Coursework: the role of metaphor in foreign media. The use of metaphor in headlines in the newspaper Izvestia Articles analysis of the use of metaphor in American newspapers

Introduction

metaphor newspaper political article

It is the universality of metaphor and its, often unconscious, use in the media and in the speech of public politicians with the aim of specifically influencing the reader, as well as numerous modern attempts at a professional approach to political metaphor as a structured technology that are of particular interest to us in this work. A comprehensive study of such a powerful tool as metaphor enables a journalist working in political discourse to competently and effectively use this tool, guided not by intuition, but by having at his disposal a clear and understandable mechanism, a technology with the help of which the formation of a political metaphor will become directed and effective , and perception is analytical, revealing the original thesis and motives for using specific coding.

Political metaphor is one of the most common and effective tools of public policy and PR technologies.

Metaphor is considered by many scientists (literary scholars, linguists, cultural experts, etc.) to be the most important trope, while this word itself is sometimes used as a synonym for figurative speech, as an indication that words operate here not in a literal, but in a figurative sense. Metaphorical language is “allegorical” or “figurative” language. A review of the literature on the theory of metaphor, which is given in the works of Beztsennaya Zh.P., Blokhina N.G., Koksharova N.F. and so on, shows how wide the range of opinions is on all the main aspects of the theory. It should be immediately noted that the existing differences in approaches are not a consequence of a “wrong” understanding of the essence of the issue. Of course, there are controversial provisions in the positions of many researchers, but the main thing that determines fundamental differences in opinions is the complexity of the subject of research itself. Thus, the study of metaphor has become one of the most important areas of modern cognitive linguistics, which considers this trope as a “tool for analyzing the state of social consciousness.” A person not only expresses his thoughts with the help of metaphors, but also thinks with metaphors, creates with the help of metaphors the world in which he lives. The study of metaphorical models in political discourse allows us to identify general characteristics of attitudes towards reality, social and cultural phenomena. The relevance of the topic is determined by the general focus of the authors of linguistic works in recent years, dealing with the problem of means of expressiveness in language, the presence in linguistics at the moment of controversial and ambiguous opinions on the status of political metaphor in newspaper and journalistic style at the modern level, as well as the lack of research into the basic means of expressiveness (tropes) in language.

The topic of this study is “Political metaphor in modern media (using the example of an article).” It is no coincidence that the phenomenon of metaphor attracts the close attention of researchers. This is explained, first of all, by the general interest in the study of a political speech, manifesto, statement, as well as a journalistic text in general in the broad sense of this concept. Not the least role here is played by the desire to give linguistic justification and interpretation to various stylistic devices that create the expressiveness of the text. Researchers are also attracted to problems related to the mechanisms of manipulating public consciousness. In the modern approach, facts are not studied in isolation, but in a context that allows for a complete picture.

Of particular importance for researchers is working with samples of fiction, a special analysis of which will help assess their artistic value and expressiveness not at an arbitrary, intuitive level, but on the basis of a conscious perception of the expressive means of language.

The purpose of this work is to explore the use of metaphor in the text of the article and prove its significance for a more complete understanding of a specific situation, as well as the political situation in the country and the world.

The object of the study is a political metaphor. The subject of the study is the peculiarities of the use of political metaphors in the language of the media.

The purpose, object and subject of the study determined the following tasks:

study the features and functions of newspaper and journalistic style;

consider the role of metaphor in newspaper and journalistic style

consider the concept of “political metaphor”;

demonstrate the variety of classifications of metaphors;

identify cases of manifestation of metaphor in the text of newspaper and journalistic style;

analyze the contextual significance of political metaphors.

During the study, the following methods were used: continuous sampling and analytical methods in combination with the method of contextual analysis and stylistic analysis of the text.

The scientific and practical significance of the course work lies in the fact that the material presented in it can be used for further study of the peculiarities of the functioning of political metaphors in the language of modern media.

The purpose and objectives of this study determined its structure: the course work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.

1. Stylistic features of newspaper and journalistic style

1 Features of newspaper and journalistic style

Journalistic style is one of the functional styles that serves political, economic, cultural, sports and other relations. The journalistic style is represented by the media - newspapers, magazines, radio, television, documentary films [Kazakova, Malerwein, Raiskaya, Frick: 21].

Scientific and business literature is focused on the intellectual reflection of reality, artistic speech is focused on its emotional reflection, while journalism strives to satisfy both intellectual and aesthetic needs [Kazakova, Malerwein, Raiskaya, Frick: 21].

In journalistic style, it is customary to distinguish three groups of genres:

) informational: note, report, interview, report;

) analytical: conversation, article, correspondence, review, overview, review;

) artistic and journalistic: essay, sketch, feuilleton, pamphlet [Kazakova, Malerwein, Raiskaya, Frick: 21].

This is the style of newspaper and magazine articles, interviews, reports, as well as political speeches, radio and television programs. It is characterized by:

) economy of linguistic means, brevity of presentation with informative richness;

) selection of linguistic means with an emphasis on their intelligibility;

) genre diversity and the associated diversity of linguistic means used;

) eclecticism - combining the features of a journalistic style with other styles;

) use of visual and expressive means;

) the syntax is mostly bookish, with detailed syntactic constructions; inversion is often used - rearrangement of words in a sentence [Raiskaya, 2009: 22].

The diversity of genres of journalism is due to the fact that works of this style are not homogeneous; they cover a huge variety of topics and spheres of public life, covering almost all problems and news [Raiskaya, 2009: 23].

The journalistic style has the goal of exerting a constant and profound influence on public opinion, convincing the reader or listener that the information presented by the writer or presenter is the only correct one, and also forcing him to accept the point of view expressed in a speech, essay or article not only through logical argumentation, but and emotional impact.

Journalistic style is characterized by brevity of presentation.

In journalism, colloquial words and phraseological units are also used (paint, get caught, strong in hindsight, with a blue eye) [Raiskaya, 2009: 23].

Often there are adjectives and adverbs with an evaluative meaning (serious, minor, contemptuous, great-power). The author’s clearly expressed personal position predetermines the frequency of personal pronouns [Raiskaya, 2009: 23].

Syntactic features of style are associated with the need to combine expressiveness and information richness: exclamatory sentences, interrogative sentences (including rhetorical questions), repetitions, changing the word order in a sentence to highlight a word: This is a short-sighted policy [Raiskaya, 2009: 23].

Modern media are saturated with borrowing words denoting new socio-economic, political, scientific, technical, cultural and everyday phenomena, such as broker, distributor, impeachment, inauguration, killer, croupier, display. Terms from various fields of knowledge are reinterpreted, most often economic, political, “computer”: wild market, stagnation, database [Raiskaya, 2009: 24].

The appeal to religious vocabulary is becoming increasingly relevant: righteous man, Orthodoxy, conciliarity, religious tolerance, churching. Book words are used that were previously rarely used, naming eternal spiritual values ​​- mercy, charity, patronage [Raiskaya, 2009: 24].

Colloquial and slang vocabulary is used quite intensively, which becomes a special expressive means: disassembly, scoop, chaos, chernukha [Raiskaya, 2009: 24].

A characteristic linguistic feature of journalism is the widespread use of journalistic standards, which are necessary in the media so that the reader perceives the text in blocks, spending a minimum of time and effort to assimilate the information [Raiskaya, 2009: 24]. As a result of prolonged and excessive use, journalistic expressive standards lose their expressiveness and expressiveness, “erased”, and begin to irritate and tire the recipients of journalistic texts. Thus, standards turn into cliches with which journalists have to fight [Raiskaya, 2009: 25].

In speech practice, styles are usually not found in their pure form; they, as a rule, are mixed in one proportion or another. Therefore, it is more appropriate to talk about the predominance of features of a particular style in speech segments [Raiskaya, 2009: 25].

Journalistic style is a style of media that serves socio-economic, political, and cultural relations [Blokhina, 2006: 105].

Blokhina N.G. and the features of the journalistic style of speech include logic, consistency, specificity, strict validity, accessibility, emotionality and appeal. In works of a journalistic style, socio-political and abstract vocabulary, professionalism, and figurative language with a strong emotional overtones are actively used. Complex syntactic constructions with introductory words and sentences, participial and adverbial phrases are often encountered [Blokhina, 2006: 105].

Shakhovsky V.I. identifies the following types of printed materials in newspaper and journalistic style:

brief news and official announcement; communique é);

Editorial article, headlines (headline);

Press reports

informative articles (articles purely informative in character)

According to Koksharova N.F. the style of journalism is an excellent example of the historical variability of stylistic differentiation of discourses. In ancient Greece, for example, the style of journalism was implemented mainly in oral form (oratorical style). Today, political, ideological, social statements and opinions of a journalist (publicist) are mainly expressed in writing [Koksharova, 2009: 62].

The author considers oral forms of expression of opinion: oratory/public speech, radio and television commentary. Written forms include: essay (ethical, philosophical, literary; review in a magazine, booklets), journal articles (political, social, economic) [Koksharova, 2009: 62].

The general features of the journalistic style, according to A.I. Gorshkov, determined by the unity of content and linguistic expression of journalistic texts, are as follows:

) expressiveness, determined by the requirement to influence the mass reader and listener,

) standard determined by the requirement for the speed of dissemination of information (corridors of power) [Gorshkov, 2006: 272].

Thus, the newspaper-journalistic style is expressed in the media - newspapers, magazines, radio, television, documentary films.

It has informational, analytical and artistic-journalistic genres.

1.2 Functions of newspaper and journalistic style

The sphere of use of the journalistic style is political-ideological, socio-economic and cultural relations [Gorshkov, 2006: 271].

In addition to the function of communication in this style, Gorshkov A.I. highlights the informative and influencing functions of language, which brings it closer to scientific and even official business styles [Gorshkov, 2006: 272].

Information in a journalistic style is intended not for a narrow circle of specialists, but for a wide range of readers or listeners and should be delivered to the addressee quickly and efficiently [Gorshkov, 2006: 272].

The impact is aimed not only at the mind, but also at the feelings of the recipient.

The journalistic style is focused both on communicating information and influencing the reader (viewer, listener), i.e., it carries out the functions of influencing and transmitting information [Raiskaya, 2009: 22].

Since journalistic works implement the function of influence, they are characterized by the use of figurative and expressive means of language (epithets, synonyms, antonyms, antitheses, metaphors, rhetorical questions, etc.) [Raiskaya, 2009: 22].

Thus, the newspaper-journalistic style has informative and influencing functions, each of which has its own characteristics.

1.3 The role of metaphor in newspaper and journalistic style

As you know, journalistic texts are traditionally characterized by the use of metaphors. On the pages of newspapers and magazines, metaphor is one of the characteristic means of so-called textual expression, which over time transforms into a standard, a stamp. Especially metaphorical nominations can be observed in journalism of the post-Soviet period.

The origins of modern political linguistics can be found in ancient rhetoric: in Ancient Greece and Rome they were actively involved in the problems of political eloquence [Chudinov, 2001: 123].

According to Beztsennaya Zh.P. “The role of metaphor in political discourse”, modern cognitive science considers metaphor as a basic mental operation, as a way of knowing, structuring and explaining the world. A person not only expresses his thoughts with the help of metaphors, but also thinks with metaphors, creates with the help of metaphors the world in which he lives [Beztsennaya 2007: 56].

In communicative activity, metaphor is an important means of influencing the intellect, feelings and will of the addressee.

Metaphor corresponds to a person’s ability to capture and create similarities between different individuals and classes of objects in reality.

Metaphoricalness is one of the most important features of modern propaganda and political speech.

Metaphor as a natural figure of thinking provides rich material for the cognitive understanding of language, the linguistic picture of the world, the interaction of linguistic phenomena and the human factor.

Interest in the problem of human manipulation has currently revived due to the paradoxical nature of the socio-psychological and political situation in Russian society, which is characterized by an extremely low political culture. A significant part of the population makes their political choice not on the basis of a rational assessment of the programs of certain political movements and their leaders, but on an emotional level [Beztsennaya 2007: 56].

Metaphor is one of the most effective means of manipulating consciousness [Chudinov, 2001: 123].

For political discourse, such a method of emphasizing metaphors as a metaphorical title is relevant, the use of which is subject to certain political techniques, including the effect of disappointed expectation, the effect of heightened expectation and the effect of justified expectation [Budaev, 2008: 32].

One of the most important functions of metaphor is modeling reality. In cognitive linguistics, metaphor is not only a trope, but also a way of thinking and moving towards the unknown. The creative properties of metaphor and its cognitive potential provide the possibility of using metaphor as a means of manipulative influence: political suicide (O. Morozov), the plague of the modern world (G. Zyuganov) [Beztsennaya 2007: 56].

The intensive development of information technology, the growing role of the media, and the increasing theatricalization of political activity contribute to increasing public attention to political discourse, a striking sign of which in the last decade has been the increasing metaphorical nature [Chudinov, 2001: 123].

Until recently, metaphor was considered as one of many means of decorating oratory speech, and now - as a leading way of thinking and an argumentation tool with a strong pragmatic effect. The study of the metaphorical arsenal makes it possible to identify the subconscious attitudes and aspirations of a political leader: to clear the territory, to soak in the toilet [Chudinov, 2012: 2].

In political metaphors, the motif of the path-road is very common, recreating step by step the stages in achieving goals: the side of capitalism, the path to nowhere, going your own (someone else’s) way, a brake on the way to something, a currency corridor [Chudinov, 2012: 3].

The use of metaphors often turns out to be a successful way for a political leader to “express a lot by saying a little,” and to subtly influence the mood in society. Studying the metaphorical repertoire of a politician helps to better understand the subconscious mechanisms of his activity and his true attitude to a particular problem [Budaev, 2008: 45].

Political metaphors are a significant tool for manipulating public consciousness [Chudinov, 2001: 123].

In the speech of political figures, the morbid (medical) metaphor prevails: the Balkan bacillus, a recipe for independence, shock therapy - and the nature-morphic metaphor: grow into power, the top of power, the seeds / fruits of a future rebellion, the constitutional field, a breeding ground for crime, a personnel field. The criminal metaphor shows a high degree of verbal aggression in society: thugs, specific boys, lawlessness, getting wet in toilets, the Kremlin-Putin group, the Yeltsin clan, attacks, kickbacks, showdowns, pressing, wiping off bloody snot, waving a penknife [Chudinov, 2012: 1 ].

Chudinov A.P. in his work “Russia in a Metaphorical Mirror” he identifies the following functions of political metaphor:

cognitive - the function of processing and processing information: The Communist Party of the Russian Federation, overgrown with fat, is not ready for such drastic steps;

nominative - the function of fixing knowledge, creating a name for the reality, awareness of the essential properties of this reality. This function also includes replenishment of the lexical and phraseological inventory of the language. For example: an obstacle course, a mountain ridge, a river bend.

communicative - the function of presenting new information in a concise and accessible form for the addressee. For example: the “Bear” party is perceived much easier than its official name “Interregional Movement “Unity”” or MDE.

pragmatic - (impact on the addressee): the function of forming the necessary emotional state and worldview in the addressee. For example, the party "Bear" is associated with the image of a bear, the name is perceived as "master of the taiga", "General Toptygin", a strong and good-natured hero of folk and literary fairy tales.

pictorial - the function of imparting imagery, brightness, clarity, and aesthetic significance to a message.

instrumental - a function that contributes to the mental activity of the subject, the formation of his own ideas about the world: the “occupation regime” of the administration of President B.N. Yeltsin.

hypothetical - the function of creating some assumption about the essence of a metaphorically characterized object: “perestroika”.

modeling (schematizing) - the function of creating a certain model of the world: pan-European, that is, the relationships that should, according to M.S. Gorbachev, to develop between European countries.

euphemistic - a function of transmitting information that the author does not consider appropriate to indicate using direct nominations.

popularization - the function of conveying a complex idea in a form accessible to a poorly prepared addressee [Chudinov, 2001: 123].

In addition to the listed functions, one can also highlight the conceptual function. In this function, metaphor is used to designate non-objective entities in the scientific, socio-political and everyday spheres: a circle of concepts, a grain of truth, a field of activity, a knot of contradictions, a stumbling block, a burden of thought [Chudinov, 2012: 2].

Every metaphor “lives” not on its own, but in a certain context, text, discourse. A metaphor can be correctly understood by the addressee only if he takes into account at least the context in which it is implemented. For example, in its isolated form the word bear is perceived exclusively as the name of an animal, but already minimal [Chudinov, 2001: 123].

The figurative designation of Russia with the word bear (or the phrase Russian bear) is quite traditional, and the context of the sentence in question is quite sufficient to understand the meaning of the metaphor [Budaev, 2008: 23].

At the same time, in some cases, in order to fully understand the actual meaning and associative potential of a political metaphor, it is necessary to take into account not only the immediate context, but also the text as a whole, as well as the specifics of political discourse at the corresponding stage of social development [Chudinov, 2012: 2].

To fully appreciate the meaning of the metaphors under consideration, “background knowledge” is needed [Chudinov, 2012: 1].

Chudinov A.P. examines the patterns of implementation of a political metaphor, first within a minimal lexical and grammatical context (usually within a sentence), then within an entire text (most often a newspaper or magazine article), then within the discourse of a significant political event (referendum, " coup", attempts to start impeachment proceedings, parliamentary and presidential elections) and, finally, within the decade under review (Yeltsin period) as a whole [Chudinov, 2001: 123].

So, the considered functions of metaphor, according to the author, are only relatively autonomous, they are closely intertwined with each other, and some of them can be considered as a specific version of the cognitive function.

Thus, a political metaphor is a tool for understanding, modeling and assessing political processes, a means of influencing public consciousness.

Among the functions of political metaphor there are cognitive, nominative, communicative, pragmatic and other functions.

2.2 Classification of political metaphors

Metaphors can be classified according to their auxiliary subject:

animalistic;

spatial.

Semantic categories of political metaphors:

anthropomorphic metaphor (man, parts of his body);

nature-morphic metaphor (weather, climate, subsoil, water);

sociomorphic metaphor (sports, theater);

artifact metaphor (vehicles, musical instruments, radio, television, photographic equipment) [Chudinov, 2001: 123].

Metaphors show how the picture of the world is reflected in the public consciousness. The basis of the structural classification is the consideration of the external structure of metaphor as a specific lexical and grammatical structure.

Semantic classification of political metaphors: - Medical metaphors: cancer of crime, chronic unemployment, healthy competition, symptoms of crisis, sitting on an oil needle. - Sports metaphors: market players, election race, political arena, oil relay race, finish line. - Financial metaphors: political capital, credibility, price jump, extract political dividends. - Construction metaphors: foremen of perestroika, laying the foundation of a common European house, making a fortune, working under a roof. - Theatrical metaphors: puppet regime, Yugoslav script, political show, behind-the-scenes games, political debut / duet / trio. - Meteorological metaphors: friendly atmosphere, political climate, freeze prices, sink the financial system. - Technical metaphors: settlement mechanism, relationship reset, financial release, release the brakes. - Military metaphors: assault on the heights of science, militant vanguard of the working class, ideological front, army of the unemployed [Budaev, 2008: 21],

You can also highlight an evaluative metaphor (about people: bear, snake), which is most typical for newspaper and colloquial metaphors. This metaphor in journalism is intended, first of all, to create an emotional and evaluative effect. Metaphorical models of journalism are created primarily in order to transfer the evaluative attitude from the source concept to the metaphorical meaning. The following evaluative phrases are quite common in modern newspapers: food war, gas war, industry headquarters, political capitulation, etc. [Budaev, 2008: 23]

Thus, the parameters of the classification of metaphors are determined by the originality of the plans of content and expression, dependence on the context and the functional specificity of the metaphorical sign. The analysis of metaphors can be carried out not only according to any one, but also according to combinations of the parameters discussed above.

2.3 Trends in the development of political metaphors in the language of the media

Characterized by dynamism in the field of vocabulary, word formation, gradually affecting more conservative levels of grammar, the development of the modern Russian literary language in the last three decades is accompanied by the development of new ways of fixing texts (for example, on the Internet), and the emergence of new forms of language functioning (a variety of genres in the media, advertising texts) [Vyatkina, Rudnev, 2006: 330].

According to I.B. Golub, many newspapers today clearly demonstrate a tendency towards a decrease in the style of newspaper articles. This leads to the use of jargon and argotism even in serious materials, and for short notes and reports, a style “colored” with reduced vocabulary has become common. For example: But I will not give you the corridor [Golub, 2010: 91].

Along with other technologies of speech influence, political metaphor is becoming an increasingly controlled phenomenon. An increase in the effectiveness of its application can be traced: the political metaphor is sensitive to events in the country and to linguistic fashion. Recently, in the media, one can increasingly observe the use of vocabulary that was previously unacceptable in the language of the media: youth slang, criminal argot, colloquial words, etc., ensuring the degree of effectiveness of speech influence [Beztsennaya 2007: 56].

The abundance of PR, marketing, image and other agencies in our country, as well as the conduct of linguistic, sociological and psychological research, leads to the creation of political metaphors by professionals.

Thus, the development of the modern Russian literary language in recent years has been accompanied by the development of such methods of recording information as the Internet. The trend towards a decrease in the style of newspaper articles leads to the use of jargon and argotism even in serious materials. Therefore, the creation of political metaphors today largely falls on the shoulders of professionals.

Conclusions on Chapter 2

In this chapter, we examined political metaphor as a tool for figurative designation, awareness, modeling and evaluation of political processes, a means of manipulation and influence on public consciousness. Studying the metaphorical repertoire helps to understand the subconscious mechanisms of a politician’s activity and the true attitude to a particular problem.

Political metaphor performs cognitive, nominative, communicative, pragmatic and other functions. In each function, the political metaphor is reflected depending on the context.

Metaphor has a very rich classification, the most significant is the classification according to the semantic plan, which distinguishes anthropomorphic, natural-morphic, sociomorphic and other metaphors. In turn, these categories of metaphors are divided into military, medical, sports, financial and other metaphors.

Regarding the development of the modern Russian literary language, the tendency to reduce the style of newspaper articles leads to the use of jargon and argotism even in serious materials. Therefore, the creation of political metaphors today mainly falls on the shoulders of professionals.

3. Practical study of political metaphor in the language of the media using the example of Karen Deyoung’s article “European allies join in criticism of republican letter to Iran”

To conduct the study, we selected and studied examples of political metaphors in the language of the media that are of direct interest in our study, expressing in their semantic load the evaluative characteristics of objects or phenomena, expression and imagery of speech.

Work on the practical part of this study was carried out on the article by Karen Deyoung “European allies join in criticism of republican letter to Iran.”

Let's analyze the use of political metaphors in the language of the media using the example of an article.

Suddenly, Iran can say to us: "Are your proposals actually trustworthy if 47 senators say that no matter what the government agrees to, we can subsequently take it off the table?" - German Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier said during a visit to Washington - "It is not clear why Iran could tell us: 'Can we really trust your proposals if 47 senators say that no matter what the government decides, they will will they pretend that such a decision was not made?" - said German Foreign Minister Frank Water Staymaer during a visit to Washington. Metaphor take it off the table - they will put it in the table, a long drawer, out of sight. Here we are talking about 47 senators who wrote this letter to the Iranian President.In this example, the metaphor is artifactual.

Meanwhile, Iran"s supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, took aim at Washington, saying that political divisions in the United States made Iranian negotiators question the Obama administration"s ability to follow through with any agreement - "At this time, as the Iranian Supreme Leader Outallah Alli Kaminai "took aim at Washington," saying political separatism in the US has prompted Iranian diplomats to question the Obama administration's ability to reach any kind of agreement. In this example, the metaphor is military, and in terms of semantic category it is artifactual.

"Of course I am worried, because the other side is known for opacity, deceit and backstabbing," Khamenei said Thursday, according to Iran"s Mehr News Agency - "Of course I am worried, because the other side is known for its opacity, deceitfulness and betrayal " Kamenay said on Thursday, according to Iran's Mehr news agency." The metaphor Back-stabbing in this context means a knife in the back. In this example, the metaphor is artifactual. According to the semantic classification, metaphor is medical.

President Obama has so far resisted demands from a bipartisan congressional majority to send lethal military equipment to Ukraine. Germany and France, which helped negotiate a sputtering cease-fire between the Ukrainian government and Russian-backed separatists, have said Western arms shipments would only escalate the conflict and undermine a possible solution - "President Obama, up to this time, has managed to resist the requests from the bipartisan congressional majority to send lethal weapons to Ukraine. Germany and France, which facilitated a "ceasefire" between the Ukrainian government and Russian-targeted separatists, that sending weapons by the West would only escalate the conflict and make any possible resolution to the problem impossible." Cease-fire metaphor - ceasefire is a military metaphor and means "cessation of hostilities." According to the semantic category, metaphor is nature-based. Metaphor performs a nominative function.

Republicans, in turn, have struck back at European criticism. Sen. Ted Cruz (R-Tex.) said that what he considered U.S. and European capitulation to Iran was reminiscent of Western appeasement of Adolf Hitler - "Republicans have responded to European criticism. Senator Ted Cruz said what he sees as a US-European capitulation to Iran is reminiscent of Western approval of the policy Hitler." In this example, the metaphor is anthropomorphic. Metaphor performs a communicative function - it presents new information in a concise and accessible form for the addressee.

Sen. John McCain (R-Ariz.) extended the World War II metaphor to Ukraine in a direct attack on Steinmeier."The foreign minister of Germany is the same guy that refuses, in his government, to enact any restrictions on the behavior of Vladimir Putin , who is slaughtering Ukrainians as we speak. He has no credibility - "Senator John McCain continued the World War II metaphor in relation to Ukraine in attacking the position of Steinmeier (German Foreign Minister) "The German Foreign Minister, the same person, who refuses "in his government" to apply any sanctions to the behavior of [Russian President] Vladimir Putin, who is slaughtering Ukrainians while we are now speaking. "We have no right to trust him." In this example, according to the semantic category, the metaphor is anthropomorphic. The metaphor also refers to the medical classification of metaphors. The metaphor is that V. Putin is Hitler, and the West is not taking enough action, just as it did nothing at one time to stop Hitler. The metaphor is presented in an instrumental function that contributes to the formation of the addressee’s own ideas about the world.

The letter warned Iran that any nuclear agreement signed by Obama could be revoked "by the stroke of a pen" by any future president, and that Congress could modify its terms "at any time - "The letter warned Iran that any agreement signed by Obama (the one relating to radioactive weapons) could be revoked "with the stroke of a pen" by the next American president, and that Congress could change the terms of the agreement at "any time". In this example, the metaphor is technical, and semantically it is artifactual. Metaphor is presented in a pictorial function aimed at imparting imagery, brightness, clarity, and aesthetic significance.

"For them to address a letter to the ayatollah who, they claim, is our mortal enemy and their basic argument to them is: Don"t deal with our president because you can"t trust him to follow through on an agreement," Obama said in an interview with Vice media that is expected to be released Monday, according to the AFP news agency - "The fact that they addressed the letter to Auto Allah, who they claim is our mortal enemy and their minor argument: don't mess with with our president, you can't trust him to sign a peace treaty," Obama said in an interview with the newspaper, expected to be released on Monday, according to the ANP news agency." In this example, the metaphor is anthropomorphic. According to the semantic classification, the metaphor is medical.

Earlier this week, Vice President Biden called the letter "a highly misleading signal to friend and foe alike that our commander-in-chief cannot deliver on America"s commitments" - a message that is as false as it is dangerous - "On this week, Vice President Biden called the letter "a very confusing message that will mislead friend and foe alike because our top commander cannot provide American assurances - a message that is as false as it is dangerous." In this example, the metaphor is anthropomorphic.

Following publication of the letter Sunday night, French Ambassador Gerard Araud, a diplomat of long experience in this country and a prolific user of social media, posted a Twitter link to the letter and his own comment that "for a foreigner, Washington can be full of surprise - "Following the publication of the letter on Sunday evening, French Ambassador Gerard Arrot, a longtime diplomat in that country and a successful social media user, tweeted a link to the letter and his personal comment that "for foreigners, Washington can be full of surprises ". In this example, the metaphor is sociomorphic. According to the semantic classification, metaphor is theatrical.

Conclusions on Chapter 3

This chapter examined examples of the use of political metaphors in the language of the media. From Karen Deyoung’s article “European allies join in criticism of republican letter to Iran,” 10 examples of political metaphors in newspaper-journalistic style were extracted and analyzed.

Metaphors were analyzed in accordance with the classification of political metaphors and their functions. In accordance with the classification by semantic category, the most common in this case are anthropomorphic metaphors associated with the concept of a person. According to the general semantic classification of metaphors, medical metaphors are the most common.

In accordance with their functional expression, metaphors are equally used in nominative, communicative, instrumental and other functions.

These political metaphors express the evaluative characteristics of objects or phenomena, the expression and imagery of speech of political discourse.

Conclusion

The creation and use of a political metaphor requires the journalist to be aware of modern sociological research, the political and economic situation, and have an idea of ​​the culture of his intended recipient, his standard of living.

The most common metaphors today are military, sports, construction, road and other metaphors, from which we can conclude about the importance of the meanings of these metaphors and the realities associated with them for modern Russian reality.

Journalistic style plays a significant role in the system of varieties of the modern Russian language. It is open to elements of official business and scientific styles; it uses colloquial modes of expression and artistic means (for example, imagery). Occupying an intermediate position between the scientific style and the language of fiction, the journalistic style has a noticeable influence on both of these varieties of the modern Russian language.

Modern political leaders must seriously think about their linguistic portrait and remember that language and thinking are inextricably linked.

This course work examined the features of political metaphor as an integral part of the language of modern journalism.

The study of literature has shown that journalism is a special kind of literature, unique in form, method of approach to reality, and means of influence. Journalism is thematically limitless, its genre range is enormous, and its expressive resources are great. In terms of the power of influence, journalism is not inferior to fiction, and in some ways even surpasses it. In order to have an emotional and aesthetic impact on the addressee, journalists use a wide variety of means of verbal expression (metaphors, metonymy, personification, etc., select vocabulary and phraseology, syntactic constructions, etc.), organically combining standard and expression. Metaphors are most popular in newspaper language. Metaphorization of special vocabulary (including military) is a characteristic feature of modern newspaper journalism.

Having analyzed the sources, we can say that in the modern newspaper and journalistic style, military metaphors are actively and productively used as a means of verbal expressiveness, increasing the informational value and imagery of the message with the help of associations caused by the figurative use of the word. Thus, military metaphors participate in the performance of the most important functions of journalism - persuasion and emotional impact on the addressee.

Based on the structural analysis of military metaphors, we can conclude that extended metaphors, in which the metaphorical image is realized in several phrases or sentences, give newspaper articles special expressiveness, accuracy and expressiveness.

The reason for the active use of military metaphors in sports publications lies in the historical relationship between war and sports, the similar nature of the rules of many sports and combat activities, and the desire for expression in the description of sports spectacles.

Military metaphors are also present in large numbers in socio-political language. The most active use of military metaphors was found in publications devoted to economic and political issues.

The practical part of this work illustrates the manifestation of political metaphor.

Thus, political metaphor is a very popular and productive means of speech expression in the language of modern newspapers, acting not only as a tool for describing and assessing reality, but also as a means of understanding it.

Having studied the use of metaphor in journalistic texts, we found out that metaphor is really necessary to create in the reader a figurative idea of ​​the situation, objects and characters, which, in turn, leads to a deeper and more complete understanding of the author’s intention and de-objectification of the meanings of the text. It should be noted that among a number of expressive means of language and stylistic devices, metaphor is particularly expressive, since it has unlimited possibilities for bringing together, often in unexpectedly similarizing, a variety of objects and phenomena, essentially comprehending the subject in a new way.

To create a political metaphor, a journalist needs to be aware of modern sociological research, the political and economic situation, and have an idea of ​​the subculture of his future readers, their standard of living. Otherwise, it will not be effective. An individual author's metaphor always contains a high degree of artistic information content, since it removes the word (and the object) from the automaticity of perception, since without the metaphorical richness of the text it is impossible to create associative images in the reader, without which, in turn, it is impossible to achieve a full understanding of the meanings of the text.

Like other technologies of speech influence, political metaphor is becoming an increasingly controlled phenomenon. The effectiveness of its application also increases: the political metaphor is sensitive to events in the country and to linguistic fashion. Recently, in political metaphor (as well as in other techniques of speech influence) in the media, vocabulary has increasingly been used that was previously unacceptable in the language of the media: youth slang, criminal slang, vocabulary of other “lower” levels of language. Such linguistic inclusion ensures a high degree of effectiveness of speech influence.

Of course, neither linguists nor anyone else can influence the activity of the considered or any other metaphorical models, or contribute to the activation of a metaphorical storm or the onset of a metaphorical calm. The metaphorical image reflects the unconscious worldview of society, formed under the influence of national traditions and the “spirit of the times.” But linguists are obliged to fix the system of basic metaphors that exists in the national consciousness at a certain stage of social development and try to draw conclusions about the origins and prospects of a particular model, as well as consider the factors that contribute to the activation of metaphorical storms or serve as signs of their attenuation.

Bibliography

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4. Vinokurova T.Yu. Stylistics of the English language: A textbook for students of language departments and faculties. - Khanty-Mansiysk: Publishing house of YuGU, 2009. - 64 p.

Galperin I.R. Stylistics of the English language: Textbook (in English). Ed. 6th. - M.: Book house "LIBROKOM", 2014. - 336 p.

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Gorshkov A.I. Russian stylistics. Text stylistics and functional stylistics: textbook. for pedagogical universities and humanities universities. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2006. - 367 p.

Grammar and stylistics of the Russian language in synchrony and diachrony: essays / Rep. Editors S.V. Vyatkina, D.V. Rudnev. - St. Petersburg: Faculty of Philology of St. Petersburg State University, 2012. - 504 p.

Gurevich V.V. English Stylistics (English language stylistics): Textbook. allowance. - 2nd ed., rev. - M.: Flinta: Nauka, 2007. - 72 p.

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USE OF METAPHORS IN NEWSPAPER TEXT (BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE THEMATIC GROUP “MILITARY VOCABULARY”)

Chepeleva Maria Nikolaevna

1st year master's student, IMCIMO National Research University "BelSU", Belgorod

E-mail: dubro [email protected]

No one doubts the fact that the media play a huge role in modern society. The main types of media include the following types: printed publications, which include, first of all, newspapers and magazines; electronic media, such as online publications, radio, television.

A special feature of newspapers and magazines is that they have a significant influence on the reaction and opinion of people, on current events in the world and the country as a whole, making one or another impression on them, which is achieved through the emotionality of ideas, expressiveness of assessments, and the use of various means of artistic expression, including tropes.

One of the main areas of origin and the most common place of use of most language processes (lexical, word-formation, phraseological, etc.) is the journalistic style. This style has a significant impact on the development of the language norm as a whole. This emphasizes the need for its study, especially from the perspective of stylistic analysis.

Journalism (Latin publicare - “to make common property, open to everyone” or “to explain publicly, to make public”) is a special type of literary work that highlights and explains current issues of socio-political life and raises moral problems. [Large Encyclopedic Dictionary: 4987] The specificity of this style lies in the fact that, thanks to mass use, it is here that new meanings are developed and linguistic means are formed to denote new phenomena in modern society.

Among the functions of the journalistic style are the following:

1) informational;

2) influencing;

3) popularization

Among the functions listed above, the main ones are influencing and informational.

The characteristic features of journalistic texts can be called the following: brightness of the image, relevance of the issue, imagery, political urgency, which is determined by the social purpose of the style. On the one hand, journalism has many similarities with the artistic style, and on the other, with the colloquial style. The difference is that works of fiction model the fictional world of artistic reality, generalizing reality, conveying it in specific, sensual images. The author of works of art creates typical images through the depiction of the specific, and the journalist explores types, general problems, specific and individual facts that are of secondary importance to him, which is associated with a different approach to seeing the world around him. The position of a journalist is the position of a person observing, thinking, evaluating.

A characteristic feature of the language of modern newspapers is the widespread use of metaphors related to military topics. The active use of metaphorical military vocabulary is most often found in materials devoted to socio-political, sports and economic issues.

Among metaphorized military terms, nouns and verbs are used in most cases: weapons, war, defense, landing, attack, blitzkrieg, fight, attack, charge, etc.

Thus, the figurative use of the word blitzkrieg arose under the influence of the thematically close traditional metaphor of offensive:

“... I must give up the temptation of some kind of blitzkrieg, a lightning-fast entry into the history of cinema” [Soviet Sport - 10/21/2011].

“Everyone is counting on a kind of religious blitzkrieg” [KP.-05.23.2013].

Having studied various examples, we noticed that thematic series are constantly developing, replenished, and in motion. Metaphors may experience changes in semantics, lexical compatibility, expressive and stylistic coloring of words.

The most common form of expressing metaphors are two-term phrases built according to the model “nominative case of a noun + genitive case of a noun”:

"health landings" [Med. gas - 03/13/2012].

"war of rumors" [KP - 05/23/2013]

Attributive phrases “adjective + noun” are also popular. The prevalence of metaphors of this type is explained by the fact that the mechanism of metaphorization itself is most clearly revealed in them.

“...in stores in December there is always a pre-New Year’s rush” [Izvestia. - 01/29/2013].

“...used heavy financial artillery” [Soviet Sport. - 09/12/2012]

As the study shows, the figurative meaning of a word and its linguistic environment are not indifferent to each other. From this point of view, the most interesting are the immediate syntactic environment of the metaphor and its components such as adjectives and verbs.

Adjectives can help strengthen the lexical compatibility of metaphors with dependent nouns, for example in contexts:

“...even an explosion of anti-Russian sentiment is possible” [KP. - 09/17/2013].

Adjectives significantly clarify the main meaning of metaphors: undermining the company’s reputation and undermining the company’s business reputation [Izvestia. - 06/03/2014]. An army of fans and an army of Moscow fans [Soviet Sport. - 07.21.2013].

In some cases, the characterization of metaphors by adjectives is used to enhance the evaluative value of the metaphor. Wed: referee wars and malicious referee wars [Soviet Sport. - 09/12/2012]; war of words and a long war of words [KP.-09.17.2013].

The functions of verbs in metaphorical expressions also play an important role. The verb strengthens the complex syntactic structure, promotes the lexical compatibility of the metaphor with the word being defined, enhancing the imagery of the metaphor and forming an expanded metaphor.

The Yabloko party threw its best forces, heavy artillery into battle" [Izvestia. - 01/29/2013]; "Giannini went mad and declared war on the workers [Izvestia. - 06/03/2014].

In newspaper publications, extended metaphors are often found, the number of links of which is more than 4 components:

“Having landed a second automobile landing in the west of the country last year, blitzkrieg reaching the Volga and luring large VAZ dealers in Togliatti to their side, this year the Chinese have flooded Moscow and are already setting up a camp on our western borders - the Kaliningrad Avtotor is in full swing with them negotiations on the assembly of a number of models. Of course, the battle for such a tasty piece of the domestic market by Chinese automakers has not yet been won" [Izvestia. – 06/03/2014].

An expanded metaphor gives the text a special evaluative expressiveness and is aimed at a certain reader resonance. Most of the metaphorical model discussed above consists of verbs and concepts that characterize active offensive military operations. A figurative and associative idea appears of Chinese manufacturers as enemies who started the war in Russia and are occupying its territories.

Having examined the structural classification of military metaphors, we came to the conclusion that in newspaper publications the most common forms are verbal and substantive metaphors, which are represented by binary phrases (i.e., a closed metaphor). Journalism is practically not characterized by “riddle-metaphors”, in which there is no defined word. Extended metaphors, in which the metaphorical image is realized in several sentences, give newspaper articles particular expressiveness, accuracy and expressiveness.

List of used literature:

1. Large encyclopedic dictionary. Linguistics / chief editor V.N. Yartseva. M.: Scientific. Publishing house "Bolshaya Ros. Encyclopedia", 2000.

INTRODUCTION

1. The concept of “metaphor” and the mechanism of its birth.

1. The concepts of “metaphor” and “political metaphor”.

2. Classification of metaphors.

3. “Political metaphor” in domestic and foreign studies.

2. Socio-political metaphor in modern media (using the example of Rossiyskaya Gazeta for 2012).

1. A variety of metaphors using the example of various articles.

2. Do newspaper genres need metaphors? Journalist's opinion.

CONCLUSION

Bibliography

Excerpt from the text

Phraseological units (their use in modern media (using the example of Novaya Gazeta)

First of all, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that the term itself, for example, microeconomic equilibrium is interconnected with psychological connotations: inclination, aversions, preferences, expectations, etc. This is a reflection of objective reality, where a living person acts with his inherent passions and inclinations. A linguistic means that helps to explicate, represent the interest and preference of a particular social group and its members in economic discourse is often a metaphor, because the language of a metaphor finds a greater emotional response in the listener than ordinary language.

Specifics of the regional policy of the federal publication using the example of Rossiyskaya Gazeta

The thesis contains two chapters. The first chapter reveals the theoretical foundations of PR technologies. The second chapter examines the results of the study and offers recommendations for improving the use of PR technologies.

Work structure. The study includes an introduction, two chapters - theoretical and practical, a conclusion and a list of references, consisting of

5. points, including sources of practical material.

In our country, the issue of social inclusion of people with disabilities will not lose its relevance until a truly effective program for ensuring equal rights and opportunities is created at the state level.

Today, the printed press is losing its position to online media, mobile applications and electronic versions of its own publications. In order to increase the popularity of printed media, when compiling their layouts, much attention is paid to their design: photographs, graphs, navigation, links, tables, highlighting the most important fragments of text. In many publications, video sequences even prevail over text content. In the field of nonverbal communication, and in particular the choice of graphic means, their formation and application, the problem of choosing means of expression that accurately illustrate the meaning of the message and are properly interpreted by the majority of representatives of the target audience is especially important. Aspects of print design and layout are covered in many journalism, photojournalism, or design textbooks.

However, previously there was no general classification of these funds according to any parameters. This problem is very relevant these days, given the current need for high-quality and accessible information. However, graphic non-verbal means of conveying information can help the reader better navigate the flow of information printed on the pages of the publication, because the pages can accommodate several articles at once. To avoid this problem and reduce the time it takes to search for information of interest, and speed up its sifting, various visual means are used. In the ever-accelerating pace of modern life, the speed of access to information plays an important, and sometimes decisive, role. Also, graphic tools used in print media serve an entertainment function. By nature, a person primarily assimilates visual information, which is more accessible to our consciousness. Photographs give a clearer and more vivid picture of the event, and graphs and tables are much nicer than dry numbers. The video sequence not only complements the textual information, but can also have an impact on the reader, reinforcing or even strengthening the impression of what was read. Based on the “Rossiyskaya Gazeta”, a classification of the graphic means of communication presented in it by function was made.

The empirical basis of the study included various issues of the Rossiyskaya Gazeta, the People's Daily newspaper with information material on the history of Russia and China; articles about modern political events in the global space. A number of documents were used in the work, the document of Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin, Hu Jintao, including a collection of documents of the Communist Party of China on People's Daily. The work also used information from electronic sources in Russia and China - Internet newspapers: “Russian newspaper and the newspaper “People's Daily”.

Bibliography

1. Arutyunova N.D. Metaphor and discourse//Theory of metaphor. - M., 1990.

2. Baranov A.N. Political metaphors of journalistic text: possibilities of linguistic monitoring // Media language as an object of interdisciplinary research. M., 2003.

3. Baranov A.N., Karaulov Yu.N. Russian political metaphor. Materials for the dictionary. M.: Institute of Russian Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1991.

4. Baranov A.N., Karaulov Yu.N. Dictionary of Russian political metaphors. M.: Pomovsky and partners, 1994.

5. Budaev E.V., Chudinov A.P. Metaphor in political communication. M.: Nauka, Flinta, 2008.

6. Gusev S.S. Science and metaphor. - L. 2004.

7. Lakoff J., Johnson M. Metaphors by which we live: Trans. from English / Ed. and with a preface. A.N. Baranova. M: Editorial URSS, 2004.

8. Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary // Ch. ed. V.N. Yartseva, - M.: Sov. encyclopedia, 1990.

9. Maidanova L.M. Practical stylistics of media genres: Textbook. allowance / L.M. Maydanova, S.O. Kalganova. - Ekaterinburg: Humanitarian University, 2006. - 336 p.

10. Moskvin V.P. Russian metaphor: parameters of classification // Philological sciences. - 2000. - No. 2. - P. 66−74.

11. Ricoeur P. Metaphorical process as cognition, imagination and sensation // Theory of metaphor. - M., 1994.

12. Baranov A.N., Mikhailova O.V., Satarov G.A., Shipova E.A. “Political discourse”: methods of analysis of political structure and metaphors", p. 10, M-2004

13. E.V. Budaev, A.P. Chudinov, “Foreign political metaphorology”, Ekaterinburg, 2008

14. Appendixes: clippings of articles from Rossiyskaya Gazeta for 2012.

bibliography

2.1 Metaphors in newspaper publications

The sphere of political language games, in theory, should be poor in metaphors, because the speech of a public politician to a large extent consists of commissive acts (election promises, etc.), the degree of subsequent implementation of which must be controlled. But, as soon as the center of gravity shifts to the emotional impact, which happens extremely often in political life (due to the low political, economic, etc. literacy of the electorate), the ban on metaphor is lifted. Thus, when in speech an ultimatum degenerates into a threat aimed at intimidation, it can be expressed metaphorically. The sphere of expression of emotions and emotional pressure introduces an element of artistry, and with it metaphor, into both everyday and political speech.

Various metaphorical models of political discourse are presented in the “Dictionary of Russian Political Metaphors” by A.N. Baranova and Yu.N. Karaulova (hereinafter referred to as SRPM). At the same time, not everyone has the “property” of insult and mockery. From the list of the most frequent metaphorical models, in accordance with the objectives of our research, we selected those where the object of metaphorical understanding is political leaders and leaders, as well as political life in general.

1. The concept of “theater”: politicians are actors, and political life is a theater, a game, a circus, an attraction. The metaphorical model actualizes the meaning of “unreal” life, a game intended for the viewer, and the insincerity of the characters in a political play.

(1) In the populist play “New Deal,” Gaidar prepared for himself a springboard to evade responsibility for everything he had done (Komsomolskaya Pravda. 1995. May 25).

(2) For more than 6 years, Gorbachev performed the trick of a sophisticated tightrope walker (Komsomolskaya Pravda. 1994. January 21).

2. The concept of “criminal world”: political leaders - punks, bosses, leaders, overseers, “Kremlin fathers”, fraters.

(3) A. Sobchak is the “godfather” of the city (SRPM, p. 281).

3. The concept of “unreal (infernal) world”: politicians are supernatural (evil) creatures (idols, devils, fallen angels, devils, false prophets, zombies).

(4) He (Yeltsin) seduced... the young Russian democracy. ...The devil in the flesh, and that's all. (SRPM, p.271).

(5) Ordinary “democratic” zombies... (SRPM, p.295).

4. The concept of “animal world”: politicians are predators, a herd.

(6) Other ignoramuses gather around him, like hungry piranhas around a piece of living meat (SRPM, p. 237).

5. The concept of “subject of power”: king, king, sovereign, royal person, nobleman.

(7) The king of perestroika is naked, dazzlingly naked, and the tailors who sew him a tail-coat pair are packing their suitcases (SRPM, p.253).

(8) Yeltsin wants... to sit as an appanage prince in Russia (SRPM, p.264).

6. The concept of “sexual relations”: politicians are prostitutes, sex bombs, sexual giants.

(9) Yeltsin, you are a political prostitute (SRPM, p.268).

(10) Get any plumber or driver out of bed at night and entrust him with organizing a coup d'etat - he will do everything much better than the sex bomb Yanaev (SRPM, p. 274).

7. The concept of “death”: leaders are political corpses.

(11) Not wanting to come to terms with the role of a political corpse, the former chairman of the Council of Ministers Ryzhkov agreed to play... a contender for the post of Russian president (SRPM, p. 272).

Thus, in the metaphorical models presented above, political life appears as a world of behind-the-scenes games, a world of criminal showdowns, inhuman relations, animal passions, and politicians - as typical representatives of this unreal world. Of course, the presented sample does not reflect all metaphorical models that have an “offensive” potential (for example, a politician is sick, a patient, etc.) - the most productive ones are demonstrated here.

A type of metaphor (if we understand metaphor in a broad sense) can be considered an allusion - a special technique of text formation, which consists in correlating the content of the text with a precedent fact, historical or literary.

(12) And Yeltsin, for the capture of the House of Soviets, for the copious blood of Russian people alien to the general, awarded him (Grachev) an order invented by Burbulis. And it shines on the rook’s chest as dazzlingly as the Order of Victory on the chest of Marshal Zhukov, received for the capture of fascist Berlin (New Time. 1993. June 16).

The illocutionary force of this statement lies in the accusation: Yeltsin rewarded the murderer. The allusion to a historical fact is built on the principle of a hidden antithesis: Zhukov took the enemy’s stronghold, and Grachev... the House of Soviets in his own country. The perlocutionary effect - an insult - is enhanced by the lexical meaning of the word “put on” (negative connotation: put on without any reason) and the non-standard word-formation model “on the rook’s chest” (instead of Grachev’s or Grachev’s chest).

An allusion can be not only historical, but also literary. It is built on an associative connection with any literary work, character, episode.

(13) The Supreme Council fought Yeltsin according to certain rules proposed in the Constitution. When Boris Nikolaevich saw that he was being checkmated, he took this “chessboard” and fucked the one with whom he was playing on the head (Commercial News. 1994. March 28).

The text contains a clear allusion to the famous episode from the novel “The Twelve Chairs” that happened to the false grandmaster Ostap Bender. The allusion leads to the conclusion: the president does not play by the rules, cheats, and prefers to act from a position of strength. The image of Ostap Bender is repeatedly used in political discourse to expose dishonesty and uncleanliness.

(14) Having thought in his spare time about the fruits of his titanic labor in the field of the Russian economy and remembering the commandments of the famous literary hero - “the main thing in the profession of a thief is to get away on time,” E.T. Gaidar decided that it was time for him to “take his feet in his hands” (Omsk time. 1994. April 25)

metaphor politics language newspaper

Metaphor

1. Metaphor (Greek metaphora - transfer) is the transfer of the properties of one object (phenomenon or facet of existence) to another on the basis of their similarity in some respect or contrast.

2. Using metaphors- this is the shortest path to the subconscious. Metaphors are most often a visual image, but there are also auditory and olfactory ones.

The metaphor does not have to be absolutely clear and logical. In fact, the best metaphor is one that leaves room for the subconscious to come to its own conclusions. That's why it's useful to leave the metaphor open-ended and let people figure it out for themselves. You don't have to strive for absolute clarity. The subconscious loves to be challenged. This is a well-known move to increase the impact and emotional depth of communication.

Journalistic metaphor determines the displacement characteristics of evaluative components derived from human experience, as a result of which the constant updating of imagery elements in the text is ensured.

Newspaper headlines

3. Most people read the headline rather than the body copy, so the headline should interest the reader and grab their attention. To attract attention, the headline must be original and contain information relevant to the consumer. The main thing is that the headline catches the attention of a representative of the target audience and automatically transfers it from viewer to reader.

Metaphor in newspaper headlines

4. In order to attract the reader's attention with a newspaper headline,

various means of expression, one of such means is metaphor.

Metaphor is one of the most powerful means of expression, designed to have a long-lasting impact. Metaphors are well remembered, stored in long-term memory and become the “building blocks” that are used to decorate speech. Using metaphor, the title text is made more imaginative and powerful, which arouses the reader's interest.

5. Metaphors visually decorate the text, but that is not the only reason they are used. They, like other tropes, have another noble task - to allegorically convey hidden meaning under conditions of some kind of caesura, for example, political or self-censorship. Let, for example, we have complaints against local authorities, but to speak out openly means to receive unpleasant consequences, even if what is said is true. A metaphor will allow us, on the one hand, to boldly express a seditious thought, and on the other hand, not to fear that they may be brought to trial for this.

6. Articles, headlines with political overtones, containing bold allusions to those in power in a metaphorical form, in fact, cannot be the object of criminal or civil prosecution, since they do not contain accusations or evidence in an explicit form. Of course, there is a limit to everything and it is important not to go too far, like newspapers with a tint of yellow. You shouldn’t get too carried away also for the reason that the method of using metaphors should be understandable and noticeable not only to the author himself, but also to the majority of readers. Otherwise, at best, we risk remaining misunderstood, at worst, being misinterpreted.

Example of metaphorical headings

7. 04/25/2011, Kommersant newspaper, article title: “The Mirony of Fate.” This title is based on a hidden comparison with the famous film “The Irony of Fate.” The article talks about the resignation of chairman Sergei Mironov, hence “Mironia” (Mironov and irony). According to some, Mironov has a reputation as a clown, which is why there is a comparison with the famous comedy.

8. 04/29/2011, Kommersant newspaper, article title “Shashlik, garden beds, let’s dance.” With this title, many people associate it with the phrase “Tea, coffee, let’s dance.” And the reader comes up with such bright and funny images.

03/30/2011, newspaper “Novye Izvestia”, article title “They will lead to clean vodka.” After reading the title, it becomes clear that it is written with a bit of humor and is intertwined with the catchphrase “Bring it out into the open.” There is laughter in the article itself, which talks about laws that do not work for us.

Conclusion

9. By using metaphors, both in the text itself and in headlines, we are definitely taking a risk. And, although risk is a noble cause, the figurative meaning generated by the metaphor is perceived differently by different people. It depends on their age, level of education, religious, political and other views. The ambiguity of an unsuccessful title will do a disservice, in some cases it will distort the original meaning of the entire article. If you are not sure that the title is successful, it is better to avoid using metaphors.

With skillful use of metaphors in article headings, they will decorate the text, prepare and interest, intrigue the reader, and also convey maximum information in a minimum volume. They will give him information that cannot always be expressed in words. The use of metaphors is one of the techniques of linguistic expressiveness, which always gives a guaranteed result, which, in fact, is what we are striving for.