Who was Martov? Pages of history. Lenin and Martov: friends and enemies. Separation from the Jewish people

Martov- pseudonym Yulia Osipovicha Tsederbaum(1873-1923), professional revolutionary, one of the founders of the Social Democratic movement in Russia, leader of the Menshevik faction in the RSDLP. Yu. O. Martov was born in Constantinople into the family of a Russian merchant. At the age of eighteen, he entered the natural sciences department of St. Petersburg University and immediately plunged into revolutionary activities, organizing social democratic circles and groups, promoting Marxism and preparing the creation of a Marxist social democratic organization from representatives of workers and intelligentsia. He participated in the creation of the “Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class” and the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP). One of the authors of the RSDLP program adopted at the Second Congress (1903). In matters of organization and discipline, he took a position opposite to V.I. Lenin’s views on a single, strictly centralized party. He headed the Menshevik faction at the Second Congress of the RSDLP and subsequently was one of the leaders of Menshevism. He criticized the Bolsheviks for their desire to establish a dictatorship in the party. After the defeat of the revolution of 1905-1907. advocated the legalization of the party, the reconciliation of all factions, participation in Duma elections and Duma activities. Yu. O. Martov, as a true revolutionary, a Marxist, did not deny the need for a socialist revolution, but believed that the conditions for it in Russia were not yet ripe. Therefore, the labor movement and the social democratic party at the stage of the bourgeois-democratic revolution must support the bourgeois-democratic and national-democratic parties and contribute to the deepening and expansion of democratic transformations in the state and society. The conditions for a socialist revolution in Russia will mature after these revolutions take place in the advanced countries of Europe and America.

With the outbreak of the First World War, when V.I. Lenin put forward the slogan of the defeat of his government and the transformation of the imperialist war into a civil war, Yu. O. Martov advocated its speedy end and a democratic peace.

With the beginning of the February Revolution (1917), he did not support the entry of the Social Democrats into the Provisional Government, since this, in his opinion, could interfere with the “political initiative” awakening among the workers and soldiers, the self-awareness necessary for subsequent socialist transformations. At the same time, he continued to criticize the Bolshevik strategy for attracting into the revolutionary movement the soldier-peasant masses, alien to socialism and the interests of the working class. At this time, Yu. O. Martov headed the faction of the so-called Mensheviks-internationalists, who opposed “revolutionary defencism” and for international solidarity of workers of all countries and democratic peace.

Yu. O. Martov was elected as a delegate to the I, II, III and IV Congresses of Soviets. In speeches at congresses he condemned the offensive at the front and demanded the convening of an international conference of socialists to end the war.

He considered the October Socialist Revolution a mistake of the Bolsheviks and called on workers and soldiers to abandon the armed seizure of power. The salvation of the revolution, according to Yu. O. Martov, at that time was possible in the event of peace and decisive social reforms.

At the IV Extraordinary Congress of Soviets, he opposed the conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty and for the creation of a homogeneous socialist government instead of the Council of People's Commissars of a “new government”. However, in December 1918, at the All-Russian Party Conference of the Bolsheviks, he supported the policy of the Soviet government to combat counter-revolution and advocated the removal of the demand for a Constituent Assembly. As a real politician, Martov accepted the fact of the existence of the Soviet system, but remained a supporter of a democratic republic and continued to criticize the Soviet government.

In October 1920, Martov, on behalf of the Central Committee of the Menshevik Party (which was legalized on November 30, 1919), went abroad as a representative of the party in the Second International, retaining Soviet citizenship. In 1921, he became one of the founders of the so-called Vienna, or 2"/g International. He died of tuberculosis and was buried in Berlin.

Yu. O. Martov devoted most of his adult life to the study and propaganda of Marxism, the creation of a Marxist party in Russia in the image of the German Social Democratic organization (SPD). Both in the theory of socialism and in party practice, he adhered to moderate positions, although he did not reject the possibility of revolution and building socialism in Russia. Both in theory and in party work, Martov was a principled opponent of Bolshevism and its leader V.I. Lenin, rejecting, first of all, the desire of the Bolsheviks to immediately introduce a socialist system in Russia, their intolerance towards other parties, including socialist ones. As a party theorist, Martov is known primarily for the classification of Russian parties given in his monograph “Political Parties in Russia” (1906), in which all Russian parties are divided into:

• 1) right-wing, reactionary-conservative (Russian Monarchist Party, Union of the Russian People, Russian Assembly). These parties defend the monarchical system, autocracy and traditional Russian values;
• 2) parties of the center (Commercial and Industrial Party, Union of October 17). These parties advocate a constitutional monarchy, the introduction of fundamental rights and freedoms, including political ones, and universal suffrage in Russia;
• 3) liberal democratic parties (Constitutional Democratic Party, or People's Freedom Party, Democratic Reform Party, Freethinkers Party), which advocate the introduction of a constitutional order: equality of all citizens before the law, freedom of conscience and religion, freedom of speech and press, assembly and unions, freedom of petition, inviolability of person and home, freedom of movement;
• 4) revolutionary parties (Party of Socialist Revolutionaries, RSDLP), which seek complete democracy or a democratic republic, the provision of self-government to individual peoples, and the election of all officials.

Thus, according to Martov, it turns out that the Russian party system (at least in 1906) had a kind of dual center, the parties of which were divided according to two criteria. Firstly, the attitude towards autocracy. The center parties (obviously center-right) want to limit autocracy by constitution, but reduce the legislative role of the future parliament to a legislative role. Secondly, the social composition of parliament. The center-right parties want to preserve the aristocratic character of representation in the future parliament. Liberal-democratic (i.e., center-left) parties advocate giving the Duma legislative functions, a government responsible to the Duma (and not to the monarch), and universal suffrage, which will make the Duma democratic in social terms. The remaining parties took radical positions: either extreme right or extreme left.

And one more important detail of Martov’s classification of Russian parties. He considers both liberal democratic and revolutionary parties to be left-wing political parties. This corresponds to his concept of a possible alliance of social democratic and liberal democratic forces.

In his other monograph on Russian parties, “The Origin of Political Parties and Their Activities,” signed under the pseudonym A. Egorov and published in the multi-volume edition “Social Movement in Russia at the Beginning of the 19th Century” (vol. I), Yu. O. Martov paints a picture Russian party genesis, the emergence within the framework of three social movements (populism, social democracy, liberal democracy) of proto-party, and then party organizations.

The history of the revolution in Russia, the formation and struggle of Russian social democracy, the struggle of the Mensheviks and Bolsheviks are devoted to such works by O. Yu. Martov as: “The History of Russian Social Democracy” (Petrograd, 1918), “World Bolshevism” (Berlin, 1923) , “Results of War and Revolution” (Moscow, 1918), “Notes of a Social Democrat” (Moscow, 1924), his correspondence with P. B. Axelrod (“Letters of P. B. Axelrod and Yu. O. Martov”, Berlin , 1924).

Among those who began, together with Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, the struggle for the creation of a Social Democratic Party, and then became his opponents, there are many prominent political figures, representatives of parties who at one time proposed alternative options for the development of the country to the Bolsheviks.

Among them, one of the most prominent figures was Yuliy Osipovich Martov (real name Tsederbaum) (1873 - 1923). V.I. Lenin and Yu.O. Martov were called friends and enemies. When Martov died in 1923 in Berlin, where he was able to go for treatment at Lenin’s insistence, contrary to the opinion of the Central Committee, the sick Lenin was not told about this, because they were afraid that this news would make him worse. The political views of Martov and Lenin initially converged: both were Marxists. They were brought together by a common understanding of the tasks of the revolutionary struggle, and in the fall of 1895, at a joint meeting of the Central Group of St. Petersburg Marxists, led by Lenin, and the Martov Circle, an agreement was reached on the creation of a single citywide organization, which set as its goal the deployment of mass political agitation among the workers, known as: "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class." Then, the period of preparation and the beginning of publication of the newspaper Iskra and the magazine Zarya became the time of greatest closeness between Lenin and Martov. They worked together amicably and selflessly in the editorial office, corresponded with correspondents, organized secret connections, and had long conversations. Martov was one of the few people with whom Lenin was on friendly terms. However, it was during this period that the first serious disagreements between them emerged on a number of theoretical and practical issues of the revolutionary movement. The entire subsequent history of their relationship was a reflection of the struggle that was waged for many years between the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.

Martov Yu. O. Notes of a Social Democrat. M., 1924.

Martov Yu. O. Favorites. M., 2000.

“The political situation is very bad”: Letters from Yu. O. Martov to G. V. Plekhanov. 1906// Historical archive. 1998. No. 2. p. 62 - 71.

Ioffe G.Z. Lenin and Martov: friends and enemies// Conversation with G.Z.

Ioffe / Vel I. Solganik// Arguments and Facts. 1990. No. 17.

Nikitin V. Lenin and Martov: failed dialogue on the new economic policy// Dialogue. 1991. No. 10. P. 64 - 67.

Martov Yuliy Osipovich (Tsederbaum) (1873-1923), participant in the Russian revolutionary movement. In 1895, a member of the St. Petersburg "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class." Since 1900, member of the Iskra editorial board. Since 1903 one of the leaders of the Mensheviks. In mid-1917 he was a member of the Provisional Council of the Russian Republic (pre-parliament). He viewed the October Revolution as an inevitable catastrophe; criticized the internal policies of the Bolsheviks (proletarian dictatorship, “red terror”, etc.). In 1918 he was a member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Since 1920 he has been an emigrant, one of the organizers of the “2 1/2 International”.

One of the founders of the RSDLP, Yuli Osipovich Martov (Tsederbaum), was born on November 2, 1873 in Constantinople into a wealthy family, a Jew. Here his father, Osip Aleksandrovich Tsederbaum, served in the Russian Society of Shipping and Trade. The Zederbaum family traditionally professed liberal views. Yuli’s great-grandfather, watchmaker Osip Tsederbaum, gathered supporters of the “liberal monarchy” at his home, and his grandfather, Alexander Osipovich, published relatively progressive newspapers, in which he himself published. Yuli's father spoke three foreign languages ​​and was also known as a liberal, was fond of journalism, and helped his father in publishing. So Yulia Martov had someone to adopt culture and talents from.

The large family of Tsederbaums (Juliy had six brothers and sisters) lived by the labor of Osip Alexandrovich. There were no other sources. The war with Turkey began, and the family moved first to Odessa and then to St. Petersburg. Osip Aleksandrovich's earnings decreased greatly, and the Tsederbaums began to have difficulty making ends meet.

Yuliy Martov studied at the Odessa gymnasium, then at the Seventh St. Petersburg gymnasium. Having experienced shocks associated with manifestations of anti-Semitism in elementary school, Yuliy Martov in high school became a recognized leader among his peers. In 1891 he entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics at St. Petersburg University. After the first attempt to distribute prohibited leaflets, Martov was arrested (February 1892), spent 5 months in “Kresty” and was deported to Lithuania, to Vilna. I had to say goodbye to the university.

Martov was allowed to return to St. Petersburg only at the beginning of October 1895. Here he met Vladimir Lenin, and joined the leadership group of the Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class. During this period of time, Martov and Lenin became close friends. Actually, with the exception of his relatives, Martov was closest to the young Lenin, who carried this friendly feeling throughout his life. Lenin never had any other friends, but only “comrades in struggle.”

On the night of January 4–5, 1896, Martov was arrested again, and he spent a year in prison. Then he was exiled to Eastern Siberia, to the Turukhansk region for a period of three years. Martov got a much worse place to live in exile than Lenin (the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, which was fertile for life). While in exile, Martov read a lot and wrote several serious works (“Populism Before and Now,” “Modern Russia,” “Workers’ Cause in Russia,” “Red Banner in Russia”). Tsederbaum signed his works with the pseudonym Martov, which became his surname. At this time, Martov (like Lenin) adhered to radical revolutionary views, considering revolution the only means of changing the system in Russia. However, unlike Lenin, Yuliy Martov already at this time believed that the real force for transformation of Russian society could and should be a broad coalition of all progressive social forces, and not just the working class. Moreover, Yuliy Martov assigned the leading role in this process to the intelligentsia, to which he himself belonged.

Yuliy Martov began his serious revolutionary activity in the Jewish Social Democratic Party (Bund), which was at that time the most massive socialist organization in Russia. In 1904, the Bund had about 20 thousand members and was approximately twice the size of all other Russian party organizations combined. The massive participation of Jews in the social democratic movement is explained by their persecution in Russia and throughout the world, widespread literacy, material well-being and the closeness of the ideas of socialism to the national psychology of the Jews.

Martov quite quickly, like many other prominent members of the Bund, switched to the position of internationalism. He realized the ineffectiveness of the struggle even only for the national rights of Jews in Russia with the help of a purely Jewish party. Martov realized the need to create an all-Russian Social Democratic Party, the program of which would include internationalism as an unshakable postulate.

After serving his exile (January 1900), Martov went abroad, where he spent many years. On March 23, 1901, Yuli Martov arrived in Munich to participate in editing, together with Lenin, the newspaper of Russian Social Democrats, Iskra. He, along with Plekhanov, Lenin, Axelrod, Vera Zasulich and Potresov, became part of the first editorial board of Iskra. Then Leon Trotsky actually joined them. The latter recalled in his work “Lenin and the old Iskra”: “The political leader of Iskra was Lenin, but the main journalistic force was Martov. He wrote easily and endlessly, just as he spoke. Lenin spent a lot of time in the library of the British Museum, where he studied theoretically.”

From the very beginning of his political activity, Martov took the moderate position of a classical social democrat in the modern concept. He invariably opposed any manifestations of extremes. Already before the Second Congress of the RSDLP, fundamental disagreements broke out between Lenin and Martov. Lenin proposed creating small armed detachments of militant workers to attack police officers, government institutions, and carry out expropriations. Martov was against the creation of such detachments, although he supported the need to organize the defense of mass demonstrations with weapons. Lenin actually called for the organization of a kind of terror and racketeering in favor of the party, although he publicly fought against the terrorist methods of struggle of the Socialist-Revolutionaries-maximalists. Martov was also a consistent opponent of intolerance in ideological discussions, so characteristic of Lenin.

Nobility towards the enemy, moderation in goals, tolerance for other people's opinions - these are the character traits of Yuli Martov that set him apart from the “steadfast” and uncompromising Lenin on opposite sides of the ideological barricades. Trotsky, in the same work, wrote about the relationship between Lenin and Martov even before their public break at the Second Congress: “When they talked to each other at the meeting, there were no longer friendly intonations or jokes... Lenin spoke, looking past Martov, and Martov’s eyes glazed over under his drooping pince-nez... And when Vladimir Ilyich spoke to me about Martov, there was a special shade in his intonation: “What did Yuliy say?”, and the name Yuliy was pronounced in a special way, with a slight emphasis, as if with a warning: “he’s good, he’s supposed to be even wonderful, but he’s very soft.”

By the beginning of the 90s, Martov became one of the most prominent and talented young leaders of Russian social democracy. He was, perhaps, considered its second or third leader after Georgy Plekhanov and, possibly, Lenin. The famous revolutionary Vera Ivanovna Zasulich had a noticeable influence on Martov at this time. It was she who called Lenin’s “bulldog” grip, contrasting it with Georgiy Plekhanov’s “greyhound grip” (“whack, shake and let go”). Lenin liked the comparison, but it was not praise for the young leader of the party from the old revolutionary. She extremely disliked the style and methods of work of the “firm” Iskraist Lenin with his party comrades and colleagues on the Iskra editorial board, his unbridled criticism of liberals and all other dissidents. She was completely on the side of the “soft” and talented Martov.

An open confrontation between Martov and Lenin took place at the Second Congress of the RSDLP in 1903 (they diverged ideologically even earlier). Julius Martov resolutely opposed Lenin’s proposed transformation of the party from a democratic organization into a kind of medieval order, welded together by iron discipline and ideological unity. This question became (like the question of the dictatorship of the proletariat) fateful for the party. Lenin created the party as a means of armed seizure of power and its subsequent retention. Martov saw the party as a democratic, educational organization that, through its work, increased the educational level of the population. He saw the party as a legal parliamentary party, capable of legally coming to power without upheavals and military coups.

As a result of the decisive vote at the Second Congress, Lenin and his supporters received a majority of votes in the elections to party bodies and from then on received the name Bolsheviks. Martov and his supporters began to be called Mensheviks. From then on, there were, in fact, two parties in the Social Democratic movement in Russia. However, these two parties retained the same name for a long time and collaborated from time to time.

Martov, like Plekhanov, rejected the 1905 revolution as a bloody and useless rebellion that interfered with the civilized development of Russia. At this time, the path of liberal reforms began to dawn on Russia. A gradual transition to a constitutional monarchy became possible. Emperor Nicholas II issued a Manifesto, excerpts from which are given below:

“The Highest Manifesto.

By God's grace,

We, Nicholas II, Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia, Tsar of Poland, Grand Duke of Finland, and so on, and so on, and so on.

1. Grant the population the unshakable foundations of civil freedom on the basis of actual personal inviolability, freedom of conscience, speech, assembly and association.

2. ... Now to attract to participation in the Duma ... those classes of the population that are now completely deprived of voting rights, thereby submitting the further development of the beginning of general suffrage to the newly established legislative order.

3. Establish as an unshakable rule that no law can take effect without the approval of the State Duma and that those elected by the people are provided with the opportunity to truly participate in monitoring the regularity of the actions of the authorities appointed by Us...”

Martov, Plekhanov, Axelrod, Dan, Zasulich and other Social Democrats greeted the Tsar's Manifesto on Freedom in Russia with hope. However, the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin, had other views and plans. They declared the Tsar's Manifesto a hoax and called on the population of the country to revolt.

Lenin returned to Russia and took part in organizing the armed Bolshevik uprisings of 1905-07. As a result of these actions of the Bolsheviks and other revolutionaries, liberal reforms in Russia were thwarted.

In October 1905, Yuliy Martov also returned to Russia. He immediately became involved in editing the Menshevik newspaper Nachalo and in the public life of St. Petersburg. In 1906, Martov was arrested and sent abroad. Abroad, Martov published many articles in the socialist press and became one of the most prominent theoreticians of the world social democratic movement.

In 1913, Martov came to Russia and actively participated in the work of his party. During the First World War, Martov occupied moderate centrist positions; at conferences of Social Democrats he actively opposed Lenin with his slogan of turning the imperialist war into a civil war.

Martov met the February revolution, which brought long-awaited political freedom, in Switzerland. He, along with Lenin and other Social Democrats, crossed Germany in a sealed carriage. The Germans willingly helped the Bolsheviks, who advocated the defeat of their country in the war against them, return to Russia. According to some sources, it was Martov who proposed this plan for Lenin to return to Russia. He returned to Russia in May 1917. Thousands of workers and soldiers met him at the station in Petrograd.

Martov immediately found himself in an atmosphere of intense struggle for power. The main danger to the new freedom in Russia at this time was represented by the Bolsheviks, led by Lenin. The leader of the Bolsheviks proclaimed a course towards an armed seizure of power. And the Bolsheviks became the main ideological opponents of the Mensheviks and Martov personally.

The Mensheviks were also heterogeneous on issues of war and peace, on the issue of participation in the Provisional Government. Martov held moderate centrist positions in his party. He tried to prevent a split and weakening of the party. This position, in the context of a fierce struggle for power, was very precarious. Martov often found himself in the minority in his party. More energetic Social Democrats emerged as leaders of the Mensheviks: Tsereteli, Dan, Chkheidze, Potresov. Martov opposed Lenin’s plan to develop the bourgeois revolution into a socialist one, believing that Russia was not yet ripe for socialism. But he did not support the defencists, supporters of war until victory. The most prominent defencist among the Social Democrats was Georgy Plekhanov. A group of internationalist socialists formed around Martov, proposing to end the war by convening an international socialist conference and subsequent negotiations.

The Mensheviks relied on a fairly broad mass of the country's educated and active population: artisans, skilled workers, the petty bourgeoisie, intellectuals, and office workers. To a lesser extent - on the peasants, who followed mainly the Social Revolutionaries. Therefore, in the elections to the Soviets, the Mensheviks and their allies received a majority. So in the executive committee of the Petrograd Soviet before the October Revolution there were 17 Mensheviks against 10 Bolsheviks (March 1917).

In the period between February and August 1917, right up to the “Kornilov rebellion,” the Mensheviks, right-wing Social Revolutionaries and their allies were much closer to real power than the Bolsheviks. They were part of the government and had an overwhelming majority in the Soviets. But gradually the Mensheviks lost their influence due to their passivity, internal disagreements and under pressure from the Bolsheviks.

Julius Martov resolutely opposed the Bolshevik plans to seize power in the country by armed means. He knew Lenin very well. He understood that the Bolsheviks coming to power would mean the death of the first sprouts of freedom and democracy in the country, the establishment of a totalitarian regime of government.

Well, Lenin was little concerned about the attacks of supporters of democracy: Martov, Plekhanov, Zasulich and other Social Democrats, and, even more so, representatives of other parties. He was absolutely confident in his historical correctness. He did not want to take into account other opinions about the future of Russia, except his own. His fanatical faith in his historical mission, his mesmerizing conviction in his own infallibility, and his hypnotic ability to influence people attracted the Bolsheviks and the Left Socialist Revolutionaries to follow him.

Lenin, unlike Martov and Plekhanov, had a phenomenal ability to influence the masses of ordinary people and revolutionaries. With his amazing willpower, he suppressed their hesitations, their doubts. He converted them to his “faith” for a long time, if not forever. Lenin was undoubtedly a brilliant populist. He knew that soldiers needed peace, peasants needed land, workers needed factories. And he promised to immediately give them all this after the revolution.

Martov and his comrades lost the decisive political battle for Russia. Lenin and the Bolsheviks carried out the October Revolution and seized power in Petrograd, and then throughout the country. Adherents of democracy were unable to resist the professional revolutionaries who stood at the head of the armed detachments.

At the extraordinary congress of the Mensheviks held in December 1917, Martov was elected leader of the party, but this was already a belated leadership. In addition, the gentle and intelligent Martov could not resist the reinforced concrete Lenin and the Demon of revolutions Leon Trotsky. The Bolshevik leaders rejected Martov's proposal to form a coalition government of socialists of all shades.

After the Bolsheviks dispersed the Constituent Assembly, with which Martov pinned his main hopes, he did not follow the right Socialist Revolutionaries and part of the Mensheviks, who embarked on the path of armed struggle against the Bolsheviks. Martov continued to call for the peaceful restoration of democracy in Russia.

Martov passionately opposed the conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk Peace, which was shameful for Russia. This peace treaty was needed only by the Bolsheviks to retain power. He spoke sharply on the pages of Maxim Gorky’s newspaper “New Life”, the newspapers “Forward” and “Always Forward” against the mass red terror.

During the Civil War, the Mensheviks went into the shadows. On June 14, 1918, Yuli Martov and other Mensheviks were expelled from the Soviets and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on charges of promoting counter-revolution. There was a bloody civil war, which they foresaw and against the outbreak of which they fought. But they could no longer influence events significantly. The Bolsheviks had all the power. The only way to take it away from them was by force. At this time, Yuliy Martov continued to write articles directed against the civil war and against the death penalty. He angrily protested against the monstrous execution of the royal family and the Grand Dukes. He consistently advocated national reconciliation. But many Mensheviks also joined the White movement. They fought the Bolsheviks with weapons in their hands. Martov condemned the intervention of foreign powers on the side of the White movement, although he emphasized his opposition to the Bolsheviks. Martov and his associates at this time pursued a policy hostile to the Whites and opposed to the Bolsheviks. In response to Martov’s struggle with the White movement, Lenin and his supporters published the “Resolution on the Mensheviks” in Pravda, in which they were allowed to participate in political life again. However, Martov was not returned to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Nevertheless, Yuliy Martov remained a prominent and authoritative figure in the world and Russian socialist movement. Among the intelligentsia and workers, he was still respected. In the summer of 1919, Yuliy Martov was elected a full member of the Socialist Academy of Social Sciences, and in March 1920 - a deputy of the Moscow Soviet.

Lenin closely followed the sharp political articles of his former comrade in the “Union of Struggle...”, and now an irreconcilable opponent. They irritated him greatly and touched a nerve. And then there was Martov’s election to the Moscow Soviet, where he received a significant platform for his critical speeches. Lenin was also infuriated by Martov’s clever journalistic works, regularly published abroad and directed against the Bolsheviks and their leader. And it wasn’t only Martov that irritated Lenin. Therefore, the civil war had barely ended, and Lenin was already busy with the ideological “cleansing” of the country. He could not stand the dissent in the country. He did not want to read the accusations against him of the murder of the children of Nicholas II, the genocide of the Cossacks, the robbery and execution of peasants. All those who disagreed with him had to remain silent or, at least, be outside Russia.

In 1920, Martov was expelled from the country to a foreign land. Lenin suffered a lot before he decided to save the life of his former comrade. It was he who decided whether to expel or shoot Martov (although a special decision of the Central Committee was adopted on this matter). Lenin nevertheless decided to expel Martov, who was seriously ill with tuberculosis of the larynx, complaining about his ideological inflexibility and calling him a smart girl. Maxim Gorky recalled: “Personally, I heard from him (Lenin) only one complaint:

It’s a pity - Martov is not with us, it’s a great pity! What an amazing comrade he is, what a pure person!”

In October 1920, Martov made an anti-Bolshevik speech at the congress of the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany. He accused Lenin and his party of unleashing mass terror within the country and the desire to subjugate the world socialist movement through the Comintern. Lenin considered this speech a betrayal and the road to his homeland became closed for Martov.

Martov did not live long abroad. He only managed to start publishing a new newspaper, Socialist Messenger. The hungry years of the revolution and civil war undermined his health. Yuliy Martov died on April 24, 1923 from tuberculosis in Germany, and was buried in Berlin.

Yuliy Osipovich Martov(real name Cederbaum; November 24, 1873, Constantinople - April 4, 1923, Schömberg, Germany) - Russian politician, participant in the revolutionary movement, one of the Menshevik leaders, publicist.

early years

Born in Constantinople into a wealthy Jewish family. Yuli Osipovich's grandfather, Alexander Osipovich Tsederbaum, was at the head of the educational movement in Odessa in 1850-1860. and in St. Petersburg in the 1870-1880s, he was the founder of the first Jewish newspapers and magazines in Russia. Father - Joseph Alexandrovich (1839-1907) - served in the Russian Society of Shipping and Trade, worked as a correspondent for Petersburg Vedomosti and Novoye Vremya. The mother was left an orphan early and was raised in a Catholic monastery in Constantinople, got married immediately after leaving the monastery, gave birth to eleven children, and buried three. Two of the three brothers Sergei (pseudonym “Yezhov”), Vladimir (pseudonym “Levitsky”) and sister Lydia became famous political figures.

He had a limp since early childhood. The governess dropped him from a small height, causing the boy to break his leg. The governess did not tell anyone about what had happened for a long time, which is why the treatment began late and the leg did not heal properly. Despite long-term treatment, as his sister Lydia recalled, “he remained lame for the rest of his life, involuntarily dragging his bad leg, stooping heavily when walking... This circumstance played, I think, an important role in his life and in his entire development.”

Martov’s niece Yuliana Yakhnina recalled: “Mom always told me about the amazing moral atmosphere that reigned in the family. - Even the game played by the older children is indicative. They came up with a state, which they called Prilichensk. And when one of them committed some bad act, he was reproached: “They don’t do that in Prilichensk.”

The family left Turkey in 1877 due to the Russian-Turkish War.

Julius studied for three years at the 7th gymnasium in St. Petersburg, for one year at the Nikolaev Tsarskoe Selo gymnasium. In 1891, he graduated from the First St. Petersburg Classical Gymnasium and entered the natural sciences department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University.

Political activity

Already in his first year at St. Petersburg University he created a revolutionary circle. In 1892 he was arrested for distributing illegal literature. For a year and a half he was in the House of Pre-trial Detention and in “Kresty”. He was expelled from the university and in the summer of 1893 he was sent under public police supervision to Vilna (now Vilnius). Here he took part in the activities of the local Social Democratic organization, in the movement for the creation of the General Jewish Workers' Union of Lithuania, Poland and Russia (from 1897 Bund).

After serving his sentence in 1895, together with V.I. Lenin, he was one of the founders of the St. Petersburg Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class (the name of the organization was invented by Martov), ​​for which he was again arrested in 1896 and exiled to Turukhansk. In 1899, Martov supported the “Protest of Russian Social Democrats” written by 17 exiles against the “Credo” of the “Economists” by E. D. Kuskova. While in a pretrial detention cell, he wrote his first work, “Modern Russia.” In exile, he writes two more works: “Workers’ Cause in Russia” and “The Red Banner in Russia.”

In January 1900, at the end of his Siberian exile, Martov went to Poltava, and in April of the same year he participated in the Pskov meeting, at which the issue of creating an all-Russian political newspaper Iskra was discussed. Then he concluded a “triple alliance” in support of the newspaper with A. Potresov and V. Lenin. He actively worked on preparing for the publication of the Iskra newspaper and the Zarya magazine, was an editorial staff member, and also involved his associates and relatives in participation. Sergei Tsederbaum's future wife Concordia Zakharova became an agent of the newspaper, a month after that she left Poltava for St. Petersburg, and from there to Munich. The newspaper's editorial office had been based in Germany since 1901. In August 1901, Martov arrived there. Abroad, in addition to his work on the publication of Iskra, in the editorial office of which he was essentially the most active employee, he lectured at the Higher Russian School of Social Sciences in Paris and maintained close contact with Lenin.

From the family of an employee. In 1891 he entered the natural sciences. Faculty of Petersburg un-ta. In the fall of this year, Petersburg organized. Social-Democrats, group "Emancipation of Labor". He was arrested several times. In Oct. 1895 together with V.I. Lenin and others participated in the creation of St. Petersburg. "Union of Struggle for the Liberation of the Working Class." In 1896 he was exiled to Turukhansk. After serving his exile (in 1900), he became involved in the implementation of Lenin’s plan for creating a Marxist party in Russia and all-Russian. watered, newspapers. In March 1901 in Munich he joined the editorial board of Iskra. Participated in the preparation of the draft Program of the RSDLP. Del. 2nd Congress of the RSDLP (1903), at which he introduced an alternative definition of party membership to Lenin’s - assistance to the RSDLP under the leadership of one of the organizations instead of obligations. participation in org-tions instead of obligatory. participation in its work (Martov’s project was adopted by 28 votes to 22): Martov also did not agree with Lenin’s proposal to limit the editorial board of Iskra to G.V. Plekhanov, Lenin and Martov, because saw in this an opportunity to put the party under the control of the editor. "Sparks"; refused to work at Iskra; boycotted elections to the center, bodies of the RbDRP: member. secret bureau of the Mensheviks. After Lenin left the editorial office, he returned to it and was introduced to the Party Council. He accused the Bolsheviks of seeking to establish a dictatorship in the party. In Oct. 1905 returned to Russia, worked in the executive committee of St. Petersburg. Council of the Republic of Dagestan, in Org. to-those (Menshevik factional center), ed. gas. "Start". From Dec. 1905 members Central Committee of the RSDLP and editors. "Part. Izvestia". The Menshevik took part in many. publications Rejected the boycott tactics of the State. Duma. In 1906 he was sent abroad. One of the ideologists of liquidationism, he warned against the absolutization of legal activities. One of the authors and editors of the 5-volume book "Societies, movement in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century." (P., 1909-14). As of Jan. At the plenum (1910) of the Central Committee of the RSDLP, he criticized the “schismatic course” of the Bolsheviks and advocated the reconciliation of all factions. In 1911 he became close to the Menshevik party members. In 1912 cases. August Conf. Social-Democrats (Vienna), entered Zagran. Secretariat OK. In the beginning. 1st world. war "internationalist", then "centrist". He advocated a speedy end to the war and democrats. peace, Lenin’s tactician denied. the slogan of the defeat of one’s own government and the transformation of imperialism. wars in civil war. Participant of the Zimmerwald (Aug. 1915) and Kinthal (April 1916) international. social conferences, represented by the center-left. wing.

Oh Feb. I learned about the revolution of 1917 in Switzerland. At first, the Menshevik remained convinced that he was right. tactics of 1905 (providing power to the bourgeoisie under the control of the working class in order to radicalize the politics of the government), but was afraid of the spread of the ideas of “revolutionary defencism” in Menshevism (TsPA IML, f. 362, on. 1, d. 51, l. 127) . Based on the obligation for successful social. revolutions of a high level of economic and cultural development, strong democrats. traditions and the transformation of the working class into the majority of the nation, argued: “Temporary politics, dictatorship or full power of all democratic strata of the bourgeois society is an inevitable phase in the development of any deep revolution that transforms the estate-police state into a modern bourgeois state” ( ibid., f. 275, on. 1, d. 12, pp. 10-11 volume: d. 52, pp. 8. 94). He believed that the bourgeoisie was capable of playing its role only during the overthrow of the autocracy, and then, during the reorganization of society, its departure from the revolution was possible. When the bourgeoisie “exhausts itself,” he allowed the overthrow of the bourgeoisie. cabinet and replacing it with a “trudovik” or “trudovik-patriotic” government (ibid., f. 362, op. 1, d. 51, l. 130 vol.). Transfer of power to radical petty-bourgeois. democracy was thought only after it acquired political power. consciousness. In the tactics of the Bolsheviks, Martov saw the desire to “get to power not by the strength of their own class,” but by enlisting the help of “peasant soldiers,” forces that, as Martov believed, were alien to socialism. I decided to “stay at a distant distance from Lenin and Trotsky” (ibid., l. 142 vol.).

On May 9, 1917, he returned to Russia through Germany. On the same day on Vseros. conf. Menshevik. and the united organizations of the RSDLP criticized the entry of the socialists into the coalition. Time pr-vo, condemned "revolutionary defencism." His speech was met with hostility by most delegates. Martov and his supporters announced their resignation from politics. responsibility for the decisions of the conference, the Mensheviks did not participate in the elections. centers. Martov refused to join the editorial board. Central Organ of the RSDLP "Workers' Newspaper". He remained in the opposition, at the head of a small number. group of Menshevik internationalists. In con. May one of the organizers of the "Flying List of Mensheviks-Internationalists", in June their Time. center, bureau.

All R. June wrote: “As governments, the party... the Social Democratic Party, represented by the Menshevik faction, condemned itself to constantly inhibiting the political, independent activities awakening in the peasant-soldier masses, to restraining the Soviets from attempts to actively influence the course of governments, politicians... the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries inevitably contributed to the fact that the growing... discontent of the prolet. and even parts of the peasant-soldier masses threw them into the arms of Leninism. For Leninism threw into these masses the slogan “All power to the Soviets.” .. Seeing ... that three months of revolution have not yet brought a noticeable improvement in life, the masses are inclined to look for a way out in removing from power representatives of the capitalist classes hostile to them.” Noting that this could lead to the isolation of the proletariat to the dominance of the counter-revolution. bourgeoisie, Martov put forward the slogan of the transfer of power into the hands of the petty bourgeoisie. democracy ("Flying Sheet of the Mensheviks-Internationalists", 1917, No. 2, p. 5).

Del. 1st All-Russian Congress of Soviets of the RSD (June 3-24); spoke several times and was elected member. All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In a speech at the congress and in a draft resolution on war and peace, which did not receive the support of the majority of delegates, he stated the futility of the Mensheviks’ efforts to convene an international. social conference in Stockholm, but dissociated himself from Lenin’s peace program: he proposed to demand from the Time. government, so that it seeks (even to the point of threatening to withdraw from the anti-German coalition) the consent of the allies to negotiations, their refusal of annexations and indemnities. He condemned the offensive policy at the front. In the context of the approaching watering. crisis, in a private letter on June 17, he wrote: “Everyone has the feeling that all this revolutionary splendor is on its way out, that not today or tomorrow something new will happen in Russia, either a sharp turn back, or the Red Terror... And while some kind of counter-revolution is being organized imperceptibly and elusively, the region is already gathering its forces" (TsPA IML, f. 362, on. 1, d. 51, l. 154).

On the July Days, on the night of July 4-5, at a meeting of the executive committee of Petrograd. The Council, when the Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks were celebrating the arrival of military units from the front to “establish order in the capital,” remarked: “The classic scene of the beginning of the counter-revolution” (Sukhanov N., Notes on the Revolution, vol. 2, book. 3-4, M., 1991, p. 340). From the end July became more and more inclined towards the idea of ​​​​producing rev. democracy. July 15 at 2nd Petr. conf. The Mensheviks introduced a resolution condemning the capitulatory position of the leaders of the Soviets in the July Days and allowing for the possibility of concentrating power in the hands of the Soviets (the resolution collected 36 votes against 37 cast for Dan’s resolution, which approved coalitions with the bourgeoisie). Indicated that the collapse of the Time. due to the obstruction of its bourgeoisie. circles became a signal for spontaneous rebellion on July 3-5, that the outlined implementation of the slogan “All power to the Soviets!” was not completed, because the petty-bourgeois consciousness had not yet mastered that for this it was necessary to step over “the liberal bourgeoisie as a whole.” At the end of July, together with I. S. Astrov, on behalf of the Center, the Bureau of Menshevik-Internationalists addressed the 6th Congress of the RSDLP (b) with a greeting, which expressed “deep indignation against the slanderous people. campaigns, leading to a whole movement in Russian. The Social Democratic Party seeks to present itself as an agent of the Germans. pr-va." Expressing hope for the "cooperation of dep. internationalist currents (i.e. Bolsheviks and Mensheviks-internationalists - Authors) in the fight against opportunism. and nationalist. influences manifested in the labor movement,” the authors of the appeal indicated that “the substitution of the conquest of power by the majority of the revolutionaries should not be allowed. democracy is the task of gaining power in the course of the struggle with this majority and against it" ["6th Congress of the RSDLP(b)", p. 1941

Delegate to Unite, Congress of the RSDLP (Aug.), elected member. Central Committee. The speaker was an internationalist. wing: in the report “Politics, the moment and tasks of the party” he protested against the bloc with the bourgeoisie, understanding it as a coalition with the military-counter-revolutionary. circles, called the post-July driving force of the mountain revolution. and sat down. petty bourgeoisie, which could participate in the struggle for the revolutionary democrats. influence only in alliance with the working class and with its leading role. The Menshevik criticized. leadership: “For us, the political line followed by the majority of the Menshevik Party until now ... seemed to be a policy of complete oblivion and denial ... of the revolutionary side of Marxism” (CPA IML. f. 275 , op. 1, d. 12, l. 13, 14). Before the congress, Martov admitted the possibility of organizing. break with the “defencists,” but then admitted (in a private letter dated August 25) that this was prevented by the split-fear of the majority of the internationalist delegates: “It became impossible to go against our own “Kautskyites”... We had to again limit ourselves to the statement that we will not bind discipline ourselves and will simply speak out, when necessary, against the majority" (TsPA IML, f. 362, op. 1, d. 51, l. 160).

Collaborated in "New Life", "Kronstadt Iskra" (July - Sep.), "Iskra" (from Sep.). Assessing the situation after the speech of L.G. Kornilov, wrote: Having felt that it maintains order in the country, that it alone maintains the army, and that it alone protects the won freedom, democracy becomes familiar with the idea that power in the state should belong to it alone... State. the machine must pass into the hands of democracy: without this, Russia will not achieve peace, it will not cope with the economy. devastation, will not overcome its counter-roars. enemies encroaching on the land and freedom." Noting that the transfer of power into the hands of democracy can only be slowed down by a split in its midst between the prolet, the minority and the peasant-soldier majority, he continued: "This means that any attempts to impose on our democratic. revolution, the task of immediately embarking on the implementation of socialism would immediately throw away most of democracy from the proletariat, would help its enemies to bring confusion into its ranks and thereby crush it" ("Kronstadt Iskra", 1917, September 11).

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Member of Vseros. Democratic meeting (Sept.), spoke out against a coalition with the bourgeoisie; entered Time. Council of Russia Republic (Pre-Parliament), headed the Menshevik-Internationalist faction. After the formation of the last composition of the Time. the pr-va wrote: “The point, of course, is not the personal qualities of these people. The point is that they are connected with the classes that are pulling them back, while only the energetic initiative of the pr-va in leading the revolution can also eliminate the inevitability of civil war. That is why the Menshevik-internationalists will seek to replace it with that revolutionary-democratic government, without which bankruptcy, devastation and civil war are inevitable" (Iskra, 1917, October 3 .).

On the eve of October, Martov foresaw the inevitability of the roar. explosion, but the proletariat considered the seizure of power a mistake, and called on workers and soldiers to refrain from arming. uprisings At the meeting of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee on October 24. stated: “...Although the Menshevik internationalists do not oppose the transfer of power into the hands of democracy, they speak out decisively against the methods by which the Bolsheviks strive for power” (Rabochaya Gazeta, 1917, October 26), but did not deny , that the policy of the RSDLP (b) is based “on the unsatisfied needs of the people. He associated the salvation of the revolution with a government capable of making peace and ready for radical social reforms.

Del. 2nd All-Russian Congress of Soviets RSD (October 25-27): at the beginning of the 1st meeting, he demanded that the work of the congress begin with a discussion of the possibility of a peaceful resolution of the crisis caused by weapons. uprising, called for holding democrats for this purpose and for the organization. authorities negotiate “with other socialist parties and organizations” (“Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of the RSD”, M-L., 1928. p. 34). Martov’s proposal, accepted (including by the Bolsheviks), was thwarted by right-wing groups, which left the congress, protesting against the seizure of power by the Bolsheviks. Martov repeated the idea of ​​inter-party negotiations and proposed suspending the work of the congress until a homogeneous democracy was created. authorities. L.D. Trotsky introduced an alternative resolution condemning those who left for attempting to disrupt the congress and welcoming the victorious uprising. Martov's proposal was not even discussed, and he and his supporters left the hall.

Oct. He viewed the revolution as a catastrophe, although he recognized its inevitability. In the beginning. November, during negotiations at Vikzhel, Martov again demanded the creation of a “homogeneous social government.”

All R. Nov. wrote P.B. Axelrod in Stockholm: “Here is the situation. It is tragic... We have before us a victorious uprising of the proletariat, because almost the entire proletariat stands behind Lenin and expects social liberation from the coup, and at the same time understands that he has called all the anti-proletarian forces into battle. Under these conditions, not to be, at least in the role of opposition, in the ranks of the proletariat is almost unbearable. Neither the demagogic forms in which the regime is clothed, nor the praetorian lining of Lenin's rule give the courage to go there. - " Martov proposed “under no circumstances to participate in the defeat of the proletariat, even if it were on the wrong path,” and further stated: “... I don’t think that the Leninist dictatorship was doomed to death in the near future. The army is at the front seems to be finally moving over to him, Germany and Austria have actually recognized him and it is possible that the allies will take a wait-and-see position" ("Mensheviks". Collection of articles, memoirs and documents, Benson, 1988, p. 153) . 30 Dec in a private letter, Martov explained his rejection of Oct. revolution: “The point is not only in the deep conviction that trying to impose socialism in an economically and culturally backward country is a meaningless utopia, but also in my organic inability to come to terms with the Arakcheev understanding of socialism and the Pugachev understanding of the classical struggle that are generated , ...the fact that they are trying to implant the European ideal on Asian soil" (ibid., p. 155).

Together with 10 members and candidates for membership. The Central Committee of the RSDLP(o)-Menshevik-internationalists Martov signed an appeal to local parties. org-tions (published on November 19), where the defeat of the Mensheviks on October 25 was stated and confirmed by the “fact of recent failures in political elections.” as one of the parties “on which the Provisional Government relied”, as a flyover, parties, as organizations, the region “is in a state of internal anarchy”: responsibility for the defeat of the RSDLP(o) was placed on politics her hands. On Emergency At the Menshevik Congress (November 30 - December 7, Petrograd), Martov rejected the demands of the center-right. wing “to recognize the people’s right to rebel against the Bolsheviks,” recalled that “the coup of October 25.” was predetermined by “the entire course of the Russian revolution,” including one that had exhausted itself among the masses of coalitions. politics. He saw a chance to save the revolution in restoring the unity of the labor movement and coordinating its forces with the petty bourgeoisie. democracy and a return to the slogan of a single (homogeneous) social. roar authorities (“Forward”, 1917, December 6). Center-left victory at the congress. forces after an agreement between supporters of F.I. Dana and Martova nominated him to be the leader of the party. Elected member Central Committee, entered the new edition. CO - "Rabochaya Gazeta".

In March 1918 he moved to Moscow. He repeatedly gave a lecture, which was soon published, in which he noted that “almost six months of experience of the so-called prolet, dictatorship passed before us”, he argued: “This dictatorship is actually carried out by intelligentsia bohemians, a well-known part of the urban proletariat and who have joined the the power of part of the petty bourgeoisie, it turns out a caricature of the dictatorship of the proletariat, a picture of a kind of Russian Jacobinism" ("Petty-bourgeois elements in the Russian Revolution", M., 1918, p. 1). Speaking about the Bolshevik Party, Martov emphasized: “In the conglomerate of its constituent elements, the first place, undoubtedly, belongs to the petty-bourgeois strata, which give the basic tone to its program of action and methods. And we see how, under this supposedly flyby, dictatorship, its dependence on the petty-bourgeois is revealed.” "... elements. The ruined petty bourgeoisie...represents a very anarchic class, its protest always takes extremely anarchic forms" (ibid., p. 3). Formulating the tasks, he said: “Organized societies, forces that stand in the view of democracy, must make every effort to create in the popular strata a movement towards the implementation of a democratic-republican system, capable of regulating the interests of certain groups of the population without civil war. the possibility of creating such a movement depends on whether the liquidation of Bolshevism will not be a transition to a proprietary and monarchical-landlord counter-revolution" (ibid., p. 4).

Fought against the conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty, on the 4th Emergency. All-Russian Congress of Soviets (March 14-16, 1918) urged not to ratify the treaty, demanded the creation of a new government that could find enough strength and opportunity to disrupt this peace" ("Transcript report of the 4th Extraordinary Congress of Workers' Councils , soldiers and Cossack deputies" M., 1920, p. 33). In April he was tried by the Moscow Revolutionary Tribunal of the press on charges of slander against I.V. Stalin (for publication in No. 51 of the newspaper "Forward Art." About art. preparation", which mentioned the expulsion of Stalin from the party for involvement in expropriations): according to the verdict, public censure was expressed to Martov (with obligatory publication in the entire washing press) "for the criminal use that was frivolous for a public figure and dishonest in relation to the people seal" ("Motherland", 1990, No. 8, p. 16). Del. Menshevik. All-Russian desk meeting (Moscow, May), which called for "replacing Soviet power with power that unites the forces of all democracy." Re-elected member Party Central Committee. After post. All-Russian Central Executive Committee (June 14) on the expulsion of the right Socialist Revolutionaries and Mensheviks from its composition and from local Soviets, Martov was in a semi-legal position and was subjected to short-term punishment. arrests (including house arrest) for sharp criticism of the “continued dictatorship” and the “red terror”.

In 1918-20 cases. Mossovet and members All-Russian Central Executive Committee. At the July (1918) plenum of the Central Committee, it defended a resolution against intervention and participation in the armed forces. fight against the Bolsheviks. author of a letter to the Mensheviks. organizations with an explanation of this position of the Central Committee. On Dec. 1918 on Vseros. desk meeting of the Mensheviks spoke in support of the Sov. authorities in the fight against counter-revolution, for the removal of the slogan of the Establishment. Collection He proposed to take “the Soviet system as the starting point of his struggle, as a fact of reality, and not of principle” (accepted by the meeting). As a real politician, Martov took into account the existence of the Sov. power, but remained a supporter of the Democratic Republic. building and continued to criticize the Bolsheviks. internal politicians. After legalization, fewer Wiki (Nov. 30) entered the editorial office of their legal central authority - gas. Always Forward" (then the International"), collaborated in the Kharkov social democrats. gas. "Our Voice" and "Thought", where he began publishing a series of articles "World Bolshevism" One of the authors of the RSDLP platform "What to do?" (July 1919), demanded paradise from the Sov. the authorities of democratization of the political system, refusal of nationalization means, parts of the industry, changes in agri. and so on. politicians. In 1919, he reproached the Bolsheviks not for the prematureness of the “social experiment,” but for their lack of a holistic, developed system of revolution. policies for the entire transition period (Martov L., Preface to the book. Nana Sh. “Dictatorship or Democracy” and the book. Adler M. “Problems of Social Revolution”, Kharkov, 1919, pp. 5-7). Author of the "April Theses" (1920) on the dictatorship of the proletariat and democracy (formed the basis of the Menshevik platform "World Social Revolution and the Tasks of the Social Democratic Party", adopted by the All-Russian Party Conference under the Central Committee of the RSDLP in April 1920 ), where he put forward the idea of ​​​​unifying all “Marxist social parties,” including the RCP (b), on the basis of a consistent democracy, the broadest freedom of ideological struggle and propaganda.

In Oct. 1920 Martov legally went abroad on behalf of the Menshevik Central Committee as a representative of the party in the International: until his death he remained a owl. citizen. In a speech in Halle (November 1920) at the congress of Germany. independent s-d. The party called for the protection of the growing. rev-tions from the international. imperialism and Russian counter-revolution, emphasized the need to criticize “those internal contradictions and weaknesses of the Russian revolution, without overcoming which it will die from internal impotence,” considered the best implementation of the international. solidarity towards it, protection of the world labor movement “from the corrupting influences of primitive communist Bolshevism.” In Feb. 1921 founded and edited the journal in Berlin. "Sots. Vestnik" (since 1922 - Central Organ of the Mensheviks), organized and headed Zagran. delegation of the RSDLP - emigrant party. center of Menshevism: became one of the founders and leaders of the Vienna 2/2nd International Due to the exacerbation of the tuberculosis process from November. 1922 was bedridden. Buried in Berlin.