Why is it warm in summer and cold in winter? Why is it hot in summer and cold in winter? Why is it cold in winter
If you are interested in this question, and you are looking for an answer to this question, then after reading this article, you will definitely find the answer.
Why is it so cold in winter?
The temperature in winter does not directly depend on the distance of the planet to the Sun, but on the angle of the Earth. The tilt axis of our planet passes through 2 poles: South and North. While the angle of inclination moves the Northern Hemisphere away from the Sun, the day becomes shorter, the sun's rays fall less on the earth's surface and warm it worse. As a result of such phenomena, winter comes.
Why is it so hot in summer?
In summer, everything happens the other way around - the North Pole is at a very close distance to the Sun, due to this, it receives the maximum amount of sunlight, the day becomes longer, the air temperature rises. As a result of such phenomena, summer comes.
Why is summer much warmer than winter? In summer, the sun's rays hit the Earth perpendicularly, due to this, solar energy is more concentrated and warms the soil faster than usual, so it is very hot in summer. In winter, the same rays fall on the earth's surface not perpendicularly, they glide without warming up either the soil or the water. The air does not heat up, it remains cold. In summer, the flow of solar energy is much greater than in winter, then it weakens and becomes smaller.
Consumption ecology. Manor: Everyone wants his house to be reliable, comfortable and warm all year round. And most importantly - to build quickly and inexpensively. All these requirements are met by typical frame houses. They are warm in winter and cool in summer.
Everyone wants their home to be reliable, comfortable and warm all year round. And most importantly - to build quickly and inexpensively. All these requirements are met by typical frame houses. They are warm in winter and cool in summer. Therefore, such housing construction in Japan reaches 45-50%, in the USA, Canada, Norway, Sweden - 75-80%, in Germany, Finland and other countries of Western Europe - 50% and in the Scandinavian countries - 80%.
What is a frame building?
This is a structure that consists of a frame installed on the foundation - vertically installed wooden beams. The gaps between them are filled with insulation. From the outside and inside, these walls are sheathed with OSB, OSB, sandwich panels. The appearance of the building depends on the finish. For decorative sheathing, siding or clinker tiles, thermal panels, stones or timber are used.
For the manufacture of frames, coniferous wood and wooden beams are most often used. Metal frames are rarely used, as they increase the cost of construction by 55-75 percent.
It takes from one to three to four months to install the structure of one building, depending on the chosen technology. To do this, you must have drawings of frame houses, which experts consider the most time-consuming and painstaking process.
Appearing almost simultaneously in different countries, frame housing construction developed in its own ways. The most common are Canadian technologies, German technologies of half-timbered houses and prefabricated panel houses. They have the same building principle. And they differ in the materials used and their combinations, the level of industrialization of the manufacture of the house kit, the method of installation and fastening of some structural elements.
To keep the house warm
It is impossible to build a warm frame house without the use of good insulation, so special attention is paid to its choice.
Straw, hemp fire, cellulose and other eco-insulators are used to insulate the eco-house. After the frame cells are filled with insulation, a vapor barrier must be laid on the inside, and hydro and wind protection on the outside.
If it is not planned to live in the house all year round, then it is more profitable to install a solid fuel stove, increasing the thickness of the insulation to 25 cm during construction. After all, the air in a frame house heats up quickly due to the use of frame technologies and insulation.
Experts have calculated that the heat consumption per 1 square meter of a frame house is almost two times less than in brick houses.
When deciding to build a frame house, you must first select a project, calculate the amount of materials and their types, not only for the foundation and the main structure, but also for the roof, attic, basement, decorative finishes. Of course, you can build it yourself, but experts can do it faster and better. published
Romanenko Igor
In this work, the student, in collaboration with the teacher and parents, made attempts to theoretically study the issue on the topic, conducted an experiment at home, provided a description of the experimental work and drew conclusions, thereby confirming and refuting the hypotheses put forward.
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MBOU Mariinsky Gymnasium
Research work
on the topic "Why is it warm in summer and cold in winter?"
I've done the work
3rd grade student B
MBOU "Mariinsky Gymnasium"
Ulyanovsk
Romanenko Igor.
Supervisor
Semenova I.A.,
primary school teacher.
Ulyanovsk 2016-2017 academic year
2. Research methods.
3. Hypotheses.
4.1. Studying the theory on the problem "Why is it warm in summer and cold in winter?"
5. Conclusions.
6. Literature
7. Applications.
1. Subject and objectives of the study.
We all know very well that the Sun behaves differently at different times of the year. In summer it rises early, goes high in the sky and sets late. In winter, on the contrary, the Sun appears over the horizon late and, having made a low and short path through the sky, sets early. In summer the day is long, the night is short; In winter, the days are short and the nights are long. In spring and autumn, day and night do not differ much in duration from each other. How to explain all this? After all, we know that the change of day and night, that is, the sunrise and sunset, occurs because the Earth rotates around its axis. Why does it not spin the same way all year round? Or maybe the length of the day and night depends on some other reason? And how does the sun behave in different seasons? Why is it warm in summer and cold in winter?
I am very interested in this topic, and in my work I will try to answer all the questions posed.
2. Research methods.
- I tried to answer the question myself - "Why is it cold in winter and warm in summer."
- I talked to my parents.
- I read the children's encyclopedia "My first encyclopedia",« All about planets and constellations”, “Great children's encyclopedia”.
- Together with my parents, I found information on the issue of interest on sites on the Internet.
- I conducted experiments, the movement of the Earth around the Sun.
- I observed the changes in nature at different times of the year.
3. Hypotheses:
At the beginning of my research, in order to try to answer the main question “Why is it cold in winter and warm in summer?”, I put forward several basic assumptions:
Hypothesis 1 . In summer, the whole world rejoices, flowers bloom, vegetables and fruits grow, berries and mushrooms ripen. In autumn, nature prepares for sleep. And when nature falls asleep, Winter covers it with a blanket - snow. And the snow is cold, so it's getting cold.
Hypothesis 2 . It is warmer in summer because the Earth is closer to the Sun at this time.
Hypothesis 3 . In summer, the sun rises higher above the horizon. Accordingly, more direct rays enter the Earth's atmosphere and warm it up longer. Therefore, it is warm in summer. And in winter, on the contrary, the Sun is lower above the horizon, it heats weaker. Therefore, it is cold at this time of the year.
4. Theoretical and practical part
4.1 Studying the theory on the problem "Why is it warm in summer and cold in winter?"
We all live on the planet Earth - this is our house. In mythology, her Greek name was Gaia. The earth was the mother of mountains, valleys, streams and all other formations of the earth. She was married to Uranus. On Earth, there is a change of time of day and seasons. The Earth is the largest of all the terrestrial planets. Currently, almost 7.5 billion people live on our planet. About 30% of the Earth's surface is covered by land, while 70% is covered by oceans.
But she is not alone in space. Our planet Earth is part of the solar system.
The solar system is the sun and a collection of planets that are in the same orbit with the sun and depend on it. There are 9 planets in our solar system: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto. Mercury is the closest planet to the sun, and our Earth is the third in a row. Among these planets, only ours has life. It is located at the most favorable distance from the sun. If it were a little closer to it, we would burn out, a little further, we would freeze in glaciers. Some planets have satellites that revolve around them and with them around the sun. For example, the satellite of our planet is the Moon.
Sun is by far the largest object in the solar system. 98% of all matter in the solar system is inside the sun. This means that all the planets, moons, asteroids, minor planets, comets, gas and dust would all combine to make up only 2% of all matter in the solar system. The sun is so big that the earth can easily fit inside sun a million times. The sun has a gravitational force, that is, attraction. Therefore, the planets always revolve around it at the same distance and do not fly away into the open space of space.
The Romans called the Sun - Sol, which in English means the Sun. In ancient Greece, the sun was called Helios. That is why our system of planets is called the solar system.
But why is it warm in summer and cold in winter?
The path along which the globe moves in outer space has the shape of an elongated circle - an ellipse. The sun is not at the center of this ellipse, but at one of its foci. Therefore, throughout the year, the distance from the Sun to the Earth periodically changes: from 147.1 million km (at the beginning of January) to 152.1 million km (at the beginning of July). The transition from the warm season (spring, summer) to the cold season (autumn, winter) does not occur at all because the Earth either approaches the Sun or moves away from it. And yet many people think so today! Take a look at the numbers above: the Earth is farther from the Sun in June than it is in January!
The fact is that the Earth and other planets of the solar system, in addition to revolving around the Sun, rotate around an imaginary axis (a line passing through the North and South Poles).
If the Earth's axis were at right angles to the Earth's orbit around the Sun, we would have no seasons and all days would be the same. But this axis is tilted with respect to the Sun (by 23 ° 27 "). As a result, the Earth rotates around the Sun in an inclined position. This position is maintained all year round, and the Earth's axis is always directed to one point - to the North Star.
Therefore, at different times of the year, the Earth exposes its surface to the sun's rays in different ways. When the sun's rays fall vertically, directly, the Sun is hotter. If the rays of the Sun fall on the earth's surface at an angle, then they heat the earth's surface less.
The sun always stands directly on the equator and in the tropics, so the inhabitants of these places do not know the cold. There is not as sharp as ours, the seasons change, and it never snows.
At the same time, part of the year, each of the two poles is turned towards the Sun, and the second part is hidden from it. When the Northern Hemisphere is turned towards the Sun, in countries north of the equator - summer and long days, to the south - winter and short days. When the direct rays of the Sun fall on the Southern Hemisphere, summer comes here, and winter in the Northern Hemisphere.
The longest and shortest days of the year are called the winter and summer solstices. The summer solstice occurs on June 20, 21 or 22, and the winter solstice on December 21 or 22. And all over the world in every year there are two days when the day is equal to the night. This happens in spring and autumn, exactly between the solstice days. In autumn, this happens around September 23 - this is the autumnal equinox, in the spring around March 21 - the spring equinox.
And now we will discuss on the topic: "How does the change of day and night occur."
Imagine. The summer morning has come. The sun appeared. But it is still low in the sky and warms very weakly. When the Sun rises higher, the Earth will begin to warm up, and it will even be possible to run barefoot. And in the evening the sun goes down. And the Earth starts to cool again.
This is also the case in winter. In the afternoon, when the Sun rises higher, the snow begins to melt. Raindrops fall from the rooftops. They will only be silent in the evening, when the sun is low.
All this happens due to the rotation of the Earth around its own axis and the angle of its inclination in relation to its orbit around the Sun.
It turns out: the low Sun almost does not heat. And the higher it rises, the hotter its rays become.
4.2. Conducting observations about changes in nature at different times of the year.
I watched nature, how it changes during the year, what happens to plants, how the Sun behaves, what time it comes out and sets. During my walks, I tried to notice the slightest changes in nature.
At the beginning of summer, the Sun rises high above the sky and begins to bake more strongly, the day becomes long, and the evening is long and warm. Nature blooms, ripens, gardens are full of greenery, meadows are covered with a wide train of green grass. Heavy cumulus clouds soar slowly in the sky, like huge ships. In summer, we can take long walks outside, play ball and ride a bike, swim in ponds, sunbathe. In the grass you can notice a lot of different insects, on flowers - butterflies. This is my favorite time of the year.
Warm and hot days smoothly turn into the month of August, which is milder than July, because the daylight hours are noticeably reduced, and at night it becomes cooler, a foggy haze appears. From the beginning of the month, the water in lakes and ponds cools down, ending the swimming season. The average temperature in the first half of August is +17 +19° C. August itself is the calmest month of the year. Thunderstorms are rare, hot dry days are somewhat rarer. Often the weather is even, warm, and in some places the first yellowed leaves appear on the trees, the harbingers of autumn.
The beginning of autumn is September. This is the time of the Indian summer, when it is dry and warm, and nature is gradually preparing for the cold. The most mushroom time and the time when you can watch how the first birds are preparing to fly to warmer climes. If you look into the sky, you can see how the birds are more and more crowded and huddle in flocks. And in the forest it becomes quieter, the leaves turn yellow more noticeably, and leaf fall will soon begin.
It's getting cooler, and you can already fasten your jacket with all the buttons and don't forget to take an umbrella with you. After all, the autumn weather is capricious, and the rain is not as warm as in summer.
In autumn, nature slows down its development and prepares for winter; bushes and trees shed their leaves; birds fly away to warm lands, and those animals that remain dress in warm fur coats; the weather is getting colder and towards the end of autumn the first snow falls.
But on one of the days of November, you can look out the window in the morning and see how everything is white and white. There is snow everywhere. And it may still, most likely, melt, but winter is not far away.
Winter is coming! The forest wears fluffy white fur coats. Water in rivers and lakes freezes and turns into ice. But now you can skate. If the snow is wet, you can make a snowman or build a fortress out of snow and play snowballs, and if it’s dry, then you can ride a sled down the mountain with a whirlwind.
In winter, nature sleeps, covered with a white blanket of snow and ice; winter birds are found on the bare branches of trees; animals leave footprints in the snow; sometimes there are blizzards and frosts; the days are short and the nights are long and cold. Only from mid-February the Sun will begin to warm, when its falling rays begin to imperceptibly warm the cheeks from the icy frost.
With the arrival of spring, nature awakens. The sun is shining brightly, the snow is melting, birds from warm lands will soon return to the forest, filling the forest with singing. Birds are about to sing, flowers are blooming, and the forest is dressed in green foliage.
The snow begins to melt in the sun and turns into water. You can make a boat out of paper and run it along a cheerful stream in the yard.
Streams fill lakes with water. The birds are flying. If you get closer to the trees and look closely at the branches, you can find small fluffy lumps on them. These are buds - the first leaves will soon appear from them. Birds make nests, and insects appear in the forest, and the entire plant and animal world wakes up from hibernation.
4.3. Conducting an experiment on the influence of the Sun on the Earth.
I did a little experiment. To do this, I needed a table lamp, she played the role of the Sun and a globe, he played the role of the Earth.
To simplify the experiment, I left the globe (Earth) motionless, fixing it in one position, and rotated the lamp (Sun) clockwise, thereby simulating the Earth's orbit, choosing a landmark in advance.
Pictured #1 - summer, since the Earth's axis is tilted towards the Sun, and the rays fall on its surface at a right angle, strongly heating the surface.
Pictured #2 - winter, since the Earth's axis is tilted in the opposite direction from the Sun and the rays fall on it at an angle, so the heating of the surface is weak.
In the photo number 3 and 4 are spring and autumn, respectively. During these periods of time, the longitude of the day and night are the same - the days of the equinox.
And as can be seen from the experiment, the Sun during this period does not heat very much - like in summer, but not weakly - like in winter.
5 . Conclusions.
As a result of my work:
a) Hypothesis 1 “changes in nature occur due to the change of seasons” was confirmed based on my observations about changes in nature in different seasons.
b) Hypothesis 2 “The closer the Earth is to the Sun, the warmer” was not confirmed, because the change of seasons is affected not by distance, but by the angle of inclination of the Earth's axis with respect to the Sun.
c) Hypothesis 3 “The higher the Sun above the horizon, the hotter and vice versa” was confirmed, because during the experiment, I made sure that if the sun is higher above the horizon, it heats the Earth more. This is what happens in the summer. And in winter, accordingly, it warms weaker, as it rises above the horizon below.
6. Literature
1. Great children's encyclopedia.
2. My first encyclopedia. Scientific-pop. edition for children. Galnerstein L.Ya.
3. Everything about planets and constellations. Atlas-reference book.
9 . seasons-years.rf
We are used to the fact that the seasons change. Winter is replaced by spring after it - summer, and there already autumn ... For us, this is a common occurrence.
Temperature change
In winter we get cold. And we are hot in summer. We are eagerly awaiting the arrival of warmth. However, the transition period when the temperature becomes most comfortable for us, as a rule, does not last very long. And the hot dry summer is coming. There is a rather sharp change in temperature.
As a rule, we are busy with our daily activities and do not think about why this is happening. Why is it cold in winter and hot in summer? What causes this change of seasons?
Why is winter cold?
We all know from school years that our Earth revolves around the Sun and around its own axis. Naturally, during the movement, the planet either approaches the Sun, or vice versa - moves away from it.
We have such a stereotype that winter comes when the Earth is at the farthest distance from the source of heat and light. But it is not so. After all, there is another important factor - the axis of the Earth's tilt.
It passes through the North and South Poles. It turns out that when the angle of inclination moves away from the luminary, the day becomes short, the rays of the Sun seem to glide along a tangent and do not warm up the surface so well. As a result, winter comes to us.
Why is it hot in summer?
In the summer, however, the opposite is true. As soon as the northern part of the Earth is at the closest distance from the Sun, it receives a huge amount of rays, the daylight hours increase, the air temperature rises very quickly, and summer comes.
In summer, the rays of the Sun fall on the earth's surface almost perpendicularly. Therefore, the energy is more concentrated and heats the ground very quickly. Because it is hot in summer, there is a lot of sun. In winter, the sun's rays seem to glide over the surface, they cannot warm up either the soil or the water. The air remains cold.
It turns out that in summer the flow of energy falling on the earth's surface is much stronger and greater, and in winter it becomes smaller and weaker ... Temperature indicators depend on this. In addition, we know that in summer the length of daylight hours is much longer than in winter. This means that the Sun has more time to heat the Earth's surface.
Change of seasons by zones
If summer comes in the northern hemisphere, then winter, respectively, in the southern hemisphere, because at that time it is far from the Sun. The same thing happens in the second half of the year: it becomes much warmer and even hot in the southern hemisphere, and winter comes in the northern.
Meanwhile, in different zones of the Earth, completely different climatic conditions. This is due to the proximity or distance from the equator. The closer to it, the hotter the climate, and vice versa, the farther from it, the colder the climatic conditions.
In addition, the weather is influenced by many factors. This is the proximity to the sea, and the height relative to the level of the oceans. Indeed, in the mountains it is quite cool even in summer, and on the peaks even in the heat there is snow.
Of course, the equator is an imaginary line running through the center of the earth. But it is closest to the Sun, regardless of the tilt of our planet's axis. It is for this reason that regions near the equator are constantly languishing from excess amounts of energy. The temperature here does not fall below twenty-four degrees. It's not only hot here in the summer. There is no winter in our understanding at all. The sun's rays fall on the surface near the equator almost at a right angle, which gives the earth's surface in this region the maximum amount of light and heat.
Climate warming
Summer weather always pleases us with warmth, plenty of sunny days, long daylight hours. However, each season there is an establishment for some time of abnormally hot weather in regions uncharacteristic of such temperatures. This instantly sparks talk of "global warming". Scientists argue a lot about this issue. Some paint downright menacing pictures of the future of this phenomenon. Others see nothing wrong with this. However, everyone is still trying to unravel the cause of this phenomenon. There are a lot of assumptions. But there is no single reliable and correct. That is why it is worth just enjoying the summer warmth and sun, the sea and flowers, the river and hot sand. Because summer goes by so fast. And excessively hot weather can be tolerated, it's worth it. But how many wonderful things await us at this time, nature beckons us to relax and enjoy life.
Why is it cold in winter and warm in summer? and got the best answer
Answer from Oblom[guru]
due to the fact that the earth is round and rotate on an axis around the sun, in short, read the textbook
Answer from cornflower[guru]
It is warm in summer, because everyone goes around lightly dressed, some in only thongs, this heats up the air, and in winter, on the contrary, they put on fur coats and there is nowhere for the air to get warm, so it becomes cold ...
Answer from ***
[guru]
The thing is that there are 4 seasons and their change is due to the rotation of the planet Earth around the Sun. This happens in 365 (366) days, but at the same time, the Earth also manages to make a revolution around its axis every 24 hours. This is how the days change.
If the Earth's axis (an imaginary line from the North Pole to the South Pole) were at right angles to the Earth's orbit around the Sun, we would have no seasons and all days would be the same. But the Earth's axis is tilted.
The fact is that various forces act on the Earth. Firstly, this is the attraction of the Sun, secondly, the attraction of the Moon, and thirdly, the rotation of the Earth itself. As a result, the Earth revolves around the Sun in an oblique position. This position is maintained all year round, so the Earth's axis is always directed to one point - to the North Star.
This means that part of the year the North Pole is turned towards the Sun, and the second part is hidden from it. Because of this inclination, the direct rays of the Sun sometimes illuminate the area of the Earth's surface north of the equator, sometimes on the equator, sometimes south of the equator. This is a different effect of direct sunlight on parts of the earth's surface and causes the change of seasons in different parts of the globe.
That is, winter comes in the Southern Hemisphere if direct sunlight hits the Northern Hemisphere and vice versa. During winter, the sun illuminates both hemispheres, but some of the rays are scattered, so they are not able to warm the hemisphere to the same extent. This is what causes the cold in winter.
Isn't it strange: when winter reigns in the northern hemisphere, the Earth is closer to the Sun by 4,500,000 km than when it is summer there.
The fact is that in this case, the weather is determined not by the distance from our planet to the Sun, but by the tilt of the earth's axis in relation to the plane of the earth's orbit. The angle of this inclination is 23.5 degrees.
The earth revolves around the sun in such a way that its axis is always directed towards the North Star. Therefore, for one half of the year, the North Pole of the earth leans towards the Sun, and for the rest it deviates from it. In the first case, summer reigns in the Northern Hemisphere, in the second - winter. In the South, of course, the opposite is true.
The weather in a particular region of the earth depends on the angle at which the sun's rays fall on a given area of the earth's surface. In winter, the low sun illuminates the earth with gliding rays, and in summer they fall vertically. Glancing rays heat the Earth's surface less for two reasons. First, because the same amount of heat is distributed over a larger area in winter than in summer. Secondly, in this case, the rays pass through a thicker layer of air in the earth's atmosphere, which leads to large losses of their thermal energy.
The climate is determined not only by the amount of heat entering a particular part of the Earth's surface from the Sun, but also by other factors. For example, in the expanses of the seas and in the areas adjacent to them, temperature changes with the change of seasons are not so great. On the contrary, in the depths of the continents, the difference between the temperature in winter and summer is much more significant. This is due to the fact that the earth cools and heats up much faster than water. Another factor that affects the weather is the difference in altitude above sea level. As altitude increases, the density of air decreases, and hence its ability to retain heat. As a result, the climate in the mountainous regions is much colder than in the plains.