When was the exam introduced. Will history be made a compulsory subject?

The reform was carried out under the leadership of Vladimir Filippov. From 1997 to 2004 he headed the Ministry of Education. Already in 1997, testing of a new system for assessing the knowledge of schoolchildren began. Students of some schools passed the USE prototype on a voluntary basis. The unified state exam was supposed to be a salvation from the corruption and bribery that flourished in schools and universities. It was decided to introduce test tasks, which were processed. Five-point was already not so effective. As planned by the government, the Unified State Examination was supposed to make higher education accessible to students from remote regions.

The first stages of the new system

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• Answers to exam history 2013

The unified state exam has ceased to be an experiment and has become a mandatory test of the knowledge of schoolchildren completing their studies. In 2012, the exam is held according to a single schedule throughout the country.

Instruction

There are two mandatory exams, as in previous years - Russian and mathematics. They must be passed for a minimum number of points to receive a certificate. In 2012, this is 36 points for the Russian language and 24 for mathematics. If a student receives a low mark in one of the subjects, the student will have the opportunity to take the exam again on the day provided for this. If both exams ended in failure, then it will be possible to obtain a certificate only next year after a successful retake.

In 2012, as before, it was possible to take the exam ahead of schedule. It is given to those graduates who, for some valid reason, will not be able to take the exam on the main day. On April 20, the Unified State Examination was held in Russian, on April 23 - in history, chemistry, as well as in foreign languages, on April 26 -, on May 2 - in computer science, literature and. May 4th reserved for all subjects upon student request.

The main exam time began on May 28 with tests in biology, history and computer science. Compulsory exams - Russian language and mathematics - were held on 31 May and 7 June. The main session will end on June 16, the Unified State Examination in Literature. Reserve days will be from mid-June to mid-July.

The results of the unified exam are announced approximately 7-9 days after the test itself. The results in biology, history and computer science were the first to be known - already on June 7th. Information about the Russian language will be available on June 12, and on June 19. In certain areas of the country, for example, in the hard-to-reach northern regions, information may be available later.

Once the results are announced, it's time for the appeals. If the student or his parents do not agree with the assessment, they will be able to apply to a special commission that will re-examine the work.

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The unified state exam - the Unified State Examination - has caused active controversy in society since its inception. However, the history of the emergence of this exam shows that the trends in modern education have developed in such a way that the reform of school exams was necessary.

Prototypes of the Unified State Examination in other countries

Russia was not the first state to think about creating a unified examination system for universities. In the US and the UK, every student takes final tests, according to the results of which the graduate can apply to the university for admission to which he scored enough points. In France, the system is somewhat different. Any student who passed the final exam with a positive mark can enroll in any university in the country. Entrance examinations are held only in some universities and after the first or second year of study in higher education.

There are also analogues of the Unified State Examination in Ukraine and Kazakhstan.

The Russian USE system is closer to the Anglo-Saxon one, in particular, the presence of a test system and a passing score for each university. However, it also retains its own specifics associated with the organization of training, partly at the state expense, and partly at the expense of applicants.

The emergence of the Unified State Examination in Russia

Back in the nineties, the first projects related to the introduction of a unified final and entrance exam appeared. This was supposed to make life easier for schoolchildren, as well as streamline the examination system, reducing local corruption by introducing an impartial exam, and making it easier for students from the regions to enter metropolitan universities. At the beginning of the 2000s, the idea of ​​introducing the USE became part of the project to reform Russian education in accordance with international standards. Within the framework of the same project, it was divided into two stages - undergraduate and.

By 2000, a team of teachers and scientists developed the first version of the Unified State Examination. The following year, the Ministry of Education selected several regions and universities that became participants in the USE testing program. Over time, the list of regions expanded. At the first stage, universities themselves decided whether they would accept USE results or organize their own entrance exams.

Along with the introduction of the Unified State Examination, admission privileges for gold medalists disappeared.

At the same time, the introduction of the USE caused active opposition from a part of society. Most parents and teachers were doubtful about the test system for testing knowledge, especially for humanitarian subjects. Later, in accordance with the wishes of specialists, some tasks of the USE were changed, in particular, there were test tasks from the exam in mathematics.

In 2009, the Unified State Exam became a mandatory exam throughout the country, but some universities have retained their entrance exams - among them are Moscow State University and art universities.

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In the early 2000s, a large-scale education reform began in Russia. It implied the introduction of new ways to test the knowledge of students, as well as the division into undergraduate and graduate higher education.

Education reform

The reform was carried out under the leadership of Vladimir Filippov. From 1997 to 2004 he headed the Ministry of Education. Already in 1997, testing of a new system for assessing the knowledge of schoolchildren began. Students of some schools passed the USE prototype on a voluntary basis. The unified state exam was supposed to be a salvation from the corruption and bribery that flourished in schools and universities. It was decided to introduce test tasks, which were processed. Five-point was already not so effective. As planned by the government, the Unified State Examination was supposed to make higher education accessible to students from remote regions.

In 1999, the Federal Testing Center was established in Russia. The task of its employees was to develop a testing system, as well as to track the quality of knowledge obtained in educational institutions across the country. Under the leadership of the director of the center, intensive work began on the formation of the idea and methodology for conducting the exam.

The first stages of the new system

The introduction of the new system took more than one year, and it took place in stages. In 2001, a decree of the Government of the Russian Federation on the experimental conduct of a unified state exam came into force. 5 regions took part. The exam was held in eight subjects from the school curriculum. Before the start of the experiment, a large-scale campaign was held to inform the society about the new system for assessing students' knowledge. The media has not been left behind. There were programs on television that talked about the pros and cons of the exam. Trainings and conferences were organized for teachers and schoolchildren.

From year to year, the new testing system gained momentum, and by 2005 it was planned to make it mandatory.

In 2002, already 16 regions of Russia took part in the experiment of conducting the Unified State Examination. Based on the results of the exam, applicants were admitted to 117 universities throughout the country. In 2003, the number of regions increased to 47.

The experiment was attended by higher educational institutions that train specialists in the field of culture and sports, and some medical universities.

Despite the visible advantages of the unified state exam, the number of dissatisfied people grew. Among them were schoolchildren themselves and parents, teachers, scientists and cultural figures. This method of assessing knowledge did not take into account the difference in learning conditions, did not have an individual approach. Not all universities accepted the results of the exam, so the students experienced a double burden, because they took the exams again. In the Ministry of Education, all these complaints and proposals were considered, and every year there were innovations in the Unified State Examination.

Sources:

• Answers to exam history 2013

Mikhail Zadornov

The USE was introduced in France after the former French colonies in Africa became independent states. A wave of Afro-immigrants poured into France. Their education was so primitive that they could clearly answer at the level of "yes", "no" ... Many of them could only count up to ten. Everything that is further, denoted by the word "many". They heard that there are millions, but how many it is, they didn’t imagine exactly.

It was because of them that the exam system was simplified, the Unified State Examination and the test survey system were introduced, in which the ability to think is replaced by guessing. A year later, demonstrations and unrest began in France ... The people protested, the thinking of young people began to turn from multipolar to bipolar. In short, they wanted the best, but it turned out according to Chernomyrdin!

However, the French were great! They did not want to live according to the prophet of the future. Three years later, the French government was forced to abandon innovations, because not only the French people, but also the government itself began to grow dull.

It would seem that it was possible to put an end to the system of a single exam-testing. But no! England all these years has been attentively and with joy watching the dulling France - her eternal rival. It was in those years that America began to irritate England more and more. She was gaining such economic power that she no longer wanted to remain a subsidiary of the London financial branch. The energy of this arrogant young state had to be immediately cut off at the root. It was here that the conclusions made by British intelligence came in handy, observing the “successful” results of the Unified State Examination in France.

It was in the depths of British intelligence that a plan was developed to “castrate” American education. They understood that it was necessary to start zombifying Americans from the youth. To do this, it is necessary to promote the system of tested learning as more profitable. Disconnect the student from the interlocutor teacher. To produce mediocre people-crammers instead of those who have to learn to create.

And so ... in the mid-60s, a group of several people, trained by British intelligence, went to America to engage in PR for a new education system, which was supposed to throw all subsequent generations of American youth in its development several centuries ago. The Americans of that time turned out to be no less greedy for PR than we are today. In less than two decades, the most popular expression in relation to Americans among the world's intelligentsia appeared - "narrow-minded" (narrow-minded).

Using the example of America, it became clear that the USE and the test system of education turned out to be the most massive means of defeating young people! With a range much greater than that of a hydrogen bomb.

The less costly test-based learning system quickly took hold in a profit-calculating America. The creative abilities of an entire generation were switched over to the development of the motor functions of memory. And young Americans before our eyes turned from "eagles" into "fat pigeons."

Many years will pass, several waves of Soviet emigrants will flood into America in a row. In terms of the energy of thinking, education, ability to think - these will not even be waves, but real “ninth waves”. Many will come to America with their children, enroll them in American schools and be madly happy that all their kids are Newtons, Mendeleevs and Leibniz against the backdrop of Americans ... The expression “How stupid they are!” I first heard in America from our emigrants.

But the education system of the Soviet Union continued to be the envy of Western scientific circles. Even in the most difficult years, the intellect of the nation was preserved. It was thanks to him, and not to the Soviet government and not to the economy, that our state was the greatest in the world. Because the wide-ranging development of the child's abilities has always been at the forefront of Soviet education. Teachers tried to teach him to think independently, and not mindlessly memorize.

"Teaching" and "learning" are different words! "Learning" involves the development of conditioned reflexes. Academician Pavlov showed that even animals are subject to learning. Therefore, they live in a world of consumption: the monkey pulled the string - Pavlov himself brings her food! Education involves the development of the brain. "Taught" can reproduce only what was put into it. "Trained" - to give birth to new ideas! You can teach both a monkey and a dog ... To train - only a person! Therefore, if “training” in young people is replaced by “learning”, the reverse process of evolution from man to monkey will begin! What, in fact, happened in many Western countries that followed the American path.

We must pay tribute to the Americans, not all of them accepted the new education system. US President John F. Kennedy also resisted desperately. In one of his speeches, he did not hesitate to express the opinion that the best education system in the Soviet Union.

Heated disputes and discussions have been going on for several years. Not everyone agrees with the format and results of this exam. But the Ministry of Education remains adamant and is not going to cancel the exam. Let's find out more about when and why it appeared

When was the USE introduced in Russia?

Many graduates of schools and universities remember those times when exams were taken by tickets and there was no testing. It seems that the exam appeared quite recently. But this is not so at all. To answer the question in what year the USE was introduced, you need to look into the history of the entire education system.

Back in the last century, in the late 80s, the first prerequisites appeared. It was then that they noticed that there is a big gap in the requirements for final and entrance exams. Universities made more serious demands. Therefore, yesterday's student could not cope with the entrance tests.

So, in what year was the USE introduced? The facts state that the first attempts were made already in 1997. In some schools, graduates could voluntarily participate in testing experiments.

It is difficult to say unequivocally in what year the USE was introduced. Development and implementation were carried out gradually.

In 1999, the first developments appeared. The implementation of the idea was not postponed for a long time. And already in 2001 an experiment was organized. It was joined not only by schools, but also by some educational institutions that accepted the USE result as an alternative to traditional entrance tests for schoolchildren.

Several regions were chosen as experimental ones. 30,000 people took part in the first tests. Approximately 50 state universities began to accept the USE certificate issued at school instead of entrance examinations.

If we count from the moment the experiment was introduced, the answer to the question in what year the USE was introduced will be simple: in 2001.

In 2001-2008 there was no single list of subjects taken in the form of the exam. Each region formed the list independently.

In 2002, the USE was still an experiment, but by that time the number of its participants consisted of 8,400 schools and 117 universities.

In 2003, 18.5 thousand schools conducted final exams in the form of the Unified State Examination, and 245 universities accepted certificates from applicants.

If we talk about when the USE was introduced as a mandatory exam, we can recall the year 2004. It was then that the experiment was considered successful and they started talking about plans for its widespread distribution. At the same time, no one took into account the opinion of the dissatisfied, who sharply spoke out against the Unified State Examination.

It dragged on for several more years, until in 2009 amendments to the law “On Education” were adopted. From that moment on, the exam was recognized as mandatory. Even for those who did not plan to continue their studies at the university after graduation.

Now you know when the USE was introduced.

Who introduced the unified exam?

The idea to introduce the USE in Russia belongs to the head of the Ministry of Education in 1998-2004. In his opinion, the USE will not only provide a quality test of knowledge, but also defeat the corruption that flourished in the traditional form of exams, when their result depended on one or more teachers.

Why introduced the exam

Due to the abundance of teaching methods and school allowances, knowledge testing has become more complicated. Therefore, it was necessary to develop a unified testing system and ensure the same level of basic knowledge with which graduates leave school.

Another important reason for introducing the USE, as we have already mentioned, is to combat corruption. Previously, with the traditional exam, the result depended on the teacher, which contributed to an increase in the number of bribes. After all, every graduate wanted to get the highest score in the certificate. The results of the exam are not assessed by the teacher, but by a machine that cannot be bribed.

Affordable Education

Another global problem that the USE is designed to deal with is related to admission. Previously, the exam had to be taken both at school and at the university. Now it is enough to pass the exam once, get a certificate and present it to the admissions committee of the university.

Now even schoolchildren from the regions can get into a prestigious institution. Previously, they did not have such an opportunity. To enter the university, one had to hire a tutor or attend preparatory courses.

Introduction to the exam

Assignments for each subject are divided into three parts ( block): A, B, C.

Block A contains test tasks, in each of which it is necessary to choose one answer option from four offered.

For each block task B you must give a short answer, consisting of one or more words, letters or numbers. Answers to block tasks A and B are entered into a special form and checked by a computer.

Block C consists of one or more tasks with a detailed answer (for example, it is necessary to solve a problem, write an essay on a proposed topic, or reasonably answer a certain question). The answers to the tasks of block C are evaluated by experts of the regional examination committee, the tasks of the KIM of part C contain evaluation criteria for experts.

KIMs for individual subjects may have their own characteristics. For example, KIMs in literature do not contain multiple choice items. In KIMs in foreign languages ​​there is a section in which the student needs to listen to an audio recording of a text in a foreign language and answer questions about the content of the text.

The table shows the codes, duration, number of tasks and the maximum primary score for the USE 2009. Also included is a minimum score (the lower limit of a satisfactory mark), which is determined in test points.

The code	Subject	Duration (minutes)	Tasks block A	Tasks Block B	Tasks Block C	Maximum primary score	Minimum number of points
1	Russian language	180	30	8	1	60	37
2	Maths	240	10	11	5	37	-
3	Physics	210	25	5	6	50	-
4	Chemistry	180	30	10	5	66	-
5	Informatics and ICT	240	18	10	4	40	36
6	Biology	180	36	8	6	69	35
7	Story	210	32	11	7	68	-
8	Geography	180	31	12	7	61	34
9	English language	160	28	16	2	80	-
10	German	160	28	16	2	80	-
11	French	160	28	16	2	80	-
12	Social science	210	30	6	8	62	-
13	Spanish	160	28	16	2	80	-
18	Literature	240	No	12	5	39	30

USE forms

• Registration Form used to register exam participants
• AT answer sheet No. 1 answers to tasks of blocks A and B are entered
• For detailed answers to the tasks of block C, use answer sheet No. 2 and additional answer sheet No. 2

All USE forms have a size of 210 mm × 305 mm:

In addition to the main side, examinees can use the back:

Filling out all forms of the exam must be carried out strictly according to the established rules, otherwise the data may be incorrectly recognized, which counts as an incorrect answer.

Grading for the exam

Each completed USE task is estimated at 1 or more points. The sum of these points is primary score subject. The number of primary points varies in different subjects, for example, the minimum number of primary points in 2009 contains the USE in mathematics (37 primary points), and the maximum - the USE in biology (69 primary points) and foreign languages ​​(80 primary points).

Next, a correspondence is established between the primary and test points (with the maximum test score is always 100). The scale for converting primary scores into test scores depends on the complexity of the tasks and the statistical analysis of the USE results for all exam participants and is calculated using a special computer program. This scale is not linear, for example, in the Russian language exam in 2008, 30 primary scores out of 60 were translated into 52 test scores, and in the mathematics exam, 18 primary scores out of 37 were translated into 58 test scores. Another feature of the recalculation scale is that a small change in the primary score at the edges of the scale (that is, with a primary score close to zero or to the maximum value) leads to a significant change in the test score (for example, 1 primary score corresponds to 6 test scores in all subjects except foreign languages), while in the middle of the scale, a change in the primary score by 1 leads to a change in the test score by 1 or 2.

Statistical data on USE results are available.

USE results

During the USE, as an experiment, information about the results of the exam could be obtained on the website by entering the participant's passport data.

Appeals based on the results of the exam

After receiving the USE results, the USE participant may file an appeal with the conflict commission of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation to review the results of the work check. At the same time, the formal filing of an appeal is the only opportunity for the exam participant to familiarize himself with his work after it has been checked.

An appeal can only be filed in two cases:

1. In case of disagreement of the exam participant with the recognition of answers in the tasks of parts A and B, that is, those tasks for which a computer test is carried out. The participant in the exam receives a form of their work and a printout of how the answers were recognized by the computer. In case of incorrect recognition of the answer, it can be corrected by the decision of the conflict commission.
2. In case of disagreement of the exam participant with the results of the examination of Part C by the experts. In this case, the assessment may be revised (including in the direction of decreasing the number of points) after an additional verification of the work by the conflict commission.

The decision of the conflict commission of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation may be reviewed by the Federal conflict commission.

USE as a final exam at school

Beginning in 2009, school graduates take two mandatory final exams: in Russian language and mathematics. Graduates are allowed to take exams if they do not have unsatisfactory annual grades in all subjects.

The graduate must receive a grade in these exams that is not lower than the score established by Rosobrnadzor. If a student receives a mark below the minimum established in one subject, then he can retake this exam in the same year. If a student receives an unsatisfactory mark in both the Russian language and mathematics, then he can retake the exam only next year. Graduates who have received satisfactory marks (or received one unsatisfactory mark, and then retake it) receive a certificate of complete secondary education.

Also, graduates can take any number of additional exams in the form of the Unified State Examination, their results do not affect the receipt of a certificate. In the certificate for each subject, the arithmetic mean of the graduate's grades for the last two years of study is set, regardless of the result obtained at the USE.

Admission to universities based on the results of the Unified State Examination

To enter a university, an applicant must pass entrance exams in the form of the Unified State Examination. The list of entrance exams is approved by the Ministry of Education and Science and contains, as a rule, four exams for each specialty (in some cases - three). For each specialty, one of the exams is a profile exam (the profile exam is highlighted in the list). The university can reduce the number of exams to three, the number of exams must necessarily include an exam in the Russian language and a specialized subject.

When applying for specialties that require applicants to have certain creative abilities, physical or psychological qualities, universities also conduct an additional exam or creative competition, in addition to three exams conducted in the form of the Unified State Examination. The list of such specialties is approved by the Ministry of Education and Science.

Selected universities are allowed to conduct additional specialized examinations. The list of universities that are allowed to conduct additional entrance examinations and the procedure for their conduct is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation. In 2009, 24 higher educational institutions were given the right to conduct additional entrance exams in a profile orientation in certain specialties.

Without entrance examinations, winners and prize-winners of the final stage of the All-Russian Olympiad for schoolchildren can be admitted to the university. Winners and prize-winners of other Olympiads approved by the Ministry of Education and Science may be admitted to the university without entrance examinations or without passing part of the entrance examinations. In specialties related to physical education and sports, champions of the Olympic Games are admitted without exams.

It is assumed that the introduction of the Unified State Examination will simplify admission to universities for applicants from rural areas and remote regions. The applicant will be able to submit an application to the selected university and attach to it information about passing the exam in absentia - by mail or via the Internet, without coming personally to the selected university. You can also apply to multiple universities. Universities can check information about the results of passing the USE in the Federal database of certificates on the results of the USE.

Admission to colleges based on the results of the exam

In 2009, admission to educational institutions of secondary vocational education is mainly based on the results of the Unified State Examination. Applicants must pass two exams from the approved list of entrance examinations. At the same time, the Russian language exam is mandatory, and the applicant can choose the second exam on his own if the list of entrance examinations contains three or more exams. For certain specialties, assuming that applicants have certain creative abilities, physical or psychological qualities, colleges also conduct an additional exam or a creative competition.

The controversy around the exam

Notes

1. Federal Law No. 17-FZ of February 9, 2007 on the introduction of the Unified State Examination
2. Order of Rosobrnadzor No. 74 dated January 19, 2009 "On approval of the timing and unified schedule for the USE ... in 2009"
3. 2009 KIM Specifications and Demos
4. Demonstration versions of the Unified State Examination of all years
5. Decree No. 1245-10 dated 06.06.2009 "On establishing the minimum number of points for the unified state exam in the Russian language, confirming the graduate's mastering the basic general education programs of secondary (complete) general education in 2009"
6. Decree No. 1218-10 dated 01.06.2009 “On establishing the minimum number of points for the unified state exam in informatics and information and communication technologies (ICT), confirming the graduate’s mastering the basic general education programs of secondary (complete) general education in 2009”
7. Decree No. 1219-10 dated 01.06.2009 “On establishing the minimum number of points for the unified state exam in biology, confirming that a graduate has mastered the basic general education programs of secondary (complete) general education in 2009”
8. Decree No. 1251-10 dated 08.06.2009 "On establishing the minimum number of points for the unified state exam in geography, confirming that a graduate has mastered the basic general education programs of secondary (complete) general education in 2009"
9. Decree No. 1252-10 dated 08.06.2009 "On establishing the minimum number of points for the unified state examination in literature, confirming the graduate's mastering the basic general education programs of secondary (complete) general education in 2009"