Literary means of expression. Means of expressiveness of artistic speech

Expressiveness of Russian speech. Means of expression.

Fine- means of expression language

TRAILS -using the word figuratively. Lexical argument

FIGURES OF SPEECH

A generalized name for stylistic devices in which a word, unlike tropes, does not necessarily have a figurative meaning. Grammatical argument.

VISUAL POSSIBILITIES OF VOCABULARY

Lexical argument

EXPRESSIVE-EMOTIONAL VOCABULARY

PICTURE POSSIBILITIES OF MORPHOLOGY

Grammatical argument

SOUND EXPRESSIVENESS

PICTURE POSSIBILITIES OF SYNTAX

Grammatical argument

Tests.

1. Choose the correct answer:

1) On that white April night Petersburg I saw Blok for the last time... (E. Zamyatin).

a) metaphorb) hyperbole) metonymy

2.You'll freeze in the shine of moonlight,

You're moaning, doused with foam wounds.

(V. Mayakovsky)

a) alliterationb) assonancec) anaphora

3. I drag myself in the dust and soar in the skies;

Strange to everyone in the world - and ready to embrace the world. (F. Petrarch).

a) oxymoronb) antonymc) antithesis

4. Let it fill up with years

life quota,

costs

only

remember this miracle

tears apart

mouth

yawn

wider than the Gulf of Mexico.

(V. Mayakovsky)

a) hyperbolab) litotav) personification

5. Choose the correct answer:

1) It was drizzling with beaded rain, so airy that it seemed that it did not reach the ground and mist of water mist floated in the air. (V. Pasternak).

a) epithetb) similec) metaphor

6.And in autumn days The flame that flows from life and blood does not go out. (K. Batyushkov)

a) metaphorb) personificationc) hyperbole

7. Sometimes he falls in love passionately

In your elegant sadness.

(M. Yu. Lermontov)

a) antithesis) oxymoronc) epithet

8.The diamond is polished with a diamond,

The line is dictated by the line.

a) anaphora b) comparison c) parallelism

9. At the mere suggestion of such a case, you would have to tear out the hair from your head by the roots and let go streams... what am I saying! rivers, lakes, seas, oceans tears!

(F.M. Dostoevsky)

a) metonymy b) gradation c) allegory

10. Choose the correct answer:

1) Black tailcoats rushed about separately and in heaps here and there. (N. Gogol)

a) metaphorb) metonymy c) personification

11. The quitter sits at the gate,

With my mouth wide open,

And no one will understand

Where is the gate and where is the mouth.

a) hyperbolab) litotav) comparison

12. C insolent modesty looks into the eyes. (A. Blok).

a) epithetb) metaphorc) oxymoron

Everyone knows well that art is the self-expression of an individual, and literature, therefore, is the self-expression of the writer’s personality. "Baggage" writing person comprises vocabulary, speech techniques, skills to use these techniques. The richer the artist’s palette, the greater the possibilities he has when creating a canvas. It’s the same with a writer: the more expressive his speech, the brighter images the deeper and more interesting statements, the stronger the emotional impact his works can have on the reader.

Among the means of speech expressiveness, more often called “artistic devices” (or otherwise figures, tropes) in literary creativity In first place in terms of frequency of use is metaphor.

Metaphor is used when we use a word or expression in a figurative sense. This transfer is carried out by the similarity of individual features of a phenomenon or object. Most often, it is metaphor that creates an artistic image.

There are quite a few varieties of metaphor, among them:

metonymy - a trope that mixes meanings by contiguity, sometimes suggesting the imposition of one meaning on another

(examples: “Let me eat another plate!”; “Van Gogh is hanging on the third floor”);

(examples: “nice guy”; “pathetic little man”; “bitter bread”);

comparison is a figure of speech that characterizes an object by comparing one thing with another

(examples: “like the flesh of a child is fresh, like the call of a pipe is tender”);

personification - “revival” of objects or phenomena of inanimate nature

(examples: “ominous darkness”; “autumn cried”; “blizzard howled”);

hyperbole and litotes - a figure in the meaning of exaggeration or understatement of the described object

(examples: “he always argues”; “a sea of ​​tears”; “there wasn’t a drop of poppy dew in his mouth”);

sarcasm is an evil, caustic mockery, sometimes outright verbal mockery (for example, in popular Lately rap battles);

irony - a mocking statement when the speaker means something completely different (for example, the works of I. Ilf and E. Petrov);

humor is a trope that expresses a cheerful and most often good-natured mood (for example, the fables of I.A. Krylov are written in this vein);

grotesque is a figure of speech that deliberately violates the proportions and true dimensions of objects and phenomena (often used in fairy tales, another example is “Gulliver’s Travels” by J. Swift, the work of N.V. Gogol);

pun - deliberate ambiguity, a play on words based on their polysemy

(examples can be found in jokes, as well as in the works of V. Mayakovsky, O. Khayyam, K. Prutkov, etc.);

oxymoron - a combination in one expression of the incongruous, two contradictory concepts

(examples: “terribly handsome”, “original copy”, “pack of comrades”).

However verbal expressiveness is not limited to stylistic figures only. In particular, we can also mention sound painting, which is an artistic technique that implies a certain order in the construction of sounds, syllables, words to create some kind of image or mood, imitation of sounds real world. The reader will often encounter sound writing in poetic works, but this technique is also found in prose.

• Life and work of Sergei Mikhalkov

  Every Small child know the poems “Uncle Styopa”, “About Mimosa”. These and others creative works written for children by Sergei Mikhalkov. Thanks to the children, these poems became known to our adults.

Means of expression artistic speech

The word, as is known, is the basic unit of language, the most noticeable element of its artistic means. And the expressiveness of speech is connected primarily with the word.

The word in a literary text is a special world. The artistic word is a mirror of the author’s individual attitude to reality, a special perception of the surrounding world. A literary text has its own precision - metaphorical, its truths - artistic revelations; the entire functions of the word change, which are determined by the context: “I would like to merge my sadness and sadness into a single word...” (G. Heine).

Metaphorical statements in a literary text are associated with the expression of individual perception of the surrounding world. Art is personal expression. Metaphors are woven into a literary fabric that creates an image that excites us and emotionally affects us in the image of a work of art. Words acquire additional meanings, stylistic coloring, create special world, into which we immerse ourselves when reading fiction.

And in oral speech, not only in literary, but also in colloquial speech, we, without hesitation, use all expressive means of speech so that the speech is more convincing, more emotional, and more figurative. Metaphors give special expressiveness to our speech.

The word metaphor translated from Greek means “transfer.” This refers to the transfer of a name from one object to another. For such a transfer to occur, these objects must have some similarity, they must be somewhat similar, adjacent. A metaphor is a word or expression that is used in a figurative meaning based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena for some reason.

As a result of the transfer of meaning from one object or phenomenon to another, an image is created. Metaphor is one of the brightest means of expressiveness of poetic and artistic speech. But at the same time, their absence does not mean a lack of expressiveness work of art. Let's compare two excerpts from different poems by B. Pasternak:

Being famous is not nice.

This is not what lifts you up.

No need to create an archive,

Shake over manuscripts.

The goal of creativity is dedication,

Not hype, not success.

Shameful, meaningless

Be the talk of everyone.

…………………………………

July dragging around in clothes

Dandelion fluff, burdock.

July, coming home through the windows,

Everyone talking loudly out loud.

Uncombed steppe disheveled,

Smelling of linden and grass,

Tops and the smell of dill,

The July air is meadow.

In the first poem, B. Pasternak does not use metaphors, while the second poem is full of personification, epithets, metaphors, but each of these poems is artistically expressive. The first one captivates with sincerity, precision of language, deep meaning, the second one has an effect on emotional level, creates a lyrical image.

Through the metaphorical meaning of words and phrases, the writer conveys the individuality and uniqueness of objects, while demonstrating his own associative nature of thinking, his vision of the world.

A metaphor can be simple and extensive. In twentieth-century poetry, the use of extended metaphors is being revived, and the nature of simple metaphors is changing significantly.

METONYMY is a type of metaphor. The Greek word "metonymy" means renaming, that is, giving one thing the name of another. This is the replacement of one word with another based on the contiguity of two objects, concepts, etc. Metonymy is the imposition of one feature on another, the imposition of a figurative meaning on a direct one. For example: 1. The village smokes in the cold clear sky gray smoke - people are warming up. (V.M. Shukshin) (Instead: stove pipes are smoked). 2. The city was noisy, flags were crackling, wet roses were falling from the bowls of flower girls, horses decorated with colorful feathers were jumping, and carousels were spinning. (Y.K. Olesha) (People living in the city were noisy). 3. I ate three plates. (I ate soup in bowls). All these transfers of meanings and their mixing are possible because objects that have the same name are located nearby, that is, they are adjacent. This may be contiguity in space, time, etc. Such transfers of names are called metonymic.

SYNECDOCHE. The Greek word synecdoche means correlation. Synecdoche is a type of metonymy. Transfer of meaning occurs when the lesser is called instead of the greater; more instead of less; part instead of whole; whole instead of part.

EPITHET. This word translated from Greek means “appendix, attached,” that is, one word is attached to another.

An epithet is a trope, figure, figurative definition, word or phrase that defines a person, object, phenomenon or action from the subjective position of the author. Differs from simple definition artistic expression.

In folklore, constant epithets are used as a means of typification and one of the main means of its artistic expression. Tropes, in the strict sense of this term, include only epithets, the function of which is performed by words used figuratively, in contrast to exact epithets expressed by words used in the literal meaning (beautiful flowers, red berries). The creation of figurative epithets is associated with the use of words in a figurative meaning. Epithets expressed in words that have figurative meanings are called metaphorical. The basis of the epithet may be a metonymic transfer of the name (...we will go to break the wall, we will stand with our heads for our homeland. M.Yu. Lermontov).

Contrasting epithets that form combinations of words with opposite meanings with the defined nouns are called OXYMORONS. (“...joyful sadness, hating love.” I.B. Golub).

COMPARISON is a trope in which the characteristics of one object are given by comparing it with another object. Comparison is a trope that consists of comparing objects by their similarity, which can be obvious or distant and unexpected. Usually comparison is expressed using the words “as if”, “exactly”, “as if”, “similar”. There may be comparisons in the instrumental case.

PERSONIFICATION is a type of metaphor, the assignment of properties of living beings to objects of inanimate nature. Often, personification is created by referring to natural phenomena as living and conscious beings. Personification is also called the transfer of human properties to animals.

HYPERBOLE is one of the expressive means of speech, meaning “exaggeration”. Hyperbole is a figure with the meaning of excessively exaggerating what is being said.

LITOTA - translated from Greek this word means “simplicity”. If hyperbole is an excessive exaggeration of something, then the reverse hyperbole means the same excessive understatement. Litotes is a figure that consists of excessive understatement of what is being said. (A little man as big as a fingernail. A boy as big as a finger. Thumbelina. Quieter than water, lower than the grass. “You have to bow your head below a thin blade of grass” (N.A. Nekrasov).

Expressive means of speech are humor, irony, sarcasm, and grotesque.

HUMOR is one of the expressive means of vocabulary; humor translated from English means disposition, mood. Entire works can be written in a comic, comic-pathetic, or allegorical manner. They show a good-natured, mocking attitude towards something. Remember A.P. Chekhov’s story “Chameleon”. Many of I. Krylov’s fables were written in this vein.

IRONY – translated from Greek “pretense”, “mockery”, when one thing is stated in words, but in the subtext something completely different is meant, the opposite of the expressed thought.

SARCASM - translated from Greek means “tearing meat.” Sarcasm is a caustic mockery, evil irony, caustic, caustic remarks. A comic effect is created, but at the same time an ideological and emotional assessment is clearly felt. The fantastic is combined with the real, the ordinary with the everyday. One of the varieties of painting - caricatures can be with humor, with irony, with sarcasm and with grotesque.

GROTESK means “bizarre”, “intricate”. This artistic technique consists of violating the proportion of depicted objects, phenomena, and events. Many of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin’s works are constructed using these expressive means of speech (“The History of a City,” “The Golovlev Gentlemen.” Fairy Tales). The stories of N.N. Gogol and A.P. Chekhov are full of humor, irony, sarcasm, and grotesque. The work of J. Swift (“Gulliver’s Travels”) is also grotesque in its content.

Remember the stories of A.P. Chekhov “Chameleon”, “Thick and Thin”, “Man in a Case”. Grotesque was used by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin to create the image of Judas in the novel “The Golovlevs.” Sarcasm and irony in the satirical poems of V. Mayakovsky. The works of Kozma Prutkov, Zoshchenko, and Vasily Shukshin are full of humor.

Such expressive means of word formation as paronyms and paronomas are used by satirists and humorists. Puns are created by playing on words.

PUNS are figures based on the sound similarity of words or combinations of words that are completely different in meaning. Puns are a play on words based on polysemy and homonymy. Puns make jokes. Puns can be found in the works of V. Mayakovsky, in his satirical poems, in Kozma Prutkov, Omar Khayyam, A.P. Chekhov.

What is a figure of speech?

The word “figure” is translated from Latin as “outline, appearance, image.” This word has many meanings. What does this term mean when we talk about artistic speech? Figures include syntactic means of expressive speech: rhetorical questions, exclamations, appeals.

What is a trope?

They are called paths lexical means expressiveness of speech: metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, epithet, comparison, personification, hyperbole, litotes and others. Trope means “turn around” in Greek. This term denotes a word used in a figurative sense. Artistic speech differs from ordinary speech in that it uses special turns of words that embellish the speech, make it more expressive and beautiful. Styles occupy a special place in the study of the discipline fiction, expressive means are used in different styles of speech. The main thing in the concept of “expressiveness” for artistic speech is the ability of a work of art (text) to have an emotional, aesthetic impact on the reader, to create vivid images and poetic pictures.

We live in a world of sounds. Some sounds evoke positive emotions, while others alarm, excite, cause anxiety, or calm and induce sleep. Sounds evoke images. Using a combination of sounds, you can have an emotional impact on a person, which we especially perceive when reading literary works and works of Russian folk art.

K.D. Balmont gave a figurative description of the sounds of speech: the sound is a “small magic gnome”, magic. M.V. Lomonosov wrote: “In the Russian language, it seems, the frequent repetition of the letter “A” can help to depict the splendor of great space, depth and height, also sudden (“remember the song “My native country is wide, there are many fields in it” , forests and rivers..."); increasing frequency of letters “E”, “I”, “Yu” - to depict tenderness, caressing, deplorable or small things (listen to the music of Yesenin’s verse: “I don’t regret, I don’t call, I don’t cry, everything will pass like smoke from white apple trees... "). Through the “I” you can show pleasantness, amusement, tenderness; through “O”, “U”, “Y” - terrible and strong things: anger, envy, sadness.”

SOUND NOTE: ASSONANCE, ALLITERATION, SOUND IMITATION

The use of certain sounds in a certain order as an artistic technique of expressive speech to create an image is called sound writing.

SOUND WRITTEN is an artistic technique that consists of selecting words that imitate the sounds of the real world in the text.

ASSONANCE – French word, meaning consonance. This is the repetition of the same or similar vowel sounds in a text to create a sound image. Assonance contributes to the expressiveness of speech. Poets use assonance in rhyme, in the rhythm of poems.

ALLITERATION - word Greek origin letter from a noun. Repetition of consonants in a literary text to create a sound image and enhance the expressiveness of poetic speech.

SOUND IMITATION – the transmission of auditory impressions in words that resemble the sound of phenomena in the world around us.

Means of expressive speech

synth.

Identical beginning of several adjacent sentences

Take care of each other,
Warm with kindness.
Take care each other,
Don't let us offend you. (O. Vysotskaya)

synth.

Comparison of sharply contrasting or opposing concepts and images to enhance the impression

"Sleep and Death" by A.A. Fet, "Crime and Punishment" by F.M. Dostoevsky.

Assonance

sound.

One of the types of sound writing, repetition of the same vowel sounds in the text

Me lo, me lo on sune y ze mle
On Sune etce de ly.
St.e cha mountainse la on the tablee ,
St.e cha mountainse la... (B. Pasternak)

lex.

Artistic exaggeration

trousers as wide as the Black Sea (N. Gogol)

Gradation

synth.

Arrangement of words and expressions in increasing (ascending) or decreasing (descending) importance

Howled, sang, took off stone under the sky
And the whole quarry was covered in smoke. (N. Zabolotsky)

Nominative themes

synth.

Special view nominative sentences, names the topic of the statement, which is revealed in subsequent sentences

Bread!.. What could be more important than bread?!

Inversion

synth.

Violation of direct word order

Drops the forest your scarlet attire,
Frost will silver withered field... (A. Pushkin)

Irony

lex.

Subtle mockery, use in the opposite sense of the direct one

Count Khvostov,
Poet beloved by heaven
Already sangimmortal poetry
The misfortune of the Neva banks... (A. Pushkin)

Compositional joint

synth.

Repetition at the beginning of a new sentence of words from the previous sentence, usually ending it

At dawn the morning dawn began to sing. She sang and miraculously combined all the rustles and rustles in her song... (N. Sladkov)

Lexical repetition

lex.

Repetition of the same word or phrase in the text

Around the city there are low hillsforests , mighty, untouched. INforests there were large meadows and remote lakes with hugepine trees along the banks.Pines They made a quiet noise all the time. (Yu. Kazakov)

Litotes

lex.

Artistic understatement

"Tom Thumb"

lex.

Figurative meaning words based on similarity

Sleepy lake of the city (A. Blok). Sugrobov white calves (B. Akhmadulina)

lex.

Replacing one word with another based on the contiguity of two concepts

Here on new waves
All flags will be visiting us. (A.S. Pushkin)

Multi-Union

synth.

Intentional use of a repeating conjunction

There is coal, and uranium, and rye, and grapes.
(V. Inber)

Occasionalisms

lex.

Some stunning absurdities began to take root in our midst, the fruits of the new Russianeducation . (G. Smirnov)

synth.

A combination of words with opposite meanings

Tourists in hometown. (Taffy)

lex.

Transferring human properties to inanimate objects

Silent sadness will be consoled,
And playful joy will reflect... (A.S. Pushkin)

Parcellation

synth.

Intentional division of a sentence into semantically significant segments

He loved everything beautiful. And he understood a lot about it. A beautiful song, poetry, beautiful people. And smart.

lex.

Replacing a word (phrase) with a descriptive phrase

"people in white coats" (doctors), "red cheat" (fox)

Rhetorical question, exclamation, appeal

synth.

Expressing a statement in interrogative form;
to attract attention;
increased emotional impact

Oh Volga! My cradle!
Has anyone ever loved you like I do? (N. Nekrasov)

Rows, pairwise combination of homogeneous members

synth.

Using homogeneous members for greater artistic expressiveness of the text

Amazing combinationyou just Anddifficulties , transparency Anddepths in Pushkin'spoetry Andprose . (S. Marshak)

Sarcasm

lex.

Caustic, caustic mockery, one of the techniques of satire

The works of Swift, Voltaire, Saltykov-Shchedrin are full of sarcasm.

lex.

Replacing quantitative relations, using singular instead of plural

Swede, Russian stabs, chops, cuts... (A. Pushkin)

Syntactic parallelism

synth.

Similar, parallel construction of phrases, lines

To be able to speak is an art. Listening is a culture. (D. Likhachev)

Comparison

lex.

Comparison of two objects, concepts or states that have common feature

Yes, there are words that burnlike a flame. (A. Tvardovsky)

Default

synth.

An interrupted statement that gives the opportunity to speculate and reflect

This fable could be explained more - Yes, so as not to irritate the geese... (I.A. Krylov)

Ellipsis

synth.

Abbreviation, “omission” of words that are easily restored in meaning, which contributes to the dynamism and conciseness of speech.

We sat down in ashes, cities in dust,
Swords include sickles and plows. (V.A. Zhukovsky)

lex.

A figurative definition characterizing a property, quality, concept, phenomenon

But I love springgolden ,
Yours is solid,wonderfully mixed noise...
(N. Nekrasov)

synth.

Same ending for several sentences

Conjure springsee off the winter .
Early, earlysee off the winter.

The means of artistic expression are so numerous and varied that it is impossible to do without dry mathematical calculations.

Wandering through the nooks and crannies of the metropolis of literary theory, it’s easy to get lost and not reach the most important and interesting things. So, remember the number 2. Two sections need to be studied: the first is tropes, and the second is stylistic figures. In turn, each of them branches into many alleys, and we currently do not have the opportunity to go through all of them. Trope - derived from Greek word“turn” denotes those words or phrases that have a different, “allegorical” meaning. And thirteen paths and alleys (the most basic). Or rather, almost fourteen, because here, too, art has surpassed mathematics.

First section: trails

1. Metaphor. Find similarities and transfer the name of one object to another. For example: worm tram, bug trolleybus. Metaphors are most often monosyllabic.

2. Metonymy. Also a transfer of the name, but according to the principle of contiguity, for example: I read Pushkin(instead of the name “book” we have “author”, although many young ladies have also read the poet’s body).

2a. Synecdoche. Suddenly - 2a. This is a type of metonymy. Replacement by concept. And by plural. "Save your penny"(Gogol) and" Sit down, luminary"(Mayakovsky) - this is based on concepts, instead of money and sun." I will retrain as a building manager"(Ilf and Petrov) - this is by numbers, when the singular number is replaced by the plural (and vice versa).

3. Epithet. A figurative definition of an object or phenomenon. Examples of a car (an example - instead of “many”). Expressed by almost any part of speech or phrase: leisurely spring, beautiful spring, smiled like spring etc. The means of artistic expression of many writers are completely exhausted by this trope - diverse, rascal.

4. Comparison. Always binomial: the subject of comparison is the image of similarity. The most commonly used conjunctions are “as”, “as if”, “as if”, “exactly”, as well as prepositions and other lexical means. Beluga scream; like lightning; silent like a fish.

5. Personification. When inanimate objects are endowed with a soul, when violins sing, trees whisper; Moreover, completely abstract concepts can also come to life: calm down, melancholy; just talk to me, seven-string guitar.

6. Hyperbole. Exaggeration. Forty thousand brothers.

7. Litota. Understatement. A drop in the sea.

8. Allegory. Through specificity - into abstraction. The train left- it means the past cannot be returned. Sometimes there are very, very long texts with one detailed allegory.

9. Paraphrase. You beat around the bush, describing an unsayable word. " Our everything", for example, or " The sun of Russian poetry"But not everyone can simply say Pushkin with such success.

10. Irony. Subtle mockery when words with the opposite meaning are used .

11. Antithesis. Contrast, opposition. Rich and poor. Winter and summer.

12. Oxymoron. Combination of incompatibilities: a living corpse, hot snow, a silver bast shoe.

13. Antonomasia. Similar to metonymy. Only here a proper name must appear instead of a common noun. Croesus- instead of "rich man".

Second section: Stylistic figures, or Figures of speech that enhance the expressiveness of the statement

Here we remember 12 branches from the main avenue:

1. Gradation. The arrangement of words is gradual - in order of importance, ascending or descending. Crescendo or diminuendo. Remember how Koreiko and Bender smiled at each other.

2. Inversion. A phrase in which the usual word order is broken. Especially often combined with irony. " Where, smart one, are you wandering from?"(Krylov) - there is also irony here.

3. Ellipsis. Because of his inherent expressiveness, he “swallows” some words. For example: " I am going home" instead of "I'm going home."

4. Parallelism. The same construction of two or more sentences. For example: " Now I walk and sing, now I stand on the edge".

5. Anaphora. Unity of people. That is, each new construction begins with the same words. Remember Pushkin’s “Near the Lukomorye there is a green oak tree”, there is a lot of this goodness there.

6. Epiphora. Repeating the same words at the end of each construction, and not at the beginning. " If you go to the left, you will die, if you go to the right, you will die, and if you go straight, you will definitely die, but there is no turning back."

7. Non-union or asyndeton. Swede, Russian, it goes without saying that he chops, stabs, cuts.

8. Polyunion or polysyndeton. Yes, that's also clear: and it’s boring, you know, and sad, and there’s no one.

9. Rhetorical question. A question that does not expect an answer, on the contrary, it implies one. Have you heard?

10. Rhetorical exclamation. It greatly increases the emotional intensity of even written speech. The poet is dead!

11. Rhetorical appeal. Conversation not only with inanimate objects, but also with abstract concepts: " Why are you standing there, rocking...", "Hello, joy!"

12. Parcellation. Also very expressive syntax: That's it. I'm done, yes! This article.

Now about the topic

The theme of a work of art, as the basis of the subject of knowledge, directly lives on the means of artistic expression, since anything can be the subject of creativity.

Telescope of intuition

The main thing is that the artist must examine in detail, looking through the telescope of intuition, what he is going to tell the reader about. All phenomena can be depicted human life and life of nature, animals and flora, as well as material culture. Fantasy is also a wonderful subject for research, from there gnomes, elves and hobbits fly into the pages of the text. But the main theme is still a description of the characteristics of human life in its social essence, no matter what terminators and other monsters frolic in the vastness of the work. And no matter how the artist runs away from the current public interest, he will not be able to break ties with his time. The idea, for example, of “pure art” is also an idea, right? All changes throughout the life of society are necessarily reflected in the themes of the works. The rest depends on the author’s flair and dexterity - what means of artistic expression he will choose for the most full disclosure selected topic.

The concept of Big style and individual style

Style is, first of all, a system that incorporates creative style, features of verbal structure, plus subject visualization and composition (plot formation).

Big style

The totality and unity of all visual and figurative means, the unity of content and form is the formula of style. Eclecticism does not completely convince. Great style is the norm, expediency, tradition, it is the incorporation of the author's feeling during the Great Time. Such as the Middle Ages, Renaissance, classicism.

According to Hegel: three types of Grand Style

1. Strict - from severe - with the highest functionality.

2. Ideal - from harmony - filled with balance.

3. Pleasant - from the everyday - light and flirty. Hegel, by the way, wrote four thick volumes only about style. It is simply impossible to describe such a topic in a nutshell.

Individual style

Acquiring an individual style is much easier. This is both the literary norm and deviations from it. The style of fiction is especially clearly visible in its attention to detail, where all components are merged into a system of images, and a poetic synthesis occurs (again, the silver bast shoe on Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov’s table).

According to Aristotle: Three steps to achieving style

1. Imitation of nature (discipleship).

2. Manner (we sacrifice truthfulness for the sake of artistry).

3. Style (fidelity to reality while maintaining all individual qualities). The perfection and completeness of style are distinguished by works that have historical truthfulness, ideological orientation, depth and clarity of issues. To create a perfect form that matches the content, a writer needs talent, ingenuity, and skill. He must rely on the achievements of his predecessors, choose forms that correspond to the originality of his artistic ideas, and for this he needs both a literary and general cultural outlook. The classical criterion and the spiritual context are the best way and the main problem in the acquisition of style by current Russian literature.