Preparation for the Unified State Exam task 23. Algorithms for completing Unified State Exam tasks in the Russian language. The proposals contain

Task 23 of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language is presented in two types of formulations. One group of questions is related to determining the type of speech (explanation and practical work are presented below), the other group is related to establishing a semantic, logical connection between sentences. You did similar work when completing task 2.

Task formulation:

Which of the following statements are true? Please provide numbers

1) Sentences 8–10 present the narrative.

2) Sentences 13, 14 contain elements of description.

3) Sentence 23 contains an indication of the reason for what is being said

in sentence 22.

4) Proposition 28 explains the content of sentence 27.

5) Sentences 45–47 contain narrative.

Task 21 contains two types of formulations. To analyze statements 1, 2, 5, you need to be able to identify types of speech.

Narration is a coherent story about an event that occurs over time, about an action that develops sequentially. The narrative can be translated into a series of visual images (see film frames), words can be substituted for sentences: first - then - then - after that.

Description– an image of an object, person, phenomenon by listing its characteristic features. Description is one visual image (photograph, painting). We encounter a description of a person (portrait), a home (interior), and nature (landscape). Even if the picture depicts actions, the “frames” do not change before your eyes, which means you are dealing with a description. (For example, Aivazovsky's paintings are filled with movement, but when describing what you see, you use a type of speech called description.)

Reasoning traditionally causes difficulty. The fact is that at school we are used to dealing with the classical type of reasoning: thesis - evidence - conclusion. Yes, the reasoning is structured exactly like this, and you will structure your exam essay in the same way. But in this task you are asked to analyze a small fragment of text. This may be only a small part of the argument; you will not find the thesis here, you will not see the conclusion. Before you is the author’s thought, his reflection, reflection. You will not be able to create a visual image of the fragment, but you will be able to formulate a theme: what the author is thinking about, what he is thinking about, what he is saying.

Let's complete this part of the task:

(8) Maybe that’s why Berg wasn’t good at landscapes. (9) He preferred a portrait, a poster. (10) He tried to find the style of his time, but these attempts were full of failures and ambiguities.

(13) August was hot and windless. (14) Yartsev lived far from a deserted station, in the forest, on the shore of a deep lake with black water.

Extracted from the context in this way, the sentences turn out to be unrelated in meaning. Reading sentence 14, you visually imagine a deep lake with black water; sentence 13 also allows your imagination to paint a picture of a hot, windless August. Not representing one descriptions, the fragment contains its elements.

(45) Returning to the city, Berg discovered a notice about the exhibition. (46) He was asked to tell how many of his things he would exhibit. (47) Berg sat down at the table and quickly wrote: “I am exhibiting only one sketch in watercolor, which I made this summer - my first landscape.”

Before us is a chain of actions that unfold over time. The fragment can be imagined as a movie: Berg returned to the city - found a notice - sat down at the table - wrote. This narration.

Second group wording of the task tests your ability to see semantic connections between parts of the utterance. Remember: by completing task 1, you have already established these semantic, logical connections.

Let us recall what questions can clarify this connection:

Condition (under what condition?)

Purpose (for what? for what purpose?)

Reason (why? for what reason?)

Consequence, conclusion (so, therefore)

Explanatory relations (that is, namely)

Explanation (what explains this?)

Contrast (on the contrary, but, a)

Argumentation (firstly, secondly)

Concessive relations (although, despite the fact that)

Let's complete this part of the task:

(22) At sunset, flocks of cranes flew over the lake to the south, murmuring. We ask the question: Why? For what reason?

Because (23) Berg for the first time felt a stupid insult: the cranes seemed to him traitors.

As you can see, the sentences have lost their logical connection; sentence 23 does not contain an indication of the reason.

(27) Berg got angry.

Let's ask a question : How can this be explained?

(28) How was it possible to leave in the midst of this extraordinary autumn?

The answer is correct: sentence 28 explains why Berg was angry.

Algorithm for completing Unified State Exam tasks

In Russian.

Part 1.

Exercise 1. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the MAIN information contained in the text?

Algorithm for completing the task:

Task 2. Which of the following words (combinations of words) should appear in the gap in the third (3) sentence of the text? Write this word down.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Read the text carefully.

2. By sequentially selecting the proposed means of communication, establish a logical correspondence between the sentence with the gap and the one that precedes it. This technique will help you determine which word should be in the gap.

Task 3. Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word (………). Determine the meaning in which this word is used (…….) in the sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.

Algorithm for completing the task:

read the assignment carefully;

find the specified offer;

include each of the suggested lexical interpretations to replace the word given for analysis;

listen to the new sound and meaning of the sentence;

determine whether the sentence lost or did not lose its semantic integrity during the linguistic experiment:

• if the sentence has not lost its semantic integrity, the answer is correct;

  if the meaning of the sentence has changed, the answer is correct.

Task 4. In one of the words below, an error was made in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound was highlighted incorrectly. Write this word down.

Remember: the mobility of the Russian accent creates objective difficulties when completing this task.

agent, Augustovsky, agency, agony, acropolis, alcohol, alphabet, anapest, anatom, antithesis, apostrophe, watermelon, arrest, aristocracy, argument, asymmetry, astronom, Atlas (collection of geographical maps), atlas (fabric), bourgeoisie, being,

bureaucracy, airports

SCAM, crimson, run, pamper, pampered, pampered, bow (bAnta, bows)

barman, unrestrained, birch bark and birch bark, gas pipeline, Blagovest, favor, block, bombard, barrel, delusional and delusional, armor (assigning something to someone), armor (protective plating), bakery, bourgeoisie, sandwich, being, bureaucracy

gross, boil (cook, boil, boil, boil), watchman, willow, veterinarian, turn on, water supply, Volgoda, wolf (Volka, Wolves, Wolves), thief (thieves, vorOV, vorAM, about thieves), magic, invest, Concave, alarm, exorbitantly expensive

gas pipeline, gastronomy, hectare, genesis, citizenship, grenadier, pear

cousin, maiden, democracy, department, despot, hyphen, act, diagnosis, dialogue, dispensary, dobela, prey, dogma, agreement, contractual, naked, red-hot, document, report, naked, dosinya, leisure, daughter, dramaturgy, drowsy, confessor,
heretic,
blinds, muzzle, life,

book, (assign something to someone), book (cover with armor), enviably, bent, conspiracy (secret agreement), conspiracy (spell), bent, long, frosty, busy (person), busy (with someone ), cork, corked, moldy, seal up, sealed, powder, call (call, call, call), winterer, malice, significance, significance, sagacity, jagged

scoop, scooper, cleaner,
chassis, seamstress, ROUGH, syringes, sorrel, crushed stone, chips, chips,
Excursion, expert, export, equipped, express, epilOg, pullOver

Legally Divine

religion, exhaust,
flounder, catalog, rubber, cough, quarter, cedar, kilometer, cinematography, pantry, whooping cough, college, colossus, compass, complex, self-interest, prettier, nettle, flint, cooking, kitchen, aches, hunk, blade, scoot (waste, leftovers), flap (piece of fabric),
alluring, masterfully, medicines, glimpses, manager, metallurgy, meager (minuscule is allowed), youth, milkman, monologue, ordeal,

naked, naked (cut), naked (hold checkers), bent over, over a long time, intention, tilt, backhand, begin, begun, arrears, illness, obituary, hatred, unpretentious, oil pipeline, newborn,
provision, facilitate, aggravate, embraced, embraced, facilitate, encourage, lend, embittered, wholesale, inform, edge, uncork, adolescence, partly, paralysis,
parter, plowing, firstborn, mold, pizzeria, offer, fable, understood, understood, understood, raised, midday, briefcase, pedestal, funeral, at the funeral, plateau, anticipate, undertaken, pass, reward, bonus, ovOr, dowry

knowledgeable, beets, silage, orphan, orphans, plum case, condolence, convocation, concentration, means, statue, status, statute, shorthand, joiner, vessel, bent,
thereOzhnya, dancer, cakes, cakes, shoe,
decoration, speed up, deepen, coal, Ukrainian, improve, dead, mentioned, mention, strengthen, aggravate,
facsimile, porcelain, extravaganza, phenomenon, fetish, fluorography, flyleaf, form,
haos, characteristic (typical), characteristic (actor), intercessor, intercession, intercession, well-groomed (adj.), well-groomed (adj.), Christian, Christ-seller,
cement, chain, gypsy,

Task 5. In one of the sentences below WRONG The highlighted word is used. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly. Algorithm for completing the task:

read all proposals carefully;

determine the lexical meanings of each of the paronym words by selecting synonyms and antonyms or taking into account what words each of them can be combined with;

indicate the correct answer.

Addressee - addressee. Addressee - the person or organization to whom the postal item is addressed (recipient); addressee - the person or organization sending the postal item (sender).

Anecdotal - anecdotal. Anecdotal - inherent in an anecdote, based on an anecdote (anecdotal story); anecdotal - ridiculous, ridiculous (anecdotal case).

Archaic - archaic. Archaic - characteristic of antiquity (archaic view), archaic - out of use, not corresponding to new views, rules (archaic use).

Everyday - everyday. Weekday - not a holiday (weekday); everyday - prosaic, monotonous (everyday work).

Inhale - sigh. Inhale - absorb, draw in air (inhale oxygen), inspire something (inhale courage); sigh - let out a sigh (breathe with relief); rest a little (let me breathe); yearn, be sad (sigh for children).

Educational - educational. Educational - related to education (educational system); educational - related to the teacher (educational room).

Everyone - everyone. Everyone - everyone (every minute); all kinds - the most varied (all kinds of searches).

Elective - selective. Elective - relating to elections, elected by voting (elected position); selective - partial (spot check)

Harmonic - harmonious. Harmonic - related to harmony (harmonic series); harmonious - harmonious, coordinated (harmonious personality).

Main - capital. Main - main, most significant, central, senior (main street); capital - related to the title (title role).

Engine - mover. Engine - a machine that sets in motion, force (electric motor); mover - that which sets in motion, contributes to it (the mover of society, progress is outdated).

Democratic - democratic. Democratic - related to democracy, democrat (democratic camp); democratic - characteristic of democracy, democrat (democratic act).

Dynamic - dynamic. Dynamic - related to dynamics, movement (dynamic theory); dynamic - having great internal energy (dynamic pace).

Diplomatic - diplomatic. Diplomatic - related to diplomacy, diplomat (diplomatic post); diplomatic - subtly calculated, evasive (diplomatic behavior).

Long - long. Long - having a large length (long report); long - long-term (long vacation, long period).

Voluntary - volunteer. Voluntary - performed without coercion (voluntary labor); volunteer - relating to a volunteer (volunteer initiative, volunteer army).

Dramatic - dramatic. Dramatic - expressing strong feelings, full of drama (dramatic situation); dramatic - related to drama (drama club).

Friendly - friendly. Friendly - relating to a friend, friends (friendly meeting); friendly - based on friendship (friendly country).

Pathetic - pitiful. Pathetic - expressing grief, melancholy, suffering; plaintive, sad (pathetic voice); compassionate - prone to pity, sympathy; compassionate, touching (compassionate words, people).

Spare - thrifty. Spare - available as a reserve (emergency exit); thrifty - able to stock up (thrifty person).

Angry - malicious. Evil - filled with feelings of enmity (angry person); malicious - having a bad purpose, deliberate (malicious defaulter).

Executive - performing. Executive - diligent, with the goal of accomplishing something (executive worker); performing - relating to the performer (performing skill).

Traveler - business traveler. Seconded - a person on a business trip (seconded specialist); travel - related to a traveler (travel expenses).

Comical - comical. Comic - related to comedy (comic character); comical - funny (comical look).

Critical - critical. Critical - related to criticism (critical article); critical - having the ability to criticize (critical approach).

Logical - logical. Logical - related to logic (logical thinking); logical - correct, reasonable, consistent (logical reasoning).

Methodical - methodical. Methodical - related to methodology (methodological conference); methodical - exactly following the plan (methodical work).

Hateful - hateful. Hateful - imbued with hatred (hateful actions); hated - causing hatred (hated enemy).

Intolerable - intolerant. Unbearable - one that cannot be tolerated (unbearable cold); intolerant - unacceptable (intolerant attitude).

Impoverish - impoverish. To become poor - to become poor (to become poor as a result of inflation); impoverish - make poor (impoverish life).

Dangerous - wary. Dangerous - associated with danger (dangerous bridge); cautious - acting cautiously (cautious person).

Misprint - unsubscribe. A typo is an accidental mistake when writing (an unfortunate typo); unsubscribe - an answer that does not affect the essence of the matter (impudent unsubscribe).

Master - master. Master - learn to use something, include it in your circle of activities (master the production of new products); learn - make it habitual; understand, remember (learn what you read).

Organic - organic. Organic - related to the plant or animal world (organic matter); organic - inextricably linked, natural (organic integrity).

Condemnation - discussion. Conviction - an expression of disapproval, passing a sentence (conviction of a criminal); discussion - comprehensive consideration (discussion of the problem);

Responsible - responsible. Responsive - being a response (response); responsible - responsible, important (responsible worker).

Reportable - distinct. Reporting - related to the report (reporting period); distinct - clearly distinguishable (distinct sound).

Political - political. Political - related to politics (politician); political - acting diplomatically, carefully (political hint).

Understanding - understandable. Intelligent - quickly understanding (an understanding person); understandable - clear (understandable reason).

Representative - representative. Representative - making a favorable impression (presentable appearance); representative - elected (representative body); related to the representation, representative (representation expenses).

Presentation - provision. Presentation - presentation for familiarization, nomination for encouragement (presentation of characteristics); provision - placing something at someone's disposal (providing a loan).

Noticeable - noticeable. Perceptive - capable of noticing (observant critic); noticeable - noticeable (noticeable displeasure).

Realistic - realistic. Realistic - following realism (realistic painting); realistic - corresponding to reality, quite practical (realistic goal).

Hidden - secretive. Hidden - secret, invisible (hidden threat); secretive - not frank (secretive person).

Tactical - tactical. Tactful - possessing tact (tactful act); tactical - related to tactics (tactical task).

Technical - technical. Technical - related to technology (technical progress); technical - possessing high skill (technical actor).

Lucky - lucky. Lucky - happy; the one who is lucky (lucky explorer); successful - successful (lucky day).

Actual - factual. Actual - corresponding to the facts (actual state of affairs); factual - containing many facts (factual report).

Master - economic. Master - related to the owner; such as a good owner (owner's interest); economic - occupied with the economy, associated with the economy (economic issues).

Explicit - obvious. Explicit - obvious, unconcealed (obvious superiority); distinct - distinct, clearly distinguishable (clear whisper).

Task 6. In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.

Find errors in education and use

case forms of numerals;

numerals one and a half, one and a half hundred;

collective numbers, including numerals both, both;

comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs;

nominative and genitive plurals of some nouns;

imperative forms of some verbs.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Determine which part of speech this word belongs to.

2. If this name is a numeral, remember that

for complex cardinal numerals both parts bow;

Cases

From 50 - 80

200, 300, 400

From 500 – 900

fifty

heels And ten And

heels And ten And

fifty

five Yu ten Yu

oh hey And ten And

two hundred

dv wow hundred

dv mind st am

two hundred

dv skillfully st ami

o dv wow st Oh

five hundred

heels And hundred

heels And st am

five hundred

five Yu st ami

oh hey And st Oh

when declension of compound ordinal numbers changes only the last word;

numeral both used with masculine and neuter nouns, and both- female;

Cases

M., Wed. genus

J. genus

both

both

both

both

both

about both

both

both

both

both

both

about both

collective numbers ( two, three, four etc.) are used with nouns denoting male persons, names of baby animals, paired objects or having only a plural form.

3. If this name is an adjective, make sure that the forms of degrees of comparison are formed correctly. Remember: you cannot mix simple and compound forms of degrees of comparison.

Degrees of comparison of adjectives

Comparative

Excellent

simple

composite

simple

composite

beautiful her(s)

less- she

deeper e

more Beautiful

less Beautiful

beautiful eish- th

great aish- th

nai the most difficult

most Beautiful

most Beautiful

Degrees of comparison of adverbs

comparative

excellent

simple

composite

composite

-her(s)- hurt - sick her, sick to her

-e – easy - easier e-she- thin - thinner e

adverb + more (less) more thin

less Interesting

comparative degree + pronoun everyone, everything:

did best of all (all)

4. If it is a verb, pay attention to the correct formation

imperative forms;

Past tense forms used without a suffix are –NU-.

(There is - well - there is an error in the verb - the correct answer)

5. If it's a noun, make sure it's formed correctly.

nominative plural forms;

genitive plural forms.

NOMINATIVE PLURAL

m. kind

With the ending - and I(emphasis on ending)

With the ending - s, -i ( emphasis on base)

influence of the dual number)

Addresses, coast, century, fan, director, doctor, gutter, inspector, boat, clover, feed, box, body, seine, district, vacation, passport, cook, professor, variety, watchman, haystack, paramedic, outhouse, stable, ramrod, stack, stamp, anchor, hawk.

sentences, mines,

editors, snipers, tractors, cakes, fronts, drivers.

volumes

Bakery mechanics

1. Animated foreign language nouns. on

-tor, -sor stylistically neutral: directors

1. Animated foreign language nouns. on -er,

-er:engineers

2. Inanimate. foreign words in

-tor, -sor:processors

3. Animated foreign language nouns. on

-tor with a bookish touch: editors.

Remember: oil – plural. h. - oil A

cream - plural – cream s(not cream A)

male

female

average

banknotes

giraffe

hall

adjustment

piano

roofing felt

tulle

shampoo

sandal, boot

cuff, callus

sneaker

reserved seat

gravy (with gravy)

slipper

shoe (no shoes)

surname

bast

tentacle

Task 7. Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

1. Look for errors in sentences:

1) with homogeneous members; (look for homogeneous predicates with the conjunction I. Ask a question from the verb to homogeneous members of the sentence. The question must be the same, if not, then it’s a mistake!!! This will be the correct answer. (I see??? (sentence member missing) and proud nature? I see what?, I’m proud of what?)

2) with participial phrases; (look at the end of the participle, remember that there must be agreement with the word being defined in gender, number, case.)

3) with proper names, enclosed in quotation marks and being the names of newspapers, magazines, books, paintings, films;

4) with derivative prepositions thanks, in agreement, in spite of and non-derivative preposition By, used in figures of speech upon completion, upon arrival, upon completion, upon arrival;

5) with double unions not only but; both...and;

6) using quotes;

7) starting with the words: everyone who...; those who...; none of those who...

Task 8. Identify the word in which the unstressed vowel of the root being tested is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Cross out words with alternating vowels, as they will not be the correct answer:

1.1. read each word carefully and look for words with an alternating vowel in the root ( gar - mountains, zar - zor, clan - clone, tvar - creation, lag - lodge, bir - ber, pir - per, dir - der, tyr - ter, world - mer, blist - shine, steel - stel, zhig - burned, chit - even, kas - braid, rast - rasch - grew, skak - skoch, poppy - mok, equal - even).

2) select test words for the remaining words, remembering that among them there may be dictionary words in which the unstressed vowel requires memorization;

3) if you find a dictionary word, you can cross it out, since it will not be the correct answer;

4) if you managed to find a test word for the word, in which the unclear vowel sound came under stress and is clearly heard, then you have found the correct answer.

Task 9. Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words in the prefix. Write out these words by inserting the missing letter.

You need to know the following spelling rules:

spelling of prefixes in –З and –С;

spelling of prefixes PRE and PRI;

PRE -

AT -

abide (=re-)

Arrive (approaching)

Despise (hate)

To look after (to give someone shelter)

betray (= re-)

Add (give extra, change something, add)

Bow down, bow down (= re-)

Lean (approach)

Convert (incarnate)

Pretend (incomplete action)

Transient (= re-)

Coming (approaching)

Endure (endure)

Get used to it (get used to it)

Successor (= re-, take over)

Receiver (radio)

Resign (die)

Put (put close)

Vicissitudes (reversals of fate)

Gatekeeper - guard at the gate

Immutable (unshakable, indestructible)

Attach (attach)

Indispensable condition (mandatory)

Unacceptable conditions (impossible)

Limit (border)

Chapel (extension in the church)

Downplayed (very)

Downplayed (slightly)

Remember:

PRE-

AT-

preamble, prevail, those in power, predicate, present, presentable, president, presidium, presumption, price list, prelude, seduce, not fail, premiere, neglect, drug, present, obstacle, prerogative, prestige, contender, preference

private, fastidious, privilege, circumstance, handsome, picky, adventure, prima donna, primacy, primitive, priority, deplorable, swear, claim, embellish, unpretentious, whimsical

Prefixes on –З and –С:
spelling depends on the following consonant

before voiced consonants – z appeal, rootless

before voiceless consonants - with

bake, carefree, silent

Task 10. Write down the word in which the letter E /I/ is written in place of the gap

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Find out in which part of the word the letter is missing: in the ending or in the suffix.

2) If a vowel is missing from the ending, then use the indefinite form of the verb to determine its conjugation:

in the personal endings of verbs of the first conjugation the vowels E, U are written;

in the personal endings of verbs of the second conjugation the vowels I, A (I) are written.

3) If a vowel is missing in the suffix, then analyze the nature of the spelling:

missing vowel in participle suffixes ushch, yushch, ashch, yashch, im, eat (ohm).

missing vowel before participle suffix vsh, nn .

4) Spelling of participle suffixes ushch, yushch, ushch, yashch, im, eat (ohm) depends on the conjugation of the original verb:

in participles , educated from verbs I conjugations , suffixes are written ush, yush, eat(ohm) ;

in participles , educated from verbs II conjugations , suffixes are written ashch, yash, im.

5) Spelling a vowel before suffixes participles vsh and nn depends from that on yat - yat or it - eat the infinitive form of the original verb ends:

at or at , then before nn Passive past participles retain a vowel and I);

if the original verb ends in to eat or eat , then before nn only written e ;

before the suffix vsh the same vowel is retained , as before the end t in an indefinite form.

HINT: Put the verb in the 3rd person plural. (What are THEY doing? What are THEY going to do?) ending -ut-ut – verb 1 conjugation – in the endings you should write a letter E,

Ending - at-yat - verb 2 conjugations - a letter should be written at the endings AND.

Task 11. Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap

You need to know the spelling of suffixes

nouns ( ec, ic; ink, enk; purl, in; ichk, echk; ik, ek );

adjectives ( iv, ev; liv, chiv );

verbs ( willow, yva; eva, ova; I, E before the stressed suffix wa) .

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Determine which part of speech (noun, adjective, verb) the word with the missing letter in the suffix belongs to.

2) Apply the desired rule.

adjective

-ev- unstressed: cle ev oh, enamel ev th

-iv- percussion: flax ive th

Exception: merciful ive oh, fool ive th

-chiv-:infusion chiv th

-liv-: talent Liv th

verb

-ova- (-eva-)

hang up

I'm hanging

Yva- (-iva-)

be annoyed

I'm annoyed

DEFINITION TABLE

ENDINGS OF VERBS AND SUFFIXES OF PARTICIPLES

Verb endings

Suffixes valid. participles

Suffixes suffer. participles

I conjugation

rest

-eatwriteeat

-eatwriteeat

- you knowwriteyeah

-utwriteut

-yutthoughtut

-ush-writeushch th

-yush-thoughtyushch th

-om-carriedohm th

-eat-blowing eatth

II conjugation

N.F. on - And t

-themstrictlythem

-heystrictlylook

-itestrictlyite

-atstrictlyyat

-yatstorageyat

-asch-breatheasch th

-box-storagebox th

-them-storagethem th

Task 12. Determine the sentence in which NOT and solov are written CONSOLIDATED (SEPARATELY). Open the brackets and write down this word.

)? It should be remembered that the rules for writing NOT with different parts of speech can be grouped as follows:

NOT with nouns, qualitative adjectives, adverbs ending in – O and – E;

NOT with verbs and gerunds;

NOT with participles.

1. Not with nouns, adjectives, adverbs ending in O, E

seamlessly

apart

1.Not used without NOT:

ignoramus
tall tales

careless

ridiculous

1.If there is opposition with the unionA It's not true, it's a lie

Not happy, but sad

Not close, but far

adverb not in O-E: did not act like a friend

2. If for a word with the prefix NOT you can find a synonym without NOT

Foe (enemy)

Misfortune (grief)

Enemy (enemy)

Unhappy (sad)

Not close (far)

2. If the word with NOT contains the words far, at all, not at all, not at all, not at all

Far from being a beauty

Not a friend at all

Not at all interesting

Not at all sweet

3.Remember:

not big

slave

trouble

deficiencies

undergrowth

dunno

klutz

3.Remember:

not in moderation, not according to example, not for good, not in haste, not to taste, not within one’s strength, not according to one’s gut, not by hand, etc.; b) neither give nor take, neither be nor me, neither here nor there, neither light nor dawn, nor for anything

about nothing, not a bottom, not a tire, not for a sniff of tobacco, not for a penny and so on.

not one (nobody) - not one (many), not once (never) - not once (often) .

2.Not with verbs and gerunds

seamlessly

apart

1.Not used without NOT:

to be indignant (indignant)

go on a rampage (rage)

not feeling well

dislike

hate

1.Always separately

Was not

Not catching up

Not knowing

2. With the prefix under-

UNDER-= below normal, not 100% be in insufficient quantities
there is an antonym with over- (=excess)
under-salt the soup (over-salt the soup)
the result is unsatisfactory
lacking = not enough
You lack patience.
^I always lack money.

2. With prefixes not + to

not done to end
can't finish watching the movie, can't get it home
She didn’t finish and fell silent.
(to end implied)
doesn't reach = doesn't reach
The rope is not enough before floor.
Before the poplar is missing the fifth floor

3. Not with participles and verbal adjectives.

seamlessly

apart

1. not used without NOT:
n units insanity (b.b., not up. without NOT)
2. NO opposition with the conjunction A and
dependent words: n without seeded field (no a, ZS)

1. with brief participles: not_closed
2. IS oppositions with the conjunction a:
unfinished A started meeting
3. IS dependent words:
not_ sown during field, not yet plowed field

4.NOT and NOR with negative PRONOUNS

seamlessly

apart

There is NO preposition between NOT and the pronoun: No one, no one

THERE IS AN EXCUSE

No one, no one

Task 13. Determine the sentence in which both highlighted words are written TOGETHER (SEPARATELY). Open the brackets and write down these two words.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Read the sentence, think about its meaning.

2) Determine which part of speech the highlighted word belongs to.

Unions so that, too, also, but, moreover, moreover, so, therefore are written seamlessly ; they can be replaced with synonyms of the same part of speech.

Words of other parts of speech similar in sound to these conjunctions whatever, the same in the same way, for that, for that, for what , and so, from that are written separately. They consist of two components: one of them (would) can either be removed from the sentence or rearranged to another place; other component (that, that, with which, yes, that) replace with other words.

Derivative prepositions are written together: AS A RESULT = because of, IN VIEW = because of, ABOUT = about, TOWARD = to, DESPITE = in spite of.

Derivative prepositions are written separately: DURING = IN CONTINUATION, IN DIFFERENCE, IN CONCLUSION, DURING.

For continuous, hyphenated or separate writing of adverbs, apply the appropriate rules.

Derivative prepositions

Nouns with prepositions

during

There was no news V flow of the year.

How long?

(time value)

within (what?) rivers

Look V continuation(what?) series.

IN(fast) current rivers

Look V(coming soon) continued series

continued

She said in continuation hours.

Finally articles

In the end, in the end

Sat V conclusion

Sat V(by duty) conclusion

in contrast from others

(used with from)

Difference V differences life.

Difference V(strong) differences life.

as a consequence= due to

He did not come due to diseases.

Remember: later And - adverb

as a consequence

Intervened as a consequence in a theft case.

Intervened V(new) consequence in a theft case.

like=like

vessel like flasks

Error V sort of noun.

about= about, about

Reach an agreement about excursions.

Put on check in the bank.

Put on(mine) check.

towards=k

Go towards to a friend.

Go to the meeting with friends.

Go on(long awaited) meeting.

in view of=due to

In view of it rained we didn't go to the cinema.

I meant Tomorrow. (stable expression).

as cone

in mind cities

(cone view, city view)

adverbs

Nouns with prepositions

rise up (refer to verb)

rise to the top mountains

on(most) top mountains

shoes for me just right

on time flowering -

V ( spring) it's time flowering

Derivative prepositions

Participles with negation

Despite rain, we went out of town

(Although it was raining).

Regardless of bad weather, we went hiking.

(in spite of what?)

Despite father, he got up from the table.

Regardless of me, he left the room.

(=without looking)

Task 14. Indicate all the numbers replaced by NN (N)

determine which part of speech a word with a missing letter belongs to;

apply the spelling rule N and NN in the suffix of this part of speech.

Noun:

NN

N

1. If the root of a word ends in N and the suffix begins with N:

Malinn IR(Mali n A)

2.If noun. formed from an adjective with NN, or from a participle:

illnessenne awn(disease enne y)

spoiled(spoiled)

3. Remember: homeless nn itza

1. In words formed from nouns that have the suffixes -in-, -an-, -yan-

peatyang IR(from noun peat)

2. In words formed from adj. with one N: studyn IR(from adj. study n y), martyr, worker

3. In words:

gaff yang itza (hook) yang y) ,hemp yang IR(cannabis) yang y)

var en ik (var yeon y), kopch yeon awn (kopch yeon y)

cost yang ika (cost yang oh) wise yeon awn (wise yeon y)

oil en itza (oil) en y), oats yang itza (oats) yang y)

GOST in itsa (gost in y), firewood yang IR (firewood) yang Ouch)

smart yeon awn (smart n y), great en itza

Adjective:

NN

N

1. noun -H+ -H-: karmann th

2. -ONN-, -ENN-: commissionionn oh, cranberriesenne oh,

! without in the wind nn th

3. exceptions with -YANN-: GLASSNN OH, TINNN OH TREENN YY

YU nn And you ( yun s nat uralists)

1. -IN-: gus in th

2. exception WINDN YY(day, person)

3. -AN- (-YAN-): leatheren th

Remember: Yu n y;

gaff yang oh, room yang oh, ry yang oh, drink yang oh, right n y (historical suf. - YAN-); bar n yay, swi n oh, si n oh, green n oh, eat n oh, core n y.

Short adjectives contain as many ns as full adjectives.

Tuma nn aya distance - distance tuma nn A

in the wind n that girl is a girl in the wind n A

Participles:

Н – НН IN SUFFIXES OF PARTICIPLES AND VERBAL ADJECTIVES

NN

N

1. There is a prefix: about sifted flour

(except for the console Not-)

But: unprompted her nn that's a torment

1. There is a prefix Not-: Not sowing n that's a torment

2. No ¬, but there is ZS: sowing nn and I through a sieve flour

2. No ¬: sowing n that's a torment

3. there is a suffix -ova-/-eva-:

marin ovann y cucumbers

3. Exceptions: Kova n oh, chewy n oh, good bite n th (-ov-, -ev- are part of the root)

4. Formed from an unprefixed perfective verb:

Resho nn task (to decide what With do?)

But: from wound nn th , wound nn th in leg fighter

! Being woundnn th, the soldier remained in service.

The women immediately hung erasednn oh.(Passive parables, because they retain a verbal meaning, indicate a temporary state, and not a permanent attribute-quality)., windless

4. Exception: wound n oh, windy

5. These same words in their literal meaning will be participles : name nn oh play, after all nn oh job.

5. When a participle transforms into an adjective, the lexical meaning of the word can change: a smart child, an uninvited guest, a sworn brother, an imprisoned father, a dowry, Forgiveness Sunday, a finished man.

Exceptions: cutesy, desirable,

unheard of, unprecedented, sacred,

unexpected, unexpected, accidental, deliberate, slow, wakeful, arrogant, minted

6. The spelling does not change in the composition of complex words: goldfish n oh, scrap n th-fracture n oh, Word everything as a whole has meaning adj.(high degree of quality), and not the meaning “adj. + participle."

7. Short participles: the girl is spoiled n A

SHOULD BE DIFFERENTIATED

Short adjective

Short Communion

The girl was raised nna (sama – short adjective). Can be replaced with a full adjective: well-mannered I.

The girl was raised n and in the orphanage (by whom?) - a short proverb.. Replaced with a verb: the girl was raised.

Adverb

Short neuter participle

 Ch.  adv.

He answered deliberately(how? in what way?).

Deliberately is a circumstance.

noun  cr. ???

Case thought out (what?) from all sides.

Thought out is a predicate.

Task 15. Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of the sentences in which you need to put one comma.

Execution algorithm:

1. Find homogeneous members in the sentence.

2. Determine what conjunctions connect them:

if it is a single connecting or dividing conjunction ( and, or, either, yes (= and ), comma in front of him not placed ;

if it's a double union ( both... and; not so much..., but; not only but; although... but ), the comma is placed only before the second part of the double conjunction ;

if this repeated conjunctions , That a comma is placed only in front of those who are between homogeneous members ;

before opposing alliances between homogeneous members there is always a comma .

3. Check if the sentence contains homogeneous members connected in pairs. Remember: if homogeneous members in a sentence are connected in pairs, then a comma is placed between paired groups and only one!

Task 16. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

Remember:

participial answers the questions Which? which? which? which? ;

participle answers the questions what did you do? doing what? And denotes an additional action with a verb - predicate ; participial turnover answers the questions How? When? Why?

the placement of punctuation marks in a participial phrase depends on its location in relation to the noun being defined;

the participial phrase is always highlighted in writing with commas;

homogeneous definitions and circumstances, expressed by participial and adverbial phrases and connected by a single conjunction AND, are not separated by a comma.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Find participial and adverbial phrases in the sentence, correctly defining their boundaries. Always separated by commas.

2) Determine what position in the sentence the participial phrase occupies (BEFORE - is not highlighted by commas!!! AFTER the word being defined - is highlighted!!!).

3) Check if the sentence contains homogeneous members with the conjunction I, expressed by participial or participial phrases. There is no comma before the conjunction I.

4).Attention! there should not be numbers in the middle of the revolution, this is provocation!!! Eliminate them!!!Use the technique of eliminating the highlighted turnover.

Task 17.

Remember: introductory words can be removed from a sentence without changing the main idea of ​​the syntactic structure. Use the technique of eliminating highlighted words.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1) Check whether the highlighted words are introductory.

Introductory words can be removed from the sentence or replaced with synonymous introductory words; they are separated by commas.

Members of a sentence that are homonymous with introductory words cannot be removed without changing the meaning of the syntactic structure; they are not separated by commas.

Remember that the following words are not introductory and are not separated by commas: as if, as if, perhaps, for the most part, as if, literally, in addition, because, ultimately, it seems, hardly, anyway, after all, even, precisely, sometimes, as if, moreover, only, Meanwhile, for sure, extremely, I suppose, certainly, definitely, partly, at least, truly, still, therefore, simply, albeit, decisively, nevertheless, only, allegedly.

Task 18. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

Execution algorithm:

1. Find the grammatical basis of the sentence.

2. Determine the boundaries of the main and subordinate parts.

3. Read the sentence, observing the selected signs. This will help identify an incorrectly found solution or, conversely, confirm the correct choice.

Remember! As a rule, this task presents complex sentences with subordinate clauses , in them conjunction word which does not stand at the beginning of the subordinate clause, but in the middle her, therefore A comma is not placed before a conjunctive word. (1. Eliminate the numbers around the word “which”

4. Attention to the union I). Determine what it connects: parts of a complex sentence - a comma, homogeneous members of a sentence - no comma.

Task 19. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.

To complete the task, use the algorithm:

1. Identify the grammatical bases in the sentence.

2. Determine the boundaries of simple sentences as part of a complex syntactic structure.

3. See how these parts are connected to each other.

4. Find out if it is present in the sentence union I , and if it is present in the sentence, determine what it connects:

If homogeneous members , then there is a comma before it not placed ;

If parts of a complex sentence , then there is a comma before it is put .

5. Find 2 conjunctions nearby: what if, what when, and if, and although, but when, so that if, and when:

Comma between conjunctions NOT put, if the words continue in the sentence then, yes, but

Comma between conjunctions is put, If no SO, SO, BUT.

Task 20. Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.

Particular attention should be paid to the second and third sentences:

they (argument and conclusion) contain the main information;

Therefore, among the answer options, you should look for one that combines the information of the 2nd and 3rd sentences.

Remember the main information is given only in its literal meaning. (EXACTLY and SPECIFICALLY)

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Highlight in each sentence the key words that are important for understanding the issue addressed in this text; pay attention to the main part of complex sentences.

2. Determine the cause-and-effect relationships between sentences in the text by analyzing conjunctions, allied words, and introductory constructions.

3. Shorten the text by deleting secondary information (various types of explanations, details, descriptions of minor facts, comments, lexical repetitions).

4. Convey in one sentence the main information contained in the text.

5. Correlate your version of text compression (your sentence conveying its main idea) with the answer options.

Task 21. Which of the following statements are true? Please provide answer numbers.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. Read the text.

2. To determine his type of speech, use the technique of imaginary “photography”:

if you can “photograph” the entire text in one frame, that’s description ;

if you can “photograph” the text in a sequential series of frames, this is narration ;

if the text cannot be “photographed” - this is reasoning .

3. Remember that

description shows (this is what we see: a portrait of a person, a landscape, an interior);

narration tells (this is a chain of events or actions and actions of characters);

reasoning proves and is built according to the scheme: thesis - evidence - final conclusion.

Determine what type of speech the proposed text belongs to.

Types of speech

Compositional scheme

Narration

(what happened?)

I came, I saw, I conquered.

report a sequence of actions or events.

Verbs are used.

Several frames

Exposition

The beginning

Development of action

Climax

5. Denouement

Description

(Which?)

indicate the characteristics of an object, person, place, condition. Adjectives are used.

1 frame

From the general impression to the details.

Reasoning (why?)

to substantiate this or that put forward position (thesis), to explain the essence, causes of this or that phenomenon, event.

It talks about causes and consequences, events and phenomena, our ideas, assessments, feelings. - about what cannot be photographed.

1. Thesis (thought that is proven) →

2. arguments (proofs, examples) →

3. conclusions.

Task 22. Write down synonyms (synonymous pair) from the given sentences. (There may be various lexical means.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. If the task requires you to find a specific lexical unit in a specified passage of text, you must

recall the definition of this lexical unit:

Antonyms- these are words of the same part of speech, opposite in their lexical meaning.! Antonyms can be contextual, that is, they become antonyms only in a given context.

Synonyms- These are words of the same part of speech, the same or similar in meaning, but different in sound and spelling. Like antonyms, synonyms can be contextual

Homonyms-these are words, howeverhigh in sound (withpossible differentspelling) or writingsania (if possibledifferent soundingnii), but different in meaning.

Historicisms- these are outdated words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance from life of the objects and phenomena that they denoted.

Neologisms– new words of limited use.

Phraseologism- Lexically indivisible phrases reproduced in finished form: hang your nose, gain victory, a crying voice)

Task 23. Among sentences 1-8 (there may be other sentence numbers), find one that is connected to the previous one using a possessive pronoun (another means of communication). Write the number of this offer.

Lexical means of communication required in task B7:

lexical repetitions (repetitions of words and phrases);

synonyms and synonymous substitutions;

contextual synonyms;

antonyms (including contextual ones).

Morphological means of communication:

unions;

personal, demonstrative and some other pronouns instead of words from previous sentences;

adverbs;

degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs.

Syntactic means of connecting sentences include:

syntactic parallelism (the same word order and the same morphological design of members of adjacent sentences);

parcellation (removal of any part from a sentence and its design in the form of an independent incomplete sentence);

incomplete sentences;

introductory words and sentences, appeals, rhetorical questions.

Algorithm for completing the task:

1. It is necessary to firmly learn the categories of pronouns, since the pronominal connection is most in demand in tasks of this type.

2. Remember that you must determine the connection of a given sentence with the previous one , with the one that is before the offer you are considering .

CLASSES OF PRONOUNS BY MEANING

Personal

Unit h.pl. h.

1 l. - I we

2 l. - you you

3 l. - he, she, it they

Returnable

myself

Interrogative

Relative

who, what, which, whose, which, how many, what

Undefined

someone, something, some, several, some, some, someone, anyone, anyone, some, some, any, some, some, how many- someday

Negative

no one, nothing, none, nobody, no one, nothing

Possessives

my, yours, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs

Index fingers

that, this, such, such, so much, this (obsolete)

Definitive

all, everyone, each, himself, any, other, most, other

When some pronouns are declined, the entire word changes: I - to me, you - to you...

Distinguish between the categories of pronouns.

Wed. Her (his, theirs) book– whose? – possessive pronoun.

We sawher (him, them ) - whom? - personal pronoun.

Who Are you on duty today? – interrogative pronoun.

We do not know, Who today duty officer is a relative pronoun.

Task 24. Reinstate the terms missing in the text of the review, with the help of which the linguistic features of this text are characterized.

Algorithm for completing the task:

Carefully read the list of figurative and expressive language means presented in the sample answers.

Divide all the terms into 3 groups: Paths, Figures, Vocabulary.

Read the review carefully, insert the necessary IVS.

4 . In case of difficulty, you can use the technique of excluding from the list those terms that, according to their meaning, cannot be in place of gaps in the text.

1. Trails – words and expressions used figuratively:

epithet – figurative definition (Through wavy The moon creeps through the fogs... /A.S. Pushkin/);

personification – attribution of human qualities, actions, emotions to objects, nature, abstract concepts ( The earth sleeps in a blue glow / M.Yu. Lermontov/);

comparison - a comparison of two objects or phenomena in order to explain one of them with the help of the other ( Ice fragile on the chilly river like melting sugar lies on. Nekrasov/);

metaphor – transfer of properties from one object to another based on their similarity (Lit rowan bonfire red / S.A. Yesenin/);

metonymy – allegorical designation of the subject of speech, “renaming”, replacement of one concept with another that has a causal connection with it ( All flags will visit us /A.S. Pushkin/);

synecdoche – a type of metonymy, when the name of a part is used instead of the name of the whole or vice versa (We all look at Napoleons / A.S. Pushkin /);

hyperbola – excessive exaggeration of certain properties of the depicted object (The sunset burned like a hundred thousand suns /V.V. Mayakovsky/);

litotes – excessive understatement of the properties of the depicted object or phenomenon (Your Spitz, lovely Spitz, no more than a thimble / A.S. Griboedov/);

irony - hidden ridicule; using a word or expression in a sense opposite to the literal one (Otkole, smart, you're delusional, head? /I.A. Krylov/);

paraphrase – replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of its distinctive features or an indication of its characteristic features ( King of beasts/instead of a lion/);

2. Figures of speech – special syntactic constructions that give expressiveness to speech:

antithesis – a sharp contrast of concepts, thoughts, images (You and the poor, You and the abundant, You and the mighty, You and the powerless, Mother Rus'! /N.A. Nekrasov/);

inversion – reverse word order (White lonely sail/M.Yu. Lermontov/);

gradation – arrangement of words or expressions in increasing or decreasing order of their meaning (semantic or emotional) ( Glowed, burned, shone huge blue eyes);

oxymoron - a contrasting combination of words that are opposite in meaning ( Dead souls, living corpse, sad joy);

parcellation - intentional violation of the boundaries of a sentence (This happened a long time ago. A very long time ago. Anna was in trouble. Big.);

anaphora – unity of beginning, repetition of similar words at the beginning of stanzas or closely spaced phrases ( Wait me and I'll be back. Just wait a lot. Wait when the yellow rains make me sad, Wait when the snow is swept away, Wait when it's hot, Wait, when others are not expected, having forgotten yesterday / K. Simonov/);

epiphora – repetition of the same words or phrases at the end of several adjacent structures (I would like to know why I titular councilor? Why exactly titular councilor? /N.V. Gogol/);

a rhetorical question – a question that is posed in order to draw attention to a particular phenomenon (To be or not to be? /Shakespeare/);

rhetorical appeal – emotional appeal to people not directly involved in communication, or to inanimate objects (People of the world, take care of the world!);

ellipsis - omission of the predicate, giving dynamism to speech (We villages - to ashes, cities - to dust / V.A. Zhukovsky /);

lexical repetition - deliberate repetition of the same word or phrase to enhance the emotionality and expressiveness of the statement (It seemed that everything in nature fell asleep: sleeping grass, slept trees, slept clouds).

questionably - response form – a form of presentation in which questions and answers alternate (What should I do? I don’t know. Who should I ask for advice? Unknown.);

syntactic parallelism – the same syntactic structure of neighboring sentences, the same arrangement of similar parts of the sentence in them (I look at the future with fear, / I look at the past with longing. /M.Yu. Lermontov/);

homogeneous members of the sentence .

3 .Lexical means of expression: Vocabulary

Dialect words - a word or phrase existing in a certain area (territorial dialectism), social group (social dialectism) or profession (professional dialectism): rooster crows

Jargonisms- the speech of a social group, different from the general language, containing many artificial words and expressions. There are different jargons: salon, bourgeois, thieves, student, school, army, sports, etc. “Smell” is from the jargon of hunters, “amba” is from the sea.

Antonyms(Greek Ant - against and on уma - name) - words with opposite meanings: “Cunning and love”, “White only is the shine, black is the shadow.”

Archaisms(from the Greek Archaios - ancient) - an outdated word or figure of speech.

Neologisms(from the Greek Neos - new and logos - word) - a newly formed word that appeared in connection with the emergence of new concepts in life (in science, technology, culture, in everyday life). Neologism emphasizes the expressiveness of speech. For example, “mediocrity” instead of “mediocrity”.

Synonyms(from Greek - eponymous) 1) Words that are different in spelling, but close (or identical) in meaning: defeat-overcome (the enemy); run - rush; beautiful - lovely; hippopotamus - hippopotamus. 2) Contextual synonyms are words or phrases that are similar in meaning in the same context; these words are of an individual, situational nature: needle - Ostankino needle (tower); talk (murmur) of waves; noise (rustle, rustle, whisper) of foliage.

Contextual synonyms - words or combinations of words that acquire similar meaning only in a certain context. “Doing nothing” is passive rest.

Phraseologism - a lexically indivisible, stable in its composition and structure, a phrase complete in meaning, reproduced in the form of a ready-made speech unit. (Frown your eyebrows, win a victory, lower your head, break your nose, burn with shame, show your teeth, sudden death, melancholy, biting frost, fragile boat, delicate question, delicate situation)

Homonyms- identical-sounding words that have different meanings, for example: club (couple and sports), change your mind (many things and change your mind). In oral speech, sound homonyms (homophones) arise - words that sound the same, although they are written differently: cry and cry, boil and open.

PART 2

It is necessary to analyze the proposed text, identifying the author’s position on one of the problems raised in it, correctly and convincingly expressing one’s own attitude to what was read. The volume of the essay is at least 200 words.

To complete the task correctly you need to know Part C assessment criteria.

Plan for writing an essay - reasoning on the proposed text

Regardless of the content of the text, you can use the following plan, compiled on the basis of the requirements for completing the task of Part C:

1. Formulate the problem - K 1

2. Comment on the problem.K-2

4. Express your own opinion, agreeing or disagreeing with the author. K-4

5. Prove your point of view by giving at least two arguments (each of them is given in a new paragraph).

6. Final conclusion (conclusion).

Problem - a question that interests the author of the source text and causes his thoughts and reflections.

Task formulation:

From sentence 41, write down the phraseological unit.

(41) But then I had to be every day, without giving myself any relief or indulgence, and therefore not worry about appearing.

without letting go

A comment: The sentence uses phraseological units not in their pure form, but with the word “yourself”. In the same way one could write not to give him, us, them- which means that the data words are not part phraseology.

What you need to know:

Task 23 of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language tests students' knowledge of the section "Vocabulary and Phraseology"

To complete the task correctly, you need to remember the following basic points:

Lexical meaning of the word

Lexical meaning of the word - this is the historically fixed semantic (conceptual) “content” of the word. Words can have:
Direct meaning- the original, original meaning of the word.
Figurative meaning- a secondary meaning arising on the basis of the first.
For example: The weaver cut canvas - the highlighted word is used in its literal meaning.
The railway stretches into the distance canvas - the word “canvas” is used in a figurative meaning based on the similarity in appearance.

Transferring meaning based on some similarity (color, shape, function) is called metaphor:
And maybe - to my sunset the sad one will flash love with a farewell smile. (A.S. Pushkin)
Transferring a name from one object to another based on the contiguity of these objects is called metonymy:
Belinsky's man and Gogol will carry it from the market. (N. Nekrasov)
One of the varieties of metonymy is synecdoche. Synecdoche is the transfer of the name of a whole to its part or vice versa:
Here on new waves everyone flags will be visiting us. (A.S. Pushkin)

Synonyms

Synonyms
For example: The path is the road, to think is to reflect

Contextual synonyms - words that have a similar meaning only within the proposed text. Outside of context, such words are not synonymous.
For example: Marya Kirillovna sprinkled about his loved ones, he was silent. Nobody believed grandfather. Even angry old women mumbled that the devils were born without beaks (Paust.). The highlighted words are contextual synonyms of the verb speak.

Antonyms

Antonyms- these are words that usually belong to the same part of speech, different in sound and spelling, but the same in meaning.
Contextual antonyms - words that are in antonymic relationships only in a certain context. They can have different grammatical forms and belong to different parts of speech.
For example:

Loved it rich — poor,
Loved it scientist — stupid ,
Loved it rosy — pale ,
Loved it good — harmful :
Gold — half a piece copper.
M. Tsvetaeva. 1918

In this example, only the pairs rich - poor, ruddy - pale are antonyms, the remaining pairs acquire the meaning of opposition only in this context, and in ordinary speech they are not antonyms.

Homonyms

Homonyms- these are words that are the same in sound and spelling, but different in meaning. They do not always belong to the same part of speech. Homonyms can be complete or partial.
Full homonyms- these are words of one part of speech in which all grammatical forms coincide.
For example: key (with which we open the door) and key (water source).
Partial homonyms- these are words for which not all grammatical forms coincide.
For example: oven (verb in the infinitive form) - oven (noun in the noun, singular)

Phraseologisms

Phraseologisms - these are stable, indivisible, non-free phrases that are stored in memory and are always used together in one specific meaning. As a rule, the meaning of phraseological units does not lie on the surface. A phraseological unit is not the sum of the lexical meanings of its constituent words, but one meaning for several words combined into a phrase. The main phraseological units that you may encounter during the exam are given below in the dictionary of phraseological units.

Download the dictionary of phraseological units

Borrowed words

Borrowed words - these are words that came into the Russian language from other languages. Not a single language, not counting the languages ​​of isolated peoples who have no contact with other peoples.
For example: mathematics (from Greek), pearls (from Turkic languages), herring (from Scandinavian languages), tie (from German), sailor (from Dutch), football (from English), broth (from French), sonata (from Italian), guitar (from Spanish), dumplings (from Finnish), farmstead (from Hungarian).

Passive vocabulary (outdated or not yet well known)

Historicisms- obsolete words that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the object they denoted.
For example: sash (cloth peasant belt), bailiff, master.

Archaisms- outdated words replaced by modern synonyms.
For example: forehead - forehead, mouth - lips, cheeks - cheeks

Neologisms- these are new words that have appeared recently in connection with the emergence of new realities.
For example: user, animator

Download the dictionary of neologisms

Limited vocabulary

Dialectisms - these are words used only in certain territories.
For example: veksha - squirrel (northern dialect).

Professionalisms - words that are used in oral speech in different professional environments.
For example:teapot - among programmers, a person who is poorly versed in computers is a beginner.

Slang vocabulary - words that certain social strata of the population use in their speech.
For example: lawlessness (criminal slang) cool (youth)

Slang- words used in the speech of young people or in the colloquial speech of adults.
For example:loot (money), topic (something good)

Argo- a dialect created by a group for the purpose of isolation (originally designated the thieves’ language)
For example: burglar (thief involved in burglaries), obut (deceive)

Colloquial vocabulary - words with a stylistically reduced, rude, vulgar connotation. These words also include obscene language.
For example: whistle - meaning “to steal”, muzzle, muzzle - meaning “face”, etc.

Stylistically neutral, bookish, colloquial vocabulary

Neutral vocabulary - vocabulary that is used in any style of speech.
For example: good, man, talk

Book vocabulary - used primarily in written form, in the language of fiction.
For example: tremble, retribution

Conversational vocabulary - used in casual conversation
For example: ruin, reserve, hustler

Means of communication	Examples
Lexical repetition of words	Autumn is an amazing time of year when the leaves suddenly take on a variety of shades. colors. Colors These are amazing in their beauty.
Cognates, that is, words of the same or different parts of speech that have a common root.	Winter the day is short. Not by chance in winter So they wait for sunny weather to enjoy the bright light at least for a while.
Synonyms, that is, words that are spelled differently but have similar meanings.	During illness you cannot do without thermometer. After all, it’s a thermometer
Antonyms will help to understand how high the patient’s temperature is.	- words that have the opposite meaning. A person should appreciate friends.
Otherwise, a situation may arise in which only enemies remain surrounded.Descriptive phrases	, which replace the word in the previous sentence. Built nearby highway. This rushing river life

firmly connected settlements with each other.

Means of communication	Examples
Morphological means3rd person personal pronouns (these pronouns are HE, SHE, IT, THEY in different cases). These pronouns in the second sentence are used instead of some word in the first.	Remember that sentences with 1st and 2nd person pronouns will not be answers, only 3rd person pronouns! I invited mine girlfriend to the theater. She
I haven't seen the new production.Demonstrative pronouns	(SO, THAT, THIS and others in various genders and cases)I really like beautiful forests in these places. It seems that such
there are no forests anywhere.Pronominal adverbs	(THERE, HERE, SO, THEN, etc.) It was necessary to pretend that he was busy with work.
Unions That's what he did.	(most often composing) Everyone was happy about the holiday. But
only Sergei sat, saddened.	Particles. Everyone really liked the performance. Only
Irina, as always, was dissatisfied with something..	Unity of tense forms of verbs Everything has been decided spend the holidays together. Together drew up a program, thought through the numbers, selected
music (all verbs are in the past tense).	Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs. We bought plane tickets right away.
It couldn't be better.	Adverbs Suddenly thunder roared. After lightning flashed. Then

There was such a downpour that the streets of the city were instantly empty.

Syntactic means	Means of communication.
Examples.	Introductory words and constructions. , you need to learn the theory. Secondly, urgently complete test tasks. Only then can you successfully prepare for the Unified State Exam.
Incomplete sentences.	Today was a difficult day because we were writing a test. Mathematics.
Syntactic parallelism,identical construction of two sentences located next to each other.	Young people are welcome everywhere. Old people are respected everywhere.
Parcellation , that is, splitting the proposal into separate parts.	To be happy in life, you need to have a kind heart, a high soul. Good character.
Word order (direct - reverse).	To prove you're right,I'll come back. I'll be backI’ll explain, and you’ll understand that I was right.

These are the main means of connecting sentences in the text. However, we must remember that it is often noted in the task that the second sentence contains two means of communication at once, for example, a personal pronoun and lexical repetition. Therefore, be careful when completing task No. 23; the selected proposal must necessarily contain both means of communication, if they are indicated in the task.

There are several types of connections between sentences in a text. Depending on the type of communication, one or another of the means mentioned above is used.
Let's look at these types.

Types of connection between sentences in the text

• Chain (serial) communication.With such a connection, each subsequent sentence is closely related to the previous one, his thought continues.

Example:

So we saw the sea. It seemed calm to us. However, this calm was very deceptive.

The most common means of chain communication: lexical repetition, conjunctions, pronouns, synonyms, antonyms and many others.

• Parallel communication.With this type of connection, sentences are not connected with each other, but are opposed and compared. Each new sentence has an independent thought, although in unity all sentences constitute one text. Among the means here, syntactic means are often used, for example, syntactic parallelism, as well as the unity of tense forms of verbs, introductory words, adverbs of place and time. With this type of communication, the main information is contained in the first sentence, and all the rest explain and specify it.

Example:

Forests make the earth healthier. They cleanse it of pollution. Their It is no coincidence that they are called the lungs of the planet.

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