Organization as a sphere of activity is a function and object of management. Life activities of the organization Processes of functioning and development of organizations

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

State educational institution of higher professional education

"RUSSIAN STATE HUMANITIES UNIVERSITY"

INSTITUTE OF ECONOMICS, MANAGEMENT AND LAW

MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT

Department of Organizational Development

Shipilova Ekaterina Alexandrovna

on organization theory

“Fundamentals of life and development of organizations”

2nd year full-time students

specialty 080505

"Personnel Management"

Moscow 2010

Introduction. 3

Organizational life cycle 5

Life cycles 5

Becoming 5

Maturity 7

Methodology for analyzing the life cycle of an organization 10

Mechanism for managing an organization by stages of its life cycle and directions for its improvement 11

Opportunities and limitations of the life cycle model 13

Conclusion 15

References 16

Introduction.

In organization theory, a direction is developing in which researchers consider the organization as an object developing over time with a life cycle. It is assumed that the design, development and behavior of organizations can be described using models that are based on one of the process theories - life cycle theory. The theory of organizational life cycles (OLC) is based on an analogy with biological objects. However, as Russian researchers note, the limitations of this analogy should be emphasized. Biological organisms begin to die from the first minute of their birth. Death is the inevitable future of a biological object. However, the same cannot be said about the organization, since no organizational life in itself implies the inevitable death of the organization.

The life cycle of an organization is its predictable changes with a certain sequence of states over time. By applying the concept of the life cycle, it can be seen that there are distinct stages through which an organization moves and that transitions from one stage to another are predictable rather than random.

The organizational life cycle is used to explain how a product goes through the stages of birth or formation, growth, maturity and decline. Organizations have some exceptional characteristics that require some modification of the life cycle concept. One of the options for dividing the life cycle of an organization in the appropriate time period involves certain stages:

Thus, the life cycle model takes the following form: the origin and formation of an organization, development, which implies filling the selected market, maturity, which consists of retaining the captured part of the market, and aging, accompanied by displacement from the market by competitors or the disappearance of the market.

The end of the life cycle may consist not only in the decline and disappearance of a species/organization, but also in the disintegration into new species/organizations, which, depending on the initial conditions, may immediately find themselves at the stage of maturity or development.

Life cycle of an organization

The life cycle of an organization is a set of development stages that a company goes through during its existence.

This theory is considered within the framework of management and implies that an organization goes through several stages of development (analogy with living beings): formation, growth, maturity, death. But the last stage is not entirely applicable to the organization, since not every artificial creation must die.

The life cycle has the following form: origin and formation, growth, when the company actively fills its chosen market segment, maturity, when the company tries to maintain the existing market share under its control, and old age, when the company quickly loses its market share and is replaced by competitors. Subsequently, the organization is either liquidated, merged into a larger one, or split into smaller organizations, which, depending on the situation, may find themselves at the stage of growth or maturity (less often, at other stages).

Life cycles

Becoming

The organization is in its infancy and is being formed product life cycle. Goals are still unclear, the creative process flows freely, and progress to the next stage requires stable support. This stage includes the following phenomena: origin, search for like-minded people , preparation for the implementation of the idea , legal registration of the organization , recruitment of operating personnel and release of the first batch of product .

An organization is being created. The founder is an entrepreneur who, alone or with several associates, performs all the work. People often come to the company at this stage, attracted by the very personality of the creator and sharing his ideas and hopes. Communication between employees is easy and informal. Everyone works long hours, overtime is compensated by modest salaries, gratitude from management and hopes for future income.

Control is based on the personal participation of the manager in all work processes. The organization is not formalized or bureaucratic and is characterized by a simple management structure. The focus is on creating a new product or service and gaining a place in the market. It should be noted that some companies may stop in their development at this stage and exist with this management style for many years.

At this stage, the organization is a sociosystem because it consists of people belonging to the same or similar paradigms. Each member of the organization has its own cultural beliefs and value system. The joint activities that members of the organization begin to conduct triggers processes of knowledge formation at the individual level, when the experience gained by each member of the organization is processed in accordance with personal beliefs and ideas. At this same stage it begins fair knowledge, when in the course of joint activities each member of the team, voluntarily or involuntarily, demonstrates his own system of ideas, skills and abilities.

Firms arise voluntarily because they represent a more efficient method of organizing production. At the first stage of its development firm Behave like Gray mouse- picks up seeds that are overlooked by larger market structures.

At the stage of a company’s emergence, it is very important to determine a competitive strategy: The first strategy is force, operating in the field of large-scale production of goods and services. Second strategy - adaptive: The tasks of such companies: meet the individual needs of a particular person. Third strategy: niche deep specialization of production- what an organization can do better than others.

Height

Stage of development. Collegiality stage

The collegiality stage is a period of rapid growth of the organization, awareness of its mission and formation of a development strategy ( informal communications and structure, high commitment). The company is growing: the market is being actively developed, the growth of integration is especially intense.

The success of the organization’s development at this stage depends on:

on how fully members of the organization understand the leader’s ideas;

on the extent to which members of the organization enrich the leader with ideas;

on the readiness of organization members to implement the leader’s decisions;

on how effectively the teamwork is structured.

If we discard individual characteristics as leader, and members of the organization, then all these factors are determined by group ideas and values ​​- what forms the basis of organizational culture. This stage can be roughly called the period of formation of the basis of organizational culture. On it, the success and failures of the organization are actively processed at all levels of the organization: individual, group, organizational.

It is complicated by the fact that the founders of the company from entrepreneurs must turn into professional managers. This means a major change in management style, for which many entrepreneurs are unprepared. Therefore, at this stage, it is not uncommon to invite professional managers from outside and transfer certain management functions to them, as well as turn to consultants to establish accounting and control. In general, the growth stage is characterized by:

increase in the number of employees ;

division of labor and increased specialization ;

more formal and impersonal communications ;

introduction of incentive systems, budgeting and standardization of work, etc.

The main objectives of the organization are: creating conditions for economic growth and ensuring high quality of goods and services .

The experience accumulated at the previous stage goes through active processing. The processes of externalization and combination of knowledge go beyond the individual ontological level and rise to the group and organizational level: the values ​​of individual team members are transformed into group values, goals are agreed upon, a vision of the organization as a separate entity is formed, awareness of its relationship with the external environment is formed, rules of mutual coexistence are formed both members of the organization among themselves, and in relation to subjects of the external environment.

For the most versatile and rapid development of the organization at this stage, special attention should be paid to the processes of combination and internalization of knowledge at the organizational level. This will ensure that elements of the organizational culture are disseminated among all members of the organization.

Maturity

Maturity stage. Stage of formalization of activities.

The stage of formalization of activity is a period of stabilization of growth (development), (formalization of roles, stabilization of the structure, emphasis on efficiency).

The company comes to this stage with the baggage of past experience. Representations that have shown their adequacy and effectiveness are linked into a single picture of the world, covering various aspects of social life. At this stage, at the organizational level, the processes of internalization are most intense, when the knowledge acquired and processed by the organization at previous stages is expressed through the declared values: the mission of the organization, goals and symbols, artifacts and undergoes a process of individual awareness.

The organization achieves a leading position in the market. As the range of products and the range of services provided expands, new divisions are created, the structure becomes more complex and hierarchical. Policies and distribution of responsibilities are formalized, and centralization increases.

Organizational maturity means that she manages to maintain a stable position in the external environment; shows that the remaining processes of processing experience and integrating it into the existing system of ideas are clearly expressed in the basic ideas of organizational culture and are supported by artifacts that powerfully influence members of the organization.

These artifacts ensure that the organization's paradigms are widely disseminated among its members and are passed on to newcomers as a success story. If at previous stages of development organizational culture is highly susceptible to any influence from the culture of leaders and the external environment, then at the stage of maturity it becomes common law, influencing all aspects of the organization’s life.

“Social technologies” - Enterprise personnel. Basics of Taylor's si-we. Stages of social diagnostics. Certification. Social technologies. Technology. ST classification. Social management in social technologies. The task of strategic planning. Cultural and leisure activities. Federal program. Labor resources.

“Social security” - Separate groups of recipients of services were provided unequally: there was a huge number of privileges*. Health Care Major health care programs were created in the 1930s. Health care has become closely linked with economic objectives. Soviet social security system.

“Social service” - Preferential travel on urban and suburban transport. Advantages when registering for boarding homes for disabled people of groups I and II. A.F. Kalmykova" Shugozero District Hospital (department of social nursing beds). Specialized residential building for labor veterans and disabled people.

“Social Policy of the Russian Federation” - Large load of more able-bodied people to help the less able-bodied. Threats to the security of the Russian Federation in connection with the demographic situation. Demographic forecasts. The danger of weakening influence in the world and claims to the territory of the Russian Federation. Problems with payment of pensions and social benefits. Social transfers. Stages of development of social policy in Russia.

“Older age” - At the social level - stereotypes and stigmas. The difference between a spectacular woman and an ordinary woman is the presence of self-discipline in the former. The elderly themselves allow themselves to be “give up on themselves”... Proposed solutions for Russia. The latest trend in social services is computer and Internet training.

"Welfare state" - The social state in late industrial times. Autonomy of economically active persons in a social state. I. Guarantee of universal protection. Material support in case of impossibility of work. The first concepts appear in the period between the two world wars. Additional costs for the employer.

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Introduction

In a developed market economy, there are four leading economic entities: households, enterprises of various forms of ownership, banks and the state, which acts as a collective entrepreneur.

Households are an economic unit that operates in the consumer sector of the economy and may consist of one or more individuals. This unit is the owner and provider and its purpose is to ensure the fullest possible satisfaction of personal needs.

Banks are financial and credit institutions that regulate the movement of the money supply necessary for the normal functioning of the economy. They carry out intermediary functions in the sphere of financial movement, accumulate funds of enterprises and households in their accounts and place them profitably by lending to the same enterprises and households.

The state as a subject of market relations is represented by all its controlling, regulatory and protective institutions that exercise power over economic entities to achieve public goals and ensure the economic and social progress of society.

The main economic entities that concentrate the majority of social capital (property) in their ownership are enterprises in various organizational and legal forms and their associations.

The economic reforms carried out in the Russian Federation have significantly changed the legal, financial, economic and social position of the main link of the national economy - enterprise (organization), and its status in the system of economic and civil circulation. Instead of the previously dominant enterprises (organizations) in all sectors of the economy, which were based on state ownership, millions of enterprises based on private, mixed, and collective forms of ownership have emerged and are functioning.

1. The enterprise is an independently operating market entity
1.1. General characteristics of the enterprise

An enterprise is understood as an independently operating entity created in accordance with current legislation to produce products, perform work and provide services in order to meet public needs and make a profit. After state registration, an enterprise acquires the status of a legal entity, which is understood as an organization that has separate property in ownership, economic management or operational management and is liable for its obligations with this property, on its own behalf acquiring and exercising property and personal non-property rights, bearing responsibilities and acting as a plaintiff and a defendant in court. An enterprise, as an independently operating entity, must have an independent balance sheet or estimate, its own name, containing an indication of its organizational and legal form.

An enterprise as a legal entity in accordance with the first part
of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, clause 1, article 52, is valid on the basis
The Charter, or only the constituent agreement and the Charter, depending on the organizational and legal form or the Charter and the constituent agreement.

From the point of view of the entire system of economic relations, all economic entities of market economies are understood as enterprises, although in the Civil Code
The Code of the Russian Federation refers to them as commercial and non-profit organizations.
A commercial organization is understood as a legal entity pursuing profit as the main goal of its activities. Legal entities that are commercial organizations can be created in the form of business partnerships and societies, state and municipal unitary enterprises.

Legal entities that do not have profit-making as the main purpose of their activities and do not distribute profits among participants are non-profit organizations. These include consumer, public or religious organizations, owner-financed institutions, charitable and other foundations, as well as other forms provided by law.

1.2. Main features of the enterprise

In accordance with the current civil legislation, the enterprise
(organization) is recognized as a legal entity only after state registration and must have certain inherent characteristics. Without these signs, it cannot not only be recognized as a legal entity, but also participate in legal economic turnover.

Firstly, the enterprise must have separate property in its ownership, economic management or operational management.
All issues regulating the rights of an enterprise in one form or another to property are covered in Section II of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

Secondly, the most important constitutional feature of an enterprise as a legal entity is its ability to meet with its property the obligations that the enterprise has in relations with creditors, including in the event of failure to fulfill obligations to the budget.

Thirdly, one of the main characteristics of an enterprise as a legal entity is its ability to act in economic transactions on its own behalf, that is, to enter into all types of civil contracts with business partners, consumers of products, suppliers of raw materials, materials, energy, etc. , with citizens and other legal entities and individuals.

Fourthly, the most important feature of an enterprise as a legal entity is its right to be a plaintiff, to bring claims against the guilty party, and also to be a defendant in court if obligations are not fulfilled in accordance with the law and contracts.

Fifthly, an enterprise as a legal entity must have an independent balance sheet or estimate, and correctly keep records of the costs of production and sales of products.

Sixth, in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, any legal entity must have its own name containing an indication of its organizational and legal form.

2. Types of enterprises

Enterprises existing and operating in the economy are quite diverse in terms of organizational and legal structure, scale, and activity profile. However, with all the apparent diversity of possible types, they are divided into ordered groups, types, for which well-defined norms of economic legislation have been developed that regulate their activities.

Business partnerships from January 1, 1995 Two types are created: general partnership and limited partnership.
A business company is formed in the form of a limited liability company, an additional liability company, open and closed joint-stock companies, as well as subsidiaries and dependent business companies.

In accordance with Articles 113-115 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, unitary enterprises (state and municipal enterprises) operate and can be created, based on the right of economic management and the right of operational management of property.

Enterprises of various organizational and legal forms can be created on the basis of private, collective, state and municipal ownership, on mixed and joint ownership. Depending on the type of ownership, private, collective, state, municipal and joint ventures (enterprises with foreign investment) are distinguished.

Depending on the number of employees, enterprises are divided into small, small, medium and large. In some countries, other criteria are used to divide enterprises according to quantitative parameters: volume of turnover, amount of profit (income), volume of initial capital, volume of assets. In the Russian Federation, to classify enterprises as small, regardless of their organizational and legal form, one indicator is accepted: the number of personnel on staff and workers employed on the basis of civil contracts.

Depending on the sector of the economy, partly on the subject of activity, the enterprise is divided into industrial, agricultural, construction, commercial, etc.

Organizational and legal forms of enterprises operating in the territory
of the Russian Federation, established by part one of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

Among the variety of forms of enterprises, most are business partnerships (two) and societies (five). In accordance with paragraph 2 of chapter
4 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation in Russia, business partnerships and companies can be created, which recognize commercial organizations with authorized (share) capital divided into shares (contributions) of founders (participants). Property created through the contributions of founders (participants), as well as produced and acquired by a business partnership or company in the course of its activities, belongs to it by right of ownership.

The main difference between them is the following: partnerships are created on the basis of an association of persons (individuals, legal entities) who are obliged to directly participate in the activities of only one partnership. Partnerships are created and operate on the basis of a constituent agreement. The minimum amount of the partnership's share capital has not been established; companies are created on the basis of pooling capital
(property). Persons (legal entities, individuals) who invest their capital in the company may not directly participate in its activities, managing it through specially created bodies. The company is created and operates both on the basis of the constituent agreement and the Charter. The authorized capital of the company should not be below a certain amount, which is supposed to be established in special regulations.

3. Organizational and legal forms of enterprises
3.1. Business partnerships and societies
3.1.1. General partnership

Business partnerships can be created in the form of a general partnership and limited partnership. A general partnership, in accordance with clause 1 of Article 69 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, is distinguished by two main features: the entrepreneurial activity of its participants (general partners) is considered the activity of the partnership itself, and for its obligations, any of the participants is liable with all their property.
The partnership is based on personal and trusting relationships between the participants.
General partners are liable for the obligations of their partnership only if they lack their own property, i.e. subsidiarily. According to paragraph 2 of Art. 69 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a person can be a participant in only one general partnership.
A general partnership is created and operates on the basis of a constituent agreement, which is signed by all its participants and contains, in addition to the information specified in paragraph 2 of Article 52 for all legal entities (name, location, management procedure), conditions on the size and composition of the partnership's share capital , on the size and procedure for changing the shares of each of the participants, on the size, composition, timing and procedure for making contributions by them, on the responsibility of the participants.

A general partnership is a partnership whose participants (general partners), in accordance with an agreement concluded between them, are engaged in entrepreneurial activities and are liable for its obligations with the property belonging to them. Unlimited liability applies to the participants of a general partnership. In article 75
The Civil Code of the Russian Federation establishes that participants in a general partnership jointly and severally bear subsidiary liability with their property for the obligations of the partnership. A participant in a general partnership who is not its founder is liable equally with other participants for obligations that arose before his entry into the partnership. A participant who has left the partnership is liable for the obligations of the partnership that arose before the moment of his withdrawal, on an equal basis with the remaining participants for 2 years from the date of his approval of the report on the activities of the partnership for the year in which he left the partnership.
The mechanism of liability of participants in a general partnership for its obligations reduces the economic (material) attractiveness for individual institutions, therefore this organizational and legal form of economic activity has not been widely developed. Business partnerships also do not have the right to issue shares.

3.1.2. Partnership of Faith

For individual participants (commanders), from the point of view of the type of responsibility, participation in the creation of a partnership of faith is more attractive.
A limited partnership is a business partnership in which, along with the participants who carry out business activities on behalf of the partnership and are liable for the partnership’s obligations with their property, there are one or more participant-investors (command partners) who bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the partnership, within the limits amounts, contributions made by them and do not take part in the partnership’s entrepreneurial activities. They do not have the right to challenge the actions of their general partners.

Thus, the full participants of a limited partnership are the general partners who, on behalf of the partnership, carry out entrepreneurial activities, carry out, with the consent of all general partners, the management of the limited partnership and are jointly and severally liable for the obligations of the partnership with all their property.

Investors (commanders) are not engaged in entrepreneurial activities, do not participate in the management of the partnership and are liable for the obligations of the partnership only to the extent of the contributions they have made, that is, they bear limited liability. The commanders are suspended from conducting the affairs of the partnership. While retaining, first of all, the right to receive income on their contributions, as well as to information about the activities of the partnership, they are forced to fully trust the participants with full responsibility regarding the use of the partnership’s property. To some extent, a limited partnership can be considered a type of general partnership, in which it becomes possible to use the additional capital of investors, rather than general partners. According to clause 2 of Article 82 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the provisions of general partners participating in a limited partnership and their responsibility for the obligations of the partnership are determined by the rules of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on participants in a general partnership. The rules of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on general partnerships apply to a limited partnership (clause 5 of Article 82 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). It should be noted that the ratio of contributions of limited partners and general partners is determined by the participants themselves in a limited partnership. A limited partnership is liquidated on the basis of the liquidation of the general partnership, as well as upon the departure of all investors from it. General partners, in accordance with clause 1 of Article 86 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, have the right, instead of liquidation, to transform a limited partnership into a general partnership.

3.1.3 Limited liability company

As world practice shows, one of the most common organizational and legal forms of economic entities (market economy) is a limited liability company. The constituent documents of such a company are the Charter and the constituent agreement, or only the constituent agreement, if the company is founded by only one person. If the founders - participants of the company include legal entities, they retain their independence and the rights of legal entities.

A limited liability company is a voluntary association of citizens, legal entities, both together for the purpose of carrying out joint economic activities through the initial formation of an authorized capital only at the expense of contributions from the founders, who form the company. The authorized capital of a limited liability company must not be less than the legally established amount. In accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian
Federation (part one), the authorized capital of a limited liability company must be paid by its participants in at least half at the time of registration of the company. The remaining unpaid portion of the company's authorized capital is subject to payment by its participants during the first year of the company's activity. If this obligation is violated, the company must either announce a reduction in its authorized capital and register its reduction in the prescribed manner, or terminate its activities through liquidation. If at the end of the second or each subsequent financial year the value of the net assets of a limited liability company is less than the authorized capital, the company is obliged to announce a decrease in its authorized capital and register its decrease in the prescribed manner. If the value of the specified assets of the company becomes less than the minimum amount of authorized capital determined by law, the company is subject to liquidation. An increase in the authorized capital of a company is allowed after all its participants have made contributions in full.

The most important distinctive feature of a limited liability company is the provision that its participants are not liable for the company’s obligations and bear the risk of losses associated with the company’s activities only to the extent of the value of the contributions made - this is the first thing.
It is in this sense that the responsibility of society is limited. At the same time, the company itself, as a legal entity, is liable to creditors for its obligations with all its property. Secondly, according to Article 94 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a participant in a limited liability company has the right to leave the company at any time, regardless of the consent of its other participants. This provision expands the economic freedom of society participants. Thirdly, in accordance with the constituent documents and the law, a participant in a limited liability company, when he leaves the company, must be paid the value of a part of the property corresponding to his share in the established capital of the company.

In accordance with Article 91 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation on management in a limited liability company, the supreme body of a limited liability company is the general meeting of its participants. The exclusive competence of the general meeting of participants of a limited liability company includes:

1) changing the charter of the company, changing the size and its authorized capital;

2) formation of executive bodies of the company and early termination of their powers;

3) approval of the company’s annual reports and balance sheets and distribution of its profits and losses;

4) decision on reorganization or liquidation of the company;

5) election of the audit commission (auditor) of the company.

The law on limited liability companies may also include the resolution of other issues within the exclusive competence of the general meeting.

Limited liability companies are created as associations of business partners, individuals and organizations between which there is constant business contact and a mutual interest in common success. In this regard, limited liability companies are very suitable for organizing family businesses and firms that unite constantly cooperating entrepreneurs.

3.1.4. Additional liability company

Since January 1995, additional liability companies can be created in Russia, which are a type of limited liability company, therefore its legal status is subject to almost all the rules on limited liability companies. A company with additional liability is a company founded by one or more persons, the authorized capital of which is divided into shares of sizes determined by the constituent documents.
A feature of such a company is that its participants jointly and severally bear subsidiary liability for the obligations of the company. But the amount of this liability is limited: it concerns not all of their personal property, as in a full partnership, but only part of it - the same multiple of the amount of contributions made for everyone. An important feature of a company with additional liability in accordance with clause 1 of Article 95 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation is that in the event of bankruptcy of one of the participants, its additional liability is proportionally distributed among the remaining participants.

3.2. Joint stock companies: open and closed

In the Russian economy, a significant share in terms of the number of personnel in the volume of output is occupied by joint-stock companies, especially those created on the basis of the privatization of state and municipal property.

A joint stock company is a company whose authorized capital is divided into a certain number of shares. Shareholders, that is, owners of shares of a given company, are not liable for its obligations, do not bear the risk of losses associated with the activities of the company, within the limits of the value of the shares they own, i.e. bear limited liability to the extent of the shares acquired. Joint-stock companies are close to limited liability companies, although there are a number of significant differences between them. Thus, in a joint-stock company, the organization of the authorized capital is different - here there is complete equality of shares and their mandatory registration in shares. The presence of such securities is a fundamental feature of the joint-stock form of entrepreneurship, since only a joint-stock company is allowed to issue shares. When leaving a joint stock company, its participant cannot demand any payments from the company itself, since exit can only be accomplished in one way - by selling, assigning or otherwise transferring his shares to another person. Therefore, a joint stock company, unlike a limited liability company, is guaranteed against a decrease in its property when its participants leave it.

Other differences between these societies are associated with a more complex management structure. A joint stock company as a form of capital pooling is designed for large businesses and is usually not used by small companies.
The Civil Code contains the most general rules on joint stock companies.

Since January 1, 1995, open and closed joint stock companies have been created. In accordance with Article 97 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a joint-stock company, the participants of which can alienate their shares without the consent of other shareholders, is recognized as an open joint-stock company. Such a company has the right to conduct an open subscription for shares issued by it and their free sale on the terms established by law and other legal acts, and annually publish for public information an annual report, balance sheet, profit and loss account.

A joint stock company, the shares of which are distributed only among its founders or other predetermined circle of persons, is recognized as a closed joint stock company. Such a company does not have the right to conduct an open subscription for the shares it issues or otherwise offer them for acquisition to an unlimited number of persons.

Participants in an open joint-stock company can alienate their shares without the consent of other shareholders of the company;

In a closed joint-stock company, shares are distributed only among its founders or other predetermined circle of persons;

The number of participants in a closed joint-stock company should not exceed the limit specified by law (not yet established). If it is exceeded, a closed joint-stock company is subject to transformation into an open one within a year, and after this period - to liquidation.

Innovations should also include the possibility of creating a joint-stock company by one person or operating with one person. Restrictions have been established on open subscription to shares of a joint-stock company until the authorized capital is paid in full. The share of preferred shares in the total authorized capital is limited to 25 percent. When establishing a JSC, all its shares must be distributed among the founders.

In a company with more than fifty shareholders, a board of directors is created. If a board of directors is created by the company's charter in accordance with the law on joint stock companies, its exclusive competence must be defined. Issues referred by the charter to the exclusive competence of the board of directors cannot be transferred by it to the decision of the executive bodies of the company.

The executive body of the company can be collegial (board, directorate) and (or) sole (director, general director). He carries out the current management of the company's activities and is accountable to the board of directors and the general meeting of shareholders.

The competence of the executive body of the company includes the resolution of all issues that do not constitute the exclusive competence of other management bodies of the company, as determined by law or the charter of the company.

A shareholder is able to influence the use of the property complex and its activities as a whole by participating in management. This right is exercised, first of all, due to the fact that an ordinary share (as opposed to a preferred share, which gives the right to a fixed percentage of dividends) provides the opportunity to vote at a meeting of shareholders and elect a board. In this case, the principle of “one share – one vote” is implemented. It is possible to have a significant influence on the course of events only by having a solid block of shares, preferably a controlling one.

A joint stock company may be reorganized or liquidated voluntarily by decision of the general meeting of shareholders.

Other grounds and procedure for reorganization and liquidation of a joint stock company are determined in accordance with the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and other laws.

A joint stock company has the right to transform into a limited liability company or a production cooperative.

Thus, partnerships and societies have many common features. All of them are commercial organizations pursuing profit as the main goal of their activities in accordance with paragraph 1 of Article 50 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and having general legal capacity, which gives them the opportunity to carry out any types of activities not prohibited by law, including those not directly named in their constituent documents . The basis for their creation is an agreement between the participants: both the company and the partnership are legal entities - the owners of their property (clause 1 of Article 66 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation). Their authorized (in companies) or share (partnerships) capital is divided into shares
(contributions) of their participants. But this does not make the property of companies and partnerships shared ownership, as the Law on Enterprises and Entrepreneurial Activities erroneously believed, since the charter (share) is a conditional value consisting of value, i.e. monetary valuation of participants' contributions. Therefore, the share in this capital is a conditional value.

3.3. Subsidiaries and dependent companies

New to domestic legislation is a subsidiary business company. It is a legal entity and assumes that the controlling stake in this company is held by another (main) business company or partnership. The controlling stake, in contrast to its first interpretation: 50 percent of shares plus one, is considered quite widely. It includes a predominant participation in the authorized capital of the company, an agreement between the main and subsidiary companies, and other opportunities to determine the decisions of such a company (for example, the appointment and dismissal of a manager).

A subsidiary business company does not constitute a special organizational and legal form - a type of commercial organization. Any business company - joint stock, limited or additional liability - can act in this capacity. Peculiarities of the legal status of subsidiaries are related to their relationship “with the parent”
(controlling) companies or partnerships and the possible occurrence of liability of controlling companies for the debts of subsidiaries.

Only a business company can be a subsidiary, and not only a company, but also a partnership can be a controlling company. A business company is recognized as a subsidiary if at least one of the three circumstances mentioned in paragraph 1 of Article 105 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation is present:

Predominant participation in its authorized capital of another company or partnership compared to other participants;

Agreements between a company and another company or partnership on the management of the affairs of the first;

There is no other possibility for one company or partnership to determine decisions made by another company.
According to clause 2 of Article 105 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a subsidiary is not liable for all transactions made by a subsidiary, but only in two cases:

When entering into a transaction at the direction of the controlling company (which must be indicated either by the subsidiary or its creditors), it is liable to the creditors of the subsidiary jointly and severally with it;

In case of bankruptcy of a subsidiary and it is proven that this bankruptcy was caused by the execution of instructions by the controlling company. The controlling company is liable for the debts of the subsidiary to its creditors in a subsidiary manner, i.e. when there is insufficient property of a subsidiary to pay off its debts.

The subsidiary itself is not liable for the debts of the controlling company or partnership.

In accordance with the current Civil Code of the Russian Federation, clause 3, article 105, if a subsidiary suffers losses due to the fault of the main (controlling) company, the shareholders
(or investors) of the subsidiary may demand compensation from the main company if they prove its guilt in causing such losses.

The main (“parent”) and subsidiary (or subsidiaries) companies constitute a system of interrelated companies, which is called a “holding” in American law, and a “concern” in German law. To a lesser extent than abroad, in the Russian Federation holding companies and their subsidiaries are created only in the form of open joint-stock companies.
A holding company may be a subsidiary of another holding company.

In accordance with current legislation, the holding company has the right to carry out investment activities, in particular, to buy and sell any securities.

A subsidiary, regardless of the size of its shares owned by the holding company, cannot own shares of the holding company itself in any form.

When they are created, the number of participants (shareholders) of holding companies and their subsidiaries may also include legal entities and individuals. The number of participants in holding companies is not limited.

A holding company in which more than 50% of its capital consists of securities of other elements and other financial assets is a financial holding company. A holding company, the composition of whose assets at the time of establishment does not meet this requirement, is obliged, within one year from the date of state registration, to take the actions necessary to fulfill it or to reduce the share of securities and other financial assets to a level not exceeding 50% of the company’s capital. If this requirement is not met, the arbitration court has grounds for making a decision to liquidate the company. Financial holding companies have the right to conduct only investment activities; other types of activities are unacceptable for them.

But neither the holding nor the concern are independent legal entities - legal entities. The same applies to the ones we create
“financial and industrial groups”, whose participants can be considered as “parent” and subsidiary companies (companies), unless such a group is created in the form of an independent joint-stock company.

Dependent companies are also not a special organizational and legal form of commercial organizations. Various business entities act in this capacity. We are talking about the ability of one society to significantly influence the decision-making of another society, and that, in turn, to have a similar influence on the decision-making of the first society.

According to clause 1 of Article 106 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a company is recognized as dependent in the authorized capital of which another company has more than 20 percent of the voting shares of a joint-stock company or 20 percent of the authorized capital of a limited liability company. Dependent societies often mutually participate in each other's capital. Moreover, the shares of their participation can be the same, which excludes the possibility of unilateral influence of one company on the affairs of another.

It should be noted that the rules on subsidiaries and dependent companies are new to Russian legislation. The Civil Code gives only the most general provisions, which will be developed in other laws. Their establishment is important in the context of the widespread practice of creating by the same persons numerous controlled and interconnected companies and firms, which often establish each other and are under the same control, although they are presented by a third party as completely independent organizations. The definition of clear rules and necessary legal consequences should contribute to the normal organization of the developing Russian market and the prevention of currently widespread abuses.

3.4. Producer cooperatives

The legal status of a production cooperative as a commercial organization is different from the legal status of a consumer cooperative as a non-profit organization. A production cooperative is an association of citizens who are not entrepreneurs, which they created for joint economic activities on the basis of personal labor participation and the pooling of some property contributions (shares). Members of a cooperative bear additional liability for its debts with their personal property within the limits established by law and the charter of the cooperative.

A cooperative is different from a society and a partnership. First of all, a cooperative is an association of citizens who are not entrepreneurs, but who participate in its activities through personal labor. The share contributions of members of the cooperative and their size do not in themselves affect the number of votes available to its members, nor the amount of income they receive. Each member of the cooperative has only one vote when making decisions, regardless of the size of the share, and the net income is distributed among its members in accordance with their labor participation, and not in proportion to the shares.

Unlike a business entity, a cooperative cannot operate as a “company of one.” Clause 3 of Article 108 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation provides for a mandatory minimum of cooperative members. But their number is not limited by any limit. If a production cooperative has fewer than 5 participants, it is subject to liquidation. A production cooperative represents the optimal legal form of collective entrepreneurship for citizens who are not individual entrepreneurs and do not want to allow outsiders to participate in their joint activities, for example, in privatized enterprises.

Clause 1 of Article 108 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation states that the only constituent document of a cooperative is the charter. There is no need for a constituent agreement here; this distinguishes a cooperative from most societies and partnerships. The Civil Code establishes some mandatory requirements for the charter of a production cooperative: conditions on the amount of share and other contributions, on the labor participation of members of the cooperative in its activities, and responsibility.
The charter must indicate the bodies of the cooperative, the procedure for their formation and competence.

A production cooperative can only be transformed into the form of a business partnership or company; this requires a unanimous decision of its members, because at the same time, their legal status changes significantly.

3.5. State and municipal unitary enterprises

“Enterprise” as a special organizational and legal form of a commercial organization that is not the owner of its property (clause 1 of Article 113 of the Civil Code
RF), retained by the new Civil Code only for state and municipal property. The previously existing law on enterprises and entrepreneurial activities allowed the creation of “enterprises” - not owned by all other owners, not just the state: public and religious organizations, foundations and even individual citizens.
The result was the emergence of "individual (and family) private enterprises"
(ICH), built on the model of state-owned enterprises, that is, they did not have ownership rights to their property and were in fact completely controlled by the founding owners who did not bear any property liability for the debts of such organizations. These private entrepreneurs themselves did not even have a minimum authorized capital, since there were no requirements for its size in the legislation. IPPs were a figure with the help of which the founder-owner limited or simply excluded his liability for debts to third parties - counterparties of the private private enterprise he created.

State and municipal enterprises according to civil legislation are classified as unitary enterprises. A unitary enterprise is a commercial organization that is not endowed with the right of ownership to the property assigned to it by the owner. An important provision is that the property of a unitary enterprise is indivisible and cannot be distributed by type (shares, units), including among its employees.

The property of a state or municipal enterprise is respectively in state or municipal ownership and belongs to such an enterprise with the right of economic management or operational management.

In the Russian Federation, in accordance with the first part of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, two types of unitary enterprises are created and operate:
1) based on the right of economic management of property, which is created by decision of an authorized state body or local government body;
2) based on the right of operational management of property, which is created by decision of the Government of the Russian Federation on the basis of property in federal ownership. Such an enterprise is considered a federal government enterprise.
The former have a wider range of property rights than the latter:

They create an authorized fund;

They have the ability to create subsidiaries;

The owner of the property of these enterprises, as a rule, is not liable for the obligations of the enterprise.

In their activities, state and municipal enterprises are guided by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the subsequently adopted Law on State and Municipal Enterprises, as well as other regulations governing the activities of this type of enterprise.

According to clause 4 of Article 113 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the management body of a unitary enterprise is the manager, who is appointed by the owner or a body authorized by the owner and is accountable to him. After state registration, a unitary enterprise acquires the status of a legal entity with all the rights and obligations arising from the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The charter of a unitary enterprise based on the right of economic management is approved by an authorized state body or local government body, and the charter of a state-owned enterprise is approved by the Government
RF.

The charter of a unitary enterprise must contain information about the subject and purpose of the enterprise's activities, the size of the authorized capital of the enterprise, the procedure and sources of its formation, its location, the name of the enterprise and other information must be indicated. A feature of the corporate name of a unitary enterprise is an indication of the owner of its property, and the corporate name of an enterprise based on the right of operational management must contain an indication that the enterprise is state-owned.

A unitary enterprise is liable for its obligations with all the property it owns; it is not liable for the obligations of the owner of its property. The owner of the property of state and municipal enterprises is not liable for the obligations of the enterprise, except for the cases provided for in paragraph 3 of Article 56 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

A state-owned enterprise is liable for its obligations with property, and if there is insufficient property at a state-owned enterprise, then the Russian Federation bears subsidiary liability for its obligations on the basis of clause 5 of Article 115
Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The owner of property assigned to a state-owned enterprise has the right to withdraw surplus, unused or misused property and dispose of it at his own discretion.

Thus, the main distinctive feature of state and municipal enterprises is that they have property assigned to them on the right of economic management, i.e. own, use and dispose of property within the limits limited by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

A state-owned enterprise, in relation to the property assigned to it, acts in accordance with the established goals (as enshrined in the charter), the tasks of the owner and the purpose of the property, therefore the state-owned enterprise disposes of the property assigned to it only with the consent of the owner of this property.

3.6. Non-profit organizations

Non-profit organizations according to Article 116-123 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation include consumer cooperatives, public and religious organizations
(associations), foundations, institutions, associations and unions.

According to Article 116 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a consumer cooperative is a voluntary association of citizens and legal entities on the basis of membership in order to satisfy the material and other needs of the participants.
Carried out by combining its members with property shares.
Consumer cooperatives include housing and housing-construction, garage, country, gardening partnerships and others.

The Civil Code of the Russian Federation contains the most general rules on the property and legal status of any consumer cooperative. It provides that the specifics of the legal status of certain types of consumer cooperatives should be determined by special laws on them.

The only constituent document is the charter of the consumer cooperative. The supreme body of the cooperative is the general meeting. The property of the cooperative belongs to it by right of ownership. The cooperative as a legal entity is the sole and sole owner of its property. The basis for the property independence of a cooperative is its share (authorized) fund. The Civil Code does not contain requirements for the minimum required size of such a fund, because This size will not be the same for different types of cooperatives. The cooperative's mutual fund is formed from the share contributions of its participants (members).

Public and religious organizations as voluntary associations of citizens to satisfy their spiritual and other non-material needs are recognized as legal entities. As participants in property relations regulated by civil law, they acquire a legal status determined by the norms of the Civil Code. The category of public and religious organizations includes various associations of citizens: political parties and trade unions, voluntary societies and unions of creative workers, religious organizations, etc. Article 117 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation provides only some basic provisions concerning their participation in property circulation as independent legal entities. In all cases, public and religious organizations are the sole and sole owners of their property. Their participants - citizens do not have real or obligatory rights to this property, and do not acquire any property benefits from their participation in them. Property cannot be returned to participants either in the event of their withdrawal from the organization or in the event of their liquidation. Members of public and religious organizations do not bear any additional or any other property liability for the debts of the organizations.

Foundations are a relatively new type of legal entity. Article 118 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation recognizes a foundation as a non-profit organization that does not have a membership, established by citizens and (or) legal entities on the basis of voluntary property contributions, pursuing social, charitable, cultural, educational or other public useful goals.

The property transferred to the foundation by its founders is the property of the foundation. The founders are not liable for the obligations of the fund they created, and the fund is not liable for the obligations of its founders. To control the activities of the fund, mandatory requirements have been introduced to create a board of trustees.

Participants in the fund can be both citizens and legal entities, as well as public legal entities. The fund's property base is made up of contributions from the founders and donations from any other persons. The Fund does not have a fixed membership and permanent sources of income; it is allowed to participate in business relations both directly and through companies created for these purposes: joint stock, limited or with additional liability.

Institutions are the only type of non-profit organization that is not the owner of its property. Like unitary enterprises - not owners, they are remnants of the previous economic system and are not characteristic of developed commodity turnover. The institutions include a large number of different non-profit organizations: state and municipal authorities, educational institutions, culture and sports, social protection, etc. Based on the variety of types of institutions. The Civil Code allows for the regulation of their legal status both by special laws and by-laws. The main source of the institution's property is the funds it receives according to estimates from the owner. Being not the owner, the institution has a very limited right of operational management of the property transferred to it by the owner. The estimate characterizes their property isolation.

Commercial organizations, in order to coordinate their business activities, as well as to represent and protect common property interests, may, by agreement among themselves, create associations in the form of associations or unions. Participants in an association (union), as legal entities, retain complete independence, themselves determine the nature of the association they create and manage its activities. Associations (unions) operate on the basis of two constituent documents - an agreement and a charter. In the constituent agreement, the participants express their will to create an association, determine the conditions for participation in it, and the goals of the association’s activities. The charter defines the status of the association (union), including the procedure for formation, the competence of governing bodies, the conditions and procedure for the reorganization and liquidation of the association.
According to paragraph 3 of Article 48, paragraph 3 of Article 213 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the association (union) becomes the owner of the property transferred to it by the founders, including their contributions, which are the main source of the formation of such property. The association itself does not bear property liability for the obligations of its members, but members of the association (union) bear additional liability for its debts with their property. Withdrawal from an association (union) is allowed only at the end of the financial year. Admission of new members to the association is permitted by unanimous decision of all its participants; in this case, the new member is assigned additional responsibility for the debts of the association, including those incurred before his entry.

3.7. Enterprises with foreign investment

One of the features of Russia's economic development in recent years is its active inclusion in the global system of foreign economic relations. The Russian economy welcomes the influx of new technologies from abroad, advanced management and production experience, and financial resources. The functioning of foreign investors in Russia is regulated by the Law of the RSFSR “On Foreign Investments in the RSFSR” dated July 4
1991, the Law of the RSFSR “On investment activity in the RSFSR” of June 26, 1991 and other legislative acts.

In the Russian Federation, enterprises with foreign investment can be created and operate in the form of:

Enterprises with equity participation of foreign investments (joint ventures), as well as their subsidiaries and branches;

Enterprises wholly owned by foreign investors

(foreign enterprises), as well as their subsidiaries and branches;

The role of foreign investors can be foreign legal entities, foreign citizens, stateless persons, Russian citizens with permanent residence abroad (if they are registered to conduct business activities in the country of their citizenship or permanent residence), foreign states, international organizations.

Enterprises with foreign investments on the territory of the Russian Federation can be created in the form of business partnerships and companies: general partnerships and limited partnerships; limited and additional liability companies; open and closed joint stock companies.

Enterprises with foreign investment operating on the territory of the Russian Federation can engage in any type of activity not prohibited by Russian legislation. Objects in which foreign investment can be made include:
- newly created and modernized fixed assets and working capital in all sectors and spheres of the national economy;

Securities;

Targeted cash deposits; scientific and technical products;

Rights to intellectual property;

Property rights.

To carry out certain types of activities, it is necessary to obtain a license. Thus, to conduct insurance and intermediary activities related to the movement of securities, an enterprise with foreign investments must obtain a license from the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, and to conduct banking activities - a license from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.

When creating enterprises with foreign investment related to large-scale construction or reconstruction, an appropriate examination is first carried out. In necessary cases, the creation of enterprises with the creation of enterprises with foreign investment requires obtaining an appropriate conclusion from sanitary and epidemiological services and conducting an environmental assessment. All types of examinations and issuance of permits are carried out in accordance with the general procedure in accordance with the legislation in force in the Russian Federation.

There are several ways to create enterprises with foreign investment:

1) institution, i.e. creation of a new enterprise with foreign investment;

2) acquisition by a foreign investor of a previously established enterprise in full or a share of a plot (share, shares) in such an enterprise;

3) the activities of branches and representative offices of foreign legal entities are also permitted on the territory of the Russian Federation.
4.Enterprises of the Republic of Bashkortostan

Enterprises of the following organizational and legal forms are created and operate on the territory of the Republic of Belarus: state, municipal, individual (family), private, joint-stock companies (open and closed) and partnerships (full, mixed, limited liability), enterprises of public organizations, consumer cooperation, interfarm, rental and others. State enterprises are established by government authorities and are legal entities. The property of state-owned enterprises or contributions to mixed forms of ownership is formed from budgetary allocations or contributions from other state-owned enterprises. A municipal enterprise is established by local governments. Its property is formed through allocations from the local budget. An individual (family) private enterprise belongs to a citizen on the right of ownership or a member of his family on the right of common shared ownership. It can be formed as a result of the acquisition by a citizen (family) of a state-owned enterprise.
The property of this enterprise is formed from the property of the citizen (family), income received and other legal sources. Enterprises of public organizations and associations are established by decision of their authorized bodies. IN
In the Republic of Belarus, the total number of enterprises at the beginning of 1995 reached 46 thousand, of which by type of ownership: state - 4.6 thousand, municipal - 3.8 thousand, mixed - 3.5 thousand, private - 29.0 thousand, society - 4.7 thousand, foreign and mixed with foreign participation - 0.4 thousand. Of the total number of enterprises in the form of joint-stock companies (open and closed type), about 17 thousand operate.

According to the Unified State Register of Enterprises and Organizations of All Forms of Ownership and Management (USRPO), as of July 1, 2001, the number of registered business entities (enterprises, organizations, their branches and other separate divisions) amounted to 60.2 thousand units and compared with July 1 2000 increased by 3.7 thousand units (by
6.5%). The largest number of registered economic entities was recorded in trade and public catering - 17.6 thousand units (29.2% of the total), construction - 7.3 thousand units (12.1%), agriculture economy - 7 thousand units (11.6%), industry - 6.6 thousand units (11%). Of the total number of business entities, 68% are commercial, 26.1% are non-profit, 5.9% are branches and separate divisions of legal entities.
38.1 thousand units or 63.4% of the total are privately owned, 3.4 thousand units (5.7%), municipal - 7.7 thousand units (12.7%), public -3.3 thousand units (5.4%) and the share of other forms of ownership accounts for 12.8%.

Distribution of enterprises (organizations) of the Republic of Bashkortostan by type of ownership as of January 1, 2000.

Bibliography

1. Civil Code, part 1, 1998.
2. Voyakov G.N. Economics of Enterprise, 1999
3.www.bashstat.ru
4.www.uic.bashedu.ru
5.www.ufainfo.ru

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Essay

Rational organizationhuman life

Introduction

A healthy lifestyle is an active participation in work, social, family, household, and leisure forms of human life. Unfortunately, many people do not follow the simplest, science-based norms of a healthy lifestyle. Some become victims of inactivity, which causes premature aging, others overeat with the almost inevitable development of obesity and vascular sclerosis in these cases, others do not know how to rest, be distracted from work and household worries, are always restless, nervous, suffer from insomnia, which ultimately leads to to numerous diseases of internal organs.

The relevance of the work lies in considering the importance of a healthy lifestyle for the successful activity and well-being of a person and studying the main components of a healthy lifestyle.

The purpose of the work is to study a healthy lifestyle.

Achieving the goal involves solving a number of tasks:

1) define the essence of a healthy lifestyle;

2) consider the basic elements of a healthy lifestyle.

1. Defining the essence of a healthy lifestyle

Protecting your own health is the immediate responsibility of every person. It often happens that by the age of 20–30, a person, through an incorrect lifestyle, bad habits, physical inactivity, and overeating, brings himself to a catastrophic state and only then remembers about medicine. From an early age it is necessary to lead an active lifestyle, toughen up, engage in physical education and sports, observe the rules of personal hygiene, and in a word, achieve true harmony of health through reasonable means.

A healthy lifestyle (HLS) is the way of life of an individual with the aim of preventing diseases and promoting health. The concept of “healthy lifestyle” has not yet been clearly defined. Representatives of the philosophical and sociological direction (P.A. Vinogradov, B.S. Erasov, O.A. Milshtein, V.A. Ponomarchuk, V.I. Stolyarov, etc.) consider a healthy lifestyle as a global social problem, an integral part life of society as a whole.

A healthy lifestyle is “a way of life based on the principles of morality, rationally organized, active, working, hardening and, at the same time, protecting from adverse environmental influences, allowing one to maintain moral, mental and physical health until old age.”

There are three types of health: physical, mental and moral (social).

Physical health is the natural state of the body, due to the normal functioning of all its organs and systems. If all organs and systems work well, then the entire human body (a self-regulating system) functions and develops correctly.

Mental health depends on the state of the brain; it is characterized by the level and quality of thinking, the development of attention and memory, the degree of emotional stability, and the development of volitional qualities.

Moral health is determined by those moral principles that are the basis of human social life, i.e. life in a particular human society. Distinctive signs of a person’s moral health are, first of all, a conscious attitude to work, mastery of cultural treasures, and active rejection of morals and habits that contradict the normal way of life.

A healthy lifestyle is a prerequisite for the development of various aspects of human life, the achievement of active longevity and the full performance of social functions. The relevance of a healthy lifestyle is caused by an increase and change in the nature of stress on the human body due to the complication of social life, increasing risks of a man-made, environmental, psychological, political and military nature, provoking negative changes in health.

2. Basic elements of a healthy lifestyle

A healthy lifestyle includes the following basic elements: “fruitful work, a rational mode of work and rest, eradication of bad habits, optimal motor mode, personal hygiene, hardening, balanced nutrition, etc.” .

Fruitful work is an important element of a healthy lifestyle. Human health is influenced by biological and social factors, the main one of which is work. A rational regime of work and rest is a necessary element of a healthy lifestyle. With a correct and strictly observed regime, a clear and necessary rhythm of the body’s functioning is developed, which creates optimal conditions for work and rest and thereby promotes health, improves performance and increases productivity.

The next step in a healthy lifestyle is the eradication of bad habits (smoking, alcohol, drugs). These health problems cause many diseases, sharply reduce life expectancy, reduce productivity, and have a detrimental effect on the health of the younger generation and the health of future children.

The next component of a healthy lifestyle is balanced nutrition. When talking about it, you should remember two basic laws, the violation of which is dangerous to health.

The first law is the balance of energy received and consumed. If the body receives more energy than it expends, that is, if we receive more food than is necessary for normal human development, for work and well-being, we become fat.

The second law is “correspondence of the chemical composition of the diet to the physiological needs of the body for nutrients.” The diet should be varied and meet the needs for proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber. Many of these substances are irreplaceable because they are not formed in the body, but come only with food. The absence of at least one of them, for example, vitamin C, leads to illness and even death. We get B vitamins mainly from wholemeal bread, and the source of vitamin A and other fat-soluble vitamins are dairy products, fish oil, and liver.

It has been established that a healthy middle-aged person with normal body weight consumes 7 kilocalories per hour for every kilogram of body weight. The first rule in any natural nutrition system should be: eat only when you feel hungry; refusal to eat in case of pain, mental and physical malaise, fever and elevated body temperature; refusal to eat immediately before bed, as well as before and after serious work, physical or mental. It is very important to have free time to digest food. The idea that exercise after eating helps digestion is a grave mistake.

Meals should consist of mixed foods that are sources of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. Only in this case is it possible to achieve a balanced ratio of nutrients and essential nutritional factors, to ensure not only a high level of digestion and absorption of nutrients, but also their transportation to tissues and cells, their complete absorption at the cellular level. Rational nutrition ensures proper growth and formation of the body, helps maintain health, high performance and prolong life.

It has an important impact on health and the environment. Human intervention in the regulation of natural processes does not always bring the desired positive results. Violation of at least one of the natural components “leads, due to the existing relationships between them, to a restructuring of the existing structure of natural-territorial components.” Pollution of the surface of the land, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere and the World Ocean, in turn, affects the health of people, the effect of the “ozone hole” affects the formation of malignant tumors, air pollution affects the condition of the respiratory tract, and water pollution affects digestion, sharply worsens the general condition human health, reduces life expectancy. However, health obtained from nature depends only 5% on parents, and 50% on the conditions surrounding us.

In addition, it is necessary to take into account another objective factor affecting health - heredity. Biological rhythms also affect our health. One of the most important features of the processes occurring in a living organism is their rhythmic nature. It has now been established that over three hundred processes occurring in the human body are subject to a circadian rhythm.

The main qualities that characterize a person’s physical development are “strength, speed, agility, flexibility and endurance.” Improving each of these qualities also helps improve health, but not to the same extent. You can become very fast by training in sprinting. Finally, it is a good idea to become dexterous and flexible by using gymnastic and acrobatic exercises. However, with all this it is not possible to form sufficient resistance to pathogenic influences.

For effective recovery and disease prevention, it is necessary to train and improve, first of all, the most valuable quality - endurance, in combination with hardening and other components of a healthy lifestyle, which will provide the growing body with a reliable shield against many diseases.

Hardening is a powerful healing tool. It allows you to avoid many diseases, prolong life for many years, and maintain high performance. Hardening has a general strengthening effect on the body, increases the tone of the nervous system, improves blood circulation, and normalizes metabolism.

Another important element of a healthy lifestyle is personal hygiene. Personal hygiene includes a rational daily regimen, body care, hygiene of clothes and shoes. The daily routine is also of particular importance. When followed correctly and strictly, a clear rhythm of the body’s functioning is developed. And this, in turn, creates the best conditions for work and recovery.

Uneven living, working and living conditions, individual differences between people do not allow us to recommend one daily regimen for everyone. However, its main provisions must be observed by everyone: “performing various types of activities at strictly defined times, correct alternation of work and rest, regular nutrition. Particular attention should be paid to sleep - the main and irreplaceable form of rest." Constant lack of sleep is dangerous because it can cause exhaustion of the nervous system, weakening of the body's defenses, decreased performance, and deterioration of well-being.

The regime has not only health-improving, but also educational significance. Strict adherence to it fosters such qualities as discipline, accuracy, organization, and determination. The regime allows a person to rationally use every hour, every minute of his time, which significantly expands the possibility of a versatile and meaningful life. Each person should develop a regime based on the specific conditions of their life.

3 . rearHuman body as a social value

Health is an invaluable asset not only for every person, but also for the entire society. When meeting or parting with close and dear people, we wish them good and good health, since this is the main condition and guarantee of a full and happy life. Health helps us fulfill our plans, successfully solve the main tasks of life, overcome difficulties, and, if necessary, significant overloads. Good health, wisely maintained and strengthened by the person himself, ensures a long and active life.

Health is an indispensable condition for happiness. Health science has much broader horizons and significance. Let us note in this regard that the US National Program “Healthy People” identifies the following three approaches to improving the status of public health, three organizing principles (in descending order of importance): 1) health promotion - ensuring health; 2) health protection - health protection; 3) preventive services - preventive and medical services.

Health cannot be characterized by well-being, since this is a characteristic not of the subject, but of the result of his interaction with the environment. Therefore, the first place in understanding health is not well-being, but the ability to change one’s capabilities in accordance with external or internal tasks and (or) adapt the environment so that these tasks become feasible.

The basis of human health itself from these premises is spiritual health. Using the concept of spiritual health opens up effective opportunities for assessing the relationship between the material results of industrial development of society and the level of its spirituality. Hence, spiritual health gains importance as a tool for economic development and social progress. For this reason, in particular, the costs of health in the most industrialized countries are growing so quickly and significantly. Therefore, the rejection of the old tradition of viewing healthcare as an unproductive area, the ability to identify, justify and use the socio-economic efficiency of medicine are the most important prerequisites for the development of health science. This situation leads to the fact that for the first time the leading values ​​of the individual and society coincide. It is from these positions that the material offered to you was selected and analyzed. We are pleased to conclude that the new importance of health, as a goal and as a criterion of socio-economic development, is realized, developed and implemented by the medical community in a number of countries, and primarily by the World Health Organization. In our country, unfortunately, the emphasis is on the relationship between clinical and preventive medicine. We have tried to show the need and usefulness of a broader view of health.

4 . Ffactors that determine health

Unfortunately, many people do not follow the simplest, science-based norms of a healthy lifestyle. Some become victims of inactivity (hypodynamia), which causes premature aging, others overeat with the almost inevitable development in these cases of obesity, vascular sclerosis, and in some - diabetes mellitus, others do not know how to rest, be distracted from production and household worries, are always restless, nervous, suffer from insomnia, which ultimately leads to numerous diseases of the internal organs.

The word “health” originally meant “wholeness.” Mentally healthy people try to balance and develop different aspects of themselves - physical, mental, emotional, and sometimes spiritual. They feel the purpose of their existence, control their lives, feel the support of others and themselves help people. Spiritual and psychological health are components of a person’s individual health.

In the general concept of health, there are two inseparable components: spiritual and mental health. A person’s spiritual health depends on his system of thinking, attitude towards people, events, situations, and his position in society. It is achieved by the ability to live in harmony with the people around you, the ability to analyze various situations and predict their development, as well as behave in various conditions, taking into account necessity, opportunity and desire. Mental and spiritual health are in harmonious unity and constantly influence each other.

A healthy lifestyle is a person’s established way of organizing the production, everyday and cultural aspects of life, which allows one to realize one’s creative potential to one degree or another. Based on this, let us formulate the main provisions that should form the basis of a healthy lifestyle:

Compliance with the daily routine - work, rest, sleep - in accordance with the daily biorhythm;

Physical activity, including systematic exercise in available sports, recreational jogging, rhythmic and static gymnastics, dosed walking in the air;

The ability to relieve nervous tension through muscle relaxation (autogenic training);

Reasonable use of hardening methods, hyperthermic and hydraulic influences;

Balanced diet.

An essential aspect of a healthy lifestyle is the integrated use of these methods included in an individual program. And this ensures physical, social, emotional, spiritual, intellectual health

Conclusion

health activity nutrition vital activity

A healthy lifestyle is a way of life based on the principles of morality, rationally organized, active, working, hardening and, at the same time, protecting from the adverse effects of the environment, allowing one to maintain moral, mental and physical health until old age.

A healthy lifestyle includes the following basic elements: fruitful work, a rational regime of work and rest, eradication of bad habits, optimal motor mode, personal hygiene, hardening, balanced nutrition, etc.

Meals should consist of mixed foods that are sources of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, vitamins and minerals. Rational nutrition ensures proper growth and formation of the body, helps maintain health, high performance and prolong life.

It has an important impact on health and the environment. Human intervention in the regulation of natural processes does not always bring the desired positive results.

Optimal motor mode is the most important condition for a healthy lifestyle. It is based on systematic physical exercise and sports, which effectively solve the problems of promoting health and developing the physical abilities of young people, maintaining health and motor skills, and strengthening the prevention of unfavorable age-related changes. At the same time, physical education and sports act as the most important means of education.

Health helps us fulfill our plans, successfully solve the main tasks of life, overcome difficulties, and, if necessary, significant overloads. Good health, wisely maintained and strengthened by the person himself, ensures a long and active life.

Bibliography

1. Vasilkov, A. Theory and methodology of physical education / A. Vasilkov. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2008.

2. Grishina, Yu. General physical training. To know and be able to / Yu. Grishina. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2010.

3. Dubrovsky, V. Hygiene of physical education and sports / V. Dubrovsky. - M.: Vlados, 2003. -

4. Evseev, Yu. Physical culture / Yu. Evseev. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2010.

5. Stepanenkova, E.Ya. Theory and methodology of physical education and child development Theory and methodology of physical education / E.Ya. Stepanenkova. - M.: Academy, 2006.

6. Shukhatovich, V.R. Healthy lifestyle / V.R. Shukhanovich // Encyclopedia of Sociology. - Mn.: Book House, 2003.

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