Organisms that reproduce by budding. Asexual reproduction. Budding in plants

In nature, there are several ways of reproduction of organisms, which ensures the existence of life on the planet. Each of them is determined by the peculiarities of structure, habitat and classification. In our article we will take a closer look at what budding is and for which organisms this method of reproduction is typical.

Methods of reproduction of organisms

There are two main methods of reproduction. Sexual reproduction occurs with the help of specialized cells - gametes. In this case, the chromosomal material of two organisms is combined or gene recombination occurs. As a result, gametes are not involved in asexual reproduction. It is typical for representatives of all kingdoms of living nature, except for viruses, which reproduce in a special way - self-assembly.

Asexual reproduction: budding and more

This type of self-reproduction can also occur in several ways. For example, some plants and fungi produce asexual reproduction cells called spores. In algae, such formations are mobile because they have flagella. They are called zoospores. U higher plants Asexual reproduction occurs through the separation of multicellular parts - vegetatively. But what budding is and how it is carried out must be considered for each kingdom of living nature separately.

Budding in plants

Budding at plant organisms doesn't happen that often. Most often, new individuals arise vegetatively or sexually - in cones or flowers. What is budding in plants can be considered using an indoor plant as an example. medicinal plant Kalanchoe. Small tubercles form along the edge of its leaf blade, which over time acquire all the features of an adult plant. Despite their miniature size, they are quite viable, since they already consist of a root and a shoot. This means that young plants are able to independently photosynthesize and absorb water from the substrate. Having reached a certain size, such buds fall into the soil, where they germinate and turn into adult plants.

Budding in animals

Reproduction by budding occurs in animals. Namely, those who have freshwater hydra. She leads an attached lifestyle. Periodically, a protrusion forms on her body - a small tubercle. It grows, acquiring all the features of an adult organism. After this, the bud splits off and it begins to exist independently. This process occurs somewhat differently in other representatives of the coelenterates - coral polyps. Their buds also grow and become similar to adult individuals, but the process of splitting off does not occur. As a result, an organism of a bizarre shape is formed. Their accumulations in the oceans form entire coral reefs.

Mushroom budding

What budding is can also be considered using the example of mushrooms. Each of us has observed that if yeast is sprinkled with sugar and left in a warm place, then its quantity increases significantly after some time. This is an example of budding which is used in cooking and baking. During this process, a small protrusion forms on the yeast cell, which gradually increases in size. Then a septum appears between the mother and daughter cells, which narrows the channel between them. After this, the young cell is able to live independently. The budding process in yeast fungi takes about two hours.

Budding in bacteria

It is traditionally believed that bacteria are characterized by only one primitive method of reproduction - division in two. However, there are individual species these organisms that are capable of budding. They move using several flagella. But this is an exception to general rule. Stem bacteria also bud, which thus branch dichotomously, forming new individuals.

The significance of this method of asexual reproduction in nature is quite great. During budding, cells divide through mitosis. This means that as a result, genetically identical individuals are formed, and hereditary information is transmitted from generation to generation unchanged, ensuring the continuity of generations of representatives of almost all groups of living organisms.

Reproduction- the ability of living organisms to reproduce their own kind. There are two main reproduction method- asexual and sexual.

Asexual reproduction is carried out with the participation of only one parent and occurs without the formation of gametes. The daughter generation in some species arises from one or a group of cells of the mother’s body, in other species - in specialized organs. The following are distinguished: methods of asexual reproduction: division, budding, fragmentation, polyembryony, sporulation, vegetative propagation.

Division- a method of asexual reproduction, characteristic of unicellular organisms, in which the maternal individual is divided into two or large quantity daughter cells. We can distinguish: a) simple binary fission (prokaryotes), b) mitotic binary fission (protozoa, unicellular algae), c) multiple fission, or schizogony (malarial plasmodium, trypanosomes). During the division of the paramecium (1), the micronucleus is divided by mitosis, the macronucleus by amitosis. During schizogony (2), the nucleus is first divided repeatedly by mitosis, then each of the daughter nuclei is surrounded by cytoplasm, and several independent organisms are formed.

Budding- a method of asexual reproduction in which new individuals are formed in the form of outgrowths on the body of the parent individual (3). Daughter individuals can separate from the mother and move on to an independent lifestyle (hydra, yeast), or they can remain attached to it, in this case forming colonies (coral polyps).

Fragmentation(4) - a method of asexual reproduction, in which new individuals are formed from fragments (parts) into which the maternal individual breaks up ( annelids, sea ​​stars, spirogyra, elodea). Fragmentation is based on the ability of organisms to regenerate.

Polyembryony- a method of asexual reproduction in which new individuals are formed from fragments (parts) into which the embryo breaks up (monozygotic twins).

Vegetative propagation- a method of asexual reproduction in which new individuals are formed either from parts of the vegetative body of the mother individual, or from special structures (rhizome, tuber, etc.) specifically designed for this form of reproduction. Vegetative propagation is typical for many groups of plants and is used in gardening, vegetable gardening, and plant breeding (artificial vegetative propagation).

Sporulation(6) - reproduction through spores. Controversy- specialized cells, in most species they are formed in special bodies- sporangia. In higher plants, spore formation is preceded by meiosis.

Cloning- a set of methods used by humans to obtain genetically identical copies of cells or individuals. Clone- a collection of cells or individuals descended from a common ancestor through asexual reproduction. The basis for obtaining a clone is mitosis (in bacteria - simple division).

Sexual reproduction carried out with the participation of two parent individuals (male and female), in which specialized cells are formed in special organs - gametes. The process of gamete formation is called gametogenesis, the main stage of gametogenesis is meiosis. The daughter generation develops from zygotes- a cell formed as a result of the fusion of male and female gametes. The process of fusion of male and female gametes is called fertilization. An obligatory consequence of sexual reproduction is the recombination of genetic material in the daughter generation.

Depending on the structural features of the gametes, the following can be distinguished: forms of sexual reproduction: isogamy, heterogamy and oogamy.

Isogamy(1) - a form of sexual reproduction in which gametes (conditionally female and conditionally male) are mobile and have the same morphology and size.

Heterogamy(2) - a form of sexual reproduction in which female and male gametes are motile, but female gametes are larger than male ones and less mobile.

Oogamy(3) - a form of sexual reproduction in which female gametes are immobile and larger than male gametes. In this case, female gametes are called eggs, male gametes, if they have flagella, - spermatozoa, if they don’t have it, - sperm.

Oogamy is characteristic of most species of animals and plants. Isogamy and heterogamy occur in some primitive organisms (algae). In addition to the above, some algae and fungi have forms of reproduction in which sex cells are not formed: hologamy and conjugation. At hologamia single-celled haploid organisms merge with each other, which in this case act as gametes. The resulting diploid zygote then divides by meiosis to produce four haploid organisms. At conjugation(4) the contents of individual haploid cells of filamentous thalli merge. Through specially formed channels, the contents of one cell flow into another, a diploid zygote is formed, which usually, after a period of rest, also divides by meiosis.

Go to lectures No. 13“Methods of division of eukaryotic cells: mitosis, meiosis, amitosis”

Go to lectures No. 15"Sexual reproduction in angiosperms"

The ability of organisms to reproduce their own kind, which ensures the continuity of life, is called reproduction. Asexual reproduction characterized by the fact that a new individual develops from non-sexual, somatic (bodily) cells. IN asexual reproduction only one original individual is involved. In this case, the organism can develop from one cell, and the resulting descendants are identical in their hereditary characteristics to the maternal organism. Asexual reproduction is widespread among plants and is much less common in animals. Many protozoa reproduce by normal mitotic cell division ( by dividing the mother cell in half (bacteria, euglena, amoebas, ciliates) ) . Other single-celled animals, such as Plasmodium falciparum (the causative agent of malaria), tend to sporulation. It consists in the fact that the cell disintegrates into big number individuals, equal to the number of nuclei previously formed in the parent cell as a result of repeated division of its nucleus. Multicellular organisms are also capable of sporulation: in fungi, algae, mosses and ferns, spores and zoospores are formed in special organs - sporangia and zoosporangia.

In both unicellular and multicellular organisms, the method of asexual reproduction is also budding For example, in yeast fungi and some ciliates. In multicellular organisms (freshwater hydra), the kidney consists of a group of cells from both layers of the body wall. In multicellular animals, asexual reproduction is also carried out by dividing the body into two parts (jellyfish, annelids) or by fragmenting the body into several parts (flatworms, echinoderms). In plants, vegetative reproduction is widespread, i.e., reproduction by parts of the body: parts of the thallus (in algae, fungi, lichens); with the help of rhizomes (in ferns and flowering plants); sections of the stem (the tendrils of strawberries, blueberries, layering of gooseberries and grapes in fruit bushes); roots (root shoots of raspberries) leaves (begonias). In the process of evolution, the plant developed special organs of vegetative propagation: modified shoots (onion, potato tuber), modified roots - root vegetables (beets, carrots) and root tubers (dahlias).

TABLE (T.A. Kozlova, V.S. Kuchmenko. Biology in tables. M., 2000)

Characteristics of forms of reproduction

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Meaning of the word budding

budding in the crossword dictionary

Dictionary of medical terms

Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov

budding

budding, pl. no, cf. (biol.). Asexual reproduction through buds (see bud 1 in 2) or gradually increasing cell outgrowths.

New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.

budding

Wed Asexual reproduction through buds (1*2) or a gradual increase in the number of cells.

Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998

budding

a type of asexual reproduction in which daughter individuals are formed from outgrowths of the body of the mother’s body (kidneys). Budding is characteristic of many fungi, liver mosses and animals (protozoa, sponges, coelenterates, some worms, bryozoans, pterobranchs, tunicates). In some cases, budding leads to the formation of colonies.

Budding

one of the methods of asexual (vegetative) reproduction of animals and plants. P. is carried out by the formation of a bud on the mother’s body—an outgrowth from which a new individual develops. Among plants, some marsupial fungi are capable of reproduction (for example, yeasts, for which reproduction is the main method of reproduction), a number of basidiomycetes, and liverwort mosses (they reproduce by so-called brood buds). Protozoans (some flagellates, ciliates, and sporozoans), sponges, coelenterates, some worms, bryozoans, pterobranchs, and tunicates reproduce among P.'s animals. In animals, P. is external and internal; the first is divided into parietal, in which buds are formed on the mother’s body, and stolonial P., when buds are formed on special outgrowths - stolons (some coelenterates and tunicates). With internal P., a new individual develops from a separate internal part of the mother’s body; These are the gemmules of sponges and the statoblasts of bryozoans, which have protective shells and serve primarily for survival in winter or dry conditions, when the maternal organism dies. In a number of animals, P. does not reach the end; young individuals remain connected to the mother’s body; as a result, colonies arise, consisting of many individuals (see Colonial organisms). Sometimes P. can be caused artificially by various influences on the mother's body, for example, burns or cuts.

A. V. Ivanov.

Wikipedia

Budding

Budding- a type of asexual or vegetative reproduction of animals and plants, in which daughter individuals are formed from outgrowths of the body of the mother organism. Budding is characteristic of many fungi, liver mosses and animals (protozoa, sponges, coelenterates, some worms, tunicates, some flagellates, ciliates, sporozoans). In a number of animals, budding does not reach completion; young individuals remain connected to the mother’s body. In some cases, this leads to the formation of colonies. For example, when yeast budding, a thickening forms on the cell, which gradually turns into a full-fledged daughter yeast cell.

Examples of the use of the word budding in literature.

Katya had to see a lot of these wretched VIR-dramas, both in the form of plot-thematic pictures and scenes that required her direct personal participation, and all of them represented the resulting budding genetics in the form of polar various characters one fairy tale or another.

Of course, many geneticists were born as a result budding, but this could only mean that they had the same set of DNA in the nuclei of their cells, but did not imply a complete coincidence of thoughts, goals or ideas.

A colony results from reproduction budding one polyp.

Since, however, the cult of her perfection dominated, they even tried to extol such automorphic distortions - they say, the tireless budding and spreading out best expresses the nature of Proteus man.

They also reproduce in different ways - by rubbing, pollination, budding, and sometimes, although unheard of rarely, by the so-called tongue-and-groove, to which on Enzia, a completely normal planet, the matter, thank God, did not reach.

Budding Budding

one of the methods of vegetative propagation, carried out through the formation of a bud on the mother’s body - an outgrowth, from which a new individual develops. P. is characteristic of certain marsupial fungi, a number of basidiomycetes, as well as hepatic mosses, which reproduce the so-called. brood buds. Among animals, sponges, coelenterates, certain ciliates, worms, bryozoans, pterobranchs, and tunicates reproduce through P. In animals, P. is external and internal. The first is divided into parietal, in which the kidneys are formed on the mother’s body, and stolonial, when the kidneys are formed on a special. outgrowths - stolons (in some coelenterates and tunicates). With internal P. a new individual develops from a separate internal. part of the mother's body - these are the gemmules of sponges and the statoblasts of bryozoans, which have protective shells and serve primarily. for survival in winter or dry conditions when the mother's body dies. In a number of animals, P. does not reach the end - the young individuals remain connected to the maternal body, as a result of which a colony arises. P. can be induced artificially. adverse effects on the maternal body, e.g. burn or cut.

.(Source: Biological encyclopedic Dictionary." Ch. ed. M. S. Gilyarov; Editorial team: A. A. Babaev, G. G. Vinberg, G. A. Zavarzin and others - 2nd ed., corrected. - M.: Sov. Encyclopedia, 1986.)

A method of vegetative reproduction of organisms, when an outgrowth is formed on the mother’s organism - a bud, from which a new organism develops. Some fungi, mosses, as well as ciliates, sponges, coelenterates, worms and a number of other invertebrate animals reproduce by budding. Budding in animals can be external, when the buds are formed on the mother’s body, and internal, when the buds are separated from the internal part of the mother’s body. In the case when budding does not reach completion and the young individuals are connected to the maternal organism, a colony is formed.

.(Source: “Biology. Modern illustrated encyclopedia.” Chief editor A. P. Gorkin; M.: Rosman, 2006.)

See what “BUNDING” is in other dictionaries:

Budding is a type of asexual or vegetative reproduction of animals and plants, in which daughter individuals are formed from outgrowths of the body of the mother organism (buds). Budding is characteristic of many mushrooms, liver mosses and animals... ... Wikipedia

A type of asexual reproduction in which daughter individuals are formed from outgrowths of the mother’s body (buds). Budding is characteristic of many fungi, liver mosses and animals (protozoa, sponges, coelenterates, some worms, bryozoans, ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

budding, a method of asexual reproduction in which a new organism grows on the body of the parent. For example, hydras (small freshwater polyps) often reproduce by budding in the spring and summer. A small... ... is formed on the parent individual. Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary

budding, budding, pl. no, cf. (biol.). Asexual reproduction through buds (see bud1 in 2 digits) or gradually increasing cell outgrowths. Dictionary Ushakova. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

A method of vegetative propagation typical of yeast and some bacteria. It consists of the formation of a protrusion of the mother cell, which develops into a new cell (bud). The kidney can separate from the mother cell or remain... ... Dictionary of microbiology

Noun, number of synonyms: 1 reproduction (31) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Synonym dictionary

budding- Budding, one of the types of asexual reproduction, found in both protozoa and multicellular animals (sponges, coelenterates, worms and lower chordates). There are simple (with the formation of 1 kidney) and multiple P. (with simultaneous ... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia

budding- A form of vegetative propagation: the formation of an outgrowth (bud) on the mother’s body, from which a daughter individual develops; P. is characteristic of some fungi, liver mosses, sponges, coelenterates, some worms, bryozoans, ciliates;... ... Technical Translator's Guide

Budding- * pachkavanne * budding 1. One of the forms of vegetative (asexual) reproduction (). 2. In bacteria, yeast and plants, the process of bud formation. 3. Enveloped viruses (e.g. influenza virus, Sindbis virus) have a type of exit from the host cell in which ... Genetics. encyclopedic Dictionary

I; Wed Biol. Asexual reproduction through the formation of buds (1.P.; 2 digits). Study of budding processes. Polyps reproduce by budding. * * * budding is a type of asexual reproduction in which daughter individuals are formed from body outgrowths... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

• Big medical encyclopedia. volume 27 Budding - Psoriasis, N.A. Semashko. The Great Medical Encyclopedia sets itself the task of being not only a scientific reference book on all issues of medicine and related fields, but also giving the reader information with which he…