Detachment of hyraxes. Israeli relatives of African elephants. How long do hyraxes live?
Reading the article will take: 4 min.Among the land animals of the Earth, one creature stands out in every way - size, impressive body, huge ears and a strange nose, very similar to the sleeve of a fire hydrant. If among the zoo’s living creatures there is at least one creature of the elephant family (and we're talking about exactly about them, as you already guessed), then this enclosure is especially popular with visitors, young and old. I decided to understand the genealogy of elephants, calculate their most distant ancestor, and, in general, understand “who is who” among the long-eared and trunk-equipped. And this is what happened to me...
It turns out that elephants, mastodons and mammoths, as well as pinnipeds dugongs and manatees, had a common ancestor - moeritherium (lat. Moeritherium). Externally, the moriteriums that inhabited the Earth approximately 55 million years ago were not even close to their modern descendants- short, no higher than 60 cm at the withers, they lived in shallow reservoirs of Asia of the late Eocene and were something between a pygmy hippopotamus and a pig, with a narrow and elongated muzzle.
Now about the direct ancestor of elephants, mastodons and mammoths. Their common ancestor was the paleomastodon (lat. Palaeomastodontidae), which inhabited Africa about 36 million years ago, in the Eocene. The paleomastodon had a double set of tusks in its mouth, but they were short - it probably ate tubers and roots.
No less interesting, in my opinion, a relative of modern long-eared and proboscideans was a funny animal, nicknamed by scientists Platibelodon danovi. This creature inhabited Asia in the Miocene, about 20 million years ago, had one set of tusks and strange shovel-shaped incisors on lower jaw. Platybelodon actually did not have a trunk, but its upper lip was wide and “corrugated” - somewhat similar to the trunk of modern elephants.
It's time to deal with more or less widely known representatives of the proboscis family - mastodons, mammoths and elephants. First of all, they are distant relatives, i.e. two modern looking elephants - African and Indian - did not descend from mammoths or mastodons. The body of mastodons (lat. Mammutidae) was covered with thick and short hair, they ate mostly grass and foliage of shrubs, and spread to Africa during the Oligocene period - about 35 million years ago.
Contrary to feature films, where the mastodon is usually depicted as an aggressive giant elephant with huge tusks, they were no larger than the modern African elephant: the height at the withers was no more than 3 meters; There were two sets of tusks - a pair of long ones on the upper jaw and short ones, practically not protruding from the mouth, on the lower jaw. Subsequently, mastodons completely got rid of a pair of lower tusks, leaving only the upper ones. Mastodons became completely extinct not so long ago, if you look from an anthropological point of view - only 10,000 years ago, i.e. our distant ancestors were well acquainted with this species of proboscis.
Mammoths (lat. Mammuthus) - those same shaggy, proboscis and with giant tusks, the remains of which are often found in Yakutia - inhabited the Earth on several continents at once, and their lives big family happily for as many as 5 million years, disappearing about 12-10,000 years ago. They were much larger than modern elephants - 5 meters tall at the withers, huge, 5-meter tusks, slightly twisted in a spiral. Mammoths lived everywhere - in the South and North America, in Europe and Asia, they easily endured ice ages and protected themselves from predators, but could not cope with the bipedal ancestors of humans, who diligently reduced their population throughout to the globe. Although scientists still consider the main reason for their complete and widespread extinction glacial period caused by the fall of a huge meteorite in South America.
Today, two species of elephants exist and are relatively healthy - African and Indian. African elephants(lat. Loxodonta africana) with a maximum weight of 7.5 tons and a height at the withers of 4 meters, they live south of the African Sahara Desert. Just one representative of this family is in the first image of this article.
Indian elephants (lat. Elephas maximus) with a weight of 5 tons and a height of 3 meters at the withers, are common in India, Pakistan, Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Nepal, Laos and Sumatra. Indian elephants have much shorter tusks than their African relatives, with females having no tusks at all.
Elephant skull (varnished, sort of)
By the way, it was the skulls of mammoths, regularly discovered by ancient Greek researchers, that formed the basis of the legends about giant Cyclops - most often there were no tusks on these skulls (nimble Africans stole them for construction purposes), and the skull itself was very similar to the remains of a colossal Cyclops. Note the hole in the frontal part of the skull, to which the trunk is connected in living elephants.
Modern species of elephants are only the remnants of the great family of proboscis, which in the distant past inhabited planet Earth...
This order unites one modern family Procavidae, which includes 3 genera and about 10 species.
Externally, hyraxes look a little like a rabbit, a tailless marmot, or a very large haymaker. Their body length is from 30 to 60 cm, there is no tail, or it is only 1-3 cm long, the weight of the animal is from 1.5 to 4.5 kg. The muzzle is short, with a forked upper lip; the ears are small, in some species almost hidden in the fur; legs are short but strong. The front feet are four-toed with flattened claws resembling hooves; The hind feet are three-toed, the inner toe bears a long curved nail, and the others have hoof-like claws like the front feet. The bare soles have pads and central part The arch of the sole can be lifted by special muscles when it is supported on the substrate, which creates a vacuum, and the paw is sucked to the surface of a stone or tree trunk. Glands on the soles, secreting a rubber-like secretion, promote strong suction of the sole to the substrate. Thanks to this device, hyraxes can run up and down vertical rocks and tree trunks with great agility and speed. There are 28 milk teeth, 34-38 permanent teeth. The only pair of upper incisors with constant growth is devoid of enamel on the inner surface and resembles rodent incisors. A wide diastema separates the incisors from one pair of canines (the latter may be absent). Premolar (4/4) and especially molar (3/3) teeth are similar to the teeth of ungulates. The stomach is divided into 2 sections. On the back of hyraxes there is a large secreting glandular field of 7-8 lobes - the dorsal gland, the meaning of which is unclear. In young people it is poorly developed, and in females it is less than in males. When frightened or excited, the hair covering the gland (they are a different color than the hair on the entire back) becomes ruffled, exposing the gland, from which an odorous substance is released.
The fur of hyraxes is thick, has a soft undercoat and hard awns. On the body (especially on the muzzle above the eyes and on the neck) there are tufts of long whiskers. The color of the fur is often brownish-gray with different shades, but there is always a patch of light or black hair on the dorsal gland.
Hyraxes inhabit Africa and South-West Asia (Arabian Peninsula). Terrestrial species of hyraxes live on rocks, rising along mountain slopes to an altitude of 4500 m above sea level, or among stones and bushes on dry plains. Tree hyraxes inhabit forests. They are herbivorous, but most also eat insects and their larvae. Hyraxes are breeding all year round. Their pregnancy lasts 7-7.5 months. The young are born well developed, sighted, covered with fur and soon become independent.
The origin of hyraxes is unclear. Perhaps they are closest to proboscideans. In fossil form, hyraxes are known from the early Oligocene of Africa. In the Pliocene, in addition to Africa and South-West Asia, they were common in Southern Europe.
Tree hyraxes(Dendrohyrax dorsalis, D. validus, D. arboreus) live in the forests of Central and South Africa. They are found on mountain slopes up to an altitude of 4500 m above sea level. The fur of tree hyraxes is longer and silkier than that of other species. The color of the upper body is brown with a grayish and yellowish coating due to the light-colored ends of the hair. The dorsal gland is covered with whitish hair. Short white hair covers the rim of the ears. The lower surface of the body is brown. Tree hyraxes differ in the details of the structure of their teeth and shades of fur color. Their body length is 40-60 cm, tail - 1-Zele, weight - 1.5-2.5 kg.
Tree hyraxes are very mobile: they quickly run up and down tree trunks, jump from branch to branch. These animals lead night image life and therefore hardly noticeable. However, in the evenings the forest is filled with their cries, signaling that hyraxes have come out to feed. At night, the screams subside, but fill the forest again before dawn, when the animals return home. The call of tree hyraxes consists of a series of croaking sounds ending in a sharp squeal. The voices of tree hyraxes of different species are clearly distinguishable. You can also distinguish a male from a female by its cry. Hyraxes scream only in trees. Probably, the cries of hyraxes are signals that the territory is occupied. Hyraxes lead a solitary lifestyle. The individual area of this animal is about 0.25 km2.
Hyraxes feed on leaves, buds, caterpillars and other insects. They often go down to the ground to feed, where they eat grass and collect insects; they spend the day in hollows or in the crown of a tree among dense foliage.
There is no specific breeding season, and they produce young all year round. Pregnancy lasts 7 months. Usually they bring one, rarely two cubs. They are born sighted, covered with hair, very large (almost half the length of the mother) and a few hours after birth they are already climbing trees. Sexual maturity is reached at 2 years.
The main enemies of tree hyraxes are leopards, snakes and predator birds. When in danger, hyraxes take a characteristic pose, turning their backs to the enemy and ruffling the hair on the dorsal gland so that the glandular field is exposed. Local residents everywhere catch hyraxes, as the meat of these animals good quality. In captivity, tree hyraxes quickly become tame and live up to 6-7 years.
Genus mountain, or gray, hyraxes (Heterochyrax) includes 5 or 6 closely related species, common in Central and South Africa. Body length 30-38 cm, weight - 4.7-3.5 kg, no tail. The body is covered with short, rather coarse fur. It is brownish-whitish above, with dark ripples due to isolated groups of black-tipped hairs. The dorsal gland is covered with yellowish-whitish hair. The underparts are white. Species of rock hyraxes, including those inhabiting the islands of Lake Victoria, differ in the details of the structure of their teeth and coloration.
Mountain hyraxes live in mountainous, rocky areas from the sea coast to an altitude of 3800 m above sea level. They settle in colonies of several dozen to hundreds of animals.
Rock hyraxes are active during the day, making them easy to observe. In the morning, at first sun rays, they appear on rocks and stones, basking in the sun, like lizards. At first they move little and lie in a heap until (as recent studies have shown) their body temperature rises from 34 to 39°. Having warmed up, they animatedly dart among the stones, playing with each other. Soon the hyraxes (primarily females) begin to feed. At the slightest danger, these animals squeal piercingly and hide among stones or in rock crevices. However, they are very curious, and soon screams are heard here and there among the stones and the faces of animals appear. If you sit motionless among the colony, the hyraxes again start playing, continue to feed or bask, spread out on a stone. However, they see and hear very well: the slightest movement or click of the camera makes the animals hide.
Most of the roast African day hyraxes walk motionless, lying on the stones, with their paws spread out to the sides and their soles turned up; apparently, this typical pose is due to the fact that hyraxes have sweat glands only on their soles.
In the evening, at 16-18 hours, hyraxes feed again, dig up rhizomes, bulbs or catch locusts. They spend the night among the stones, where they build nests lined with wool inside. In the nest, several animals gather in a dense pile, which helps them maintain high temperature, since their thermoregulation is poorly developed.
In the same nest made of wool, the female brings more often two cubs, sometimes one or three. (Heterochyrax brucei has an average of 1.7 young per female.) Gestation lasts about 7.5 months (average 225 days). Mountain hyraxes breed all year round, but more often young ones appear in February - March, before the rainy season. They are born sighted, covered with fur, and within a few hours they are already running.
The main enemies of mountain hyraxes are pythons, mongooses and birds of prey. The natives catch mountain hyraxes and eat their meat, but it is worse than tree meat. In captivity, rock hyraxes live well, but usually remain aggressive, bravely defending themselves using sharp, strong teeth.
Genus rocky or desert, hyraxes (Procavia) includes 3 species, distributed in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Their body length is 30-55 cm, weight - 1.4-2 kg. There is no external tail. The fur is short and coarse. On top it is colored brown-gray, lighter on the sides. The underparts are creamy. The dorsal gland is covered with black stripes. On the muzzle there are long black whiskers (the length of the whiskers is up to 18 cm). Rock hyraxes differ mainly in shades of color, size and details of the structure of the teeth. Externally, especially from a distance, rocky hyraxes, like mountain hyraxes, are very reminiscent of huge hay hyraxes or tailless marmots.
.
These hyraxes inhabit rocks, large rocky placers, outcrops or rocky shrubby deserts. They find shelter among rocks or dig holes between the roots of bushes.
Rock hyraxes live in colonies of 5-6 to 50 animals. They are active during the day, but sometimes come to the surface on moonlit nights. Unlike other hyraxes, they feed mainly on grass, leaves and bark of shrubs; They also eat animal food, especially locusts. Despite their short legs, the animals are very mobile and run away from the shelter at a distance of up to 3 km.
They breed all year round. Pregnancy lasts 7.5 months. Females usually give birth in June - July, after the end of the rains. A female often has 2, less often 3, young (Procavia habessinica and P. johnstoni have an average of 1.9 young per female). The animals are born sighted and covered with fur; after a few hours they leave the nest (in a hole or among stones) and begin to run. Female cape hyrax(P. capensis) gives birth to up to 6 young, and its newborns are less developed than those of other hyraxes and stay near the mother for some time.
The main enemies of hyrax are leopard, caracal, foxes, mongooses and birds of prey. When attacked by an enemy, the hyrax not only takes a defensive pose, exposing the dorsal gland on which the hair stands on end, but also defends itself with its strong teeth. Local residents eat hyrax meat as food.
In captivity, hyraxes can live up to 5-6 years. Young ones are funny and tame, while adults are angry and aggressive.
Animal life: in 6 volumes. - M.: Enlightenment. Edited by professors N.A. Gladkov, A.V. Mikheev. 1970 .
This order unites one modern family Procavidae, which includes 3 genera and about 10 species.
Externally, hyraxes look a little like a rabbit, a tailless marmot, or a very large haymaker. Their body length is from 30 to 60 cm, there is no tail, or it is only 1-3 cm long, the weight of the animal is from 1.5 to 4.5 kg. The muzzle is short, with a forked upper lip; the ears are small, in some species almost hidden in the fur; legs are short but strong. The front feet are four-toed with flattened claws resembling hooves; The hind feet are three-toed, the inner toe bears a long curved nail, and the others have hoof-like claws like the front feet. The bare soles have pads, and the central part of the arch of the sole can be raised by special muscles when it is supported on the substrate, which creates a vacuum, and the paw is sucked to the surface of a stone or tree trunk. Glands on the soles, secreting a rubber-like secretion, promote strong suction of the sole to the substrate. Thanks to this device, hyraxes can run up and down vertical rocks and tree trunks with great agility and speed. There are 28 milk teeth, 34-38 permanent teeth. The only pair of upper incisors with constant growth is devoid of enamel on the inner surface and resembles rodent incisors. A wide diastema separates the incisors from one pair of canines (the latter may be absent). Premolar (4/4) and especially molar (3/3) teeth are similar to the teeth of ungulates. The stomach is divided into 2 sections. On the back of hyraxes there is a large secreting glandular field of 7-8 lobes - the dorsal gland, the meaning of which is unclear. In young people it is poorly developed, and in females it is less than in males. When frightened or excited, the hair covering the gland (they are a different color than the hair on the entire back) becomes ruffled, exposing the gland, from which an odorous substance is released.
The fur of hyraxes is thick, has a soft undercoat and hard awns. On the body (especially on the muzzle above the eyes and on the neck) there are tufts of long whiskers. The color of the fur is often brownish-gray with different shades, but there is always a patch of light or black hair on the dorsal gland.
Hyraxes inhabit Africa and South-West Asia (Arabian Peninsula). Terrestrial species of hyraxes live on rocks, rising along mountain slopes to an altitude of 4500 m above sea level, or among stones and bushes on dry plains. Tree hyraxes inhabit forests. They are herbivorous, but most also eat insects and their larvae. Hyraxes breed all year round. Their pregnancy lasts 7-7.5 months. The young are born well developed, sighted, covered with fur and soon become independent.
The origin of hyraxes is unclear. Perhaps they are closest to proboscideans. In fossil form, hyraxes are known from the early Oligocene of Africa. In the Pliocene, in addition to Africa and South-West Asia, they were common in Southern Europe.
Tree hyraxes(Dendrohyrax dorsalis, D. validus, D. arboreus) live in the forests of Central and South Africa. They are found on mountain slopes up to an altitude of 4500 m above sea level. The fur of tree hyraxes is longer and silkier than that of other species. The color of the upper body is brown with a grayish and yellowish coating due to the light-colored ends of the hair. The dorsal gland is covered with whitish hair. Short white hair covers the rim of the ears. The lower surface of the body is brown. Tree hyraxes differ in the details of the structure of their teeth and shades of fur color. Their body length is 40-60 cm, tail - 1-Zele, weight - 1.5-2.5 kg.
Tree hyraxes are very mobile: they quickly run up and down tree trunks, jump from branch to branch. These animals are nocturnal and therefore inconspicuous. However, in the evenings the forest is filled with their cries, signaling that hyraxes have come out to feed. At night, the screams subside, but fill the forest again before dawn, when the animals return home. The call of tree hyraxes consists of a series of croaking sounds ending in a sharp squeal. The voices of tree hyraxes of different species are clearly distinguishable. You can also distinguish a male from a female by its cry. Hyraxes scream only in trees. Probably, the cries of hyraxes are signals that the territory is occupied. Hyraxes lead a solitary lifestyle. The individual area of this animal is about 0.25 km2.
Hyraxes feed on leaves, buds, caterpillars and other insects. They often go down to the ground to feed, where they eat grass and collect insects; they spend the day in hollows or in the crown of a tree among dense foliage.
There is no specific breeding season, and they produce young all year round. Pregnancy lasts 7 months. Usually they bring one, rarely two cubs. They are born sighted, covered with hair, very large (almost half the length of the mother) and a few hours after birth they are already climbing trees. Sexual maturity is reached at 2 years.
The main enemies of tree hyraxes are leopards, snakes and birds of prey. When in danger, hyraxes take a characteristic pose, turning their backs to the enemy and ruffling the hair on the dorsal gland so that the glandular field is exposed. Local residents catch hyraxes everywhere, as the meat of these animals is of good quality. In captivity, tree hyraxes quickly become tame and live up to 6-7 years.
Genus mountain, or gray, hyraxes (Heterochyrax) includes 5 or 6 closely related species, common in Central and Southern Africa. Body length 30-38 cm, weight - 4.7-3.5 kg, no tail. The body is covered with short, rather coarse fur. It is brownish-whitish above, with dark ripples due to isolated groups of black-tipped hairs. The dorsal gland is covered with yellowish-whitish hair. The underparts are white. Species of rock hyraxes, including those inhabiting the islands of Lake Victoria, differ in the details of the structure of their teeth and coloration.
Mountain hyraxes live in mountainous, rocky areas from the sea coast to an altitude of 3800 m above sea level. They settle in colonies of several dozen to hundreds of animals.
Rock hyraxes are active during the day, making them easy to observe. In the morning, at the first rays of sunlight, they appear on rocks and stones, basking in the sun, like lizards. At first they move little and lie in a heap until (as recent studies have shown) their body temperature rises from 34 to 39°. Having warmed up, they animatedly dart among the stones, playing with each other. Soon the hyraxes (primarily females) begin to feed. At the slightest danger, these animals squeal piercingly and hide among stones or in rock crevices. However, they are very curious, and soon screams are heard here and there among the stones and the faces of animals appear. If you sit motionless among the colony, the hyraxes again start playing, continue to feed or bask, spread out on a stone. However, they see and hear very well: the slightest movement or click of the camera makes the animals hide.
Hyraxes spend most of the hot African day motionless, lying on the rocks, with their paws spread out to the sides and their soles turned up; apparently, this typical pose is due to the fact that hyraxes have sweat glands only on their soles.
In the evening, at 16-18 hours, hyraxes feed again, dig up rhizomes, bulbs or catch locusts. They spend the night among the stones, where they build nests lined with wool inside. In the nest, several animals gather in a dense group, which helps them maintain a high temperature, since their thermoregulation is poorly developed.
In the same nest made of wool, the female brings more often two cubs, sometimes one or three. (Heterochyrax brucei has an average of 1.7 young per female.) Gestation lasts about 7.5 months (average 225 days). Mountain hyraxes breed all year round, but more often young ones appear in February - March, before the rainy season. They are born sighted, covered with fur, and within a few hours they are already running.
The main enemies of mountain hyraxes are pythons, mongooses and birds of prey. The natives catch mountain hyraxes and eat their meat, but it is worse than tree meat. In captivity, rock hyraxes live well, but usually remain aggressive, bravely defending themselves using sharp, strong teeth.
Genus rocky or desert, hyraxes (Procavia) includes 3 species, distributed in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Their body length is 30-55 cm, weight - 1.4-2 kg. There is no external tail. The fur is short and coarse. On top it is colored brown-gray, lighter on the sides. The underparts are creamy. The dorsal gland is covered with black stripes. On the muzzle there are long black whiskers (the length of the whiskers is up to 18 cm). Rock hyraxes differ mainly in shades of color, size and details of the structure of the teeth. Externally, especially from a distance, rocky hyraxes, like mountain hyraxes, are very reminiscent of huge hay hyraxes or tailless marmots.
.
These hyraxes inhabit rocks, large rocky placers, outcrops or rocky shrubby deserts. They find shelter among rocks or dig holes between the roots of bushes.
Rock hyraxes live in colonies of 5-6 to 50 animals. They are active during the day, but sometimes come to the surface on moonlit nights. Unlike other hyraxes, they feed mainly on grass, leaves and bark of shrubs; They also eat animal food, especially locusts. Despite their short legs, the animals are very mobile and run away from the shelter at a distance of up to 3 km.
They breed all year round. Pregnancy lasts 7.5 months. Females usually give birth in June - July, after the end of the rains. A female often has 2, less often 3, young (Procavia habessinica and P. johnstoni have an average of 1.9 young per female). The animals are born sighted and covered with fur; after a few hours they leave the nest (in a hole or among stones) and begin to run. Female cape hyrax(P. capensis) gives birth to up to 6 young, and its newborns are less developed than those of other hyraxes and stay near the mother for some time.
The main enemies of hyrax are leopard, caracal, foxes, mongooses and birds of prey. When attacked by an enemy, the hyrax not only takes a defensive pose, exposing the dorsal gland on which the hair stands on end, but also defends itself with its strong teeth. Local residents eat hyrax meat as food.
In captivity, hyraxes can live up to 5-6 years. Young ones are funny and tame, while adults are angry and aggressive.
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- - order of ungulate mammals. Outwardly they resemble rodents. Body length 30-60 cm, tail 1-3 cm. 11 species, in Western Asia and Africa. Some hyraxes live in trees in forests, others live in mountainous, rocky areas...
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"ORDER HYRACOIDEA" in books
Order Insectivores
From the book Mammals authorOrder Insectivores This order includes hedgehogs, moles, and shrews. These are small animals with a small brain, the hemispheres of which do not have grooves or convolutions. The teeth are poorly differentiated. Most insectivores have an elongated muzzle with a small proboscis.
Order Chiroptera
From the book Mammals author Sivoglazov Vladislav IvanovichOrder Chiroptera This order includes the bats and fruit bats. The only group of mammals capable of long-term active flight. The forelimbs are transformed into wings. They are formed by a thin elastic leathery flight membrane, which is stretched between
Order Lagomorpha
From the book Mammals author Sivoglazov Vladislav IvanovichOrder Lagomorpha These are small and medium-sized mammals. They have two pairs of incisors in the upper jaw, located one after the other so that behind the large front ones there is a second pair of small and short ones. There is only one pair of incisors in the lower jaw. There are no fangs, and incisors
Squad Rodents
From the book Mammals author Sivoglazov Vladislav IvanovichSquad Rodents Squad unites different types squirrels, beavers, mice, voles, rats and many others. They are distinguished by a number of features. One of them is the peculiar structure of the teeth, adapted to feeding on hard food. plant foods(branches of trees and shrubs, seeds,
Squad Predatory
From the book Mammals author Sivoglazov Vladislav IvanovichOrder Carnivores The order unites mammals that are quite diverse in appearance. However, they are characterized by a number common features. Most feed mainly on vertebrates, a few are omnivores. All carnivores have small incisors, large conical fangs and
Order Pinnipeds
From the book Mammals author Sivoglazov Vladislav IvanovichOrder Pinnipeds Pinnipeds - marine mammals, which have retained contact with land, where they rest, breed and molt. Most live in the coastal zone, and only a few species live in the open sea. All of them, as aquatic animals, have a peculiar appearance:
Order Cetaceans
From the book Mammals author Sivoglazov Vladislav IvanovichOrder Cetaceans This order unites mammals whose entire life is spent in water. Due to their aquatic lifestyle, their body acquired a torpedo-shaped, well-streamlined shape, the forelimbs were turned into fins, and their hind limbs disappeared. Tail
Order Proboscis
From the book Mammals author Sivoglazov Vladislav IvanovichOrder Proboscis The order unites two species of elephants: African and Indian. These are the largest land mammals, which are characterized by a number of features. One of them is the presence of a trunk, which arose as a result of the fusion of the nose and upper lip. It serves as an organ of smell
Hyraxes
author Akimushkin Igor IvanovichHyraxes
From the book Animal World. Volume 2 [Stories about winged, armored, pinnipeds, aardvarks, lagomorphs, cetaceans and anthropoids] author Akimushkin Igor IvanovichHyraxes The order of hyraxes, or zhiryaks, is combined by taxonomists with elephants and sea cows into one superorder of proto-ungulates. Some ancient animals, close to Meriteria, the ancestor of elephants, tens of millions of years ago became the ancestors of hyraxes. Some of them were in
SQUAD
From the book Partisan Nights author Valakh StanislavSQUAD Together with “Bolek” I began to form the first partisan detachment. I started with my closest comrades. It so happened that they were mostly my neighbors. “Albina” - Stanislav Lovec, “Staszeka” - Stanislav Ptasinski and “Povalu” - Tadeusz
2. Squad B
From the book Coinage author Lawrence Thomas Edward2. Squad B I woke up feeling light. I'll like it here. Today sunlight decorates everything. The delivery boy and I leisurely ate a standard breakfast, and I helped him sweep several rooms and corridors of the headquarters by half past seven, before the first officers showed up. I
16. Detachment No. 731
From the book The Last Emperor of China. Pu Yi author Usov Viktor Nikolaevich16. Detachment No. 731 Based on a secret order received from Tokyo, in 1936 it was created and stationed in Harbin secret squad No. 731. However, later he was taken outside the crowded Harbin, where there were quite a lot of unnecessary “eyes” in the person of spies and intelligence officers
Hyraxes
From the book Big Soviet Encyclopedia(YES) the author TSBI. SQUAD
From the book String and Chandelier author Krapivin VladislavThe appearance of the hyrax is deceptive, this furry animal resembles an overgrown guinea pig or a rabbit that has lost its tail with small round ears. However, hyraxes have nothing to do with the large group of rodents. Being herbivores, hyraxes are closest to primitive ungulates, and among ungulates their closest relatives are elephants. It is believed that their sharp incisors are modified remains of tusks.
Flickr/Joachim S. Müller
To comb its thick brown-gray fur, the hyrax uses a long, curved claw located on its inside hind legs. The soles of hyraxes are covered with thick, rough skin, similar to rubber. Sticky sweat is secreted from special glands on the feet, thanks to which the feet work like suction cups, allowing the animal to easily and freely move along steep rocks, including upside down.
Flickr/Rainbirder
Hyraxes are extremely careful. They gather in groups of about 50 individuals living in natural rock crevices. Each group has observers who closely monitor the environment. Seeing a person or animal, these “sentinels” emit a piercing cry, and the entire colony scatters into its burrows at lightning speed.
Hyraxes have good vocal abilities; their repertoire includes chirping, growling, whistling, and loud screams. Sometimes at night the groups arrange a roll call with their neighbors - it all starts with a barely audible squeak or whistle, which gradually turns into a pig squeal, then turning into sounds similar to the cry of a child.
Flickr/koller93
Hyraxes make the most noise when climbing or descending from a tree. On a cold desert night, hyraxes gather together, huddling together to keep warm, and in the hottest part of the day they sit comfortably in the shade of trees, raising their paws to the top.
Flickr/Arno & Louise Wildlife
Animals communicate with each other using a rich set of sounds, from dull clucking to whistling, with which the sentinel warns comrades looking for food about danger. With the help of songs, animals mark the boundaries of their territory and confirm their social status and declare marital intentions.
And in these songs, zoologists from the University of Haifa (Israel) discovered a strange thing, even more surprising than the relationship between hyraxes and elephants.
Each song consists of a repeating roulade of 20–30 syllables. A performance can last 10 minutes, and the sequence of sounds and pauses in the “number” is strictly thought out. Studying the vocal abilities of hyraxes, the songs of hyraxes from different colonies do not coincide, and the further the animals live from each other, the stronger their vocal and linguistic differences; they analyzed recordings of more than 200 songs. Each repeating figure was broken down into letters, with each letter representing one of five types of sounds. The resulting scores were then compared, and the mathematical algorithm used was the same one used to evaluate the similarity of two DNA strands. It turned out that the vocal phrases of hyraxes from different colonies differ in syntax, and the further the colonies are from each other, the stronger these differences are.
As scientists write in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B, the human ear will not hear any difference, but if you correlate the differences with the structure of the songs, then the hyraxes should be able to record them well. It really looks like a territorial dialect, and if we draw parallels with human languages, then not every Russian will be able to distinguish the dialects of Germans, English or Chinese by ear. The surprising thing is that no one expected such a level of complexity of language in such ancient and not very developed mammals. Until now, dialectal features in communication have been noted only in primates, cetaceans and bats. Now researchers want to find out how flexible hyrax songs are in general and whether they can convey any other extraneous information.
Hyraxes are diurnal animals; they spend their time climbing rocks and gorges or jumping from branch to branch in search of fresh juicy leaves, fruits of trees and shrubs. A hyrax will not refuse a randomly encountered insect. From its ungulate relatives, the hyrax has retained the habit of chewing, although in fact chewing is considered to be the movement of its lips while it is carefully sniffing something.
Flickr/AnyMotion
To attract the fair sex, male hyraxes have a special device - a dorsal gland, which secretes a strong-smelling liquid during the breeding season. Young males and females also have such a gland, but it is smaller.
These wary animals, living south of the Sahara, as well as in Syria and Israel, have many enemies - leopards, pythons, steppe lynxes (caracals), servals and civets hunt hyraxes. The personal enemy of the hyrax can be called the black African eagle, which prefers to feed exclusively on hyraxes.
Hyraxes are small animals that look a little like wild rabbits. But only a little. In my own way evolutionary development their closest relative... the elephant. Yes, yes, exactly an elephant, and also a rhinoceros, and also a horse, a zebra and a donkey. And this is because hyraxes, although the smallest on Earth, are still ungulates.
In other matters, the hyrax has been confused with a rabbit more than once. For example, Spain owes its name to hyraxes. The Phoenicians, when they first sailed to the Iberian Peninsula, saw many rabbits there that they had never seen before. And they took them for hyraxes, which are abundant in their homeland. “Shapan” in Phoenician means hyrax, “i-shapan” means island of hyraxes. Then the pronunciation changed the words to gi-spain and finally Spain.
Hyraxes are children of the mountains. Their element is naked sheer cliffs. They deftly climb them, forming entire colonies and frolicking to their heart's content. But as soon as someone notices the enemy - the mongoose, wild cat or a python, how they immediately screech loudly and rush into the crevices with a stomp, thus warning everyone around about the danger. Lizards, baboons and many other peaceful animals find good neighbors in hyraxes. Their keen eyes(a person can be seen at a distance of more than a kilometer) and excellent hearing ensure the safety of everyone around.
In deep crevices, hyraxes make nests made of wool, where females hatch 3-6 babies, quite large and quite developed. Literally, as soon as the baby dries out after birth, he is ready to climb rocks with adults. An interesting fact is that if a female dies, the cubs are adopted by other females.
In addition to the rock hyraxes that I just talked about, there are also several forest species. These animals preferred forests to rocks Central Africa. They practically never leave the trees, finding shelter and food there. Although, in truth, it should be noted that all hyraxes are good at climbing trees - both forest and rock. All species have three toes on the hind legs and four on the front legs. All fingers have small hooves except the middle one, and then only on the hind legs. There, hyraxes have claws instead of hooves, which allow them to hold on to the tree more firmly.
The difference between forest hyraxes and mountain hyraxes is also that the former are monogamous (they live in families - female, male and children), and the latter are polygamous, like the “grandfather” elephant, the male hyrax has a harem of several females.
Often, guided external resemblance, people compare hyraxes with large rodents: marmots, haymakers, guinea pigs- and they are very mistaken. Anatomical structure These inconspicuous, but very popular animals in Israel are so different from the structure of all other mammals that zoologists have identified them as a separate order. Their closest relatives among living creatures were elephants, as well as sirens - a small, extremely peculiar group of large animals that never leave the water. Photo SPL/EAST NEWS
The Phoenicians (and after them the ancient Jews), it seems, did not distinguish them from rabbits at all, calling both of them with the same word “shafan” - “hiding”. Today they have their own name.
- Procavia capensis. The body length of an adult animal is 30-55 centimeters, weight is 1.4-4 kilograms. Males are on average slightly larger than females. Top part the body, as a rule, is colored brownish-gray, the underparts are creamy, although different families and individual individuals, coloring can vary greatly. The fur covering the dorsal gland is black, less often pale yellow or red. They live in southern Syria, the Arabian Peninsula, Israel and almost all of Africa (in the Sahara - in separate isolated populations in the mountains of Algeria and Libya). They prefer rocks, piles of stones, and scree, although they are also found in lowland savannas. Life expectancy is 10-11 years.
Mountain hyrax (yellow-spotted, Bruce's hyrax) - Heterohyrax brucei. Body length - 32-56 centimeters, weight - 1.3-4.5 kilograms. The fur is mostly light, but on the upper side of the body the ends of the hairs are dark brown, which gives the hyrax a peculiar “shimmering” color. Color variations are common, ranging from gray (in dry areas) to brownish-red (in humid areas). The underparts are almost white, the dorsal gland spot is usually bright yellow, sometimes from reddish-buff to off-white. Distributed from Ethiopia and southeastern Egypt to Angola and northern South Africa, isolated populations live in central Sahara and Democratic Republic Congo. Biological characteristics and lifestyle are very similar to the Cape hyrax.
Tree hyraxes are three species of the genus Dendrohyrax. Body length - 40-60 centimeters, weight - 1.5-2.5 kilograms. They differ from hyraxes of open landscapes in their smaller size, somewhat more slender body, and the presence of a tail (1-3 centimeters). The body color is brown (often grayish or yellowish), the hair on the dorsal gland is light. Inhabited by almost all African rainforests- from Gambia in the northwest to Kenya and Tanzania in the east and South Africa in the south.
Glorious family ties did not in any way affect the appearance of the hyraxes. A baggy body on short legs, rounded ears, beady eyes, a slightly upturned black nose, a forked upper lip, in constant motion, as if an animal was chewing something quickly. The tail is either very short (in tree hyraxes) or absent altogether. Except that the paws do not look quite ordinary: instead of claws on the toes there are flattened hooves, similar to those of an elephant (only the middle toes on the three-toed hind legs are decorated with a long curved claw). Moreover, on the back of all hyraxes there is a round spot, the fur on which always differs in texture and color from the surrounding fur, no matter how it is colored. When the animal is frightened or excited, this fur stands on end, opening numerous glandular mouths, from which an odorous secretion is released. In general, scent glands are not uncommon in mammals, but in no one except hyraxes they are located in the very high point backs. What can be marked with the help of such a gland, except for the roof of the burrow?
If the word “hyrax” is used without qualifying definitions, you can be sure that we are talking about the Cape hyrax, a widespread species found in Israel. The name “hyrax” itself is of Arabic origin and is translated as “ram,” although both in appearance and in the way of life, hyraxes are extremely reminiscent of marmots. They live in the mountains (without climbing, however, into the highlands), rocks, stone deposits and outcrops. Families range from 5-6 to 50 animals. If the soil allows, they dig deep, well-equipped holes (not disdaining, however, the abandoned shelters of other diggers, such as aardvarks); if not, they find refuge in caves, crevices, or simply between stones. In their ability to climb rocks, they will probably give a head start to marmots: it’s hard not to be surprised when watching how a heavy-looking animal soars up an almost vertical stone wall with unexpected ease. The hyrax allows this trick to be performed by its “palms” - paw pads, which constantly secrete sticky “sweat”. In addition, soft elastic pads work like suction cups. Of course, the suction strength and durability are not such that the hyrax can hang on the ceiling or vertical wall.
The ability to quickly reach shelter is important for the animal, which is constant prey for a number of predators - from leopard to mongoose. Among them, the “specialized” hunter of hyraxes stands out, for whom they serve as almost the only food - the Kaffir black eagle, the African analogue of the golden eagle. This enemy forces hyraxes to constantly look at the sky, for which their eyes are protected by a kind of sunglasses - a special outgrowth of the iris that covers the pupil. With the help of such a filter, a hyrax can see a feathered predator even against the backdrop of the blinding sun. But eagles have their own tricks: they hunt in pairs, and while one of the spouses maneuvers in full view of the hyraxes, attracting the attention of the entire colony, the other unexpectedly attacks. What makes such a tactic successful is the nature of the animal itself: despite all their caution, hyraxes are desperately curious and are always ready to stare even at clearly dangerous objects. So, when a person appears, they immediately hide in their shelters, but if uninvited guest will stand or sit motionless, after a few minutes curious faces begin to appear from all the holes. Then the animals come to the surface and begin to study a new “detail” of the landscape. But at the slightest movement or sound, they immediately disappear into their holes again.
Hyraxes feed mainly on plant food: young shoots and leaves, roots, rhizomes, tubers, bulbs, juicy fruits and even bark, although they never miss an opportunity to diversify the table with gaping insects, and during locust invasions they switch mainly to it. Like many inhabitants of hot open landscapes, they feed mainly in the morning and evening, but can return to eating during the moon if it shines bright enough. It is only important that the night be warm: with maintaining constant temperature Hyraxes' bodies cope poorly; their temperature ranges from 24 to 39°C. Therefore, when animals come out of their holes in the morning, the first thing they do is simply warm up in the sun. They often sunbathe during the day: in a strange position, lying on their stomachs and turning their paws with their soles up. It would seem that when living in a hot, dry climate, such habits should lead to high consumption water. However, in fact, hyraxes drink water only occasionally; usually they only need the moisture contained in food or released during its digestion.
Hyraxes are characterized by poorly developed thermoregulation, and to keep warm, they huddle in heaps at night and bask in the sun during the day. Photo IMAGE BROKER/VOSTOCK PHOTO
And only when it comes to reproduction, hyraxes resemble ungulates rather than rodents. Their mating games are not strictly confined to any season, but most of the cubs are born at the end of the rainy season (in different regions this is different months, but usually June - July), when there is a lot of juicy food around. Birth is preceded by an unusually long pregnancy for animals of this size - about 7.5 months. But the cubs (usually there are from one to three) will be born sighted, covered with fur, and after a few hours they can move and leave the hole. After two weeks they are already eating grass, after ten they stop following their mother everywhere, and by 16 months they become adults. After this, over the course of several months, young males gradually leave the colony, and females remain in it for the rest of their lives.
In Central and Southern Africa, next to the usual hyraxes, you can see others, distinguished by a light yellow spot, indicating the dorsal gland. This is a mountain hyrax, also known as the yellow-spotted hyrax, or Bruce's hyrax. Although zoologists classify it as separate genus, in appearance, lifestyle, diet, etc., it is very similar to the Cape hyrax - so much so that sometimes they form mixed colonies. The differences are noticeable only in the size of the colonies (in mountain hyraxes they are more numerous - from several dozen to a couple of hundred animals) and in the timing of reproduction: if Cape hyraxes are most often born at the end of the rainy season or immediately after them, then mountain hyraxes - on the eve or at the beginning this season, in February–March.
Three other species, united in the genus of tree hyraxes, are also quite similar in appearance to the mountain and cape hyraxes (although somewhat smaller in size and have some sort of tail), and their tastes are approximately the same. They love succulent parts of plants with the addition of insects they come across. But their habitats and everyday habits are completely different. Tree hyraxes live in forests, climb trees (although they often willingly descend to the ground) and are active mainly at night. They prefer to live alone, owning their own individual plots (the patrimony of one animal is about a quarter of a square kilometer). They mainly use hollows as shelter, but they can spend the day simply in the crown of a tree. Going to feed at nightfall and returning from it in the morning, tree hyraxes scream loudly, apparently confirming the habitability of the area.
The fate of forest hyraxes depends on fate African forests, thinning due to human activity. Cape and mountain hyrax are in a much better position: their favorite landscapes - rocks and stone deposits - are unattractive to humans. But the hyraxes themselves view human settlements as a completely livable, albeit turbulent, environment. True, in the majority African countries The transformation of the hyrax into a representative of the urban fauna is restrained by active hunting for them. Where it is not carried out (as, for example, in Israel), hyraxes often even go inside buildings, ransacking utility rooms and climbing stairs to the upper floors. They are also kept as pets: if adult hyraxes are tamed rather poorly, then, being caught by cubs, they quickly become completely tame.
Zoo center
Type- chordates
Class- mammals
Squad- hyraxes
Family- hyraxes