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Classification of grammatical and speech errors table. Grammatical errors in Russian: examples. Main types of speech errors

Assessment of knowledge, skills and abilities of students in the Russian language(Classification of logical, speech, factual errors)

Grade- this is a violation of the requirement of correct speech, a violation of the norms of literary language. We say about her: you can’t say that, it’s wrong.

Shortcoming- this is a violation of recommendations related to the concept of good speech. We evaluate the shortcoming from the standpoint of “worse or better” said or written. In other words, a flaw is a minor mistake, a roughness of speech. You can say that, but it’s better to say it differently.

Language errors(grammatical) are associated with a violation of the structure of a language unit: this is incorrect word formation, a violation of control connections or coordination in a phrase, errors in the structure of a sentence (31%). All violations of grammatical norms are grammatical errors.

Speech errors do not contain structural defects (69%). They arise as a result of incorrect or unsuccessful use of words or syntactic structures.

Grammatical errors– this is a violation of the norms of word and form formation, the norms of syntactic connections between words in a phrase and a sentence. To detect a grammatical error, no context is required; one word, phrase, or sentence is enough. A grammatical error can be made in both written and spoken language. These are non-linguistic errors associated with incorrect presentation of facts (their substitution), as well as their exaggeration or understatement (actual omission).

Factual errors- these are errors with violations of the information reliability and accuracy of the presented material mentioned in the source text (background facts): facts of the biography of the author or hero of the text, dates, names and authorship of the named works.

Classification of logical, speech, factual errors

TO	LOGICAL ERRORS
	Types of errors	Illustrative material
	Types of errors	Example with an error	Comments. Correct option
L-1	Violation of cause-and-effect relationships in content Explanation: The reason does not follow the conclusion; The given consequence does not correspond to the specified cause.	1. The poet perceives the music of a blizzard with his heart, because it is alive... 2. The lyceum teachers, who instilled in their students respect for each other, broadened the poet’s horizons.	1. The poet perceives music with his heart not because it is alive, but because he loves music! 2. reason: teachers of the lyceum, who instilled in their students respect for each other; consequence: they expanded the poet’s horizons: respect for each other is not the reason for intellectual development. Lyceum teachers instilled in their students respect for each other. They also broadened the horizons of the future poet.
L-2	Violation of the logic of combining words into a homogeneous series IT IS ILLOGICAL TO CONNECT TWO OPPOSITE (DIFFERENT) WORDS WITH A CONJUNCTION	Sophia considers Molchalin a very kind and helpful person. “Molchalin is ready to forget himself for others...” But I think she is mistaken, because in fact the heroine “brought about this love in herself.”	The definitions of “kind” and “helpful” are not synonyms, since the corresponding words have different lexical meanings. Wherein: Kind is a positive characteristic of a non-evil person. Helpful - always ready to provide a service. first the student talks about how Sofya sees Molchalina; then he wants to argue with the heroine of the comedy A.S. Griboedova “Woe from Wit” and claims that “she is wrong”; But! Instead of proving exactly what Sophia is wrong about, the student asserts a new and therefore ILLOGICAL thought: “the heroine herself aroused this love in herself.” We don’t understand what kind of love we are talking about. Apparently, after the words “she’s mistaken,” the sentence was missing: “because in fact Molchalin doesn’t love her at all, but his dream of rapidly climbing up the career ladder...”, etc.
L-3	Violation of the logic of the example in reasoning	Molchalin flatters everyone. He is ready to “crawl on his knees in front of everyone.” So, for example, he talks to Khlestova about what a lovely dog she has: “Your Spitz is a lovely Spitz, no bigger than a thimble, - I stroked him all over: what silky fur!” But in fact, this dog is disgusting to him: he despises all people from high society.	Is that all Khlestova and her dog? Is Molchalin ready to crawl on his knees in front of them? Perhaps... but! the dog is not a person from high society. And this is exactly what happened as a result of an incorrectly constructed last sentence. Apparently, it had to be like this: he despises her just like all representatives of high Moscow society, to which he would so like to belong.
L-4	Violation of the logic of text construction (construction of a new paragraph).	Molchalin is very cunning. He understands that only through veneration and helpfulness can one achieve a high position in the world. Molchalin and Chatsky... The relationship between these comedy heroes confirms this idea.	The student created a sharp transition from one thought to another. Common topics sentences of the essay text are the passages in italics, but! the general thought is torn apart by an unexpected, sharp, and therefore ILLOGICAL thesis (statement): Molchalin and Chatsky... This is true: This idea is confirmed by the complex relationship between the opportunist Molchalin and Chatsky, who does not want to “serve.”
L-5	Violation of assertion logic	Molchalin is scary in his own way. I’m scared to realize how calculating and cynical he is about the feelings of Sophia, who is in love with him. Therefore, I feel very sorry for this hero.	Molchalin is scary. Next there should be proof of this idea: why is the hero Molchalin scary? We should talk about the idea laid down by A.S. Griboedov into this image. But! The student, neglecting the necessary evidence for the first thesis, puts forward a new one: I’m scared to realize... The logic of the conclusion is broken: I’m scared to realize... and therefore I’m very sorry for Molchalin. (We are unlikely to feel sorry for someone who is scary to us!)
L-6	Violation of the logic of adding new evidence	Children's playgrounds are being built in the city, new shops are opening, places for entertainment are appearing: clubs, restaurants. The city’s sports life is also developing.	It’s not clear how the city’s sports life is developing in the same way? What about clubs and restaurants? (I would like to hope that it is not the same)
L-7	Violation of the logic of statements	On the square there is a monument to V.I. Lenin. Behind the monument is the House of Culture.	The monument to V.I. Lenin was erected, and the House of Culture is located on Victory Square (for example).
L-8	Violation of the logic of proportionality in statements	Winters in Karelia are very snowy and very cold. And in the summer in the Karelian village(?) it is very hot, there are the famous white nights.	Thought: it’s cold in Karelia, but it’s hot only in the Karelian village. - the logic of the statement and conclusion is violated: is it hot in Karelia in summer because there are white nights? Hardly… It’s true: And in the summer it’s so hot in the Karelian village that even on the famous white nights...
L-9	Violation of the logic of subject-object relations	Everything was mixed up in the Prostakovs’ house: the estate was taken under guardianship, the power that was so important for the gentlemen, no, the peasants, their main (?) income, was taken away from them (?).	Who performs the action (subject) and to whom this action applies (object). It is not clear: whose income was taken away - the peasants or the Prostakovs? This is true: The peasants, the main income of the family, were taken away.
L-10	Violation of the logic of question and answer.	How did this (?) become possible? First of all, this is the fault (?) of Mrs. Prostakova.	The question is formulated imprecisely and suggests a different answer. This is true: How did this state of affairs for the Prostakov family become possible? Prostakova herself is primarily to blame for this.
L-11	Violation of the logic of thesis and conclusion	“Learning is the plague, learning is the reason” was said at a time when education for nobles became compulsory. This (?) proves (?) that they are all (?) uneducated and stupid.	The last sentence must be swapped with the first, eliminating its first part: Representatives of the Famus society are uneducated and stupid, because they declare that “learning is the plague, learning is the reason.” And this is said at a time when education for nobles becomes mandatory and necessary for serving the Fatherland.
L-12	Violation of the logic of constructing an essay.	The city hasn't been looking its best lately. Firstly, the flow of cars on the main roads of the city has tripled. Near the highways it is impossible to breathe from exhaust gases and dust. Secondly, there is dirt and uncollected snow everywhere. Thirdly, the huge number of billboards simply overwhelmed residents with their aggressive intrusiveness.	The beginning of the essay does not correspond to the topic of the work. There is no introduction about the native land, the expression of which for the student was the hometown. The logic of the content of the work is violated. You shouldn’t start your reasoning with the negative; it’s more correct to start with what evokes love and pride in your heart.
L-13	Violation of paragraphing logic (arranging text paragraphs in a certain sequence).	Chatsky denounces the right of serf owners to own living people. He stands up for the powerless, whose forced labor was the basis of the well-being of Famus society. (?)Chatsky is a true patriot of Russia. He is ready to serve, but he is “sick of being served.” To people of the “past century” this position seems ridiculous and even dangerous. (?) Hypocrisy flourishes in lordly society.	The text should have been divided into 3 paragraphs and each of them should have been supplemented: 1: proof needed (quote) 2: a transition to a new thought is necessary (The hero of A.S. Griboyedov’s comedy cannot think differently.) 2: it is necessary to complete paragraph 2 with a proof of reasoning (quote) 3: a transition to a new thought is necessary, related to the theme of the essay “The Present Century” and “The Past Century” (Chatsky cannot accept the laws of a secular society in which hypocrisy flourishes).
L-14	violation of the logic of paragraph construction.	I was born and live in the wonderful city of Sergiev Posad. I’m finishing school, I have final exams coming up, then college entrance exams, a new life awaits me, which intrigues with the unknown. In my essay I would like to tell how my hometown is waking up.	Sentence 2 does not correspond to the stated topic. It's superfluous. One could construct one sentence from two sentences: In my essay I would like to talk about how my hometown of Sergiev Posad is waking up.
L-15	Violation of the logic of completing the text of the essay.	Ending of the essay 1. When I am in any corner of our country, I often remember my hometown. 2. On winter mornings, I often go to the forest to see how the nature of my region “lives.”	Two sentences are given that are independent unexpanded paragraphs. After the theses there is no evidence. Being in any corner of our country, I often remember my hometown, because my heart has settled there forever. Everything is dear to me: wide roads, snow-covered streets, ancient merchant houses of my city. And on winter mornings I often go into the forest to see how the nature of my region “lives.”
L-16	Violation of the logic of comparison of figurative-plot concepts, subject-object relations.	Pugachev filled Grinev’s life with deep content, and the story “The Captain’s Daughter” with deep meaning.	In one sentence, the student compares the image of the hero of Pushkin’s story and the writer’s own plan. Pugachev filled Grinev’s life with new, deep content, helped him rethink his life and confirm his ideas about duty and honor.
L-17	Violation of the logic of sentence construction.	Kalashnikov can be called an epic hero. Firstly, he is characterized by courage towards Tsar Ivan the Terrible (his response after the battle). (?)	The part of the sentence in parentheses is probably evidence. But when creating a detailed text rather than a thesis plan, such construction of sentences is incorrect. After the fight with Kiribeevich, Kalashnikov speaks with the tsar as equals.
L-18	Violation of the logic of subject-quantitative relations.	Girls in black suits perform exercises with a hoop. The right hand with the hoop is raised up, and the left hand is smoothly pulled back. (?) The girls are graceful, slender, graceful. Looking at the girls, we can confidently say that in a few years they will become famous gymnasts (D).	There are a lot of girls studying at school. But the expressions “right hand” and “left hand” emphasize the singular number of the objects being described in the image.

	FACTUAL ERRORS
	A factual error is a distortion: Quoted material; Information concerning the life and work of poets and writers.
F1	Inaccurate citation	I remember the words of a famous song: “Living without love may be easy, but how can you live in the world without love?”	I remember the words of a famous song: “Living without love may be simple, but how can you live in the world without love?”
F-2	Incorrect indication of dates of life and activity (creativity) of writers, writing of works, titles and genres of works.	M. Lermontov’s poem “On the Death of a Poet” was written in 1837. Comedy A.S. Griboyedov was published in 1825. Tragedy of A.N. Ostrovsky's "The Thunderstorm" was a completely new phenomenon in Russian literature.	M. Lermontov's poem “Death of a Poet” was written in 1837. Comedy A.S. Griboyedov was published in 1833. A.N. Ostrovsky's drama "The Thunderstorm" was a completely new phenomenon in Russian literature.
F-3		A.S. Pushkin, like N.A. Nekrasov, animates nature in his poem.	Violation of chronology: N.A. Nekrasov, like A.S. Pushkin, animate nature in their works.
F-4	Distortion of events, literary material, names of characters.	In the poem by F.I. Tyutchev's "Day and Night" does not have a lyrical hero, but there are key images of night and day. In F. Tyutchev's poem “Day and Night” there is a circular composition. I.A. Bunin uses epithets in the poem, with the help of which harmony of stylistic figures and emotional image is achieved.	And who thinks about day and night? So, after all, there is a lyrical hero, maybe it’s the author himself? It should be written not circular, but circular. The epithet is not a stylistic figure, it is a trope.
F-5	Exaggerated coverage of background facts.	Morozka and Metelitsa are real national heroes.	National hero is a socio-political term. He has nothing to do with the literary heroes of A. Fadeev. Morozka and Metelitsa proved themselves to be real heroes.
	SPEECH ERRORS
	Accuracy and clarity of speech. Accuracy and clarity of speech refers to the possession of sufficient vocabulary and a variety of grammatical means for the precise and understandable expression of thoughts.
	Wherein: 1. The work retains the artistic and expressive means of the original presentation (emotional and evaluative vocabulary, metaphors, epithets, poetic syntax, periphrases, intonation created by the appropriate selection of words) 2.The work meets the requirements for the style of an essay of any nature (literary, critical, literary-creative, on a “free” topic): a) accuracy and purity of language (selection of words that convey exactly the thoughts that the writer wanted to express; absence of unnecessary words in the sentence); b) simplicity and beauty (accessibility to understanding, perfect speech, sincerity, absence of abstruse phrases, pretentious words and phrases, false pathos, far-fetched emotions, standard, primitive expressions, verbal cliches); c) accuracy and brevity (selection of words that convey exactly the thoughts that the writer wanted to express; absence of unnecessary words in the sentence); d) imagery (expressiveness, emotional expression of thoughts, evoking visual representations, certain feelings).
R-1	The use of words and expressions that do not accurately convey the idea of the essay	Griboyedov is long gone, the history of his time is less and less close to us, and comedy does not age, and Griboyedov is undoubtedly more alive in his hero than as a historical figure.	See the expression history of his time: there is confusion about the meaning of the word history - an incident, a story or a story - is it an objective course of events, a period of development (of a state, an individual, a society)? And now for us, Griboyedov is alive in his literary hero, not as a historical figure, but as an exponent of the general free-thinking, progressive ideas and views of the early 19th century.
R-2	The use of words in a meaning that is unusual for them. (The replacement word distorts the meaning of the sentence; takes on a different meaning; is used in a different context.)	The truth is often hidden in the depths of the work. The block follows the tradition of its ancestor.	The meaning of the word is often different from the meaning of the word often; the meaning of the word depth gives the text (sentence) a different meaning. The truth is often hidden by the writer between the lines of the work. The meaning of the word ancestor distorts the author's thought. Replacement: ancestor-predecessor.
R-3	Inappropriate use of words of a different style. (The replacement word has a connotation of a different style of speech (instead of artistic - journalistic, official business or scientific style), violates the stylistic harmony of the text.	In this regard, Boris Pasternak's poem is calmer, more measured. We were shocked by the wonderful acting.	The word rut has a limited scope of use. Replacement - “direct in the other direction.” The expression in this regard has a connotation of an official business style; its use in an essay is undesirable. This poem by Boris Pasternak sounds more measured and smooth. The word shocked requires replacement. We liked the acting.
R-4	Inappropriate use of emotionally charged words or phraseological units (The replacement word (expression) gives a hint of excessive emotionality; they “embellish” the text. The work is distinguished by falsely pathetic speech.)	The poets' reflections on these topics that particularly concern them are especially clearly presented. Thanks to the creations of the amazing authors of the Silver Age, we hear the “loud melody of the era.”	The expression presented by the reflections of poets requires replacement. The poets' reflections on topics that concern them are especially clearly expressed. The word amazing needs replacing. Thanks to the great works of famous poets of the Silver Age, we hear the “loud melody of the era.”
R-5	Unjustified use of colloquial words	Such people always manage to outdo others. Two hours later the performance ended and everyone went home.	The word obegorat requires replacement Such people always manage to deceive others. The expression everyone has gone home needs to be replaced Two hours later the performance ended and everyone left.
R-6	Violation of lexical compatibility. (Words cannot be related to each other in meaning and grammatically: each of them has its own sphere of lexical use, its own conditions of prepositional connection. When replacing words in stable phrases, the meaning of the statement as a whole is distorted.)	By the twenties, a change had occurred in the social life of the country.	It is necessary to change the number of expressions of change in social life. In the twenties there were changes (changes) in the social life of the country Expressions increase impression and artistic features need to be replaced.
R-7	Pleonasm (Words that duplicate semantic content violate the integrity of the sentence or text.)	The theme of despair is heard in these two works. Social changes have occurred in society.	The expression in these two contains repetition. The theme of despair is heard in these works. The words social and society have a common semantic core. Great changes have occurred in the social structure of the country.
R-8	Errors associated with the use of cognate words in one sentence.	Under the feet of the hero of the story is the step of the carriage. This story tells about real events.	The hero of the story jumps onto the step of the carriage. The words story and told have the same root (tautology) This story is about...
R-9	Poor and monotonous syntactic constructions. (Under the conditions of one context, sentences of the same type of construction were used (subject - predicate - adverbial); only complex or compound sentences are used; The sentence contains missing words that are significant for expressing thoughts.)	When the writer came to the editorial office, he was received by the editor-in-chief. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel. Tyutchev's poem is called "Night", and Bunin's poem is called "Night".	It is necessary to change the construction of the second sentence. At the end of the conversation, Petrov went to the hotel. The same type of constructions are used: subject - object - predicate - adverbial - subject - object - predicate - adverbial. The poems of Tyutchev and Bunin have the same title - “Night”.
R-10	Violation of aspectual-temporal correlation of verb forms. (Verbs or verb forms of different types and tenses are used in one sentence.	The heart freezes for a moment and suddenly starts beating again. Watching the movement of the magical rainbow, the lyrical hero of the poem seemed to be immersed in a fairy tale.	Freezes – imperfect verb, present tense; Knock - perfect verb, future tense. It will freeze...it will knock. observing – present participle, formed from an imperfective verb; immersed is a past tense verb, perfect form. Watching the movement of the magical rainbow, the lyrical hero of the poem seems to be immersed in a fairy tale.
R-11	Poor use of pronouns. (The use of pronouns instead of nouns with a specific meaning, instead of other pronouns that have a temporal, spatial meaning.)	The work depicts real events and heroes of their time. We get to know their characters and philosophy of life, as they open their souls to the reader. It is the understatement that gives the poem “Escape” its charm, its charm.	It is necessary to change the pronoun them. The work depicts real events and heroes of that time. It is necessary to replace the pronoun with a noun with a specific meaning. We learn the characters and philosophy of life of the heroes, who open their souls to the reader. It is necessary to exclude pronouns from the sentence. It is the understatement that gives charm and charm to the poem “Escape.”
R-12	Incoherent sentences (And in one sentence we are talking about unrelated events, phenomena, actions. In the middle of one sentence a new one is “wedged”, not related to it in meaning. The sequence of presentation of thoughts is disrupted. An important semantic fragment of the sentence is missing.)	A lot of attention is paid to culture in Dubna. After all, when talking about this closest, dearest person, you are afraid of not saying something, at first glance small and unnoticeable, but in fact very, very important.	the word much needs to be replaced; It is necessary to clarify the word culture. Much attention is paid to the development of culture in Dubna. It is necessary to break the sentence into two independent syntactic units. After all, when talking about the closest, dearest person, we are afraid that we will not be able to express in words the most important thing. What at first glance seems unimportant, insignificant.
R-13	Stylistic inexpressiveness of the sentence (Replacement words introduce new shades into the text (journalistic, scientific styles), “impoverish” the sentence, the text.)	In spring it’s good everywhere: in an open field, in a birch grove, as well as in pine and mixed forests. These poets made a huge contribution to Russian literature.	The word also introduces a touch of journalisticism into the sentence; the word mixed (forest) is a term, so its use in artistic texts is undesirable. The expression to make a great contribution has the connotation of a political stable phrase. There is a mixture of styles within one sentence. These poets had a great influence on the development of Russian literature.
R-14	Poorly selected means of expression.	A teacher is a necessary, fair, painful profession. It is difficult to determine the literary heart of the work Dead Souls.	One of the epithets is lexically incompatible with the previous two; It is better to replace the word painful. A teacher is a necessary, fair profession that requires complete dedication. It is difficult to determine the most exciting place in the poem “Dead Souls”.
R-15	Violation of the order of words in a sentence. (Some members of the sentence “wedge” between the main members, violating the logic of the statement.)	In F. Tyutchev’s poem at the very beginning there is night. During the day we wake up and enjoy life, unlike at night.	Change the middle of the sentence and its beginning, add the missing fragment of the statement. At the very beginning of F. Tyutchev’s poem, we talk about the night. Change the beginning of the sentence and its ending. Unlike the night, during the day we wake up and enjoy life.
	GRAMMATICAL ERRORS
	Compliance with grammatical norms. Incorrect word formation; Violation of the connection between coordination, control in phrases, errors in the construction of sentences with common definitions and circumstances; homogeneous members.
G-1	Incorrect replacement of prefixes and suffixes in words with the same root.	Shaggy bumblebee - for fragrant hops.	The word shaggy was probably coined by analogy with the adjective “eared.” That's right, "shaggy".
G-2	Erroneous formation of a noun form.	There are few tropes in the poem. No clouds overhead. Empty treaties were signed and the world collapsed again.	Tropes are the figurative means of language: metaphors, epithets, personification, comparison, etc. There are few tropes in the poem.
G-3	Erroneous formation of the adjective form.	This fact is less significant than its coverage in the press.	The comparative degree of adjectives is formed using the suffix her, her, or using the words more or less. For example: strong - stronger, (s), more powerful. This fact is less significant than its coverage in the press.
G-4	Erroneous formation of a numeral form.	Olga was bewitched by the power of sixty rings of time. Both sides made fair demands.	Olga was bewitched by the power of sixty rings. Fair demands were put forward on both sides.
G-5	Incorrect use of pronoun form.	A bullet whizzed past him. Their joy knew no bounds. What we are is to be judged by us.	A bullet whizzed past him. Their joy knew no bounds. What we are is to be judged by us.
G-6	Erroneous formation of the verb form. (Errors in the formation of participles, gerunds, past, present and future tense forms of the verb, reflexive and non-reflexive verbs, supplementative forms.)	The deer stood motionless and looked without blinking. The leopard trembled and started to run. Having read the title - “Night”, the reader immediately imagines the stars, the splashing of waves at night, the moon.	The adverb (not) moving is formed from a perfective verb, but denotes an additional imperfect action. The deer stood motionless and without blinking. The leopard trembled and started to run. The participle is formed using an imperfective suffix, and the sentence refers to an action that has already taken place. After reading the title...
G-7	Negotiation communication failure.	It's as if I'm standing on a hill shrouded in darkness.	I'm standing on a hill shrouded in darkness.
G-8	Control communication failure. (when constructing a phrase, a preposition is mistakenly used; the norms for the use of nouns and pronouns are violated.)	His creations always corresponded with his worldview. Many spectators gathered in the theater to watch the performance.	Ask a question from the verb corresponded to the noun attitude. The poet's works always corresponded to (what?) his worldview. The audience gathered (where?) in the theater to watch the performance.
G-9	Violation in the structure of the phrase (With the inept use of prepositions that “interfere” into the utterance of new words, the lexico-grammatical structure of a stable expression is destroyed.)	Becoming a famous poet known all over the world.	Ask a question from the word know (where?) ...which is known all over the world...
G-10	Errors associated with violation of the syntactic norm of using demonstrative and allied words.	In this poem, the future is presented in the same way as in M. Tsvetaeva. She didn't like everything she wrote.	Ask the question: what does the future look like? ...In this poem, the future seems to be the same as in the works of M. Tsvetaeva. Replace the conjunctive word that with the conjunctive word about what. She didn't like everything she wrote about.
G-11	Errors associated with incorrect construction of sentences with homogeneous members. (Homogeneous members are unreasonably different parts of speech; Replacement words for homogeneous members have their own lexical and grammatical context; Replacement words are not related grammatically and in meaning to the words they have in common.)	And the heroine hopes and makes incredible efforts to break out of the circle of torment.	Expand the phrases by asking the question: hopes (for what?), makes efforts (for what?)

Classification of errors corrected and taken into account when assessing a student’s work

Grammatical errors(G) – these are errors in the structure of a linguistic unit: words, phrases or sentences, i.e. violation of any grammatical norm - word formation, morphological, syntactic.

No.	Type of error	Examples
	Incorrect word formation. Erroneous formation of forms of a noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb (personal forms of verbs, active and passive participles, gerunds).	Nobility, a miracle of technology, in essence, laugh at; more interesting, more beautiful; with five hundred rubles; juggled with both hands, their pathos, there was nothing around him; How many We have lost our moral principles due to the loss of spirituality; them moves feeling of compassion; streams of water, flowable down, struck the author of the text; higher onto the stage, the singers bowed.
	Violation of approval norms	I know a group of guys who are seriously into... I'm into jazz.
	Violation of management norms	We need to make nature more beautiful. Everyone was surprised at him by force.
	Disruption of the connection between the subject and the predicate or the way of expressing the predicate	The main thing I want to pay attention to now isartistic side of the work. He wrote a book that epic. Everyone was glad, happy and funny.
	Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members	The country loved and was proud of the poet. In the essay I wanted to sayabout the meaning of sports and why I love it.
	Errors in constructing sentences with participles	Reading the text , such a feeling of empathy arises.
	Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrases	The narrow path was coveredfailing snow underfoot.
	Errors in the construction of complex sentences	This book taught me to appreciate and respect friends,which I read as a child. It seemed to the man that this is a dream.
	Mixing direct and indirect speech
G10	Violation of sentence boundaries	He was not accepted into the basketball team. Because he was short.
G11	Violation of the types of tense correlation of verb forms	Freezes for a moment the heart and suddenly will knock again.
G12	Omitting a sentence member (ellipsis)	At the meeting there was accepted (?) hold a cleanup day.
G13	Errors associated with the use of particles: separation of a particle from the component of the sentence to which it belongs	It would be nice if the picture showed would artist's signature. In the text Total two problems are revealed.

Speech errors (P)– these are errors not in the construction of a sentence, not in the structure of a linguistic unit, but in its use, most often in the use of a word, i.e. a violation of lexical norms. This is pleonasm, tautology, speech cliches, inappropriate use of colloquial vocabulary, dialectisms, jargon; expressive means, non-discrimination of paronyms. Errors in the use of homonyms, antonyms, synonyms, polysemy not eliminated by the context.

No.	Type of error	Examples
	Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it	We were shocked wonderful acting. Thanks to fire, the forest burned down.
	Unjustified use of dialect and colloquial words	Such people always succeed bully others . Oblomov did nothing all day long played the fool.
	Poor use of pronouns	The text was written by V. Belov. He refers to artistic style; I immediately had a picture of your imagination.
	The use of words of a different stylistic coloring; mixing vocabulary from different eras; inappropriate use of clerical language, expressive, emotionally charged words, outdated vocabulary, jargon, inappropriate use of phraseological units	As planned author, the hero wins; Molchalin works secretary of Famusov; In the novel by A.S. Pushkin take place lyrical digressions; The author every now and then resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications.If I were there, then for such an attitude towards my mother I would I would give it to the muffin; Zoshchenko don't put your finger in your mouth,but let me just make the reader laugh.
	Failure to distinguish shades of meaning introduced into a word by prefix and suffix	In such cases, I look in the dictionary.
	Non-distinction of paronyms,synonymous words;errors in the use of antonyms when constructing an antithesis; destruction of the figurative meaning of a phraseological unit in an unsuccessfully organized context	Spectacular measures were taken; This poet's name is familiar in many countries; The third part of the text is not funny, but alsonot a major motivemakes us think; the record hasn't said its thing yetlast word.
	Violation of lexical compatibility
	Use of unnecessary words, including pleonasm	Young youth; very lovely.
	Using nearby or closely related words (tautology)	In that the story is toldabout real events.
P10	Unjustified repetition of a word	Hero story does not think about his actions. Hero He doesn’t even understand the depth of what he has done.
P11	Poverty and monotony of syntactic structures	When the writer came to the editorial office, he was accepted by the editor-in-chief.When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.
P12	Use of unnecessary words, lexical redundancy	Then so that you can smile, about it Our bookstore will take care of it.

Logical errors (L).Logical errors are associated with a violation of the logical correctness of speech. They arise as a result of a violation of the laws of logic, committed both within one sentence, judgment, and at the level of the entire text.

No.	Type of error	Examples
	Comparison (contrast) of two logically heterogeneous (different in scope and content) concepts in a sentence or text	Attended the lessondirector, librarian, and Anna Petrovna Ivanova And Zoya Ivanovna Petrova; He leaned his back to the battery; For good studies and raising children parents students received letters of gratitude from the school administration.
	Violation of cause-and-effect relationships	In recent years so many done to modernize education, but teachers work in the old way, because Issues of modernization of education are being resolved weak .
	A missing link in an explanation, a “logical leap.”	It is hardly possible to block the flow of people through our yard. [?] How I want the yard to be an adornment for both the school and the village.
	Rearranging parts of the text (if it is not due to the assignment for the essay or presentation)	It's time to return this word to its true meaning! Honor... But how to do this?
	Unjustified substitution of the person from whom the story is told (for example, first from the first, then from the third person)
	Comparison of logically incomparable concepts	Syntax encyclopedic articles are excellent from other scientific articles.
Composition and text errors
	Bad start	The text begins with a sentence containing an indication of the previous context, which is absent in the text itself, by the presence of demonstrative word forms in the first sentence, for example: In this text is written by...
	Errors in the main part	A) Bringing together relatively distant thoughts in one sentence. b) Lack of consistency in presentation; incoherence and violation of sentence order. c) The use of sentences of different types in structure, leading to difficulty understanding the meaning.
	Bad ending	Output duplicationunjustified repetition of a previously expressed idea.

Factual errors(F) - a type of non-linguistic error, which consists in the fact that the writer cites facts that contradict reality, gives incorrect information about factual circumstances, both related and not related to the analyzed text (background knowledge)

No.	Type of error	Examples
	Distortion of the content of a literary work, misinterpretation, poor choice of examples	Bazarov was a nihilist and thereforekilled an old woman with an ax; Lensky returned to his estate from England; Happiness for Oblomov wasloneliness and indifference.
	Inaccuracy in the quote. No indication of the author of the quotation. Incorrectly named author of the quote.	The book means a lot to me, because Lenin said: “Live and learn!»
	Ignorance of historical and other facts, including time displacement.	Great Patriotic War of 1812; The capital of the USA is New York.
	Inaccuracies in the names, surnames, and nicknames of literary characters. Distortions in the names of literary works, their genres, errors in indicating the author.	Turgen'ev; "Taras and Bulba"; V Turgenev's stories"Crime and Punishment".

Ethical mistakes(E) - violation of the system of values and ethical rules:statements degrading human dignity, expressing an arrogant and cynical attitude towards the human person, hostility, manifestations of verbal aggression, slang words and phrases.

No.

Type of error

Examples

Speech incorrectness.

Manifestation of verbal aggression: rude, offensive statements; verbal expression of negative emotions, feelings or intentions in a form unacceptable in a given speech situation; threat, rude demand, accusation, ridicule;

use of swear words, vulgarisms, jargon, argot; statements degrading human dignity, expressing an arrogant and cynical attitude towards the human person

This text pisses me off ; You need to be completely crazy to read books today; Why does the school curriculum force you to read everything? junk , what is called a classic?

Mikhalkov in his repertoire! He writes children's books, which is why he demands that they be read in childhood. This is real PR! Nothingfool peopleoutdated truths.

ERRORS: SPELLING, PUNCTUATION, GRAPHICS, TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS

errors are taken into account

to the rules learned;
not rough (two non-rough ones count as one):

in exceptions to the rules;
in writing capital letters in compound proper names;
in cases of separate and continuous writing, not with adjectives and participles acting as a predicate;
in writing and and s after prefixes;
in difficult cases of distinguishing between not and neither (Where did he turn! Wherever he turned, no one could give him an answer. No one else...; none other than…; nothing else is...; nothing more than... and etc.);
in cases where one punctuation mark is replaced by another;
in the omission of one of the combined punctuation marks or in violation of their sequence;

repetitive (counts as one error, repetitionin the same word or in the root of words with the same root);
same type ( the first three errors of the same type are considered one error,

each nextsuch an error is counted asindependent):

errors per one rule, if the conditions for choosing the correct spelling are contained in the grammatical (in the army, in the grove; prick, fight) and phonetic (pie, cricket) features of a given word.

Not considered the sameerrors on a rule in which, in order to find out the correct spelling of one word, you need to select another (reference) word or its form (water - water, mouth - mouth, sad - sad, sharp - sharp).

The concept of errors of the same type does not apply to punctuation errors.

Errors (two or more) in one unchecked word are counted as one error.

When checking literacy (K7-K8) errors are not taken into account

spelling:

in word transfer;
letters e/e after consonants in foreign words ( racket, plein air ) and after vowels in proper names ( Marietta);
upper/lowercase letters

in names related to religion: M(m)aslenitsa, R(r)Christmas, B(b)og.
when using proper names figuratively (Oblomovs and Oblomovs).
in proper names of non-Russian origin; writing surnames with first parts don, van, sept... ( Don Pedro and Don Quixote).

continuous / hyphenated / separate spelling

in complex nouns without a connecting vowel (mostly borrowings), not regulated by rules and not included in the minimum dictionary (Lend-Lease, Lula-kebab, know-how, papier-mâché, tumbleweed, Walk-City paperweight, but beef Stroganoff, head waiter, sedan chair, price list);
on rules that are not included in the school curriculum (for example, the rule of combined / separate writing of adverbial units / adverbs with a prefix / preposition, for example:in spill, scold behind your back, to match, on the run, in installments, on the back foot, as a curiosity, by touch, on the hook, put on the butt(cf. current spellingrecklessly, scatteredly);

punctuation errors:

dash in an incomplete sentence;
isolation of inconsistent definitions related to common nouns;
commas for restrictive-exclusive phrases;
distinguishing homonymous particles and interjections and, accordingly, not highlighting them or separating them with commas;
in the transmission of the author's punctuation;

graphic errors(means of writing a language, fixing the relationship between letters in writing and the sounds of oral speech); various techniques for abbreviating words, using spaces between words, various underlinings and font selections;
clerical errors and misprints:

Distortion of the sound appearance of a word ( rattles instead of works, memlya instead of earth); .

Missing letters (the entire novel is worth on this conflict;

Permutations of letters (new names products);

Replacing some alphabetic characters with others (legendary Battle of the Ice);

Adding extra letters ( in any, even the most difficult conditions).

Larisa Fominykh

Is it a grammatical or speech error?

The need to distinguish between grammatical and speech errors in students’ creative works is dictated by existing standards. The first type of errors is an integral part of the assessment for literacy, the second (as one of the components) - for content. When checking essays on the Unified State Examination (Part C), they must also be differentiated. However, in practice, difficulties often arise in their differentiation. The purpose of this note is to help the teacher determine the nature of these shortcomings.

A grammatical error is a violation of the structure of a language unit: incorrect word formation (there is no such word in the language); incorrect formation of word forms; errors in the construction of phrases and sentences. Violations of this kind account for about 31%.

A grammatical error, depending on its nature, can be made in a word, in a phrase or in a sentence. No context is required to detect it. Unlike spelling or punctuation, a grammatical error can be detected by hearing, and not only in a written text, while a spelling error can only be detected in writing.

Let's consider main types of grammatical errors.

I. Erroneous word formation: cake; liked it; chewing gum; showed indifference.

II. Errors in the formation of forms of different parts of speech:

1) nouns (gender; nominative and genitive plural forms; declension of indeclinable nouns): where is the second slipper? my birthday; our engineers; there are few real friendships; rode on ponies;

2) adjectives (double comparative or superlative): less successful; the most beautiful fountain; more attractive;

3) names of numerals (incorrect formation of case forms of cardinal numerals; errors in the use of ordinal and collective numerals): over eight hundred meters; seven skiers; on page thirty-eight;

4) pronouns: Until what time are classes? with their neighbors; evon book;

5) verbs: lay down the walls; we want to eat; erase from the board; brushes five times in a row; slam the door; drive straight; tomorrow I will clean up (do the laundry); This also includes a violation of the type-temporal correlation of verb forms in a sentence: When December arrives, the weather changes dramatically.

6) participles (they do not have a future tense form; they are not used with the particle would; reflexive and non-reflexive forms cannot be mixed): everyone who writes an essay will receive credit; there is not a single book here that would attract our attention; studied all available information; troops fighting the enemy;

7) participles: walked, looking around; applying ointment to the wound; having bought the service;

Sh. Syntax errors- violations in the construction of phrases and sentences:

1) errors in management: describes about the battle; thirst for power; I can’t wait until I leave;

2) in agreement: young people are eager to learn; people believe that life will not get better; with a group of tourists who are keen on mountain river rafting;

4) in constructing sentences with homogeneous members:

a) the member of the sentence and the subordinate clause are used as homogeneous ones: I want to show the importance of sports and why I love it;

b) with two predicate verbs there is a common addition that cannot be used in this form with one of them: We remember and admire the exploits of heroes;

c) inaccurate use of double conjunction: How the elderly, as well as children, were the first to be evacuated(need: both..., and...). I not only prepared on my own, but also attended an elective(not only but…);

5) in the use of participial phrases: There is little difference between the topics written on the board;

6) participial phrases: After skating at the skating rink, my legs hurt. And then, while preparing for exams, it was as if he had been replaced.

7) in the construction of complex sentences (distortion of conjunctions; use of two subordinating conjunctions at the same time; “stringing” similar subordinate clauses): When the bell rings, you need to get ready to go home. Everyone began to praise the performers, as if they were real artists. He said what he did not know about this incident. I heard that you asked me to tell you that you will arrive soon.

8) violation of sentence boundaries: 1.When the wind ran through. And clouds quickly ran across the sky. 2. I poured milk into a saucer for the hedgehog. And he put the hedgehog in the box.

However, one should remember the phenomenon of parcellation, when the author deliberately breaks up a sentence to give it greater expressiveness or highlight a thought: The very thought of betrayal is unpleasant to me. Because it goes against my beliefs.

9) mixing direct and indirect speech: A.S. Pushkin writes that I awakened good feelings with the lyre.

Main types of speech errors

Speech errors- These are errors associated with violation of the requirements of correct speech. The reason for them is the poverty of the students' vocabulary, inexpressiveness of speech, failure to distinguish paronyms, non-compliance with the lexical compatibility of words, speech cliches, etc. From the point of view of grammar, there are no violations, all forms of words, syntactic constructions correspond to the language norm, however, in general, the text of the work indicates the poverty of the student’s speech .

1) Using words in a meaning that is unusual for them: The pathos of his work is laughter - a formidable weapon of the writer. Monologue of wind and tree...

2) tautology (repetition of words with the same root in one sentence): The enemy was getting closer and closer.The young district of the city was named after the name of the street. The writer vividly describes the events of the Great Patriotic War.

It should be noted that the use of cognate words in one sentence may be completely acceptable. In the Russian folk language there are a number of expressions like: all sorts of things, telling jokes, doing your thing, roaring, howling, groaning. Either stand standing, or sit sitting, or lie down. (proverb)

Many of them have already become phraseological units or are approaching them. In works of art, the author may deliberately resort to tautology:

Soon the fairy tale is told, but not soon the deed is done. (A.S. Pushkin)

The smoke from the pipes goes into the chimney. (A.S. Pushkin)

I wish you and myself more pride, less pride. (K. Vanshenkin)

3) pleonasm (hidden tautology): the main leitmotif of his work; We invite you to celebrate the New Year holidays away from the cold, blizzards and frosts; specific feature of creativity; colleagues;

4) mixing of paronyms: representatives of high society led a festive life; after a quarrel, hostile relations were established between neighbors; This dish is very filling;

5) violation of lexical compatibility: hunger and devastation gloat all around; the standard of living of the population has deteriorated;

7) speech stamps: Now let's talk about heating; in the summer we love to relax at the seaside; the exam can be held upon completion of mastering the subject;

8) dialectal, colloquial, slang words: he is used to living for free; she looked cool; in the image of Khlestakov, Gogol showed a terrible impudence who shamelessly lies and takes bribes;

9) mixing vocabulary from different historical eras: Marya Kirillovna and the prince went to get married at the registry office. Lisa served as Famusov's housekeeper;

10) unjustified repetition of identical words in adjacent sentences (usually these are verbs of movement, being, speaking): Boy was dressed in a burnt quilted jacket. Vatnik was roughly darned. AND were he is wearing worn trousers. And the soldier's boots were almost new.

Such a defect should be distinguished from repetition as a stylistic device, which is actively used by poets and writers:

Beautiful things are never in vain.
They don't grow even in a black year
The maple is in vain, and the willow is in vain,
And a wasted flower on the pond. (Yu. Moritz)

The hazy afternoon lazily breathes,
The river rolls lazily.
And in the fiery and pure firmament
The clouds are lazily melting. (F. Tyutchev)

11) unsuccessful use of personal and demonstrative pronouns as a means of connecting sentences (resulting in the creation of ambiguity): Don't give your wife a company car. She may get into an accident. - We watched the film in the new cinema. From him We were left with a good impression.

12) bad word order: Dobrolyubov called the merchants from Ostrovsky’s plays representatives of the “dark kingdom.” Scriabin's prelude and nocturne for the left hand were performed by Margarita Fedorova.

To make it more convenient to use the classification of these errors, we present them in abbreviated form in the table:

Grammatical errors	Speech errors
1) erroneous word formation: pleasure to live; wakefulness; grant for life;	1) the use of a word in a meaning that is unusual for it: In an allergic form, Gorky tells us about the Petrel.
2) errors in the formation of word forms: no places; more strict; five hundred rubles; waiting; theirs;	2) violation of lexical compatibility: cheap prices; he constantly expands his horizons;
3) violation of the type-temporal correlation of verbs: sat at the table and didn’t talk to me;	3) tautology: Everyone was in a businesslike mood. Crime increased by five percent.
4) errors in coordination and management: from the part of the novel I read;	4) pleonasm: colleagues; feathered birds;
5) violation of agreement between subject and predicate: Humanity is fighting for peace. Young people on the bus are jostling and making noise.	5) unjustified repetitions of words in adjacent sentences: The guys woke up early. The guys decided to go into the forest. The guys went into the forest along a field road.
6) errors in the use of participial and participial phrases: While sledding, I got a headache. Reading books, life became more diverse.	6) Inappropriate use of personal and demonstrative pronouns, creating ambiguity: The girl has a hat on her head. She looks flirty.
7) errors in constructing complex sentences: Before leaving, we went to the river.	7) the use of a word of a different stylistic coloring: To poison Lensky, Onegin takes care of Olga.
8) mixing direct and indirect speech: The governor told the oil workers that we value your contribution to the regional economy.	8) mixing vocabulary from different historical eras: Gerasim returned to the village and began working on a collective farm.

Training tasks

1. Find grammatical errors in the sentences and determine their type.

1. The logs were heavy, so they were placed on sticks and carried.

2. The accident occurred five hundred and eleven kilometers from Moscow.

3. The management of the organization hopes that in this way they can stop the growth of the queue for kindergartens.

4. And they made a new swing in our yard!

5. While writing the review, Iskander used a rhetorical question.

6. These plans need and deserve every support.

7. But father answered that you are still too small for such work. Chatsky’s ardent speeches are addressed to the nobility, who do not want and are even afraid of change.

8. Now methods of water purification are becoming more advanced.

9. The spring sun was shining brightly, and the birds were singing.

10. Having risen to our floor, the door to our apartment was open.

11. From a distance, logs floating on the water were visible.

12. The sons of Taras dismounted from their horses, who were studying at the Kyiv Bursa.

2. Find speech errors and determine their type.

1. We foresaw all the difficulties of the hike in advance.

2. Khlestakov got into the chaise and shouted: “Drive, my dear, to the airport!”

Table No. 1

Grammatical errors

Type of error

Examples

Erroneous word formation

hardworking mock

Erroneous formation of a noun form

many miracles of technology do not have enough time

Erroneous formation of the adjective form

more interesting, more beautiful

Erroneous formation of a numeral form

with five hundred rubles

Erroneous formation of the pronoun form

their pathos, their children

Erroneous formation of the verb form

they go, they want

writing about natural life

Negotiation violation

I know a group of guys who are seriously into jazz.

Impaired control

We need to make our nature more beautiful, tells readers

Disruption of connection between subject and predicate

The majority objected to such an assessment of his work.

Violation of the way of expressing the predicate

He wrote a book that is epic. Everyone was glad, happy and cheerful.

Errors in constructing sentences with homogeneous members

The country loved and was proud of the poet. In the essay, I wanted to talk about the importance of sports and why I love it..

Errors in constructing sentences with participles

Reading the text, I get this feeling...

Errors in constructing sentences with participial phrases

The narrow path was covered with falling snow underfoot.

Errors in constructing simple and complex sentences

This book taught me to value and respect friends, which I read as a child.

The man thought it was a dream.

Mixing direct and indirect speech

Violation of sentence boundaries

When the hero came to his senses. It was too late.

Table № 2

Speech shortcomings

Type of error

Examples

Using a word in a meaning that is unusual for it

We were shocked by the excellent acting. The idea develops throughout the entire text.

Failure to distinguish shades of meaning introduced into a word by prefix and suffix

My attitude towards this problem has not changed. Effective measures were taken.

Failure to distinguish synonymous words

The use of words of a different stylistic coloring

Inappropriate use of emotions -colored words

Astafiev continually resorts to the use of metaphors and personifications

Unjustified use of colloquial words

Such people always manage to outdo others.

Violation of lexical compatibility

Eating extra

words, including pleonasm

Using nearby or closely related words (tautology)

This story tells about real events.

Unjustified repetition of a word

The hero of the story does not think about his actions. The hero does not even understand the full depth of what he has done.

Poverty and monotony of syntactic structures

When the writer came to the editorial office, the editor-in-chief received him. When they talked, the writer went to the hotel.

Violation of the types of tense correlation of verb forms

The heart freezes for a moment and suddenly starts beating again.

Inappropriate use of personal and demonstrative pronouns

Lack of connection between sentences

1. One of the facts of the biography of A.P. Chekhov, which recently became known, is the construction of four

rural schools.

2. Andryushin remained on the terrace for a long time, admiring the dazzling flashes of lightning over the garden.

3. Everyone really liked the illustrations for the stories sent to the competition.

4. V.G. Belinsky wrote about 20 articles and reviews specifically dedicated to the work of N.V. Gogol.

5. Some students of preparatory courses attend film lectures interested in gaining knowledge.

6. In the “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language” by V.I. Dahl contains more than 80 thousand words that have not been previously written down.

7. Schoolchildren from our village willingly helped a group of archaeologists who came from Novgorod.

8. To the right of the steering wheel there was a compass with a circle of indicator covered with cracked and partly peeled off enamel, dotted with numerous divisions.

9. In these wonderful books, dedicated to the most interesting events and facts in a person’s life, you will find the answers

to many questions that interest you.

10. At the end of the 18th century, science became aware of the existence of an unusual mammal that laid eggs and incubated them: it was the platypus.

11. The page of the passport containing encoded information about its owner will be filled out using laser engraving.

12. I read this work by Vasil Bykov in the summer, dedicated to the Great Patriotic War.

13. One of the wonders on the Kuril ridge, which attracts tourists from all over the world, is connected

with volcanoes.

14. The girl who sat by the window and who sang well was remembered by everyone.

15. Among the houses built on this street there were several multi-story ones.

16. The football player who played in attack and who scored two goals was a student of a famous coach.

17. One of the independent types of art that has existed since the end of the 15th century is graphics.

18. One of the main features that characterize Natasha Rostova is honesty in relationships with people.

19. A good speaker, having carefully prepared for the speech, has a figurative, emotional and at the same time logical speech.

20. The city has created a special commission for urban planning, coordinating the work of all construction companies.

21. In autumn, ears of wheat wait for that hour, heavy with ripened grains, when combine harvesters appear in the field.

22. The Order of St. Andrew the First-Called was established by Peter I in 1698, issued only in rare, exceptional cases.

23. F.I. Tyutchev wrote his first poem at the age of eleven, which became the largest representative of Russian philosophical poetry.

24. The main source of energy for every living creature inhabiting our planet is the energy of the sun.

25. Nowadays, the volume of information transmitted over global trunk communication lines is constantly growing.

26. All the students who came to the elective lesson understood the complex topic.

27. Forest glades were covered with bright strawberry stars blooming profusely this year.

28. Among those built on this street there were several multi-storey buildings.

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