Education of the world socialist system. • Stages of development of the world system of socialism Which countries were part of the world system of socialism

The world system of socialism or the world socialist system is a social, economic and political community of free sovereign states following the path of socialism and communism, united by a commonality of interests and goals, and bonds of international socialist solidarity. The countries of the world socialist system have the same type of economic basis - public ownership of the means of production; a uniform state system - the power of the people, led by the working class and its vanguard - the communist and workers' parties; a single ideology - Marxism-Leninism; common interests in protecting revolutionary gains, in ensuring security from the encroachments of imperialism, in the struggle for world peace and in providing assistance to peoples fighting for national independence; a single goal - communism, the construction of which is carried out on the basis of cooperation and mutual assistance.

The emergence and rise of the world socialist system

The formation of the world socialist system in the middle of the 20th century was a natural result of the development of world economic and political forces during the period of the general crisis of capitalism, the collapse of the world capitalist system and the emergence of communism as a single all-encompassing socio-economic formation. The emergence and development of the world system of socialism constituted the most important objective result of the international revolutionary workers' and communist movement, the struggle of the working class for its social liberation. It is a direct continuation of the Great October Socialist Revolution, which marked the beginning of the era of humanity's transition from capitalism to communism.

The successes of the USSR in building socialism, its victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. over fascist Germany and militaristic Japan, the liberation by the Soviet Army of the peoples of Europe and Asia from fascist occupiers and Japanese militarists accelerated the maturation of conditions for the transition to the path of socialism of new countries and peoples.

As a result of the powerful upsurge in the liberation struggle of peoples in a number of countries in Central and Eastern Europe (Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia), as well as the struggle of the Korean and Vietnamese peoples in 1944-1949. The people's democratic and socialist revolutions won. From that time on, socialism went beyond the borders of one country and the world-historical process of its transformation into a world economic and political system began. In 1949, the GDR entered the path of socialism, and the revolution in China was victorious. At the turn of the 50-60s. In the 20th century, the first socialist country in the Western Hemisphere, Cuba, entered the world system of socialism.

The countries of the world socialist system began the process of creating a new society from different levels of economic and political development. Moreover, each of them had its own history, traditions, and national specifics.

The world socialist system included countries that even before the Second World War (1939-1945) had a large proletariat, seasoned in class battles, while in others the working class was small at the time of the revolution. All this gave rise to certain features in the forms of building socialism. In the presence of a world socialist system, even those countries that have not gone through the capitalist stage of development, for example the Mongolia, can begin socialist construction and successfully implement it.

With the victory of socialist revolutions in the second half of the 20th century, a new, socialist type of international relations, which were based on the principle of socialist internationalism, gradually began to form in a number of countries in Europe and Asia. This principle arose from the nature of the socialist mode of production and the international tasks of the working class and all working people.

During this period (60-80s of the XX century), the world system of socialism included the following 15 socialist countries:

People's Socialist Republic of Albania (PSRA)

People's Republic of Bulgaria (PRB)

Hungarian People's Republic (HPR)

Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV)

German Democratic Republic (GDR)

People's Republic of China (PRC)

Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK)

Republic of Cuba

Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR)

Mongolian People's Republic (MPR)

Polish People's Republic (PPR)

Socialist Republic of Romania (SRR)

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (CSSR)

Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY)

In addition to these countries, the world socialist system also included developing countries with a socialist orientation, such as Afghanistan, the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, Kampuchea, Angola, the People's Republic of Congo, Mozambique, Somalia (until 1977), Ethiopia, and Nicaragua.

Current state

The bourgeois counter-revolutions of the late 20th century, caused by a number of objective reasons, led to the restoration of capitalism in Eastern Europe and the USSR and to the actual collapse of the world socialist system as a single commonwealth. In a number of Asian socialist countries left without friendly support with a significant part of the petty-bourgeois mass (peasantry), negative processes also took hold in the 90s, which led to the curtailment of socialist transformations. These countries included China, Mongolia, Laos and Vietnam. In a number of these countries (China, Vietnam), communist parties remained in power, which, while retaining their name, degenerated from workers to bourgeois ones (the most illustrative example is the Communist Party of China, into which in the 90s representatives of the big bourgeoisie, oligarchs, began to freely join ).

As a result, by the beginning of the 21st century there were only two truly socialist (from economic and political points of view) states left in the world: in the Eastern Hemisphere - the Democratic People's Republic of Korea; in the West - the Republic of Cuba.

The imperialists of all countries are making a lot of efforts to break their resistance, for which economic sanctions are regularly imposed on them. Through an economic blockade, the “world community” led by the United States hopes to provoke popular discontent in these countries in order to overthrow the people’s democratic governments and restore the power of landowners and capitalists in them.

However, the working people of socialist Cuba and Korea clearly understand what a cunning and dangerous enemy they are dealing with, and to all the attempts of the imperialists to break their independence and desire for freedom, they respond by even greater consolidation of their ranks around the Communist Party of Cuba and the Workers' Party of Korea, even a great increase in vigilance, consciousness and discipline.

All over the world, societies are being created to support the struggle of the Cuban and Korean people for their freedom, for socialism. The peoples of these countries feel the support of the international communist and labor movement.

At the beginning of the 21st century, there were trends in the world towards the restoration of the world socialist system. More and more countries are joining the ranks of fighters for socialism. In Latin America, Venezuela and Bolivia have chosen the socialist path of development. In 2006-2008 The Maoist revolution won in Nepal, as a result of which the monarchy was overthrown, and the communists received a majority in the Constituent Assembly. The most severe class struggle within these countries and the capitalist encirclement leads these countries to the idea of ​​​​the need for cooperation to defend the revolution and their socialist course. Warm and friendly relations have been established between Cuba, Venezuela and Bolivia, Venezuela and Belarus. Prospects for creating a unified anti-imperialist camp are emerging.

World socialist system or World socialist system- social, economic and political community of free sovereign states, following the path and, united by common interests and goals, bonds of international socialist solidarity. The countries of the world socialist system have the same type of economic basis - public ownership of the means of production; a uniform state system - the power of the people, led by the working class and its vanguard - the communist and workers' parties; a single ideology -; common interests in protecting revolutionary gains, ensuring security from attacks, fighting for world peace and providing assistance to peoples fighting for national independence; a single goal - communism, the construction of which is carried out on the basis of cooperation and mutual assistance.

The emergence and rise of the world socialist system

The formation of the world socialist system in the middle of the 20th century was a natural result of the development of world economic and political forces during the period of the general crisis of capitalism, the collapse of the world capitalist system and the emergence of communism as a single all-encompassing socio-economic formation. The emergence and development of the world system of socialism constituted the most important objective result of the international revolutionary workers' and communist movement, the struggle of the working class for its social liberation. It is a direct continuation of the work that marked the beginning of the era of humanity's transition from capitalism to communism.

The successes of the USSR in building socialism, its victory over fascist Germany and militaristic Japan, the liberation of the peoples of Europe and Asia by the Soviet Army from fascist occupiers and Japanese militarists accelerated the maturation of conditions for the transition to the path of socialism of new countries and peoples.

As a result of the powerful upsurge in the liberation struggle of peoples in a number of countries in Central and Eastern Europe (Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia), as well as the struggle of the Korean and Vietnamese peoples in 1944-1949. The people's democratic and socialist revolutions won. From that time on, socialism went beyond the borders of one country and the world-historical process of its transformation into a world economic and political system began. In 1949, the GDR entered the path of socialism, and the revolution in China was victorious. At the turn of the 50-60s. In the 20th century, the first socialist country in the Western Hemisphere, Cuba, entered the world system of socialism.

The countries of the world socialist system began the process of creating a new society from different levels of economic and political development. Moreover, each of them had its own history, traditions, and national specifics.

The world socialist system included countries that even before the Second World War (1939-1945) had a large proletariat, seasoned in class battles, while in others the working class was small at the time of the revolution. All this gave rise to certain features in the forms of building socialism. In the presence of a world socialist system, even those countries that have not gone through the capitalist stage of development, for example the Mongolia, can begin socialist construction and successfully implement it.

With the victory of socialist revolutions in the second half of the 20th century, a new, socialist type of international relations, which were based on the principle of socialism, gradually began to form in a number of countries in Europe and Asia. This principle arose from the nature of the socialist mode of production and the international tasks of the working class and all working people.

During this period (60-80s of the XX century), the world system of socialism included the following 25 socialist countries:

• (ANDR)
• (NSRA)
• (NRA)
• (DRA)
• (NRB)
• (NRB)
• (VNR)
• (NRV)
• (GDR)
• (NRK)
• (PRC)
• (NRK)
• (DPRK)
• (Lao PDR)
• (NRM)
• (MPR)
• (Poland)
• (SRR)
• (THE USSR)
• (Czechoslovakia)
• (SFRY)
• (NDRE)

In addition to these countries, the world socialist system also included developing countries with a socialist orientation, such as Egypt and Nicaragua.

The bourgeois counter-revolutions of the late 20th century, caused by a number of objective reasons, led to the restoration of capitalism in Eastern Europe and the USSR and to the actual collapse of the world socialist system as a single commonwealth. In a number of Asian socialist countries left without friendly support with a significant part of the petty-bourgeois mass (peasantry), negative processes also took hold in the 90s, which led to the curtailment of socialist transformations. These countries included China, Mongolia, Laos and Vietnam. In a number of these countries (China, Vietnam), communist parties remained in power, which, while retaining their name, degenerated from workers to bourgeois ones (the most illustrative example is that in the 90s, representatives of the big bourgeoisie, oligarchs, began to freely join).

As a result, by the beginning of the 21st century there were only two truly socialist (from economic and political points of view) states left in the world: in the Eastern Hemisphere -; in Western - .

The imperialists of all countries are making a lot of efforts to break their resistance, for which economic sanctions are regularly imposed on them. Through an economic blockade, the “world community” led by the United States hopes to provoke popular discontent in these countries in order to overthrow the people’s democratic governments and restore the power of landowners and capitalists in them.

However, the working people of socialist Cuba and Korea clearly understand what a cunning and dangerous enemy they are dealing with, and to all the attempts of the imperialists to break their independence and desire for freedom, they respond by even greater consolidation of their ranks around the Communist Party of Cuba and the Workers' Party of Korea, even a great increase in vigilance, consciousness and discipline.

All over the world, societies are being created to support the struggle of the Cuban and Korean people for their freedom, for socialism. The peoples of these countries feel the support of the international communist and labor movement.

At the beginning of the 21st century, there were trends in the world towards the restoration of the world socialist system. More and more countries are joining the ranks of fighters for socialism. In Latin America, Venezuela and Bolivia have chosen the socialist path of development. In 2006-2008 The Maoist revolution won in Nepal, as a result of which the monarchy was overthrown, and the communists received a majority in the Constituent Assembly. The most severe class struggle within these countries and the capitalist encirclement leads these countries to the idea of ​​​​the need for cooperation to defend the revolution and their socialist course. Warm and friendly relations have been established between Cuba, Venezuela and Bolivia, Venezuela and Belarus. Prospects for creating a unified anti-imperialist camp are emerging.

Also, features of socialism occur in Algeria, Brazil, Iran, Ecuador, Nicaragua, Syria, and Uruguay.

The Soviet Union solves the problems of communist construction not alone, but in the fraternal family of socialist countries.

The defeat of German fascism and Japanese militarism in the Second World War, with the decisive role of the Soviet Union, created favorable conditions for the overthrow of the power of capitalists and landowners by the people of a number of countries in Europe and Asia. The people of Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, the German Democratic Republic, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, China, the Korean People's Democratic Republic, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, and even earlier the Mongolian People's Republic, who formed a socialist camp together with the Soviet Union, took the path of building socialism. Yugoslavia also took the path of socialism. However, the Yugoslav leaders, with their revisionist policies, pitted Yugoslavia against the socialist camp and the international communist movement and created the threat of losing the revolutionary gains of the Yugoslav people.

Socialist revolutions in the countries of Europe and Asia dealt a new powerful blow to the positions of imperialism. The victory of the revolution in China was especially important. Revolutions in European and Asian countries are the largest event in world history since October 1917.

A new form of political organization of society has emerged - people's democracy one of the forms of the dictatorship of the proletariat. It reflected the unique development of the socialist revolution in the conditions of weakening imperialism and a change in the balance of forces in favor of socialism. It also reflects the historical and national characteristics of individual countries.

The world system of socialism has emerged- a social, economic and political community of free, sovereign peoples following the path of socialism and communism, united by a commonality of interests and goals, close ties of international socialist solidarity.

In people's democracies, socialist relations of production dominate, and the socio-economic possibilities for the restoration of capitalism have been eliminated. The successes of these states fully confirmed that in all countries, regardless of their level of economic development, size of territory and population, true progress can only be achieved along the paths of socialism.

The united forces of the socialist camp reliably guarantee every socialist country from attacks by imperialist reaction. The consolidation of socialist states into a single camp, its strengthening unity and continuously growing power ensure the complete victory of socialism and communism within the entire system.

The countries of the socialist system have accumulated a wealth of collective experience in transforming the lives of hundreds of millions of people, and have introduced a lot of new and original things into the forms of political and economic organization of society. This experience is the most valuable asset of the international revolutionary movement.

It has been confirmed by practice and recognized by all Marxist-Leninist parties that the processes of socialist revolution and socialist construction are based on a number of main patterns, inherent in all countries embarking on the path of socialism.

World system of socialism - a new type of economic and political relations between countries. Socialist countries have the same type of economic basis - public ownership of the means of production; the same type of state “Troy - the power of the people led by the working class; a single ideology - Marxism-Leninism; common interests in protecting revolutionary gains and national independence from the encroachments of the imperialist camp; one great goal - communism. This socio-economic and political community creates an objective basis for strong and friendly interstate relations in the socialist camp. Complete equality, mutual respect for independence and sovereignty, fraternal mutual assistance and cooperation are characteristic features of relations between the countries of the socialist community. In the socialist camp or - which is the same thing - in the world community of socialist countries, no one has and cannot have any special rights and privileges.

The experience of the world socialist system has confirmed the need closest union countries falling away from capitalism, uniting their efforts in building socialism and communism. The course towards an isolated construction of socialism, isolated from the world community of socialist countries, is theoretically untenable, since it contradicts the objective laws of development of a socialist society. It is harmful economically, as it leads to waste of social labor, a decrease in the rate of growth of production and to the country's dependence on the capitalist world. It is reactionary and politically dangerous, since it does not unite, but separates peoples in front of a united front of imperialist forces, feeds bourgeois-nationalist tendencies and ultimately can lead to the loss of socialist gains.

By combining their efforts in building a new society, socialist states actively support and expand political, economic and cultural cooperation with countries that have thrown off the colonial yoke. They carry out and are ready to carry out broad mutually beneficial trade relations and cultural ties with capitalist countries.

The development of the world socialist system and the world capitalist system occurs according to directly opposite laws. If the world system of capitalism took shape and developed in a fierce struggle between the states that form it, through the subjugation and exploitation of weak countries by strong ones, the enslavement of hundreds of millions of people and the transformation of entire continents into colonial appendages of imperialist metropolises, then the process of formation and development of the world socialist system occurs on the basis of sovereignty, completely voluntarily and in accordance with the fundamental vital interests of the working people of all states of this system.

If in the world system of capitalism there is a law of uneven economic and political development, leading to clashes between states, then in the world socialist system the opposite laws operate, ensuring the steady, planned growth of the economy of all countries included in it. In the world of capitalism, the growth of production in a particular country deepens contradictions between states, intensifies competition, and the development of each socialist country leads to a general rise and strengthening of the world socialist system as a whole. If the economy of world capitalism develops at a slow pace and experiences crises and upheavals, then the economy of world socialism is characterized by rapid and sustainable growth rates, a general continuous economic rise of all socialist countries.

All socialist states make their contribution to the construction and development of the world socialist system and to the strengthening of its power. The existence of the Soviet Union greatly facilitates and accelerates the construction of socialism in people's democracies. Marxist-Leninist parties and the peoples of socialist states proceed from the fact that the success of the entire world system of socialism depends on the contribution and efforts of each country, and therefore consider it an international duty to fully develop the productive forces of their country. Cooperation between socialist states allows each of them to use their resources most rationally and fully and develop productive forces. In the process of economic, scientific and technical cooperation between socialist countries, coordination of their national economic plans, specialization and cooperation of production, a new type of international division of labor.

The emergence of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and then the world system of socialism, is the beginning of the historical process of a comprehensive rapprochement of peoples. In the fraternal family of socialist states, with the disappearance of class antagonisms, antagonisms between nations also disappear. The flourishing of the culture of the peoples of the socialist community is accompanied by an increasing mutual enrichment of national cultures and the active formation of internationalist traits characteristic of a person in a socialist society.

The practice of the peoples of the world socialist community has confirmed that their fraternal unity and cooperation meet the highest national interests of each country. Strengthening the unity of the world socialist system on the basis of proletarian internationalism is an indispensable condition for the further success of all its member states.

The socialist system has to overcome certain difficulties, mainly due to the fact that most countries of this system had an average or even low level of economic development in the past, and also to the fact that world reaction is doing its best to prevent the construction of socialism.

The experience of the Soviet Union and people's democracies confirmed the correctness of Lenin's propositions that during the period of building socialism, class struggle does not disappear. The general trend in the development of class struggle within socialist countries in the conditions of successful construction of socialism leads to a strengthening of the positions of socialist forces and a weakening of the resistance of the remnants of hostile classes. But this development does not occur in a straight line. Due to certain changes in the internal and external situation, the class struggle may intensify in certain periods. Therefore, constant vigilance is required in order to promptly stop the machinations of both internal and external hostile forces that continue to try to undermine the popular system and bring discord into the fraternal family of socialist countries.

The main political and ideological weapon used by international reaction and the remnants of internal reactionary forces against the unity of socialist countries is nationalism. Manifestations of nationalism and national narrow-mindedness do not automatically disappear with the establishment of the socialist system. Nationalist prejudices and remnants of past national strife are the area where resistance to social progress can be most long-lasting and persistent, fierce and resourceful.

Communists consider it their primary duty to educate workers in the spirit of internationalism and socialist patriotism, intransigence to any manifestations of nationalism and chauvinism. Nationalism harms the general interests of the socialist community and, above all, harms the people of the country in which it manifests itself, since isolation from the socialist camp slows down its development, deprives it of the opportunity to enjoy the advantages of the world socialist system, and encourages attempts by the imperialist powers to use nationalist tendencies for their own purposes. Nationalism can only prevail where there is no consistent struggle against it. Marxist-Leninist internationalist policy, a decisive struggle to overcome the remnants of bourgeois nationalism and chauvinism are an important condition for the further strengthening of the socialist community. While speaking out against nationalism and national egoism, communists at the same time always treat the national feelings of the masses in the most attentive manner.

The world socialist system is confidently moving towards a decisive victory in the economic competition with capitalism. In the near future, it will surpass the world capitalist system in the total volume of industrial and agricultural production. The influence of the world socialist system on the course of social development in the interests of peace, democracy and socialism is increasingly increasing. The majestic building of the new world, erected by the heroic labor of free peoples across the vast expanses of Europe and Asia, is the prototype of a new society, the future of all humanity.

At the final stage of the war, the Soviet leadership, solving its main task of creating a security belt on the western borders of the USSR, had to ensure the establishment of regimes friendly to the Soviet Union in neighboring countries. Despite the fact that the agreements of the great powers recorded the transition of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Albania, Finland, as well as parts of Germany and Austria into the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union, the implementation of its interests in this region was not at all simple, purely mechanical task. To solve it, the USSR used a wide arsenal of both political and forceful means. The understanding that various political forces existed in the countries of Eastern Europe led the Soviet Union to the need to adhere to a coalition method of exercising power, but with the obligatory participation of communists in coalitions. The result of this position of the USSR for the countries of Eastern Europe was the opportunity to avoid acute internal political conflicts and subordinate the actions of heterogeneous political forces to the solution of the most pressing national issues.
made significant adjustments to the relations of the USSR with the people's democracies. Towards the middle 1947 The situation in Europe has changed noticeably. The most important stage in the peace process was completed - agreements were concluded with the former satellites of Hitler's Germany. The growing contradictions between the great powers became obvious, including on the problems of Germany and Eastern Europe. The pendulum of public sentiment in Western Europe was increasingly shifting to the right. The communists lost their positions in France, Italy and Finland. The communist-led resistance movement in Greece was defeated. In the countries of Eastern Europe, the absence of clearly positive economic dynamics radicalized society and gave rise (primarily in left-wing circles) to the temptation to abandon the long-term transition to socialism in favor of accelerating this process. There was a process of strengthening the position of left forces, primarily in the political power structures. This was shown by the parliamentary elections, the results of which were falsified in a number of countries, at least in Poland, Romania and Hungary.
Approximately from the middle 1947 The Soviet Union moved to implement a new strategic course in Eastern Europe. As a result, the post-war social trend of national-state unity, clothed by the communists in the concept of “people's democracy” and “national paths to socialism”, is increasingly receding into the background, giving way to a new trend - socio-political confrontation and the construction of a class state - the dictatorship of the proletariat. At this stage, the Soviet model of development is recognized as the only acceptable one.
To help solve these problems, and in fact to ensure the unification of ways and methods of creating a new social system, in September 1947 An international closed political structure was formed - the Information Bureau of Communist Parties (Cominform), which existed until 1956 d. At the first meeting of the Cominform in September 1947 In Szklarska Poreba (Poland), the communist strategy in relation to democratic blocs and political allies was revised. Assessing the international situation, Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks A.A. Zhdanov said that after the Second World War, two camps formed: an imperialist, anti-democratic one led by the USA and an anti-imperialist, democratic one led by the USSR. And this
meant that the main goal of the new approaches of the Soviet Union to the countries of Eastern Europe was to strengthen the consolidation of the countries of the region as quickly as possible and thereby accelerate the creation of the Eastern bloc.
In Eastern European countries, the process of the fall of coalition governments and the establishment of communist rule began. In November 1946 a communist government was formed in Bulgaria. In January 1947 The communist B. Bierut became the President of Poland. WITH August 1947 to February 1948 Communist regimes were established in Hungary, Romania and Czechoslovakia. In FebruaryMarch 1948 The USSR signed treaties of friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance with the new governments of Romania, Hungary and Bulgaria. These agreements were concluded with the governments of Czechoslovakia and Poland during the war years, respectively 12 December 1943 g. and 21 April 1945 G.
After the complete concentration of power in the countries of Eastern Europe in the hands of the communist parties, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks focused its efforts on changes in the composition of their leadership by eliminating that part of the party leaders who were an active promoter of the idea of ​​“national paths to socialism” and transferring full power in the parties into the hands of supporters of a forced transition to the Soviet path of development. For these purposes, in March-April 1948 The Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks developed a number of memos that criticized the leaders of the Communist Parties of Yugoslavia, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Poland for their anti-Marxist approach to resolving certain issues of domestic and foreign policy. And back in February 1947 Mr. I.V. Stalin, in a conversation with G. Georgiu Dej, raised the question of “nationalist mistakes within the Romanian Communist Party.” The independent position of the Yugoslav leader J. Tito caused particular dissatisfaction of the Soviet leadership. J. Tito was a bright personality, the leader of the anti-fascist Resistance movement in Yugoslavia during the Second World War, and in this regard he stood out sharply among other leaders of Eastern European countries who came to power with the support of the Soviet Union.
After the war, J. Tito began to harbor the idea of ​​​​creating a Balkan federation, which, to begin with, would be a union of Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, open to the accession of other Balkan countries. I. Tito would undoubtedly be its undisputed leader. All this aroused suspicion and irritation in I.V. Stalin. He suspected I. Tito of
leadership role in the Balkans, which, in his opinion, could cause a weakening of the USSR’s positions there. At the end 1947 Mr. I. Tito and G. Dimitrov, the Yugoslav and Bulgarian leaders, announced their decision to begin the gradual implementation of the idea of ​​federation. 28 January 1948 Pravda published an article arguing that Yugoslavia and Bulgaria do not need any federation. 10 February 1948 at the Soviet-Bulgarian-Yugoslav meeting of I.V. Stalin tried to move the process of creating a federation into a direction acceptable to the USSR. 1 Martha Yugoslavia rejected the Soviet proposal. J. Tito did not agree with the Stalinist model of a federal structure and did not want to submit to the brutal dictates of Moscow. SpringSummer 1948 The crisis continued to worsen. J. Tito removed two pro-Soviet ministers from the government and refused in June 1948 d. arrive in Bucharest for a meeting of the Cominform, where the “Yugoslav question” was to be discussed. In the published 29 June In a statement, members of the Cominform condemned the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, emphasizing the intolerance of the “shameful, purely Turkish terrorist regime” of I. Tito and called on the “healthy forces” of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia to force the leaders to “admit their mistakes,” and in case of refusal, “replace them.” But held in July 1948 G. V The congress of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia rejected the Cominform's accusations and supported the policies of I. Tito. In the following months, Soviet-Yugoslav contacts were curtailed step by step, mutual accusations escalated, and, finally, it came to a breakdown in relations. 28 September 1949 USSR prisoner denounced 11 April 1945 d. a treaty of friendship, mutual assistance and post-war cooperation with Yugoslavia, and 25 October broke off diplomatic relations.
In November 1949 An event occurred that entailed the final rupture of all relations - the second Cominform resolution “The Yugoslav Communist Party is in the power of murderers and spies” was adopted in Budapest. It was published 29 November. All “people's democracies” countries also ceased diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia. And in 1950 The economic ties of the USSR and the “countries of people's democracies” with Yugoslavia were completely interrupted.
After the Soviet-Yugoslav conflict, the countries of Eastern Europe had no choice but to closely follow the Soviet model of development, without any consideration of “local conditions”. The establishment of Soviet methods of socialist construction was reflected in the removal from
US dollars, transferred the rights to the former CER free of charge, and pledged to return the port of Dalniy (Dalian) and Port Arthur ahead of schedule, transferring all property to the Chinese side. Soviet-Chinese relations after the formation of the PRC were the most friendly for almost a whole decade.
After the formation of the PRC, the balance of forces in the Far East changed radically in favor of socialism, which immediately affected the situation on the Korean Peninsula.

Korea with 1910 the city was a Japanese colony. For the first time the question of the liberation of Korea was raised in 1943 at the Cairo Conference, which was attended by the USA, England and China. At the Yalta Conference, in the Declaration of the Potsdam Conference, the USSR's declaration of war on Japan, this demand was confirmed. In August 1945 An agreement was reached between the USSR and the USA that in order to accept the surrender of Japanese troops, Soviet troops would enter the northern part of Korea, and American troops would enter the southern part. The dividing line of the peninsula was the 38th parallel. Subsequently, the USSR and the USA were unable to come to an agreement on the issue of the future government of Korea. The American side proceeded from the need for the subsequent unity of the country, the Soviet side - from the presence of two separate administrative units. Thus, taking advantage of the moment, the Soviet leadership decided to secure the northern part of Korea.
After the formation of two Korean states, the question arose about the withdrawal of foreign troops from both parts of Korea. The USSR did it 25 October 1948 g., USA - for the period from September 1948 by 29 June 1949 d. At the same time, the United States provided South Korea with significant economic and military assistance.
The proposal to start a war on the Korean Peninsula, that is, to “probe South Korea with a bayonet,” came from North Korean leader Kim Il Sung, who in 1949-1950. repeatedly came to I.V. Stalin for negotiations regarding increasing military assistance to the DPRK. I.V. Stalin hesitated. There was a danger of American intervention in the war, which could lead to a global conflict. Kim Il Sung assured I.V. Stalin that at the very beginning of the war a popular uprising would break out everywhere in South Korea, which would allow a quick victory to be achieved. Ultimately, after consultations with Mao Zedong, who supported the North Korean plan, I.V. After some time, Stalin approved Kim Il Sung's plan.
It should be noted here that the South Korean leaders also showed aggressiveness and intention to unite the country by force. South Korean President Syngman Rhee and his ministers have repeatedly spoken about the real possibility of capturing the capital of the DPRK, Pyongyang, in a matter of days.
North Korea carefully prepared for war. The Soviet Union supplied the necessary military equipment and other means of warfare. WITH 8 June A state of emergency was introduced on all railways in the DPRK - only military cargo was transported. The entire population was removed from the five-kilometer zone along the 38th parallel. A few days before the invasion, in the border areas of the DPRK, in order to quickly camouflage the future action, a major military exercise was staged, during which military groups were concentrated in the directions of the upcoming actions. In the morning 25 June 1950 g. The DPRK army invaded the territory of South Korea. The Republic of Korea finds itself in an extremely difficult situation.
On the same day, the hastily convened Security Council (the Soviet Union with January 1950 boycotted its meetings in protest against the participation of a representative of Taiwan in it, instead of a representative of the PRC) adopted a resolution that qualified the DPRK as an aggressor and demanded the withdrawal of its troops back beyond the 38th parallel. The continued offensive of North Korean troops contributed to the US transition to more decisive action. 30 June President G. Truman ordered to send ground troops to Korea. 7 July The Security Council decided to form a UN force. The US was authorized to appoint the commander in chief. It was General D. MacArthur. In addition to the United States, they sent their troops to Korea 15 states, but 2/3 of all UN forces were American units.
The intervention of UN troops led to a turning point in the war on the Korean Peninsula. At the end October 1950 South Korean units and UN troops reached the Yalu and Tumen rivers bordering China. This circumstance predetermined the intervention of the PRC in the military conflict. 25 October parts of Chinese volunteers numbering about 200 thousand people entered the territory of Korea. This led to a change in the military situation. UN troops began to retreat. In January 1951 The offensive of the DPRK army and Chinese volunteers was stopped in the Seoul area. Subsequently, the initiative passed first to one side, then to the other. Events at the front developed with varying degrees of success and without decisive consequences. The way out of the crisis lay through diplomatic negotiations. They started 10 May 1951 g., were very difficult, were interrupted several times, but ultimately led to the signing 27 July 1953 d. ceasefire agreements. The military phase of the inter-Korean confrontation has ended. The war took lives 400 thousand South Koreans, 142 thousand Americans, 17 thousand soldiers from 15 other countries that were part of the UN army.
The DPRK and the PRC suffered heavy losses: according to various sources, from 2 to 4 million people. The Soviet Union, although not directly, but indirectly, took an active part in the events on the Korean Peninsula: the USSR supplied the DPRK army and Chinese volunteers with weapons, ammunition, and vehicles , fuel, food, medicine. At the request of the PRC, the Soviet government transferred fighter aircraft (several air divisions) to the airfields of Northern, Northeastern, Central and Southern China, which for two and a half years participated in repelling American air raids on China. The Soviet Union helped the PRC create its own aviation, tank, anti-aircraft artillery and engineering troops, training personnel and transferring the necessary equipment. A large group of Soviet military advisers. According to some sources, about 5 thousand officers) was in Rhey, providing assistance to North Korean troops and Chinese volunteers. In total, during the Korean War, Soviet aviation units that participated in repelling US air raids lost 335 aircraft and 120 pilots, and the total losses of the Soviet Union amounted to 299 people, including 138 officers and 161 sergeant and soldier. In the event of a new deterioration in the situation, the USSR was preparing to send five divisions to Korea to directly participate in the war. They were concentrated in Primorye, near the border with the DPRK.
The Korean War gave rise to a serious crisis in international relations and turned into a clash of superpowers during the Cold War era. In the Soviet-American confrontation, elements of a direct military confrontation began to be revealed. There was a danger of using super-powerful weapons during this war and turning it into a full-scale world war. The Korean War showed the irreconcilability of the two opposing systems.