undergo a course of therapy or medical examination.

In this case, all documents must be carefully collected and certified with appropriate signatures and seals.

How does deportation work?

There is a certain mechanism according to which a person can be expelled from the country. Deportation is divided into several stages.

Table. Stages of deportation of migrants.

The head of the structural unit begins to collect materials for the court case, then the head of the department gets acquainted with them and sends them to the court. From this moment on, the foreigner must be placed for residence in a special institution, which is under the jurisdiction of the migration service. There he will be provided with medical assistance if necessary, and will also be provided with food.

If the deportation is approved, a mark will be placed on the foreigner’s migration card indicating that he is prohibited from entering the country. In this case, it is mandatory to undergo a fingerprint registration procedure so that it can always be identified by fingerprints. At the same time, a special accounting file is opened, which is kept in the FMS department for ten years.

When the court makes a decision on the expulsion of a person, this information is also sent to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as well as to the organization that issued the invitation for a foreign citizen - this can be either a private individual or an organization, consulate or embassy.

In order for the deportation procedure to be paid, it is necessary to identify the inviting party. If this is a legal entity or individual, the burden of payment falls on them. If a person arrived on his own initiative, he pays for the deportation himself. In other cases, the costs are borne by the consulate or embassy of the country whose citizenship the person has.

If it is impossible to establish exactly who should pay for the visa, travel documents and ticket, then the money is taken from the federal budget by the territorial division of the migration service.

Video – All about deportation

Most countries practice this method of dealing with illegal or unscrupulous migrants. Therefore, when entering anywhere outside of your home country, you need to have a general understanding of the state’s immigration policies and comply with its laws. And before entering, you should go to the website of the country’s migration service and make sure that the person has the right to stay on the territory of the state. You can also make a written request to this agency.

History does not always bring great discoveries and happy moments to humanity. Often irreversible events occur in the world that forever destroy the lives of hundreds of thousands of people. This was also the case with the deportation of peoples to the USSR. The causes, conditions, results and consequences now remain an open question that worries historians and causes controversy and clarification. And yet, this tragedy cannot be regarded as a positive event in the history of mankind. Why? Let's look into this issue further.

Concept

The deportation of peoples to the USSR is an event that shook the country in the thirties of the last century. This scale had never been carried out before, so it came as a shock to people. The main feature of deportation is that the process itself was outside the scope of legal proceedings. The masses of the people were moved, without taking into account mutual determination, to different habitats, which were unusual for everyone, far from their home, and sometimes dangerous.

Historical reference

Historically, it so happened that the deportation of peoples to the USSR ruined the lives of ten nationalities. Among them were Germans and Koreans, there were also Chechens, Kalmyks and other residents who, at the same time, also lost their national autonomy.

People lost everything they had: home, family, relatives, jobs and money. They were forcibly removed and settled in terrible conditions in which only the most resilient survived. To this day, it is not known exactly which peoples of the USSR were deported, since their numbers were enormous. Social strata and the ethno-confessional population fell into this “repressive meat grinder.” Soviet citizens survived the terrible events of the 30s, and later during the Second World War.

This cruelty disturbed the peace of Poles, Ukrainians, Russians, Moldovans, Bulgarians, Armenians, Turks and other ethnic groups. It was only in 1991 that this event could be called a violation of human rights. Then the law recognized that the deportation of peoples to the USSR took place, and the repressed people were subjected to genocide, slander, forced relocation, terror and other violations.

Causes of injustice

Why did the deportation of peoples to the USSR begin? The reasons are usually interpreted in the light of the beginning. So to speak, it was the terrible events of the 40s that became the basis for the eviction of unwanted peoples. But those who dig deep into these events will realize that this is not the main reason. After all, the deportation of peoples to the USSR began long before the war tragedy.

Why did the Soviet government mercilessly send its population to their deaths? There is still controversy about this. It is officially accepted that betrayal became the reason for the deportation of peoples to the USSR to begin. The reason lay in the assistance of representatives of these nations to Hitler, as well as their active actions against the Red Army.

A striking example of injustice in the repression of nationalities can be considered the history of the Chechens and Ingush. Their forced eviction was hidden and the real reasons were not disclosed. People were led to believe that tactical exercises would take place on their homeland. According to many historians, the problem of such cruel treatment of these peoples was their struggle for national independence and resistance to the terror of Soviet power.

A similar situation happened with the Koreans. They began to be evicted because of espionage for Japan, which representatives of this nationality were allegedly engaged in. But if we look at those events in more detail, a political motive for the repression emerges. Thus, thanks to the eviction of Koreans, the USSR demonstrated its readiness to cooperate with China, opposition to Japan and, in general, its political position in the Far East.

In general, it is worth noting that the deportation of peoples to the USSR briefly showed the attitude of the authorities to the political situation throughout the world. If previously they tried to eliminate only peoples striving for independence, then during the war they, thanks to the eviction of nations, pleased the allies.

First wave

The first example of violent events was found back in 1918. Then, for seven years, the Soviet government tried to evict the White Guard Cossacks and those who had large plots of land. The first experimental subjects were the Cossacks of the Terek region. In addition to having to go to other areas, the Donbass and the North Caucasus, their home region was handed over to other future victims, the Ingush and Chechens.

Of course, the deportation of peoples to the USSR could not end in anything good. Historiography shows that in 1921 even Russian residents were evicted from their Semirechensk region when they were forcibly removed from Turkestan.

The following events took place already in the 30s. In Leningrad, mass arrests of Estonians, Latvians, Poles, Germans, Finns and Lithuanians began. This was followed by the eviction of the Finnish Ingrians. A couple of years later, the families of Poles and Germans who settled in Ukraine were repressed.

War

Deportation during the war years was more active and cruel. At this time, a huge number of nations were evicted, among them Kurds, Crimean Gypsies, Pontic Greeks, Nogais, etc. All of them were repressed due to collaboration. Because of the alleged cooperation of these nationalities with the aggressor country and its allies, people were deprived of their autonomy, homes and families. The deportation of peoples to the USSR, the table of which is historically replenished with new nations, ruined the lives of more than 60 nationalities. The table shows those nationalities that suffered the most.

As history shows, there could be many reasons for such behavior of the Soviet Union. These are conflicts between the country and nations, this is Stalin’s personal whim, geopolitical considerations, various kinds of prejudices, etc. Let’s try to consider how the deportation of individual peoples of the USSR took place and how repressions influenced the destinies of people.

Chechens and Ingush

So, as historical documents show, these people were evicted because of tactical exercises. This was due to the assumption that there were bandit groups in the mountains. On the one hand, this state of affairs was justified. In the mountains then one could observe bandit elements trying to overthrow the Soviet regime. On the other hand, these forces were so few that they could not do anything.

Nevertheless, since 1944, people began to be transported to Central Asia and Kazakhstan. As usual, many people died during the relocation. Those who survived were simply left in the steppe. Students were sent to the lands abandoned by the Chechens and Ingush to maintain livestock and other farms.

It is worth noting that researchers have repeatedly assured that accusations that the Chechens support the Germans are not justified. This is due to the fact that not a single German soldier was seen in this republic, and cooperation and joining the ranks of the fascist detachments could not happen, since there was no mobilization in this area.

As mentioned earlier, the Chechens and Ingush fell under the “hot hand” only because they always fought for their independence and tried to resist Soviet power.

Germans

It is probably obvious that the first to be subjected to repression during the Great Patriotic War were the Germans. Already in 1941, a decree was issued according to which it was necessary to “destroy” the Autonomous Republic of the Volga region, which was inhabited by this nation. In just two days, a lot of people were sent to Siberia, Kazakhstan, Altai and the Urals. Their number reached 360 thousand people.

The reason for such repressions was the emergence of information about future espionage and sabotage, which should have begun immediately after Hitler gave the signal. However, as history and the documents found show, there was no reason to believe that these events would occur. These rumors became only a pretext to evict the German people.

Those Germans who were mobilized into the army were recalled from there. Men over the age of 17 were drafted into labor columns the following year. There they worked hard in the factory, logging and mines. The same fate befell those peoples whose historical homelands were allies of Hitler. After the war, expelled, they tried to return home, but in 1947 they were deported again.

Karachais

The Karachays suffered from repression already in 1943. At the start of World War II, their number was just over 70 thousand people. For a whole year their territory was under German occupation. But after their release, people were never able to find peace.

In 1943, they were accused of collaborating with German troops, whom the Karachais helped, showed the way and sheltered from the Red Army. To expel this nation to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, it was necessary to use the military, a total of 53 thousand. As a result, more than 69 thousand Karachais were taken from their native land. During transportation, 600 people died. Half of those repressed were children under 16 years of age.

Those who at that time served in the Red Army were deported in 1944 after demobilization.

Kalmyks

The Kalmyks suffered the same misfortune as the Karachais. At the end of 1943, a decree was issued that envisaged the eviction of this nation. The reason for their expulsion was opposition to the government of the USSR and refusal to help the Red Army in the national conflict. The main event in these repressions was Operation Ulus, which was carried out by the Soviet military.

At the first stage, more than 93 thousand Kalmyks were liquidated. Among them there were 700 bandits and those who actively collaborated with the Germans. A month later, another 1,000 people were evicted. More than 50% of the Kalmyks were settled in Due to the fact that the deportation took place in December/January, many residents died during transportation.

Those presented to this nation who had already served for the benefit of the Red Army, were called up from the fronts and educational institutions. Moreover, at first they were distributed to different military districts, and then dismissed from service. And yet there is historical information that Kalmyks still remained in the army and served the USSR.

Crimean Tatars

Over time, the counter-offensive of the Red Army began, followed by the liberation of regions and cities. At the same time, Stalin did not calm down and continued to evict nation after nation from their native lands. Thus, after the expulsion of the Germans from the Crimean lands, the repression of the Tatars began.

According to the documents found, it turned out that the reason for the relocation lay in desertion. According to Beria, more than 20 thousand people of this nationality became traitors to the Red Army. They decided to move some of them to Germany. The other part remained in Crimea. Here they were arrested, and during a search they found a huge amount of weapons.

The USSR at that time was afraid of Turkey's influence on this situation. It was there that many Tatars lived before the war, and some of them remained there until then. Therefore, family ties could disturb the peace of civilians, and the presence of weapons would lead to uprisings and other unrest. These doubts of the Soviet government were also connected with the fact that Germany tried in every possible way to persuade Turkey to join the union.

The deportation lasted about two days. 32 thousand military personnel were sent for repression. The Crimean Tatars had to pack their things in a few minutes and go to the station. If a person did not want to leave home or could not walk, he was shot. As usual, many of the repressed died on the way due to lack of food, medical care and difficult conditions.

The deportation of the peoples of the USSR during the Second World War took place monthly. Azerbaijanis who lived in Georgia also came under repression. They were sent to Borchaly and Karayaz districts. The result of this tragedy was that only 31 families remained in the area. Armenians were evicted from their homelands in 1944. In the same year, Meskhetian Turks, Greeks, Turks and Kurds were repressed.

Results of the tragedy

As a result, the deportation of peoples to the USSR led to terrible results that remained forever in the heart of every resident of the repressed nation. As historical information indicates, the number of Germans who were subjected to forced relocation reached almost 950 thousand people. The total number of deported Chechens, Balkars, Ingush and Karachais was 608 thousand. Crimean Tatars, Bulgarians, Greeks and Armenians were deported in the amount of 228 thousand.

In order to settle down in the new territory, the settlers had to endure many difficulties. The mortality rate among these nationalities increased several times; during the years of deportation, on average, a quarter of the nation died.

It is also worth noting the attitude of residents towards the deportees. Some perceived this event with understanding, while others, on the contrary, considered the repressed outcasts and despised them. This state of affairs also led to aggression on the part of the victims of these events. Thus, many turned against the Soviet regime and tried to organize unrest in society.

Cruel consequences

Naturally, the deportation of peoples to the USSR was a terrible tragedy. The causes, conditions, results and consequences were negative. A lot of effort was devoted to repression, instead of fighting the fascists. A huge amount of equipment and military personnel were engaged in deportation, although there were not enough of them at the front. Statistics show that more than 220 thousand soldiers worked on the resettlement. Almost 100 thousand employees of various law enforcement agencies also collaborated with them.

In addition, the repressions frightened other nationalities, who were sure that they would soon come for them. Thus, Estonians, Ukrainians and Karelians could fall under the “hot hand”. The Kyrgyz also feared the loss of their native land, as there were rumors that all the indigenous inhabitants would be replaced by settlers.

The deportation of the peoples of the USSR and its consequences led to the fact that all boundaries of nationality were completely erased. Due to the fact that the settlers found themselves in an unfamiliar environment, the indigenous people mixed with the repressed. National-territorial entities were liquidated. The repressions left a huge imprint on the way of life of the settlers, on their culture and traditions.

The deportation of the peoples of the USSR and its consequences led to the fact that now many peoples are at war with each other, they are not able to divide the land. It is important to understand that many of the reasons for this process were not justified. It cannot be said that the Soviet government made fair decisions that would have helped during the Second World War. Some nations paid for their opposition to power, while the Germans became victims of revenge because of Hitler and his aggression.

Replenishment of Kazakhstan

Astana also at one time became a place that “sheltered” immigrants. The deportation of the peoples of the USSR to Kazakhstan began long before the war. A huge number of deportees arrived on the territory of the republic; back in 1931 there were about 190 thousand of them. Six years later, settlers arrived here again; there were almost twice as many of them, 360 thousand. So Kazakhstan became a place of residence for victims of repression.

Many of those who arrived here for permanent residence got jobs as workers in industrial enterprises and state farms. They had to live in barracks, yurts and makeshift buildings in the open air.

Ukrainians came here back in the 19th century. In the pre-war period there were even more of them. After the war, the number of Ukrainians amounted to more than 100 thousand inhabitants. Among those deported were families of kulaks and members of the OUN. By the beginning of the 50s, those who were released from KarLAG began to arrive in Kazakhstan.

Korean deportees who were brought from the Far East in 1937 also went here. The Poles, who were sent here due to the threat of world war, also arrived in Kazakhstan, just at the end of the 30s. With the beginning of World War II, even more representatives of this nation arrived in Astana.

After the war, huge numbers of settlers continued to migrate to the area. The deportation of the peoples of the USSR to Kazakhstan led to the fact that all nationalities living on the territory of the Soviet Union ended up on the territory of this republic. Already in 1946, another 100 thousand victims of repression were added, which in total amounted to about 500 thousand deportees.

Many of the displaced people tried to leave their new place of life, which was considered escape and a violation of criminal law. Once every three days they had to report to the NKVD about any important events that would concern numbers.

The main goal of resettlement was considered to be eternal residence in foreign territory. To fulfill such a plan, the Soviet government tried to impose harsh sanctions on violators. If someone tried to escape from the territory of the settlement, he was sentenced to up to twenty years of hard labor.

The assistants of these people also faced retribution - imprisonment for up to 5 years. The main task of the Soviet government was to limit the desire and attempts of the repressed to get to their homeland.

According to recent studies, over the entire period of deportation, over one million migrants arrived in Kazakhstan. Already in the mid-50s, 2 million strangers lived here.

For what?

Over the course of several years, the deportation of peoples to the USSR took place. Photos of those events to this day reflect the harshness of power. The destinies of people were crippled, and time was not favorable. Each of them dreamed of returning home to restore the previous order of life. People tried to find their home, their family and their happiness.

The Soviet Union tried to eliminate not just entire peoples, but also their lands, languages, cultures and traditions. If all this is taken away from a person, then he will become an obedient slave of totalitarian politics. The deported people suffered severe mental and physical trauma. They were hungry and sick, they tried to find their home and peace.

After Stalin’s death, the situation began to change; a rehabilitation policy was pursued in relation to the settlers, but it was no longer possible to improve the destinies of the people. Their fate and lives were irrevocably distorted and destroyed.

November 14, 2009 marked 20 years since the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted the Declaration recognizing repressive acts against peoples subjected to forced relocation as illegal and criminal.

Deportation (from Latin deportatio) - expulsion, exile. In a broad sense, deportation refers to the forced removal of a person or category of persons to another state or another locality, usually under escort.

Historian Pavel Polyan in his work “Not of one’s own will... History and geography of forced migrations in the USSR” points out: “cases when not part of a group (class, ethnic group, confession, etc.) is deported, but almost the entire group, are called total deportation."

According to the historian, ten peoples were subjected to total deportation in the USSR: Koreans, Germans, Ingrian Finns, Karachais, Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingush, Balkars, Crimean Tatars and Meskhetian Turks. Of these, seven - Germans, Karachais, Kalmyks, Ingush, Chechens, Balkars and Crimean Tatars - also lost their national autonomy.

To one degree or another, many other ethnic, ethno-confessional and social categories of Soviet citizens were deported to the USSR: Cossacks, “kulaks” of various nationalities, Poles, Azerbaijanis, Kurds, Chinese, Russians, Iranians, Iranian Jews, Ukrainians, Moldovans , Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Greeks, Bulgarians, Armenians, Kabardians, Hemshins, Armenian “Dashnaks”, Turks, Tajiks, etc.

According to Professor Bugay, the vast majority of migrants were sent to Kazakhstan (239,768 Chechens and 78,470 Ingush) and Kyrgyzstan (70,097 Chechens and 2,278 Ingush). The areas of concentration of Chechens in Kazakhstan were Akmola, Pavlodar, North Kazakhstan, Karaganda, East Kazakhstan, Semipalatinsk and Alma-Ata regions, and in Kyrgyzstan - Frunzensk (now Chui) and Osh regions. Hundreds of special settlers who worked in their homeland in the oil industry were sent to fields in the Guryev (now Atyrau) region of Kazakhstan.

On February 26, 1944, Beria issued an order to the NKVD “On measures for eviction from the Design Bureau of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Balkar population." On March 5, the State Defense Committee issued a decree on eviction from the Design Bureau of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The start date of the operation was set at March 10, but it was carried out earlier - on March 8 and 9. On April 8, 1944, the PVS Decree was issued on the renaming of the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic into the Kabardian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

The total number of deportees to places of resettlement amounted to 37,044 people, sent to Kyrgyzstan (about 60%) and to Kazakhstan.

In May-June 1944, forced resettlement affected Kabardians. On June 20, 1944, about 2,500 family members of “active German proteges, traitors and traitors” from among the Kabardians and, in a small proportion, Russians were deported to Kazakhstan.

In April 1944, immediately after the liberation of Crimea, the NKVD and NKGB began to “cleanse” its territory of anti-Soviet elements.

May 10, 1944 - "considering the treacherous actions Crimean Tatars against the Soviet people and based on the undesirability of the further residence of the Crimean Tatars on the border outskirts of the Soviet Union,” Beria addressed Stalin with a written proposal for deportation. State Defense Committee resolutions on the eviction of the Crimean Tatar population from the territory of Crimea were adopted on April 2, May 11 and May 21, 1944. A similar resolution on the eviction of Crimean Tatars (and Greeks) from the territory of the Krasnodar Territory and Rostov Region was dated May 29, 1944.

According to historian Pavel Polyan, citing Professor Nikolai Bugai, the main operation began at dawn on May 18. By 16:00 on May 20, 180,014 people had been evicted. According to final data, 191,014 Crimean Tatars (more than 47 thousand families) were deported from Crimea.

About 37 thousand families (151,083 people) of Crimean Tatars were taken to Uzbekistan: the largest “colonies” settled in Tashkent (about 56 thousand people), Samarkand (about 32 thousand people), Andijan (19 thousand people) and Fergana (16 thousand people) ) areas. The rest were distributed in the Urals (Molotov (now Perm) and Sverdlovsk regions), in Udmurtia and in the European part of the USSR (Kostroma, Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod), Moscow and other regions).

Additionally, during May-June 1944, about 66 thousand more people were deported from Crimea and the Caucasus, including 41,854 people from Crimea (among them 15,040 Soviet Greeks, 12,422 Bulgarians, 9,620 Armenians, 1,119 Germans, Italians , Romanians, etc.; they were sent to Bashkiria, Kemerovo, Molotov, Sverdlovsk and Kirov regions of the USSR, as well as to the Guryev region of Kazakhstan); about 3.5 thousand foreigners with expired passports, including 3,350 Greeks, 105 Turks and 16 Iranians (they were sent to the Fergana region of Uzbekistan), from the Krasnodar region - 8,300 people (Greeks only), from the Transcaucasian republics - 16,375 people (only Greeks).

On June 30, 1945, by Decree of the PVS, the Crimean ASSR was transformed into the Crimean region within the RSFSR.

In the spring of 1944, forced relocations were carried out in Georgia.

According to Professor Nikolai Bugay, in March 1944, more than 600 Kurdish and Azerbaijani families(a total of 3,240 people) - residents of Tbilisi, were resettled within Georgia itself, to the Tsalka, Borchalin and Karayaz regions, then the “Muslim peoples” of Georgia living near the Soviet-Turkish border were resettled.

The certificate that Lavrentiy Beria sent to Stalin on November 28, 1944, stated that the population of Meskheti, connected “...by family relations with the residents of Turkey, was engaged in smuggling, showed emigration sentiments and served as sources for Turkish intelligence agencies to recruit spy elements and plant bandit groups " On July 24, 1944, in a letter to Stalin, Beria proposed to resettle 16,700 farms "Turks, Kurds and Hemshils" from the border regions of Georgia to Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. On July 31, 1944, a decision was made to resettle 76,021 Turks, as well as 8,694 Kurds and 1,385 Hemshils. The Turks meant Meskhetian Turks, residents of the Georgian historical region of Meskheti-Javakheti.

The eviction itself began on the morning of November 15, 1944 and lasted three days. In total, according to various sources, from 90 to 116 thousand people were evicted. More than half (53,133 people) arrived in Uzbekistan, another 28,598 people in Kazakhstan and 10,546 people in Kyrgyzstan.

Rehabilitation of deported peoples

In January 1946, deregistration of special settlements of ethnic contingents began. The first to be deregistered were Finns deported to Yakutia, the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Irkutsk Region.

In the mid-1950s, a series of decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Council followed to lift restrictions in the legal status of deported special settlers.

On July 5, 1954, the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted the Resolution “On the removal of certain restrictions on the legal status of special settlers.” It noted that as a result of the further consolidation of Soviet power and the inclusion of the bulk of special settlers employed in industry and agriculture in the economic and cultural life of the areas of their new residence, the need to apply legal restrictions to them disappeared.

The next two decisions of the Council of Ministers were adopted in 1955 - “On the issuance of passports to special settlers” (March 10) and “On the deregistration of certain categories of special settlers” (November 24).

On September 17, 1955, the PVS Decree “On the amnesty of Soviet citizens who collaborated with the occupiers during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945” was issued.

The first decree specifically relating exclusively to the “punished people” also dates back to 1955: it was the Decree of the PVS of December 13, 1955 “On the removal of restrictions in the legal status of Germans and members of their families in special settlements.”

On January 17, 1956, the PVS Decree was issued lifting restrictions on Poles evicted in 1936; March 17, 1956 - from the Kalmyks, March 27 - from the Greeks, Bulgarians and Armenians; April 18, 1956 - from the Crimean Tatars, Balkars, Meskhetian Turks, Kurds and Hemshils; On July 16, 1956, legal restrictions were lifted from Chechens, Ingush and Karachais (all without the right to return to their homeland).

On January 9, 1957, five of the totally repressed peoples who previously had their own statehood had their autonomy returned, but two - the Germans and the Crimean Tatars - were not (this did not happen today).

The material was prepared based on information from open sources

November 14, 2009 marked 20 years since the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted the Declaration recognizing repressive acts against peoples subjected to forced relocation as illegal and criminal.

Deportation (from Latin deportatio) - expulsion, exile. In a broad sense, deportation refers to the forced removal of a person or category of persons to another state or another locality, usually under escort.

Historian Pavel Polyan in his work “Not of one’s own will... History and geography of forced migrations in the USSR” points out: “cases when not part of a group (class, ethnic group, confession, etc.) is deported, but almost the entire group, are called total deportation."

According to the historian, ten peoples were subjected to total deportation in the USSR: Koreans, Germans, Ingrian Finns, Karachais, Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingush, Balkars, Crimean Tatars and Meskhetian Turks. Of these, seven - Germans, Karachais, Kalmyks, Ingush, Chechens, Balkars and Crimean Tatars - also lost their national autonomy.

To one degree or another, many other ethnic, ethno-confessional and social categories of Soviet citizens were deported to the USSR: Cossacks, “kulaks” of various nationalities, Poles, Azerbaijanis, Kurds, Chinese, Russians, Iranians, Iranian Jews, Ukrainians, Moldovans , Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Greeks, Bulgarians, Armenians, Kabardians, Hemshins, Armenian “Dashnaks”, Turks, Tajiks, etc.

According to Professor Bugay, the vast majority of migrants were sent to Kazakhstan (239,768 Chechens and 78,470 Ingush) and Kyrgyzstan (70,097 Chechens and 2,278 Ingush). The areas of concentration of Chechens in Kazakhstan were Akmola, Pavlodar, North Kazakhstan, Karaganda, East Kazakhstan, Semipalatinsk and Alma-Ata regions, and in Kyrgyzstan - Frunzensk (now Chui) and Osh regions. Hundreds of special settlers who worked in their homeland in the oil industry were sent to fields in the Guryev (now Atyrau) region of Kazakhstan.

On February 26, 1944, Beria issued an order to the NKVD “On measures for eviction from the Design Bureau of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Balkar population." On March 5, the State Defense Committee issued a decree on eviction from the Design Bureau of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The start date of the operation was set at March 10, but it was carried out earlier - on March 8 and 9. On April 8, 1944, the PVS Decree was issued on the renaming of the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic into the Kabardian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

The total number of deportees to places of resettlement amounted to 37,044 people, sent to Kyrgyzstan (about 60%) and to Kazakhstan.

In May-June 1944, forced resettlement affected Kabardians. On June 20, 1944, about 2,500 family members of “active German proteges, traitors and traitors” from among the Kabardians and, in a small proportion, Russians were deported to Kazakhstan.

In April 1944, immediately after the liberation of Crimea, the NKVD and NKGB began to “cleanse” its territory of anti-Soviet elements.

May 10, 1944 - "considering the treacherous actions Crimean Tatars against the Soviet people and based on the undesirability of the further residence of the Crimean Tatars on the border outskirts of the Soviet Union,” Beria addressed Stalin with a written proposal for deportation. State Defense Committee resolutions on the eviction of the Crimean Tatar population from the territory of Crimea were adopted on April 2, May 11 and May 21, 1944. A similar resolution on the eviction of Crimean Tatars (and Greeks) from the territory of the Krasnodar Territory and Rostov Region was dated May 29, 1944.

According to historian Pavel Polyan, citing Professor Nikolai Bugai, the main operation began at dawn on May 18. By 16:00 on May 20, 180,014 people had been evicted. According to final data, 191,014 Crimean Tatars (more than 47 thousand families) were deported from Crimea.

About 37 thousand families (151,083 people) of Crimean Tatars were taken to Uzbekistan: the largest “colonies” settled in Tashkent (about 56 thousand people), Samarkand (about 32 thousand people), Andijan (19 thousand people) and Fergana (16 thousand people) ) areas. The rest were distributed in the Urals (Molotov (now Perm) and Sverdlovsk regions), in Udmurtia and in the European part of the USSR (Kostroma, Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod), Moscow and other regions).

Additionally, during May-June 1944, about 66 thousand more people were deported from Crimea and the Caucasus, including 41,854 people from Crimea (among them 15,040 Soviet Greeks, 12,422 Bulgarians, 9,620 Armenians, 1,119 Germans, Italians , Romanians, etc.; they were sent to Bashkiria, Kemerovo, Molotov, Sverdlovsk and Kirov regions of the USSR, as well as to the Guryev region of Kazakhstan); about 3.5 thousand foreigners with expired passports, including 3,350 Greeks, 105 Turks and 16 Iranians (they were sent to the Fergana region of Uzbekistan), from the Krasnodar region - 8,300 people (Greeks only), from the Transcaucasian republics - 16,375 people (only Greeks).

On June 30, 1945, by Decree of the PVS, the Crimean ASSR was transformed into the Crimean region within the RSFSR.

In the spring of 1944, forced relocations were carried out in Georgia.

According to Professor Nikolai Bugay, in March 1944, more than 600 Kurdish and Azerbaijani families(a total of 3,240 people) - residents of Tbilisi, were resettled within Georgia itself, to the Tsalka, Borchalin and Karayaz regions, then the “Muslim peoples” of Georgia living near the Soviet-Turkish border were resettled.

The certificate that Lavrentiy Beria sent to Stalin on November 28, 1944, stated that the population of Meskheti, connected “...by family relations with the residents of Turkey, was engaged in smuggling, showed emigration sentiments and served as sources for Turkish intelligence agencies to recruit spy elements and plant bandit groups " On July 24, 1944, in a letter to Stalin, Beria proposed to resettle 16,700 farms "Turks, Kurds and Hemshils" from the border regions of Georgia to Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. On July 31, 1944, a decision was made to resettle 76,021 Turks, as well as 8,694 Kurds and 1,385 Hemshils. The Turks meant Meskhetian Turks, residents of the Georgian historical region of Meskheti-Javakheti.

The eviction itself began on the morning of November 15, 1944 and lasted three days. In total, according to various sources, from 90 to 116 thousand people were evicted. More than half (53,133 people) arrived in Uzbekistan, another 28,598 people in Kazakhstan and 10,546 people in Kyrgyzstan.

Rehabilitation of deported peoples

In January 1946, deregistration of special settlements of ethnic contingents began. The first to be deregistered were Finns deported to Yakutia, the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Irkutsk Region.

In the mid-1950s, a series of decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Council followed to lift restrictions in the legal status of deported special settlers.

On July 5, 1954, the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted the Resolution “On the removal of certain restrictions on the legal status of special settlers.” It noted that as a result of the further consolidation of Soviet power and the inclusion of the bulk of special settlers employed in industry and agriculture in the economic and cultural life of the areas of their new residence, the need to apply legal restrictions to them disappeared.

The next two decisions of the Council of Ministers were adopted in 1955 - “On the issuance of passports to special settlers” (March 10) and “On the deregistration of certain categories of special settlers” (November 24).

On September 17, 1955, the PVS Decree “On the amnesty of Soviet citizens who collaborated with the occupiers during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945” was issued.

The first decree specifically relating exclusively to the “punished people” also dates back to 1955: it was the Decree of the PVS of December 13, 1955 “On the removal of restrictions in the legal status of Germans and members of their families in special settlements.”

On January 17, 1956, the PVS Decree was issued lifting restrictions on Poles evicted in 1936; March 17, 1956 - from the Kalmyks, March 27 - from the Greeks, Bulgarians and Armenians; April 18, 1956 - from the Crimean Tatars, Balkars, Meskhetian Turks, Kurds and Hemshils; On July 16, 1956, legal restrictions were lifted from Chechens, Ingush and Karachais (all without the right to return to their homeland).

On January 9, 1957, five of the totally repressed peoples who previously had their own statehood had their autonomy returned, but two - the Germans and the Crimean Tatars - were not (this did not happen today).

The material was prepared based on information from open sources