Campaigns of the Russian army in Central Asia. Central Asian campaigns of Russian troops. General information. Conquest of Turkestan by Tsarist Russia

fHTLEUFBOULYE RPIPDSCH

ъBCHPECHBOYE UTEDOOEK BYYY TEILLP PFMYUBEFUS RP UCHPENH ENKH IBTBLFETH PF RPLPTEOOYS UYVYTY. UENSH FSCHUSYU - CHETUF PF "lbnos" DP fYIPZP PLEBOB VSHCHMY RTPKDEOSCH U OEVPMSHYYN CH UFP MEF. CHOKHLY LBBLBLCH ETNBLBL FYNPZHEEECHYUB UFBMY RETCHSHNY TKHUULYNY FYIPPLEBOULYNY NPTERMBCHBFEMSNY, ЪBRMSCHCH ABOUT YUEMOBI U UENEOPN DETSOECHSHCHN CH YUKHLPFULKHA YENMA Y DBTSE CH BNETYL H. yI USCHOPCHSHS U iBVBTTPCHSHN Y rPSTLLPCHSHCHN UFBMY KhCE THVYFSH ZPTPDLY RP bNHT-TELE, RTYDS L UBNPK ZTBOYGE LYFBKULPZP ZPUKHDBTUFCHB. KhDBMSCHE CHBFBZY, ЪББУБУФХА MYYSH CH OUEULPMSHLP DEUSFLPCH PFCHBTSOSCHI NMPPDGPCH, VEЪ LBTF, VEЪ LPNRBUB, VEЪ UTEDUFCH, U PDOIN LTEUFPN ABOUT YEEY RYEBMSHA CH THLE, RPLP TSMY PZTPNOSHCHE RTPUFTBOUFCHB U TEDLINE DYLINE OBUEMEOYEN, RETECHBMYCHBS YUETE ZPTSHCH, P LPFPTSCHI TBOSHIE OYLPZDB OE UMSCHIBMY, RPTTHVBSUSH YUETE DTENKHUYE MEUB, DETSB RHFSH CHUE ABOUT CHPUIPD, KHUFTBIBS Y RPDYUYOSS DYLBTEK PZOEOOOSCHN VPEN. dPIPDS DP VETEZB VPMSHYPK TELY, SING PUFBOBCHMYCHBMYUSH, THVYMY ZPTPDPL Y RPUSHMBMY IPDPLPCH nPULCHH L gBTA, B YUBEE CH fPVPMSHUL L CHPECHPDE - VYFSH YUEMPN OPCHPK ENMYGEK.

UPCHUEN YOBYUE UMPTSYMYUSH PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHB ABOUT ATSOPN RKhFY TKHUULPZP VPZBFSHTS. rTPFYCH TKHUULYI ЪDEUSH VSHMB UBNB RTYTPDB. uYVYTSH SCHMSMBUSH LBL VSH EUFEUFCHEOOSCHN RTDPDPMTSEOYEN UECHETP-CHPUFPYUOPK tPUUYY, Y TKHUULYE RYPOETSH TBVPFBMY FBN CH LMYNBFYUEULYI HUMPCHYSI, LPOYUOP, IPFSH Y VPMEE UHTPCH Cabbage soup, OP CH PVEEN RTYCHSHCHUOSHI. ъDEUSH TSE - CHCHETI RP yTFSHCHYKH Y ABOUT AZ Y AZP-CHPUFPL PF sYLB - RTPUFYTBMYUSH VE'VTETSOSCH ЪOPKOSHCHY UFERY, RETEYIDYCHYYE ЪBFEN CH UPMPOYUBLY Y RKHUFSHCHOY. UFERY LFY OBUEMSMY OE TBTPЪOOOSCH FHOZHUULYE RMENEOB, B NOPZPYUYUMEOOSCH PTDSCH LYTZYPCH (225) , RTY UMHYUBE KHNECHYI RPUFPSFSH ЪB UEVS Y LPFPTSCHN PZOECHPK UOBTSD VSHM OE CH DYLPCHYOLH. fY PTDSH OBIPDIYMYUSH CH ЪBCHYUINPUFY, YUBUFSH OPNYOBMSHOPK, PF FTEI UTEDOEBIBFULYI IBOUFCH - iiCHSHCH ABOUT ЪBRBD, vHIBTSHCH Utedoek YUBUFY lPLBODB ABOUT ACCOUNTING CHPUFPLE.

rTY RTPDCHYTSEOY PF sYLB THUULYE DPMTSOSCH VSHHMY TBOP YMY RPJDOP UFPMLOHFSHUS U YICHYOGBNY, B RTY DCHYTSEOY PF YTFSHCHYB - U LPLBODGBNY. fY ChPYOUFCHEOOSCH OBTPDSCH Y RPDCHMBUFOSH YN LITZYULYE PTDSH CHNEUFE U RTYTPPDK UFBCHYMY ЪDEUSH THUULPNH RTPDCHYTSEOYA RTEZTBDSCH, DMS YUBUFOPZP RPYYOB PLBBCHYYEUS OER TEPDPMYNSCHNY. CHEUSH XVII-Y XVIII CHEL OBU PVTB DEKUFCHYK ABOUT LFPC PLTBYOE VSHM RPFPNH OE VHTOP OBUFKHRBFEMSHOSHCHN, LBL CH UYVYTY, B UFTPZP PVPPTPOYFEMSHOSHCHN.

ZOEJDP UCHYTERSHI IYEOILPC - IYCHB - OBIPDIMPUSH LBL VSC CH PBYUE, PZTBTSDEOOPN UP CHUEI UFPTPO ABOUT NOPZYE UPFOY CHETUF, LBL OERTYUFKHROSCHN ZMBUYUPN, TBULBMEOOSCHNY RHUFSHCHOSNY. IYCHYOGSH Y LYTZYYSH KHUFTBYCHBMY RPUFPSOOSCH OBVEZY ABOUT THUULYE RPUEMEOYS RP sylkh, TBPTSS YI, ZTBVIYMY LHRYUEULYE LBTBCHBOSH Y KHZPOSMY THUULYI MADEK CH OECHPMA. rPRSHFLY SYGLYI LBBLPLCH, MADEK, UFPMSH TSE PFCHBTSOSHCHY RTEDRTYYNYYCHSHCHI, LBL YI UYVYTULYE UPVTBFSHS, PVHDBFSH IIEOILPC, KHUREIPN OE HCHEOYUBMYUSH. BDUBYUB OBYUIFEMSHOP RTECHSHUYMB YI UYMSCH. yЪ IPDYCHYI ABOUT IYCHH KHDBMSHGPCH OH PDOPNKH OE RTYCHEMPUSH CHETOHFSHUS ABOUT TPDYOH - YI LPUFY CH RHUFSHCHOE UBUSCHRRBM REUPL, KHGEMECHYE DP LPOGB DOEK UCHPYI FPNYMYUSH CH BYBFULYI " LMPRPCHOILBI.” h 1600 ZPDH ABOUT IYCHH IPDM BFBNBO oEYUBK U 1000 LBBLPLCH, B CH 1605 ZPDH BFBNBO yBNBK - U 500 LBBLPLCH. yN PVPYN HDBMPUSH CHSFSH Y TBBPTYFSH ZPTPD, OP PVB LFY PFTSDB RPZYVMY ABOUT PVTBFOPN RHFY. hUFTPKUFCHPN RMPFYO ABOUT bNH-dBTSHE IYCHYOGSH PFCHEMY bFH TELKH PF lBURYKULPZP NPTS CH bTBMSHULPE(226) Y RTECHTBFYMY CHEUSH BLBURYKULYK LTBC CH RKHUFSCHOA, DKHNBS PVEUREYUYF SH FYN UEWS PF ъBRBDB. rPLPTEOYE UYVYYY VSHMP DEMPN YUBUFOPZP RPYUYOB PFCHBTSOSCHI Y RTEDRTYYNYUYCHSCHI THUULYI MADEK. ъБЧПЭЧБОВИЕ УТДООК Бъйй УФБМП DAMPN tPUUYKULPZP ZPUKHDBTUFCHB - DEMPN tPUUYKULPK YNRETYY.

oBYUBMP TKHULPZP RTPOILOPCHEOYS CH UTEDOAA BYYA. pF VELPCHYUB DP rETPCHULPZP

rPRSHCHFLB RETCHPZP YI TKHUULYI YNRETBFPTPCH RTPOILOKHFSH CH UTEDOAA BYYA ЪBLPOYUMBUSH FTBZYUEULY. pFTSD VELPCHYUB (228), PFRTBCHMEOOOSCHK DMS PFSHULBOYS UHIPZP RKhFY CH YODYA, CHUSH UFBM TSETFChPK IYCHYOULPZP CHETMPNUFCHB. pDOPK YЪ ЪБДБУ REFT RPUFBCHYM ENKH: “rMPFYOSCH TBBPVTBFSH Y CHPDSH bNH-dBTSHY TELY RBLY CH LBURYKULPE NPTE PVTBFYFSH, RPOETSE ЪМП ОХЦОП.” dPKDS DP IYCHSHCH, VELPCHYU RBM TSETFChPK CHETPMNUFCHB IYCHYOULPZP IBOB Y UPVUFCHEOOPZP MEZLPNSCHUMYS. for YYASCHYM ABOUT UMPCBI RPLPTOPUFSH, RTEDMPTSYM ENKH TBDEMYFSH UCHPK PFTSD ABOUT OEULPMSHLP NEMLYI RBTFYK DMS KHDPVUFCHB TBNEEEEOYS CH UFTBOE. rPUME LFPPZP IYCHYOGSH CHOEBROSHCHN OBRBDEOYEN CHSTEBMY YI RPTPPOSH. "rTPRBM, LBL VELPCHYU RPD IYCHPK", - UFBMY ZPCHPTYFSH U FEY RPT, Y ABOUT GEMSHCHI RPMFPTBBUFB MEF NEYUFB RTPOILOKHFSH CH UTEDOAA BYYA UP UFPTPOSH lBURYS VSHMB PUFBCHMEOB, B TBURTPUFTBOEY E TKHUULPK ZPUKHDBTUFCHOOPUFY ABOUT AZP-CHPUFPL CHPPVEE RTYPUFBOPCHYMPUSH ABOUT CHEUSH XVIII PEOPLE (229) .

pDOPCHTENEOOOP U VELPCHYUEN, LBL NSCH HTSE OBEN, VSHM DCHYOKHF YI UYVYTY CHCHETI RP yTFSHCHYKH PFTSD vHIZPMSHGB (230) . LUREDYGYS LFB YNEMB TEKHMSHFBFPN UPЪDBOYE uYVYTULPK MYOY - LPTDPOB RPUFPCH Y KHLTERMEOYK RP YTFSHCHYKH PF pNULB ABOUT UENYRBMBFYOUL Y KHUFSH-lbNEOPZPTUL DMS ЪBAY FSCH TKHUULYI CHMBDEOOK PF OBVEZPCH UFEROSHI LPYUECHOILPC. h RPUMEDHAEYE DEUSFIMEFYS uYVYTULBS MYOYS VSHMB RTPDMEOB DP LYFBKULPK ZTBOYGSCH Y OB OEK CHCHUFTPEOP CH PVEEK UMPTSOPUFY 141 HLTERMEOYE - LPTDPO ABOUT TBUUFPSOY PDOPZP RETEIPDB DTHZ PF DTHZB.

rTYLTSCHCH, FBLYN PVTBBPN, uYVYTSH, TKHUULPE RTBCHYFEMSHUFCHP UFBMP OOETZYUOP KHLTERMSFSH UCHPA CHMBUFSH CH rTYHTBMSHE. ъBCHPMTSULYE UFERY ЪBUEMEOSHCH, ZTBOYGSCH U CHPMZY Y LBNSCH RTPDCHYOHMYUSH ABOUT SYL, Y ENMY SYGLYI LBBLLPCH VSHMY CHLMAYUEOSCH CH ZPUKHDBTUFCHEOKHA UYUFENKH. ch 1735 ZPDH PUOPCHBO BDNYOUFTBFYCHOSCHK GEOFT UFEROSCHI CHMBDEOOK - pTEOVKhTZ, B Ch 1758 ZPDH KHUFTPKUFCHPN pTEOVKHTZULPZP LBBYUSHEZP ChPKULB RPMPTSEOP OBYUBMP pTEOVKHTZULPK MYOYY, URETCHB HYUTETSDEOOOPK CHDPMSH RP SYLH, OP HCE CH 1754 ZPDH CHCHCHOEOOOPK CHREDED - ABOUT YMEGL.

fBL OBNEFYMPUSH DCHB OBUFKHRBFEMSHOSHCHI RMBGDBTNB tPUUYY - UYVYTULYK Y pTEOVHTSULYK.

chFPTBS RPMPCHYOB XVIII CHELB Y OBYUBMP XIX RTPFELMY CH KHUFTPKUFCHE LTBS, CHULPMSHCHIOKHCHYEZPUS MYYSH TB, RP RPMKHYUEOYY MBLPOYUUEULPZP KHLBBYB yNRETBFPTB rBCHMB: “dPOULPNH Y xT BMSHULPNH LBBUSHYN CHPKULBN UPVYTBFSHUS CH RPMLY, YDFY CH YODYA Y ЪBCHPECHBFSH POHA!” ьLUREDYGYS LFB, UPCHETYOOOP OERTPDKHNBOOBS YUTECHBFBS ZYVEMSHOSHCHNY RPUMEDUFCHYSNY, VSHMB PFNEOOOB bMELUBODTPN I. y OBYUEOYEN UYVYTULIN ZEOETBM-ZHVETOBFPTPN URETBOULZP(2 31) RTPVHDIMBUSH CH FYI LTBSI TPUUYKULBS CHEMILPDETTSBCHOPUFSH. h 20-I 30-I ZPDBI TKHUULYE RPUFSH RPUFEREOOP RTPDCHYOHMYUSH ABOUT 600 - 700 CHETUF PF uYVYTULPK MYOY Y UFBMY DPUFYZBFSH zPMPDOPK UFERY. lYTZYUULYE PTDSCH UFBMY RETEIPDIFSH CH TKHULPE RPDDBOUFCHP. OB UYVYTULPK MYOY LFPF RTPGEUU RTPIPDIYM ZMBDLP, OP OB PTEOVHTSULPK CH “nBMPC PTDE” CHURSCHIOHMY CHPMOEOYS, RPDDETSBOOSCH IYCHPK. l LPOGH 30-I ZPDCH RPMPTSEOYE ЪDEUSH UDEMBMPUSH UPCHETYEOOP OEUOPUOSCHN.

YuFPV PVHDBFSH IIEOILPC. yNRETBFPT oYLPMBK rBCHMPCHYU RPCHEM PTEOVKHTZULPNH ZEOETBM-ZHVETOBFPTH ZEOETBMKH ZTBZHKH RETPCHULPNH(232) RTEDRTYOSFSH RPIPD ABOUT IYCHH. h DELBVTE 1839 ZPDB retpchulyk U PFTSDPN ch 3000 YUEMPCHEL RTY 16 PTHDYSI CHSHCHUFKHRIM CH RPIPD FHTZBKULINY UFERSNY. MAFSCH NPTPЪSHCH, VKHTBOSHCH, GYOZB Y FYZH PUFBOPCHYMY PFTSD, DPIEDYK VSHMP DP bTBMSHULZP NPTS. yOETZYEK RETPCHULZP HDBMPUSH URBUFY PUFBFLY PFTSDB, MYYICHYEZPUS RPYUFY RPMPCHYOSCH UCHPEZP UPUFBCHB. rPUME RETCHPZP RPIPDB VELPCHYUB CHFPTPK TKHUULYK RPIPD CH UTEDOAA BYA LPOYUMUS OEKHDBYEK, YuFP CHUEMYMP CH IYCHYOGECH KHCHETEOPUFSH CH UCHPEK OEKHSCHYNPUFY Y OERPVEDYNPUFY.

CHUE OBUYE CHONBOYE PVTBFYMPUSH ABOUT UBNYTEOYE LITZYYPCH. ch 1845 ZPDH pTEOVKHTZULBS MYOYS VSHMB CHSHCHOEUEOB CHREDED, ABOUT TELY YTZYY FKHTZBK, HERE RPUFTPEOSCH KHLTERMEOYS LFPPZP YNEOY. "nBMHA PTDH" NPTsOP VSCHMP UYUYFBFSH PLPOYUBFEMSHOP ЪBNITEOOOPK. h 1847 ZPDH NSCH DPUFYZMY bTBMSHULZP NPTS, ZDE HYUTEDYMY ZHMPFYMYA. at 1850 ZPDB ЪББИЧЭМБУШ И УУВИТУЛБС myОYС, WHERE UFBMY KHYUTETSDBFSHUS CH UENYTEYUSHE LBBIUSHY UFBOIGSHCH, ЪBLTERMSCHYE ЪB OBNY LYTZYULHA UFERSH.

CHOPCHSH OBYOOOSCHK PTEOVKHTZULIN ZEOETBM-ZKHVETOBFPTPN ZTBZH RETPCHULYK TEYM RTEDRTYOSFSH PRETBGYA RETCHPUFEROOOPK CHBTsOPUFY: PCHMBDEFSH LPLBODULPK LTERPUFSHA BL-NEYUEFSH(233) , ЪBRYTBCHYEK KH bTBMSHULZP NPTS CHUE RHFY CH UTEDOAA BYYA Y UYYFBCHYEKUS UTEDOEBIBFULYNY OBTPDBNY OERTYUFHROPA.

h LPOGE NBS 1853 ZPDB PO CHCHUFKHRYM U pTEOVHTSULPK MYOY U 5000 YUEMPCHEL Y 36 PTHDYSNY Y 20 YAOS UFPSM RETED UYMSHOP KHLTERMEOOOPK LTERPUFSHA, RTPKDS 900 CHETUF H 24 DOS. 27 YAOS RETPCHULYK YFKHTNPCHBM BL-NEYUEFSH Y PCHMBDEM LPLBODULYN PRMPFPN L CHEWETKH 1 YAMS, ABOUT RSFSHCHK DEOSH VPS. ABOUT HTPO ABOUT RTYUFHR - 11 PZHYGETPCH, 164 OYTSOYI YYOB. lPLBODGECH RPEBCEOP MYYSH 74 YUEMPCHELB.

BL-NEYUEFSH VSHMB RETEYNEOPCHBOB CH ZhPTF retpchulyk, UFBCHYYK LTBEHZPMSHOSCHN LBNOEN OPCHPHYUTETSDEOOOPK ushcht-dBTSHYOULPK MYOYY. mYOYS LFB SCHYMBUSH LBL VSH BCHBOZBTDPN pTEOVHTSULPK MYOYY Y UCHSBBMBUSH U LFK RPUMEDOEK LPTDPOPN KHLTERMEOYK PF bTBMSHULPZP NPTS DP OITSOEZP FEYEOYS hTBMB (ЪBEYEBCHYY N LYTZYULKHA UFERSH PF FHTTLNEO RKHUFSCHOY hUFSH-hTF).

h OETBCHOPN VPA 18 DELBVTS FPZP TSE 1853 ZPDB ZBTOYJPO retpchulb ZETPKULY PFTBYM h DCHEOBDGBFSH TB RTECHPUIPDIYYE UIMSH LPLBODGECH, RSCHFBCHYIUS CHSTCHBFSH BL-NEYUEFSH YY TKHUULYI THL. ZBTOYPO RPD OBYUBMSHUFCHPN RPDRPMLPCHOILB pZBTECHB UPUFPSM YЪ 1055 YUEMPCHEL RTY 19 PTHDISI. lPLBODGECH VSHMP 12000. vMEUFSEEK CHSHMBLPK pZBTECH Y LBRYFBO yLHRSH PRTPPLYOKHMY CHUA PTDH, RPMPTSYCH DP 2000 Y ChSCh 11 OBNEO Y CHUE 17 PTHDYK OERTYSFEMS. ABOUT HTPO - 62 YUEMPCHELB.

lPMRBLPCHULIK Y UETOSECH

k BMPCEOOSCHECK CHECK. NETSDH LFYNY DCHHNS RHOLFBNY OBIPDIYMUS RTPTSCHCH, UCHPEZP TPDB CHPTPFB YYTYOPA CH 900 CHETUF Y PFLTSCHFSHCHE DMS OBVEZPCH LPLBODULYI ULPRYE CH TKHUULYE RTEDEMSHCH. fY LPLBODULYE ULPRYEB PRYTBMYUSH ABOUT MJOYA LTERPUFEK bTEL - yuYNLEOF - bHMYE-bFB - ryYREL - fPLNBL. oEPVIPDYNP VSHMP LBL NPTsOP ULPTEE ЪBNLOХФШ ьФИ ChPTPFB Y PZTBDYFSH OBUYI LYTZYIPCH PF LPLBODULPZP CHMYSOYS. rППФПНХ У 1856 ZPDB PUOPCHOPK ЪBDBUEK tPUUYY UFBMP UPEDYOEOYE MYOYK USHT-dBTSHYOULPK Y UYVYTULPK. ABOUT PDOPN YJFYI OBRTBCHMEOYK NSCH YNEMY 11 PTEOVHTSULYI MYOEKOSCHI VBFBMSHPOCH, KHTBMSHULYI Y PTEOVKHTZULYI LBBLPLCH, B ABOUT DTHZPN - 12 ЪBRBDOPUIYTULYI MYOEKOSCHI VBFB MSHPOPCH Y LBBLLPCH uYVYTULPZP CHPKULB. fY ZPTUFY MADEK VSHMY TBVTPUBOSH ABOUT DCHHI ZTPNBDOSHI ZHTPOFBI, PWAYN RTPFSTSEOYEN TEACHERS 3500 CHETUF.

prETBGYS "UPEDYOOYS MYOYK" VSHMB ЪBDETTSBOB URETCHB (DP 1859 ZPDB) KHUFTPKUFCHPN LYTZYYPCH, B ЪBFEN MILCHYDBGYEK OBEUFCHYS LPLBODULYI RPMYUYE ABOUT UYVYTULHA MYOYA.

about BYUBMSHOILPN KHZTPTSBENPZP TBKPOB - ъBYMYKULPZP LTBS - VSHM RPDRPMLPCHOIL lPMRBLPCHULIK (234) . h LPOGE MEFB 1860 ZPDB LPLBODULYK IBO UPVTBM 22000 CHPYOPCH DMS FPZP, YUFPV KHOYUFPTSYFSH CHETOSCHK, RPDOSFSH ABOUT TKHUULYI LYTZYULHA UFERSH Y TBZTPNYFSH CHUE TKHUULYE RPUEM LY UENITEYUSHS. rPMPTSEOYE DMS THUULPZP DEMB ABOUT LFPC PLTBIOE UMPTSYMPUSH HZTPTSBAEE. lPMRBLPCHULIK Refinery UPVTBFSH CH CHETOPN PLPMP 2000 LBBLLPCH Y MYOEKGECH. rPUFBCHYCH CHUE ABOUT LBTFH, LFPF lPFMSTECHULIK fHTLEUFBOB DCHYOHMUS ABOUT CHTBZB Y CH FTEIDOECHOPN VPA ABOUT THE BODY lBTB-lPUFEL (xBHO-bZBYU) OBZPMPCHH TBVYM LPLBODGECH. rTY lBTB-lPUFELE TKHUULYI VSHMP CHUEZP 1000 YUEMPCHEL RTY 8 PTHDISI. h RPUMEDOYK DEOSH OBUY MYOEKGSCH RTPYMY U VPEN 44 CHETUFSHCH. yFYN VMEUFSEIN DEMPN uYVYTULBS MYOYS VSHMB PVEUREYUEOB PF OERTYSFEMSHULYI RPLHOYEOYK. pDOPCHTEENOOOP PFTSD RPMLPCHOILB gYNNETNBOB TBBPTYM LTERPUFY fPLNBL Y RYREL. h 1862 ZPDH ZEOETBM lPMRBLPCHULIK CHJSM LTERPUFSH NETLE Y KHFCHETDYMUS CH RYRELE. tPUUYS UFBMB FCHETDPK OPZPK CH UENYTEYUSHE, Y EE ​​CHMYSOYE TBURTPUFTBOYMPUSH ABOUT LIFBKULYE RTEDEMSCH.

l LFPNH READING PFOPUIFUS YЪNEOOYE OBEZP CHZMSDB ABOUT OBYUEOYE UTEDOEOBFULYI ЪBCHPECHBOYK. rTETSDE NSCH UYYFBMY RTPDCHYTSEOYE ABOUT AZ DEMPN CHOKHFTEOOEK RPMYFYLYY Y ЪBDBUH CHYDEMY CH PVEUREYUEOYY UFEROSCHI ZTBOIG. FERETSH CE OBYB UTEDOEBIBFULBS RPMYFYLB UFBMB RTYPVTEFBFSH CHEMILPDETTSBCHOSCHK IBTBLFET. TBOSHYE CH ZMHVSH NBFETYLB OBU FSOKHM MYYSH FSSEMSCHK TPL. FERETSH CE PVTBEOOOSCHN ABOUT AZ CHPTBN dChKHZMBCHPZP pTMB UFBMB KHZBDSCCHBFSHUS UYOECHBFBS DSHCHNLB rBNYTB, UOETSOSCHE PVMBLB ZYNBMBKULYI CHETYYO Y ULTSHCHFSHCHE ЪB OYNY DPMYOSCH YODPUFBOB... ъBCHEFOBS NEYUFB PLTSHCHMYMB DCHB RPLPMEOYS FHTLEUFBOULYI LPNBOYTPCH!

ObyB DYRMPNBFYS PUPЪOBMB PZTPNOHA RPMYFYUEULHA CHSHCHZPDH FHTLEUFBOULYI RPIPDPCH, RTYVMYTSBCHYI OBU L yODYY. chTBTSDEVOPE L OBN PFOPYEOYE BOZMYY UP CHTENEY chPUFPYUOPK CHPKOSHCHY PUPVEOOP U 1863 ZPDB PRTEDEMYMP CHUA TKHUULHA RPMYFYLH CH UTEDOEK BYYY. OBUYE RTDPDCHYTSEOYE U LITZYUULYI UFEREK L BZHZBOULYN HEEMSHSN SCHMSMPUSH EBNEYUBFEMSHOSCHN PTHDYEN RPMYFYUEULPZP DBCHMEOYS - PTHDYEN, UFBCHYYN VSC OEPFTBIYNSCHN CH THLBI VPME E UNEMSCHY YULHUOSCHI, YUEN VSHCHMY THLY DYRMPNBFYY bMELUBODTTB II.

* * *

TEYEOP VSHMP OE PFLMBDSCHBFSH UPEDYOOYE uYVYTULPK Y USHT-dBTSHYOULPK MYOYK(235) Y PVAEDYOYFSH CHPNPTsOP ULPTEE OBUY CHMBDEOOYS. CHEUOPA 1864 ZPDB OBCHUFTEYUKH DTKHZ DTHZKH CHCHUFKHRYMP DCHB PFTSDB - PF CHETOPZP RPMLPCHOIL yuETOSECH U 1500 VPKGBNYY 4 PTKHDYSNY - Y PF retpchulb RPMLPCHOIL chetechlyo (236) U 1200 YUEMPCHELBNY Y 10 PTHDYSNY.

rTPKDS rYYREL, yuETOSECH CHSM YFKHTNPN 4 YAOS LTERPUFSH bHMYE-bFB Y CH YAME RPDPYEM L yuYNLEOFKH, ZDE 22-ZP YUYUMB CHSHCHDETTSBM VPK U 25000 LPLBODGECH. CHTECHLYO FEN CHTENEOEN CHSM 12 YAMS LTERPUFSH fHTLEUFBO Y CHSHCHUMBM MEFHYUK PFTSD DMS UCHSY U YETOSECHCHN. UFPF RPUMEDOYK, UYYFBS UCHPY UYMSCH (7 TPF, 6 UPFEO Y 4 RKHYLY) OEDPUFBFPYuOSCHNY DMS PCHMBDEOOYS UIMSHOP KHLTERMEOOOSCHN yuYNLEOFPN, PFUFKHRYM CH FHTLEUFBO ABOUT UPEDYOOYE U RPMLPCH OILPN chetechlyoschn. pVB TKHUULYI PFTSDB, UPEDYOYCHYUSH, RPUFKHRYMY RPD PVEEE LPNBODPCHBOYE FPMSHLP YuFP RTPY'CHEDEOOPZP CH ZEOETBMSH YETOSECHB Y, PFDPIOKHCH, OBRTBCHYMYUSH CH RPMPCHYOE UEOFSVTS RPD yuYNLEOF. 22 UEOFSVTS yuETOSECH YFKHTNPCHBM yuYNLEOF, PCHMBDEM YN Y PVTBFYM CH VEZUFChP LPLBODULCHA BTNYA. x yuETOSECHB VSHMP 1000 YUEMPCHEL Y 9 PTHDYK. yuYNLEOF ЪBEYEBMP 10000. yuETOSECH PCHMBDEM LTERPUFSHA, RETECHEDS UCHPY TPFSCH YuETE TPCH RPPDYOPYULE RP CHPDPRTPCHPDOPK FTHVE. OBOY FTPJEY: 4 OBNEOY, 31 PTHDYE, NOPZP DTHZPZP PTHTSYS Y TBOSHI CHPEOOSCHI RTYOBDMETSOPUFEK. x OBU CHSHCHVSHMP YJ UFTPS 47 YUEMPCHEL.

lPLBODSCH VETSBMY CH fBYLEOF. yuETOSECH TEYM OENEDMEOOOP YURPMSH'PCHBFSH NPTBMSHOP CHREYUBFMEOYE YUYNLEOFULPK RPvedsch Y DCHYOKHFSHUS ABOUT FBYLEOF, DBCH MYYSH CHTENS TBURTPUFTBOIFSHUS NPMCHE. 27 UEOFSVTS BY RPDUFKHRIM RPD UYMSHOP KHLTERMEOOOSCHK fBYLEOF Y 1 PLFSSVTS YFKHTNPCHBM EZP, OP VSHM PFVYF Y PFUFKHRYM CH fHTLEUFBOULYK MBZETSH.

chPURTSOKHCHYE DHIPN LPLBODGSH TEYMYMY ЪBUFBFSH TKHUULYI CHTBURMPI Y CH DELBVTE 1864 ZPDB UPVTBMY DP 12000 ZPMPCHPTEЪPCH DMS CHOEBROPZP OBRBDEOYS ABOUT FHTLEUFBO. OP ьФБ PTDB VSHCHMB PUFBOPCHMEOB CH FTEIDOECHOPN PFYUBSOOPN VPA H yLBO U 4 RP 6 DELBVTS ZETPKULPK UPFOEK 2-ZP hTBMSHULPZP RPMLB EUBKHMB UETPCHB, RPCHFPTYCHYEZP ЪDEUSH BULETBOWL YK RPDCHYZ lBTZZIOB. yЪ 110 LBBLLPCH RTY 1 EDYOPTPZE HGEMEMP 11, 52 KHVYFP, 47 TBOEOP. CHUE RPMHYUMY ZEPTZIECHULIE LTEUFSHCH. p UPRTPFYCHMEOYE LFK ZPTUFY ZETPECH UMPNYMUS RPTSHCH LPLBODGECH, Y POY, OE RTYOSCH VPS U CHSHUMBOOSCHN ABOUT CHSHTHYULH TKHUULYN PFTSDPN, CHPCHTBFYMYUSH CHPUCHPSUI.

CHEUOPA 1865 ZPDB HYUTETSDEOB fHTLEUFBOULBS PVMBUFSH, Y YUETOSECH OBYUEO VSHM ITS CHPEOOSHN ZHVETOBFPTPN. u PFTSDPN CH 1800 YUEMPCHEL Y 12 PTHDYK PO CHSHUFKHRIM RPD fBYLEOF Y 9 NBS TBVIM RPD EZP UFEOBNY LPLBODULYE UYMSCH. tsYFEMY fBYLEOFB PFDBMYUSH RPD CHMBUFSH VHIBTULZP BNYTB, CHSHUMBCHYEZP FHDB UCHPY CHPKULB. TEYCH KHRTEDYFSH VHIBTGECH, yuETOSECH RPUREYM YFKHTNPN Y ABOUT TBUUCHEFE 15 YAOS PCHMBDEM fBYLEOFPN UFTENIFEMSHOPK BFBLPC. h fBYLEOFE, YNECHYEN DP 30000 ЪBEYFOILLPCH, CHЪSFP 16 OBNEO Y 63 PTHDYS. ABOUT HTPO - 123 YUEMPCHELB. ъBOSFYE fBYLEOFB PLPOYUBFEMSHOP HRTPYUYMP RPMPTSEOYE tPUUYY CH UTEDOEK BYYY.

rPDYYOOYE vHIBTSHCH

KHUREY UETOSECHB Y TBURPTPUFTBOEOYE THUULPZP NPZHEEUFCHB ABOUT lPLBOD UIMSHOP CHUFTECHPTSYMP vHIBTH. lFP IBOUFChP VSHMP DP UYI RPT PZTBTSDEOP PF TKHUULYI LPLBODULYYY ENMSNYY, UFBCHYYYYYYYYEKUBU THUULYYY PVMBUFSNYY. UNYT RTEFEODPCHBM ABOUT FBYLEOF, UUSCHMBSUSH ABOUT CHPMA EZP TSYFEMEC, OP DPNPZBFEMSHUFCHB EZP VSHCHMY PFCHETZOKHFSCH. rPMPTSYCH PCHMBDEFSH fBYLEOFPN UYMPK, BNIT CHEUOPA 1866 ZPDB UPVTBM KH TKHUULYI RTEDEMPCH DP 43000 CHPKUL. ZEOETBM yuETOSECH CH UCHPA PYUETEDSH TEYM OE DPTsYDBFSHUS HDBTB, B VYFSH UBNPNH - Y CH NBE DCHYOKHM ABOUT VHIBTH PFTSD ZEOETBMB tPNBOPCHULZP(237) H 3000 VPKGPC RTY 20 PTHDYSI .

lBNRBBOYS 1866 ZPDB ZEOETBMB tPNBOPCHULZP VSHMB UPLTHYYFEMSHOPK. R PLPTYM dTSYBL. h FTEI LFYI VEURPEBDOSHI YFKHTNBI TKHUULYE CHPKULB, MYYICHYYUSH 500 YUEMPCHEL, RPMPTSYMY ABOUT NEUF 12000 BYBFPCH. rPD yTDTSBTPN RETEVIFP 1000 VHIBTGECH Y CHSFP 6 PTHDYK. rTY YFKHTNE iPDTSEOFB RETEVIFP 3500. oby HTPO - 137 YUEMPCHEL. rTY hTB-fave RETEVIFP 2000, ChSFP 4 OBNEOY, 32 PTHDYS, OBIY RPFETY - 227 YUEMPCHEL. oBLPOEG, CH UBNPN LTPCHBCHPN DEME, RTY dTSYBLE, YЪ 11000 VHIBTGECH MEZMP 6000, YЪ 2000 TKHUULYI KHVSHMP FPMSHLP 98. hSFP 11 OBNEO Y 43 PTHDYS.

rPFETSCH dTSYBL, VHIBTGSH VETSBMY L UCHPEK UFPMYGE - uBNBTLBODH Y RPUREYMY CHUFKHRYFSH H RETEZPCHPTSH P NITE. h VE'TEIKHMSHFBFOSCHI RETEZPCHPTBI RTPYYEM CHEUSH 1867 ZPD. vHIBTGSH YI OBNETEOOP ЪBFSZYCHBMY, UFTENSUSH CHSHCHYZTBFSH CHTENS Y OBVTBFSH OPCHHA BTNYA, tPUUYS TSE RTPCHEMB LBRYFBMSHOKHA BDNYOYUFTBFYCHOHA TEZHPTNKH. h LFPN, 1867 ZPDH fHTLEUFBOULBS PVMBUFSH VSHMB RTEPVTBBPCHBOB CH fHTLEUFBOULPE ZEOETBM-ZHVETOBFPTUFChP, UPUFBCHYCHYEE CH BDNYOYUFTBFYCHOPN PFOPYEOY DCHE PVMBUFY - UENY TEUEOULKHA (ZPTPD chetoschek) U CHPEOOSHN ZHVETBFPTPN ZEOETBMPN lPMRBLPCHULIN Y USHCHT-dBTSHYOULHA (ZPTPD fBYLEOF) U ZEOETBMN tPNBOPCHULIN. pVTBЪPCHBO fHTLEUFBOULYK CHPEOOOSCHK PLTHZ, Y ChPKULB ABOUT EZP FETTYFPTYY - 7-K pTEOVHTSULYK Y 3-K UYVYTULYK MYOEKOSCHE VBFBMSHPOSH - TBCHETOKHFSCH CH 1-A UFTEMLPCHA DYCHY JYA Y 12 MYOEKOSCHI FHTLEUFBOULYI VBFBMSHPOCH. RETCHSHCHN FHTLEUFBOWLINE ZEOETBM-ZKHVETOBFPTPN VSHHM OBYUEO ZEOETBM ZHPO lBKHZHNBO (238), yuETOSECH VSHM PFPCHBO.

yuEMPCHEL PFCHEFUFCHEOOSCHI TEYEOYK Y CHPMECHPK CHPEOBYUBMSHOIL, ZEOETBM ZhPO lBKHZHNBO UTBKH PGEOIM PVUFBOPCHLH. rTYNYTYFEMSHOBS RPMYFYLB OE HDBMBUSH, ЪMBS CHPMS VHIBTSH UFBMB PYUECHYDOPK - UFKh ЪМХА CHPMA OBDMETSBMP UMPNYFSH. h LPOGE BRTEMS 1868 ZPDB "lBKHZHNBO U PFTSDPN Ch 4000 YFSHLPCH Y YBYEL RTY 10 PTHDISI DCHYOHMUS PF fBYLEOFB L UBNBTLBODH, ABOUT RPDUFHRBI L LPFPTPNH BNIT UPVTBM DP 6000 0 YUEMPCHEL.

2 NBS 1868 ZPDB REIPFB ZEOETBMB ZPMPCHBUECHB(239) RP ZTKhDSH Ch ChPDE RETEYMB ETBCHYBO ABOUT ZMBBI OERTYSFEMSHULYI RPMYUYE, KHDBTYMB ABOUT OYI CH YFSHHLY, PCHMBDEMB CHCHUPFBN Y yuBRBO-bFB Y PVTBFYMB VHIBTGECH CH VEZUFChP. uBNBTLBOD ЪBLTSCHM CHPTPFB WEZKHEIN Y UDBMUS TKHUULINE. h VPK RTYYMPUSH YDFY UTBH TSE RP RETEIPDE TELY. uPMDBFSH OBVTBMY RPMOSH ZPMEOYEB CHPDSH, TBHCHBFSHUS TSE Y CHSHCHFTSIYCHBFSH CHPDKH OE VSHMP READING. OBOY MYOEKGSCH UFBOPCHYMYUSH ABOUT THLY, Y FPCHBTYEY FTSUMY YI ЪB OPZY. rPUME bfpzp utbjkh rpymy h yfshchly ABOUT VHIBTGECH. "iBMBFOILY" TEYYMYY, YuFP RPUFYZMY UELTEF THUULPK FBLFYLYY, Y NEUSG URKHUFS RTY ъBTBVHMBLE, RPPDKDS ABOUT THTSEKOSHCHK CHSHCHUFTEM, YI RETCHSHCHE TSSDCH UFBMY ZPMPCHPK CHOY, FPZDB LBL ЪBDOYE DPVTPUPCHEUFOP UFBMY FTSUFY YI ЪB OPZY. rP UPCHETYEOYY bFPZP PVTSDB CH RPVEDE OILFP YЪ OYI OE UPNOECHBMUS.

PUFBCHYCH ЪDEUSH ZBTOYЪPO, lBKHZHNBO DCHYOHMUS DBMSHYE ABOUT AZ U CHPKULBNY ZPMPCHBUECHB Y TPNBOPCHULPZP. 18 NBS ON PRTPLYOKHM VHIBTGECH RTY lBFFB-lHTZBOE, B 2 YAOS DPLPOBM BTNYA BNYTB CH TSEUFPYUBKYEN UFEROPN RPVPYEE ABOUT ъBTBVKHMBLULYI CHCHUPFBI. ъBTБВХМБЛ - RETCHBS RTPVB YZPMSHYUBFSHCHYOFPCHPL lBTME, TsEUFPLBS VPKOS, CH LPFPTPK RETEVIFP DP 10000 VHIBTGECH, ZKHUFSHCH NBUUSH LPFPTSCHI OBU PZPOSH LPUYM, LBL FTBCHH. OBOY RPFETY CHUEZP 63 YUEMPCHELB. CHUEZP CH LFPN DEME RTPPHYCH 2000 TKHUULYI DEKUFCHPCHBMP 35000 CHPKUL BNITB. rPFTSUEOOOSCHK YNYT ЪBRTPPUYM BNBO. vHIBTB RTYOBMB OBD UPVPK RTPFELFPTBF tPUUYY, KHUFKHRYMB tPUUYY UBNBTLBOD Y CHUE ENMY DP ъBTBVKHMBLB.

h UBNSCHK DEOSH TEYYFEMSHOPK ъBTБВХМБЛУЛПК VYФЧШЧ - 2 YAOS - CH OBYEN FSHMKH RTEDBFEMSHULY CHPUUFBM uBNBTLBOD. l CHPUUFBCHYYN RTYUPEDYOMYUSH RPMYUYEB CHPYOUFCHEOOSCHI ZPTGECH-YBITYUSVGECH, Y 50000 IIEOILPC BFBLLPCHBMY GYFBDEMSH, WHERE ЪBUEM ZETPKULYK TKHUULYK ZBTOYЪPO (700 YuEMP CHEL) NBKPTB yFENREMS. yEUFSH DOEK ЪBEIFSH UBNBTLBODB OBCHUEZDB PUFBOKHFUS VMYUFBFEMSHOPK UFTBOYGEK CH MEFPRYUSI Y FTBDYGYSI FHTLEUFBOULYI CHPKUL. 7 YAOS CHETOKHCHYKUS YJ-RPD ъBTБВХМБЛБ лБХжНБО CHSHCHTHYUM LFYI ITBVTEGPC Y RPUFKHRIM U UBNBTLBODPN U RTYNETOPK UFTPZPUFSHA. Zetpkulbs UFPKLPUFFS ZbtaPob, Pfvyzp STPUFOCHOCHOCHE 2 Y 3 YAOS, RPchab L FPNH, YuFP Yubityusvgshch, Pfushyshihhh Khureye, HCI 4-ZP Yuumb Khimy l ueva ch Zptsh. nsch MYYYMYUSH 150 YUEMPCHEL. dBMSHOEKYE BFBLY UBNBTLBODGECH PFVYCHBFSH UVBMP MEZUE. lBKHZHNBO CH OBLBBOYE (UBNBTLBODGSH RTYUSZOKHMY O RPDDBOUFCHP tPUUYY Y RTYUSZKH OBTHYMYMY) RTYLBOBBM UTSEYUSH ZPTPD.

pDOPCHTENEOOOP U RPDYUYOOYEN tPUUY vHIBTULPZP IBOUFCHB CHURSCHIOHMP CHPUUFBOYE DHOZBO CH LYFBKULPN fHTLEUFBOE. BOBTIYS LFB CHSHCHBMB VTPTSEOYE CH UNETSOPK YUBUFY THUULPZP UENYTEYUSHS, Y DHOZBOULIK UKHMFBO UFBM CHEUFY UEWS CHSCCHCHBAEE. ch 1869 ZPDH ZEOETBM lPMRBLPCHULYK RTEDRTYOSM LUREDYGYA CH LYFBKULYK fHTLEUFBO, B CH 1871 ZPDH PLLHRYTPCHBM lHMSHDTSKH. vPMSHYKHA YUBUFSH LFK RTPCHYOGYY tPUUYS CHPCHTBFYMB CH 1874 ZPDH lYFBA, RPUME FPZP LBL LIFBKGSH HRTBCHYMYUSH U CHPUUFBOYEN.

h 1869 ZPDH RTPIЪPYMP CHBTTSOPE UPVSCHFYE - tPUUYS KHFCHETDIMBUSH ABOUT CHPUFPYUOPN VETEZKH lBURYKULPZP NPTS. h lTBUOPCHPDULPN ЪBMYCHE CHCHUBDYMUS ZEOETBM uFPMEFPCH(240) U PFTSDPN CH 1000 YUEMPCHEL CHPKUL lBCHLBULPK BTNYY. fBLYN PVTBBPN, YUETE RPMFPPTBUFB MEF CHPЪPVOPCHMEOB VSHMB RPRSHCHFLB VELPCHYUB RTPOILOKHFSH CH UTEDOAA BYYA PF lBURYS. FHF NSCH UFPMLOHMYUSH U OPCHSHCHN ITBVTSHCHN Y TSEUFPLYN CHTBZPN - FKHTLNEOBNY, OBUEMSCHIYNY ЪBLBURYKULYE UFERY Y RKHUFSCHOY. CHPCHEDEOYE OBNY CH 1870 ZPDH lTBUOPCHPDULB RPUMHTSYMP DMS OYI RPCPDPN L OERTYSJOOOSCHN DEKUFCHYSN. h 1871 ZPDH UPUFPSMBUSH OBNEOYFBS TELPZOPUGYTPCHLB LBRYFBOB ULPVEMECHB PF lTBUOPCHPDULB DP IYCHYOULPZP UBTSCHLBNSCHYB YUETE RKHUFSCHOA hUFSH-hTF. ULPVEMECH RTPYYCHEM NBTYTHFOKHA UYAENLH hUFSH-hTFB, RTPKDS 760 CHETUF CH 6 MILKINGS U PITBOK CHUEZP YYEUFY DTSYZYFPCH. ch 1874 ZPDKH ЪBOSFSHCHE OBNY ABOUT CHPUFPYuOPN VETEZKH lBURYS ЪНМY UPUFBCHYMY ъBLBURYKULYK PFDEM, RPDYUYOOOSCHK LBCHLBULPNKH CHPEOOPNKH PLTHZKH.

iYCHYOULYK RPIPD Y RPLPTEOYE lPLBODB 1873 - 1876 ZPDHR

pDOB MYYSH IYCHB DP UYI RPT OE YJCHEDBMB UYMSCH THUULPZP PTHTSYS. UYUYFBS UEVS ЪBEEEOOOSCHNY RKHUFSCHOEK, RPNOS DCHHLTBFOHA OEKHDBYUKH TKHUULYI RPIPDPCH ABOUT YI PBYU, IYCHYOGSH OE CEMBMY RTELTBEBFSH TBVPECH, ZTBVETSEK Y RTYVSHMSHOPK TBVPFPTZPCHMY. ABOUT CHUE RTEDUFBCHMEOYS ZEOETBMB lBKHZHNBOB IYCHYOULYK IBO MYVP OE PFCHEYUBM, MYVP PFCHEYUBM DET'PUFSNY, UYUFBS, YuFP "VEMSHCHE THVBIY" DP iYCHSHCH OE DPKDHF.

fPZDB CH LPOGE JNSCH 1873 ZPDB VSHMP TEYEOP RTEDRTYOSFSH ABOUT IYCHH RPIPD YuEFSHTSHNS PFTSDBNY U FTEI UFPTPO: UP UFPTPPOSH fHTLEUFBOB - lBKHZHNBO U 6000 YuEMPCHEL RTY 18 PTHDYSI, UP UFP TPOSCH pTEOVKHTZB - ZEOETBM CHECHLYO U 3500 YuEMPCHEL RTY 8 PTHDYSI Y UP UFPTPOSCH lBURYKULPZP NPTS DCHB PFTSDB - nBOZSCHYMBLULYK RPMLPCHOILB mPNBLYOB U 3000 YUEMPCHEL Y 8 PTHDYSNY Y lTBUOPCHPDULYK RPMLPCHOILB nBTLPJPCHB(241) U 2000 YUEMPCHEL Y 10 PTHDYSNY - PVB Y ChPKUL lBCHLBULZP PLTHZB. rP UPEDYOOYY CHUEI PFTSDPCH X IYCHSHCH CHUE LFY UYMSCH, DP UYI RPT CH fHTLEUFBOE OEUMSCHIBOOSCH (DP 15000 VPKGPCH RTY 44 PTHDYSI), DPMTSOSCH VSHMY RPUFHRYFSH RPD LPNBODH lBKHZHNBOB.

CHETECHLYO, LPFPTPPNKH OBDMETSBMP YDFY RP OBYVPMEE DMYOOPNKH NBTYTHFKH, HCE CH RPMPCHYOE ZHECHTBMS FTPOKHMUS OEVPMSHYYNYY RETEIPDBNYU BNVSHCH ABOUT BNH-dBTSHA UECHETPLBURYKULYNY UFERSN Y. fHTLEUFBOULYK PFTSD (LPMPOOsch lBKHZHNBOB Y zPMPCHBUECHB) CHSHUFKHRYM 13 NBTFB. ъBLBURYKULYK Y lTBUOPCHPDULYK - CH RPMPCHYOE NBTFB, B nBOZSHCHYMBLUYK - CH RPMPCHYOE BRTEMS.

fHTLEUFBOULPNKH PFTSDKH, CHSHCHUFKHRYCHYENKH YI dTSYBLBL, RTYYMPUSH CHSCHOEUFY CHUA FSCEUFSH LPOFYEOFBMSHOPZP LMYNBFB - URETCHB TELYK IPMPD, ЪBFEN CH BRTEME HTSBUOSCHK Kommersant OPK. u RPMPCHYOSCH BRTEMS RTYYMPUSH YDFY RP VECHPDOPK RHUFSHCHOE, ЪBRBUSH CHPDSH CHSHCHYMY, MADI UFBMY KHNYTBFSH, Y, LPZDB PFTSD 21 BRTEMS RTYYEM CH HTPYUYEE bDBN-lTSCHMZBO (YuFP ЪOB YUYF "RPZYVEMSH YUEMPCHELB"), ZYVEMSH EZP LBBBMBUSH OEYVETSOPK. uMHYUBKSP PFLTSCHFSHCH LPMPDGSH URBUMY CHPKULB, Y lBKHZHNBO OERTELMPOOP OYEM CHREDED. 12 NBS ACCORDING TO THE BNH-DBTSHA, DBM CHPKULBN PFDSHY OBRTBCHYMUS L yiche.

dChKHN ЪBLBURYKULIN PFTSDBN RTYIPDYMPUSH RTEPDPMEFSH 700-CHETUFOKHA RKHUFSCHOA KHUFSH-HTF YER REUYUSCHNY USHCHRKHYYNY VBTIBOBNY. lTBUOPCHPDULPNH PFTSDDH LFP PLBBBMPUSH OE RP UYMBN, Y ON CHSCHOKHTSDEO VSHM CHETOHFSHUS, UPUMKHTSYCH, PDOBLP, FH UMKHTSVH, YuFP KhDETTSBM UCHPYN DCHYTSEOYEN OBYVPMEE ChPYOUFCHEOOPE Y Kommersant FKHTLNEOULYI RMENEO - FELIOGECH.

NBOZSHCHYMBLULYK PFTSD (ZDE OBYUBMSHOILPN YFBVB VSHM RPDRPMLPCHOIL ULPVEMECH) RETEYEM KHUFSH-HTF CH RSFYDEUSFYZTBDHUOSCHK ЪOPK, YNES YBUFSHCHE UFSCHYULY U IYCHYOGBNY Y FHTTLNEOB NY, Y 18 NBS VMY NBOSCHFB UPEDYOMUS U pTEOVKHTZULIN PFTSDPN ZEOETBMB CHETECHLYOB. B JK PFTSD lBHZHNBOB.

28 NBS OBYUBMUS YFKHTN ZPTPDB, Y 29-ZP TEYYFEMSHOBS BFBLB ULPVVEMECHB ЪBCHETYMB DEMP. CHUMED JB lPLBODPN Y VHIBTPK RPLPTYMBUSH Y IYCHB. IYCHYOULYK IBO RTYOBM UEVS "RPLPTOSHCHN UMKHZPK" TKHUULPZP GBTS, PUCHPVPDYM CHUEI OECHPMSHoilPCH RTEDEMBI UCHPEK UFTBOSH Y KHUFKHRIM tPUUYY CHUE ENMY ABOUT RTBCHPN VETEZKH bNH -dBTSHY, HERE L CHBUUBMSHOPNH PFOSHCHOE IBOUFCHH VSHM RTYUFBCHMEO TKHUULYK YUBUPCHPK - ZhPTF reftpbmelubodtpchul.

TBOSHYE, YUEN CHETOHFSHUS CH FHTLEUFBO, lBKHZHNBO RTEDRTYOSM LBTBFEMSHOHA LUREDYGYA ABOUT FHTLNEO-KPNHDPCH Y RPLPTYM YI, RPMPTSYCH CH DEMBY 14th 15th YAOS STUDENTS 2000 YUEMPCHEL. h LFPN DEME VSHMP HOYUFPSEOP LBL TB FP RMENS, YuFP CHSHCHTEBMP PFTSD VELPCHYUB (243) .

bFPF IYCHYOULYK RPIPD VSHHM UBNSHCHN FTKhDOSCHN YI CHUEI NOPZPFTKhDOSCHI FHTLEUFBOULYI RPIPDPCH. VENETOSCHI MYYEOOK, LPFPTSCHN RPDCHETZMYUSH ЪDEUSH TPFSH MYOEKOSCHI VBFBMSHPOCH Y LBCHLBULYI RPMLPCH, OE CHSHCHDETTSBMB VSC OILBLBS BTNYS CH NYTE. xUFSH-hTF Y bDBN-lTSCHMZBO - FBLBS CE RPVEDB OBD UBNPK RTYTPPDK, LBL nHFFEOULBS DPMYOB Y fTBSOPCH RETECHBM. CHPEOOSHCHY RPMYFYUEULYE DBTPCHBOYS ZEOETBMB lBKHZHNBOB CHSCCHYMYUSH EEE TB CH RPMOPN UCHPEN TBNETE. b RP TSDBN MYOEKGECH Y LBBLLPCH RETEDBCHBMPUSH YNS ZETPS bFPK LUREDYGYY - NPMPDPZP, VEKHRTEYUOP EZPMECHBFPZP 30-MEFOEZP RPMLPCHOILB ZEOETBMSHOPZP YFBVB, PFYUBSOOPK PFCHBZE Y OECHPNHFYNPK TEYYFEMSHOPUFY LPFPTPZP YYHNMSMYUSH CHUE. yuete Yuefshchte ZPDB YNS LFP OBMB CHUS tPUUYS.

* * *

rPDYYOSS UCHPENKH CHMYSOYA UTEDOEBBYBFULYE ZPUKHDBTUFCHB, tPUUYS PUFBCHMSMB LFYN IBOUFCHBN RPMOHA CHOKHFTEOOAA UBNPUFPSFEMSHOPUFSH, FTEVHS MYYSH RTYOBOYS UCHPEZP RTPFELF PTBFB, KHUFKHRLY OELPFPTSCHI CHBTSOSCHI CH UFTBFEZYUUEULPN PFOPEYOOY PVMBUFEK Y RHOLFPC Y RTELTBEEOYS TBVPFPTZPCHMY.

pF LFPC KHNETEOOPK MYOY RPCHEDEOYS RTYYMPUSH, PDOBLP, CHULPTE UDEMBFSH PFUFKHRMEOYE Y RPLBBBFSH ЪББOBCHYYNUS VSHMP BYBFBN, YuFP CHEMILPDKHYYE - OE UMBVPUFSH. ch 1875 ZPDH Ch PDOPN YFTEI OBUYI RTPFELFPTBFPCH, lPLBODE, CHURSHCHIOKHMY VEURPTSDLY. iHDPST - FOR LPLBODULYK VETSBM CH fBYLEOF, B CHMBUFSH KHHTRYTPCHBM VEL rKHMBF, UCHYTERSHCHK OEOOBCHYUFOIL tPUUYY. h LPOGE YAMS Y OBYUBME BCHZKHUFB 1875 ZPDB YBKLY LPLBODGECH UPCHETYYMY TSD OBRBDEOYK ABOUT TKHUULYE RPUFSCH NETSDH IPDTSEOFPN Y hTB-FAVE, B 8 BCHZKHUFB 15-FSCHUSYUOPE ULPRYEE OBRB MP OB iPDTSEOF, OP VSHMP PFTBCEOP.

JOETZYUOSCHK lBKHZHNBO TEBZYTPCHBM OENEDMEOOOP. KHCE 11 BCHZHUFB Zeoetbm ZPMPCHEECE TBVIM 6000 LPLBODGODGECH X Khamshzhbzbzbzbzbzbzbzbzbtb, b 12-ZPUFHRIMYY Yu Fbyfb, zmobchische LBHHZHNBOB (4000 ptHDisy). CHUS LPOOYGB, 1000 YBYEL, VSHMB RPTHYUEOB RPMLPCHOILKH ULPVEMECHKH.

THUULYE DCHYOHMYUSH H IPDTSEOFULPN OBRTBCHMEOYY. rKHMBF-IBO U PZTPNOPK BTNYEK (DP 60000) RPDTSIDBM TKHUULYI KH nBITBNB ABOUT USCHT-dBTSH. 22 BCHZKHUFB TKHUULYE ABOUT RPIPDE PFVYMY BFBLY ULPRYE LPLBODGECH, B 24-ZP CH ZEOETBMSHOPN UTBTSEOY RTY nBITBNE OBOEUMY UPLTHYFEMSHOP RPTBTSEOYE LP-LBODULPK BTNYY. nBITBN - HDBT UFTEMLCH CH MPV CHTBZKH, LPOYGSH ULPVEMECHB - CH FShchM. 3000 LPLBODGECH RPMPTSEOP ABOUT NEUFE Y CHSFP 46 PTHDYK. OBOY RPFETY CHUEZP 5 HVYFSHCHY 8 TBOEOSHCHI. dPTZB ABOUT lPLBOD, UFPMYGH IBOUFCHB, VSHMB PFLTSCHFB. 26-ZP, RPUME DOECHLY X nBITBNB, lBKHZHNBO CHSHCHUFKHRIM FKhDB Y 29 BCHZKHUFB PCHMBDEM lPLBODPN VEJ VPS.

PUFBFLY TBVYFSHCHI LPLBODULYI CHPKUL UPVTBMYUSH ABOUT CHPUFPLE IBOUFCHB - X nBTZEMBOB Y PIB. yI CHP'ZMBCHYM bVDKHTTBINBO bCHFPVBYUY. lBKHZHNBO DCHYOHMUS ABOUT nBTZEMBO, PFLTSCHYYK ENKH CHPTPFB. bVDKHTTBINBO ECBM, VTPUYCH UCHPK MBZETSH, B EZP ChPKULP VSHMP TBUUESOP OZOBCHYYN EZP ULPVEMESCHN. lPLBOD KHUFKHRIM tPUUYY YENMY RP RTBCHPNH VETEZKH oBTSHCHNB, UPUFBCHYYE oBNBOZBOULIK PLTHZ. “oBTSHCHN” - OE YUFP YOPE, LBL UTEDOEEE FEYOOYE TELY USCHT-dBTSHY (CH CHETIOEN UCHPEN FEYUEOOY YNEOHAEEKUS FBLCE fBTBZBEN). OE UNEYYCHBFSH U "OBTSCHNULIN LTBEN" CH UYVYTY.

mYYSH FPMSHLP TKHUULYE RPLYOHMY RTEDEMSH IBOUFCHB, LBL CH UEOFSVTE CHUE POP PRSFSH VSHMP PICHBYUEOP CHPUUFBOYEN. RKHMBF-IBO Y bVDKHTTBINBO RTPCHPZMBUYMY CH BODYTSBOE "ZBBBCHBF" - UCHSEOOKHA CHPKOKH Y CH OEULPMSHLP DOEK UPVTBMY DP 70000 RTYCHETTSEOGECH. zEOETBM lBKHZHNBO DCHYOKHM RPD bodytsbo PFTSD ZEOETBMB fTPGLPZP(244) . rPDPKDS L BODYTSBOKH, ZEOETBM fTPGLYK 1 PLFSVTS RTEDRTYOSM YFKHTN, PFMYUBCHYKUS OECHETPSFOSCHN PTSEUFPYUEOYEN. rPEBDSH ЪDEUSH OILPNKH OE VSHMP DBOP, ZHBOBFILY EE OE RTPUYMY. BODYTSBO VSHHM TBZTPNMEO BTFYMMETYEK, REIPFB Y LBBBLY DPVIMY CHTBZB. OBOY RPFETY CHUEZP 5 PZHYGETPCH Y 58 OYTSOYI YYOPCH. rPCHUFBOGECH RETEVIFP DP 4000.

h TEЪKHMSHFBFE BODYTSBOULPZP YFKHTNB lPLBOD LBBBMUS ЪBNITEOOOSCHN. TKHUULYE EZP BCBLKHYTPCHBMY, Y CH DELBVTE CHURSHCHIOKHM OPCHSHCHK NSFETS. MYLCHYDYTPCHBFSH LFPF CHЪTSCHCH - FTEFYK ЪB RPMZPDB - VSHMP RPTHYUEOP OBYUBMSHOYLH oBNBOZBYULPZP PLTHZB, FPMSHLP YuFP RTPY'chedEOOPNH CH ZEOETBMSH ULPVEMECHKH. ULPVEMECH KHUFTENYMUS ABOUT RKHMBF-IBOB, ЪBUECHYEZP CH nBTZEMBOYE, PE CHSHCHOKHTSDEO VSHM CHPCHTBFYFSHUS: CH FSCHMH KH OEZP CHPUUFBM oBNBOZBY. bFPF ZPTPD VSHM UPTSTSEO, Y NSFETS RTEUEYUEO CH BTPDSHCHYE. ъBFEN ULPVEMECH CHPPVOPCHYM UCHPA LUREDYGYA. 31 DELBVTS ON TBZTPNYM 20000 LPLBODGECH RTY vBMSHLYUBOULYI UBCHBMBI, B 4 SOCHBTS 1876 ZPDB ZEPTZIECHULYE TPTSLY MYOEKOSCHI VBFBMSHPOPC CHFPTYYUOP RTPFTTHVYMY RTYU FHR BODYTSBOB.

ABOUT LFPF TB IBOUFCHP VSHMP HUNYTEOP PLPOYUBFEMSHOP, PY Y nBTZEMBO YYASCHYMY RPLPTOPUFSH. 28 SOCHBTS UDBMUS bVDKHTTBINBO. rKHMBF-IBO RPKNBO Y EB ЪCHETUFCHB OBD TKHUULINY RMEOOOILBNY RPCHEEYEO. 12 ZHECHTBMS lPLBOD CHSF, Y RPUMEDOYK IBO LPLBODULYK OBU-dDYO CHSHUMBO CH TPUUYA. lPLBOD-ULPE IBOUFChP RETEUFBMP UKHEEUFCHPCHBFSH Y RTYUPEDYOEOP ULPVEMECHSHCHN L tPUUYY RPD OBYNEOPCHBOYEN ZHETZBOULPK PVMBUFY.

BIBM-FELJOULYE RPIPDSCH 1877 - 1881 ZPDHR

fHTTLNEOULYE UFERY PZTPNOSCHN LMYOPN CHDBCHBMYUSH CH OBUY UTEDOEUBYBFULYE CHMBDEOYS, TBDEMSS ъBLBURYKULYK LTBK Y FHTLEUFBO Y RETEUELBS CHUE OBIY LBTBCCHBOOSCH RKhFY, FBL YFP U PPVEEOYS NETSDH lTBUOPCHPDULPN Y fBYLEOFPN RTYIPDYMPUSH RPDDETSYCHBFSH YUETE pTEOVHTZ. yj CHUEI FHTTLNEOULYI RMENEO PUPVEOOOPK UCHYTERPUFSHA Y ChPYOUFCHEOOPUFSHA PFMYUBMYUSH FELYOGSH, PVYFBCHYYE CH PBYUBI BIBM-FELYOULPN Y NETCHULPN. rTEUFYTS LFYI YUEYUEOGECH UTEDOOEK BYY UFPSM CHSHUPLP PF lBVKHMB DP FEZETBOB.

uTBH TSE RPUME OBEK CHCHUBDLY Y UBBLMBDLY lTBUOPCHPDULB PUFTSHCHE YBYLY FELYOGECH CHPURTPFYCHYMYUSH THUULPNKH RTPDCHYTSEOYA CH BLBURYKULYK LTBK. chMBDEOOYS YI VSHCHMY FTHDOP DPUZBENSCH - PF NPTS BIBM-FELYOULYK PBYU PFDEMSMY 500 CHETUF VECHPDOPK Y RHUFSCHOOPK UFERY. rPLPTEOYE bFPZP "PUYOPZP ZOEDB" VSHMP OBUFPSFEMSHOP OEPVIPDYNP Y UFBMP ABOUT PYUETEDSH UEKYBU TSE RP KHYUTETSDEOOY CH 1874 ZPDH ъBLBURYKULPK PVMBUFY. pDOBLP FTEREFBCHYBS RETED BOZMYEK THUULBS DYRMPNBFYS, PRBUBSUSH FPZP, "YuFP NPZHF RPDKHNBFSH CH mPODPOE", OBUFPSMB ABOUT RPMKHNET. TEYEOP VSHMP MYYSH KHFCHETDYFSHUS ABOUT LTBA PBYUB CH HTPYUYEE LYYM-bTCHBF - YOSCHNY UMPCHBNY, PUYOPE ZOEDP OE HOYUFPTSYFSH, B FPMSHLP RPFTECHPTSYFSH.

oEHDBYOOBS YDES VSHMB EEE OEHDBYOOEE CHSHRPMOOEOB. IPDYCHYYK CH 1877 ZPDH ABOUT LYYM-BTCHBF ZEOETBM mPNBLYO OE TBUUUYFBM UTEDUFCH UOBVTSEOYS Y, UBOSCH KHLBBOOSHCHK TBKPO, DPMTSEO VSHM UREYOP TEFYTPCHBFSHUS CHCHYDH OEDPUFBFL B RTDDPCHPMSHUFCHYS. h 1878 ZPDH YFBV lBCHLBYULPZP PLTHZB RTEDRYUBM ZEOETBMKH mPNBLYOH RTEDRTYOSFSH "KHUIMEOOKHA TELPZOPUGYTPCHLH" biBM-FELYOULPZP PBYUB. fP VShchM VPMSHYPK RUYIPMPZYUEULYK RTPNBI: DCHYTSEOYE LTHROPZP THUULPZP PFTSDB FHDB Y OBBD VSHMP YUFPMLPCHBOP LBL OEKHDBCHYYKUS RPIPD, Y PE CHUEI PLTEUFOSCHI YENMSI U FBMY ZPCHPTYFSH, UFP "FELYOGECH OILFP OE NPTsEF RPVEDIFSH - DBCE TKHUULYE".

fPZDB CH 1879 ZPDH CH fYZHMYUE TEYMYMY RTEDRTYOSFSH UETSHEOKHA PRETBGYA. DMS RPLPTEOYS BIBM-FELYOULPZP PBYUB VSHM OBYUEO UVPTOSHCHK PFTSD, LHDB ChPYMY VBFBMSHPOSH UMBCHOSHI RPMLPCH lBCHLBULPK ZTEOBDETULPK, ​​20-Y 21-K DYCHYYK. pFTSD LFPF - UYMPA DP 10000 YUEMPCHEL - VSHM CHCHETEO ZETPA lBTUB ZEOETBMKH mBBTECHH.

ZEOETBM MBEBTECH RPCHFPTYM PYYVLH mPNBLYOB CH 1877 ZPDH - PO RTEOEVTEZ KHUFTPKUFChPN RTDDPChPMSHUFCHOOOPK YUBUFY Y UNPZ RPFPNKH DCHYOKHFSH CH RPIPD CH BCHZKHUFE 1879 ZPDB MY YSH RPMPCHYOH UCPEZP PFTSDB. ABOUT RKhFY L FELYOULPNKH PRMPPHH ZEPL-FERE MBUBTECH ULPOYUBMUS, Y CH LPNBODPCHBOYE CHUFKHRIM UFBTYK ZEOETBM mPNBLYO. rTY RPZTEVEOYY mBBTECHB LPMEUB RKHYLY, RTPYCHPDYCHYEK UBMAF, TBUUSCHRBMYUSH, YuFP VSHMP CHUENY YUFPMLPCBOP LBL DHTOP RTEDOBNEOPCHBOYE (CHUMEDUFCHYE YUTENETOPK UHIPUFY PE ЪДХИБ РПДПВОПЗП ТПДБ БЧБТІй ДЭTECHSOOTSU MBZHEFPCH Y RPChPЪPL UMKHYUBMYUSH CH FYI NEUFBI YUBUFP). lFPF RPUMEDOYK (mPNBLYO) “L IBPUKH OETBUUEFMYCHP UFY DPVBCHYM EEE FPTPRMYCHPUFSH.” 12 YFSH VSHMP RPLPTOPUFSH, YFKHTNPCHBM FELYOULHA LTERPUFSH, VSHM PFVYF U KHTPOPN Y RPUREYOP PFUFKHRIM, EDCHB OE RPZHVYCH CHUEZP PFTSDB. oby KhTPO CH LFPN KHRPTOPN DEME - 27 PZHYGETPCH Y 418 OITSOYI YUYOPCH, UBNSCHK OBYUYFEMSHOSCHK UB CHUE FHTLEUFBOULYE CHPKOSHCH.

bFB OEKHDBYUB UIMSHOP RPLPMEVBMB RTEUFYTS tPUUYY ABOUT CHPUFPLE. “vmesche THVBIY” VSHMY RPVETSDEOSCH! IYCHYOGSH Y RETUYSOE ЪMPTBDUFCHPCHBMY (YN, CHRTPUEN, UBNYN UPMPOP RTYIPDIMPUSH PF DETOLYI OBVEZPCH FELYOGECH). eEE VPMEE MYLPCHBMY BOZMYUBOE, FPMSHLP YuFP RPFETRECHYE UBNY RPTBTSEOYE PF BZHZBOULYI CHPKUL. nsch UFBMY RPMKHYUBFSH NOPTSEUFCHP PVIDOSHHI UPCHEFPCH Y OBUFBCHMEOYK P FPN, LBL UMEDHEF CHPECHBFSH U FELYOGBNY - PF VHIBTULPZP BNYTB, PF IYCHYOULPZP IBOB, PF RPZTBOYUSHI RETU YDULYI ZHVETOBFPTPCH. yNYT VHIBTULYK UPCHEFPCBM YDFY ABOUT ZEPL-FERE OE NEOEE LBL UP UFPFSCHUSYuOPK BTNYEK. IYCHYOULYK IBO RTEDMBZBM CHPPVEE PFLBBBFSHUS PF DBMSHOEKYI RTEDRTYSFYK RTPFYCH ZEPL-FERE. RETUYSOE ЪBLMYOBMY OE UIPDYFSHUS U FELYOGBNY CHTHLPRBIOKHA, "FBL LBL ITBVTEE Y UIMSHOEE FELYOGECH OEF OILZP ABOUT UCHEF."

lPNBODHAEIN ъBLBURYKULIN PFTSDPN VSHHM OBYUEO ZEOETBM FETZHLBUPC. BY RTYCHEM CHPKULB CH RPTSDPL, RPDVPTDYM YI, OP CHULPTE UDBM UCHPA DPMTSOPUFSH RP VPMEYOY. yYNPK 1879 ZPDB CH REFETVHTZ RPUFKHRBMY TBMYUOSCH RMBOSH Y RTPPELFSHCH. rMBO fETZHLBUPCHB RTEDHUNBFTYCHBM, OBRTYNET, RPLPTEOYE BIBM-FELYOULPZP PBYUB CH 4.5 ZPDB RTY ЪBFTBFE 40 NYMMYPOPCH THVMEK. yFBV LBCHLBULPZP PLTHZB FPCE RTEDUFBCHYM UCHPK RMBO, OBUFBYCHBS ABOUT OBYUEOY LPZP-OYVKhDSH YЪ "UCHPYI" ZEOETBMPCH. oBNEYUBMYUSH CHUECHPNPTSOSCH LBODYDBFHTSCH.

OP ZPUKHDBTSH OE UPZMBUYMUS OH U PDOYN YFYI RTPELFPCH. BY HCE OBNEFIM UCHPEZP LBODYDBFB - Y CHSHCHBM L UEVE YY NYOULB 37-MEFOEZP LPNBODITB IV BTNEKULPZP LPTRKHUB ZEOETBM-MEKFEOBOFB ULPVEMECHB. yjnoeZP dChPTGB ZETPK rMECHOSCHY yEKOPCHB CHCHYEM RPMOPNPYuOSCHN OBYUBMSHOILPN LUREDYGYYYY, UBDSUSH CH CHBZPO, RPUMBM YЪ REFETVHTZB CH BLBURYKULYK LTBK RP FEMEZTBZHH UCHPK RETCHSHCHK MBLPPOYUEULYK RTYLB: “rPDFSOKHFSHUS!”

* * *

u YUKHCHUFCHPN ZMKHVPLPK ZTHUFY OBUYOBEN NSCH PRYUBOIE VMEUFSEEZP FELYOULPZP RPIPDB ULPVMECHB CH 1880 - 1881 ZPDBI - RPUMEDOEK LBNRBOY VEMPZP zEOETBMB. h RETCHSHCHK Y, KHCHSHCH, CH RPUMEDOYK TB BY CHCHUFKHRIM ЪDEUSH UBNPUFPSFEMSHOSCHN CHPEOBYUBMSHOILPN. mCHYUB VSHMB EZP lYOVHTOPN, yEKOPChP - TSCHNRYLPN, ZEPL-FERE UFBMP EZP rTBZPK, B ftEVYY ENKH OE VSCHMP DBOP...

zMBBPNETPN RPMLPCHPDGB, LBL y YOUFYOLFPN ZPUKhDBTUFCHEOOPZP YUEMPCHELB - OBFPLB UTEDOOEK BYYY, ULPVEMECH UPOBCHBM OEPVIPDYNPUFSH Y OEYVETSOPUFSH ЪBOSFYS LBL BI BM-FELYOULPZP, FBL Y netCHULPZP PBYUPCH. OP NYOYUFETUFCHP YOPUFTBOOSCHI DEM, UFTBYBUSH "DHTOPZP CHREYUBFMEOYS CH BOZMYY", OBUFPSMP ABOUT PZTBOYUEOYY LUREDYGYY PDOYN MYYSH BIBM-FELYOULIN PBUYUPN"

7 NBS 1880 ZPDB ULPVEMECH CHCHUBDIMUS X yuYLYYMSTB. ъB 4 CHETUFSH PF VETEZB BY URKHUFYM CH NPTE UCHPEZP VEMPZP VPECHPZP LPOS, VMBZPRPMHYUOP DPRMSCHCHYEZP. TELPZOPUGYTPCHBCH UP UCHPYNY VMYTSBKYYNY UPFTKHDOILBNY - OBYUBMSHOYLPN YFBVB RPMLPCHOILPN zTPDELPCHSHCHN(245) Y LBRYFBOPN 2-ZP TBZB nBLBTTPCHSHCHN(246) - RPVETETSHE NYI BKMPCHULPZP ЪБМИЧБ, по ChSHCHVTBM NEUFP ЪBLMBDLY Y KHLBЪBM OBRTBCHMEOYE ъBLBURYKULPK TSEMEЪOPK DPTPZY, RTYLBЪBCH OENEDMEOOOP TSE RTYUFKHRYFSH L TBVPFBN.

UYMSCH FELYOGECH YUYUYUMSMYUSH DP 50000 (ЪB PTKhTSIE CHЪSMYUSH PF NBMB DP CHEMYLB), YЪ LPII DP 10000 PFMYUOSHI LPOOYLPCH. pZOEUFTEMSHOPE PTHTSYE YNEMPUSH X RPMPCHYOSCH CHPYOPCH (BOZMYKULYE CHYOFPCHLY, BICHBUEOOSCH THUULYE Y UCHPY, UFBTSHCHE UBNPRMSH PZTPNOPZP LBMYVTB, VYCHYYE U UPYOILB ABOUT 200 0 YBZPC). PUFTSHCHE YBILYY LYOTSBMSCH VSHCHMY X CHUEI. ABOUT CHUE CHPKULP YNEMBUSH MYYSH PDOB RKHYLB, UFP, CHRTPYUEN, OE VEURPLPYMP PFChBTsOPZP Y KHNOPZP fSHLNB-UETDBTS - FELYOULPZP ZMBCHOPLPNBODHAEEZP. according to RPMPTSYM RPMECHCHI UTBTSEOYK OE DBCHBFSH, B PFUYTSYCHBFSHUS CH LTERPUFY ZEPL-FERE - PZTPNOPN LCHBDTBFE CH CHETUFKH UFPTPOPK, UFEOSCH LPFPTPK, FPMEYOPK CH 3 UBTSEOY, OE VPSMYUSH PZ OS TKHUULPK BTFYMMETYY. rTY CHSHCHMBLBY CE Y H THLPRBYOSHI UICHBFLBI VEYEOBS PFCHBZB FELYOGECH (OBDCHYZBCHYI RBRBIY ABOUT ZMBBIB Y VTPUBCHYIUS PYuETFS ZPMPCHH CH UEYUH) Y YI NBUFETULPE HNEOYE CHMBDEFSH PTH TSYEN DPMTSOP VSHMP CHNEUFE U PZTPNOSCHN YUYUMEOOSCHN RTECHPUIPDUFCHPN DBFSH YN RPVEDH, LBL CH RTPYMPN, 1879 ZPDH. lTPNE FPZP, FELYOGSH VSHMY KHCHETEOSHCH, YuFP TKHUULYE, LBL Y CH RTEDSHDHEYE LBNRBOYY, CH LPOGE LPOGPCH DPMTSOSCH VHDHF PFUFHRYFSH RP OEDPUFBFLH RTDDPCHPMSHUFCHYS.

PTZBOIHS UCHPK PFTSD, ULPVEMECH RTYOSM Y'CHEUFOKHA "FHTLEUFBOULHA RTPRPTGYA" - TKHULBS TPFB TBCHOB 1000 OERTYSFEMEK. x OEZP VSHMP 46 TPF, B ZMBCHOPE - LBCHLBULYI CHPKUL (RPMLPCH 19-K Y 21-K DYCHYYK) Y 11 ULBDTPOPCH Y UPFEO - CHUEZP 8000 YFSHHLPC Y YBYEL. h RTDPDPMTSEOYE CHUEK LBNRBOY UUEF CHEMUS ULPVEMECHSHN YULMAYUYFEMSHOP ABOUT TPFSCH, BOE ABOUT VBFBMSHPOSHCH, LBL FP YNEMP NEUFP PVSHYUOP. OB LFPF PFTSD ULPVEMECH RPFTEVPVCHBM 84 PTKHDYS - RP 8 PTKHDYK ABOUT FSCHUSYUH VPKGPC, YuFP CHDChPE RTECHSHCHYBMP PVSHCHYUOKHA OPTNH Y RPLBYSCHBMP OBYUEOYE, LPFPTPE VEMSHCHK ZEOETB M HDEMSM PZOA.

uADB, CH ъBLBURYKULYK LTBK, ULPVEMECH CHSHFTEVPCHBM CHUE OPCHYOLY CHPEOOOPK FEIOIL - RKHMENEFSH(247) , PRFYUEULHA Y BMELFTYUEULHA UYZOBMYBGYA, HYLPLPMEKLY DELPCH YMMS, BYTPUFBFSCH, IMPPDYMSHOILY, PRTEUOYFEMY. PO OE RTEOEVTEZBM OILBLINE UTEDUFCHPN, LPFPTPPE NPZMP VSC IPFSH ULPMSHLP-OYVKhDSH UVETEYUSH UYMSCH UPMDBFB ABOUT RPIPDA Y LTPCHSH EZP CH VPA (NSCH NPTSE CHYDEFSH CHUA TBJOYGH NETSDH PFLTSCHFSH N KHNPN ULLPVEMECHB Y KHLYN DPLFTYOETUFCHPN dTBZPNYTPCHB - TBIOYGKH NETSDH RPMLPCHPDGEN vPTSSHEK NYMPUFSHA Y THFYOETPN CHPEOOOPZP DEMB).

PTZBOYBGYS RTDDPCHPMSHUFCHOOOPK YUBUFY - LFPC CHEYUOPK DP UYI RPT OBYEK BIIMMEUPCHPK RSFSH - CHUEGEMP TEANYTHEFUS MBLPOYUUEULPK DYTELFYCHPK ulLPVEMECHB: “lPTNYFSH DP PFCHBMB Y OE TSBMEFSH FPZP, YUFP YURPTFIFUS.” dPCHPMSHUFCHYE CHPKUL UTBH CE UFBMP CHEMYLPMEROSHCHN Y PUFBCHBMPUSH FBLYN CHEUSH RPIPD. mYIPK THVBLLB IYCHYOULPZP RPIPDB, RPTSCHCHYUFSHCHK OBYUBMSHOIL LPOOPK RBTFYY lPLBODULPK CHPKOSH RTEPVTBYMUS ЪDEUSH CH TBUYUEFMYCHPZP, RTPOILOKHFPZP UPOBOYEN PFCHEFUFCHEOOPUFY RPMLPCHPDGB - RPMLPCHPDGB, UPYUEFBAEEZP U PZOOOOPK DKHYPK IMPPDOSCHK KHN, OILLPZDB OE DEMBAEEZP CHFPTPZP YBZB, OE ЪBLTERYCH RETCHPZP, RPDYUOSAEEZP VSHCHUFTPPH Y OBFYUL RETCH PC CHPYOULPK DPVTPDEFEMY - ZMBBPNETH.

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h RETCHHA PYUETEDSH ULPVVEMECH RPMPTSYM PCHMBDEFSH LYYM-bTCHBFULYN TBKPOPN Y FBN UPJDBFSH VBH DMS DEKUFCHYK RTPPHYCH ZEPL-FERE. 23 NBS ULPVEMECH CHCHUFKHRYM YY yuYLYYMSTB Y 31-ZP ЪBOSM ChBNY (CH LYYM-bTCHBFULPN PBUYUE). preTBFYCHOBS VBBB VSHMB FBLYN PVTBBPN PDOYN - OP CHEMILPMEROP TBUUUYFBOOSCHN - ULBYULPN CHSHCHOEUEOB ABOUT 400 CHETUF CHREDED, Y CHUEZP 100 CHETUF PFDEMSMP TKHUULYI PF ZEPL-FERE. TKHUULYE UFBMY CH vBNY FCHETDPK OPZPK. lBL TBJ CH PBYUE RPUREMB RPUESOOBS FELYOGBNY RYEOGB, Y PVIMSHOBS TsBFChB PVEUREYUYMB ChPKULB IMEVPN FHF CE, ABOUT NEUF. ULPVEMECH OBBM, YuFP DEMBM, Y RTYLBOBBM TBCHEUFY ЪDEUSH PZPTPDSH. ъББДБУБ УОВВЦОК something ДП YUTECHSHCHYUBKOPUFY KHRTPEBMBUSH, Y ULLPVEMECH “ЪBUFBCHYM RKHUFSCHOA LPTNYFSH LUREDYGYA”.

TBTEYYCH RTDDPCHPMSHUFCHEOOSCHK CHPRTPU, UBMPTSYCH OBDETSOSCHK ZHKHODBNEOF RPD ЪDBOYE LUREDYGYY, ULPVEMECH RETEYEM L UMEDKHAEENKH LFBRKH - TBCHEDLE RTPPFYCHOILB, "YuFPVSH OE VSHCHFSH CH R PFENLBI" (U FELYOGBNY DP UYI RPT ENKH OE RTYIPDIMPUSH CHPECHBFSH). at LFK GEMSHA BY TEYM RTEDRTYOSFSH TBCHEDSHCHBFEMSHOSHCHK OBVEZ ABOUT ZEPL-FER, OBTPYuOP CHSCH LTPYYUOSCHK PFTSD, YUFPVSH OE RPCHFPTYFSH RUYIPMPZYUEULPK PYYVLY, DPRHEOOOPK mPNBLYO ShchN Ch 1878 ZPDH. 1 YAMS PFTSD CHSHCHUFKHRYM Y 8-ZP VMBZPRPMHYuOP CHPCHTBFYMUS CH chBNY. TBCHEDLB KHDBMBUSH VMEUFSEE. ULPVEMECH CHSM U UPVPK 700 YUEMPCHEL U 8 PTHDYSNY Y 2 RKHMENEFBNY. dPKDS DP ZEPL-FERE, BY PVPYEM LTERPUFSH U NHYSCHLPK UP CHUEI UFPTPO Y PFTBIYM U UBNSHCHN OEOBYUYFEMSHOSCHN DMS OBU KhTPOPN OBFYUL FELYOGECH.

PUEOSH ULPVEMECH PVPTHDPPCHBM CHURPNPZBFEMSHOHA VBH ABOUT RETUYDULPK FETTYFPTYY (PFLMPOYCH CH FP TSE CHTENS RTEDMPTSEOYE RETUPCH OBN RPNPYUSH LBL OE UPPFCHEFUFCHBCHYE DPUFPYOUFCHH TPUUY J). BY CHUE EEE OBDESMUS RP OBOSFIY ZEPL-FERE RPKFY ABOUT NETCHY RPLPTYFSH tPUUYY CHEUSH LTBK DP BZHZBOULPK ZTBOYGSCH.

24 OPSVTS, LPZDB CHPKULB VSHHMY CHUEN PVEUREYEOSCH DMS JYNOEK LBNRBOYY, VSHM PVIASCHMEO RPIPD RPD ZEPL-FERE. y 24-ZP RP 28-E TKHUULYE FTPZBMYUSH YЪ chBNY RPYEMPOOP, Y L RPMPCHYOE DELBVTS X EZSO-vBFShT-lbMSCH CH 10 CHETUFBI PF FELYOULPK FCHETDSCHOY UPVTBMPUSH HCE 5000 VPKGPC RT Y 47 PTHDYSI. 11 DELBVTS UADB RTYVSHHM YJ fHTLEUFBOULZP PLTHZB PFTSD RPMLPCHOILB lHTPRBFLYOB CH UPUFBCHE 700 YUEMPCHEL Y 2 PTHDYK. rPUSHMLB PFTSDB lHTPRBFLYOB YNEMB VPMSHYPE NPTBMSHOPE OBYOOYE DMS RMENEO UTEDOOEK BYYY, RPLBJBCH, YuFP FELYOGSHCH HTSE OE CH UYMBY RTERSFFUFCHPCHBFSH UPPVEEOYSN fHTLEUFBOB U y BLBURYKULIN LTBEN. FELYOULYK RPIPD EEE VPMEE UVMYYM ULPVEMECHB U lHTPRBFLYOSCHN:

“U OIN UHDSHVB RPTPDOYMB NEOS VPECHSHCHN VTBFUFCHPN UP CHFPTPZP YFKHTNB BODYTSBOB, CH FTBOYESI RMECHOSCH Y ABOUT CHCHUPFBI vBMLBOULYI,” - RYUBM ULPVEMECH.

DEM. 23 DELBVTS X OBU HVYF ZEOETBM rEFTHUECHYU (248) . 28 DELBVTS OPIUSHA FELYOGSH CHOEBROP KHDBTYMY CH YYBYLY, CHPTCHBMYUSH CH FTBOYEY, YЪTHVIMY 5 PZHYGETPCH Y 120 OYTSOYI YYOPCH (RPYUFY CHUE KHVYFSCH, TBOESCHI MYYSH 30), ЪBICHBF YMY OBNS bryetpoulpzp VBFBMSHPOB Y 1 ZPTOKHA RHYLKH. 29 DELBVTS, RTY CHSFYY LPOFTBRTPYEK, NSCH MYYYMYUSH 61 YUEMPCHELB, B PE CHTENS CHSHCHMBLY 30 DELBVTS RPFETSMY 152 YUEMPCHELB Y EEE 1 RHYLKH. FELYOGSHCH HCHEMY U UPVPK VPNVBTDYTB bZBZHPOB OYLYFYOB (21-K BTFYMMETYKULPK VTYZBDSHCH) Y RPFTEVPCHBMY, YUFPVSH PO OBKHYUM YI PVTBEBFSHUS U PTHDYSNY. oEUNPFTS ABOUT OYUEMPCHYUEULYE NHYUEOOYS Y RSHCHFLY, LFPF ZETPK PFLBBBMUS Y RPZYV. OP OILPZDB OE RPZYVOEF EZP YNS! FELYOGSH FBL Y OE URTBCHYMYUSH U FTHVLPK, Y UFTEMSHVB YI YI ЪBICHBUEOOSCHI PTHDYK OBN CHTEDB OE RTYYUYOSMB, FBL LBL UOBTSSDSH OE TBTSCHCHBMYUSH.

29-ZP RP ЪBOSFYY lHTPRBFLYOSCHN "CHEMYLPLOSTSEULPK LBMSH" (LPOFTBRTPYEK RTPFPYCHOILB) VSHCHMY RPchedEOSH NYOOSHCH TBVPFSHCH, LPFPTSCHN FELYOGSHCH RP OEBOYA OE RTERSFFUFCHBMY. rTY PFVYFYY CHSHCHMBBLY 4 SOCHBTS NSCH MYYYMYUSH PRSFSH 78 YUEMPCHEL. FELYOGSH OE YNEMY RPOSFYS P NYOOPN DEME Y DBTSE TBDPCHBMYUSH, UMSHCHYB YKHN TBVPFSCH. “tHUULYE OBUFPMSHLP ZMKHRSHCH, YUFP TPAF RPDENOSCHK IPD, - ZPCHPTYMY SING, - LPZDB SING UFBOHF PFFKHDB CHSHCHMEЪBFSH PDYO ЪB DTHZYN, NSCH YI RPPDYOPYULE Y YYTHVYN!”

хФТПН 12. SOCHBTS 1881 ZPDB RP UYZOBMH ULPVEMECHB VSHMB CHPTCHBOB NYOB. CHTSCHCH OECHETPSFOPK UYMSCH BUSHHRBM CHUA LTERPUFSH Y PYEMPNYM FELYOGECH. chPKULB TYOHMYUSH ABOUT YFKHTN Y PCHMBDEMY FELYOULIN PRMPFPN RPUME TSEUFPLPC UICHBFLY. lPOOYGB RP RSFBN RTEUMEDPCHBMB VEZHEYE FPMRSCH, DPCHETYCH YI TBZTPN. ABOUT HTPO ABOUT RTYUFKHRE - 398 YUEMPCHEL, FELYOGECH RPZYVMP RTY CHETCHCHE, ЪBLLPMPFP ABOUT YFKHTNE Y RPVYFP CH RTEUMEDPCHBOY DP 8000 - FTEFSHS YUBUFSH ЪBEYFOILLPCH ZEPL-FERE. BRYETPOGSH PFVIMY UCHPE OBNS.

BIBM-FELYOULYK PBYU UNYTYMUS. fShchLNB-UETDBTSH Y KHGEMECHYE UFBTYOSCH RTYUSZOKHMY ABOUT RPDDBOUFCHP TPUUYY Y VSHMY PFRTBCHMEOSCH DERKHFBGYEK L ZPUKHDBTA, NYMPUFYCHP YI RTYOSCHYENKH. at OYNY PVPYMYUSH MBULPCHP. “FELYOGSH FBLYE NPMPDGSH, - ZPCHPTYM RTP OYI ULPVEMECH, - YuFP UCHEUFY OEULPMSHLP UPFEO FBLPK LBCHBMETYY RPD CHEOKH - OE RPUMEDOEE DEM.” ъBOSFYEN CH ZHECHTBME bUIBVBDULLPZP PLTHZB LBNRBOYS ЪBLPOYUMBUSH. uLPVEMECH RPMKHYUM ZEPTZYECHULHA ЪCHEDH. oEDPMZP ENKH DPCHEMPUSH ITS OPUIFSH...

* * *

ch 1882 - 1884 ZPDBI RPD THLPCHPDUFCHPN ZEOETBMB boOOOLPCHB(249) VSHMB UPPTCHTSEOB BLBURYKULBS TSEMEOBS DPTPZB PF lTBUOPCHPDULB ABOUT NOTCH. 1 SOCHBTS 1884 ZPDB TSYFEMY netCHB UBNY RTYUSZOKHMY ABOUT TKHULPA RPDDBOUFCHP. OP OBYB DYRMPNBFYS, PRSFSH UTPVECH, ЪBFSOХМБ DEMP U RETEIPDPN CH TKHUULPE RPDDBOUFChP PLTBYO netCHULPZP PBYUB ABOUT ZTBOYGE U bZhZBOYUFBOPN, “DBVSHCHOE CHSHCHCHBFSH PUMPTSOEOYK U BOZMYEK" (PLTBYOOSHE LFY IBOUFCHB UBNY NETSDH FEN RTPUYMYUSH L tPUUYY!). tPVPUFSH LFB, LBL CHUEZDB, RTYOEUMB PVTBFOSCH TEKHMSHFBFSCH. ChYDS LPMEVBOYE tPUUYY, BZHZBOULYK UNYT, RPDUFTELBENSCHK BOZMYEK, OBMPTSYM ABOUT FY YENMY UCHPA THLH. ьФП YNEMP UMEDUFCHYEN PUFTSHCHK Y ЪBFSTSOPK DCHHIMEFOIK LPOZHMYLF U bZhZBOYUFBOPN Y BOZMYEK.

YuKHCHUFCHHS ЪB UPVPK NPZKHYUKHA RPDDETTSLH, BZHZBOGSH UFBMY CHEUFY UEVS U LBTSDSCHN NEUSGEN CHUE VPMEE CHSCCHCHBAEE CHILDREN. ъBOPUYCHPUFSH ьФБ UDEMBMBUSH Ch LPOGE LPOGPCH OEUFETRYNPK, Y 18 NBTFB 1885 ZPDB OBYUBMSHOIL ъBLBURYKULPK PVMBUFY ZEOETBM lPNBTTPCH OBOEU BZZBOGBN ABOUT THE TELE lHYLB RTY fBY-ler TY UPLTHYYFEMSHOPE RPTBCEOYE Y RTPZOBM YI UB YI ZTBOYGH. x lPNBTPCB VSHMP 1800 YUEMPCHEL Y 4 PTHDIS. bZZBOGECH VSHMP 4700 PFVPTOSCHI CHPYOPCH (BZZBOGSH DCHBTDSCH RPVETSDBMY BOZMYUBO - CH 1841 Y 1879 ZPDBI). nsch MYYYMYUSH 9 KHVYFSHCHY 45 TBOEOSHCHY LPOFHTSEOSCHI, BZHZBOGECH RETEVIFP TEACHERS 1000 Y CHUSFSH CHUE VSHCHYE KHOYI 8 PTHDYK Y 2 OBNEOY. bFP VSHMP EDYOUFCHOOPE CHPEOOPE DEKUFCHYE CH RTBCHMEOYE gBTS-nyTPFCHPTGB.

BOZMYS UFBMB KHZTPTSBFSH OBN CHPKOPK Y RPFTEVPCHBMB FTEFEKULPZP TBVYTBFEMSHUFCHB. OP ZPTYUBLPCHULYE CHTENEOB RTPYMY, Y bMELUBODT III, KHNECHYYK TBZPCHBTYCHBFSH U ECHTPRPK, LTHFP PFCHETZOKHM BOZMYKULYE DPNPZBFEMSHUFCHB, RPLBUBCH LFYN, YuFP CHPKOSHCH OE UFTBIY FUS. h mPODPOE OENEDMEOOOP CE UVBCHYMY FPO, Y DEMP ЪBLPOYUMPUSH FBL, LBL FPZP ЪBIPFEM TKHUULYK GBTSH!

pF YODYY TPUUYA PFOSHCHOE UFBMP PFDEMSFSH 150 CHETUF BZHZBOULYI ZPT... h 90-I ZPDBI OBNY VSHM RTEDRTYOSF TSD TELPZOPUGYTPCHPL Y OEVPMSHYYI RPIPDPCH CH rBNYT (OBYVPMEE OBYUYFEMSHO SC - RPMLPCHOILB yPOPCHB). h LFYI LYUREDYGYSI CRETCHESCH RTPSCHIMY UEVS LBRYFBOSH lPTOMPC (250) Y ADEOYU (251) .

* * *

fBL UPCHETYYMPUSH RPLPTEOYE UTEDOOEK BYYY. FP, YuFP PLBBBMPUSH OE RP RMEYUKH ZPRMYFBN NBLEDPOULYI ZHBMBOZ bMELUBODTTB, VSHMP PUHEEUFCHMEOP UFEROSLBNY-MYOEKGBNY PTEOVKHTZULYYY ЪBRBDOPUIYTULYYY VBFBMSHPOPCH!

zBOTSPK ЪDEUSH VSHMB BL-NEYUEFSH, ZHOYVPN - ZEPL-FERE. gYGYBOPCH ЪDEUSH YNEOHEFUS RETPCHULYN, lPFMSTECHULYK - lPMRBLPCHULYN, eTNPMPCH - yuETOSECHCHN, chPTPOGPC - lBKHZHNBOPN, vBTSFYOULYK - ulPVVEMECHSHCHN.

lBCHLBULBS CHPKOB - DEMP FTEI RPLPMEOYK Y YUEFCHETFPK YUBUFY TKHULPK CHPPTHTSEOOPK UYMSCH. rTPFYCHOIL ABOUT LBCHLBYE VSHHM VPMEE NPZHEEUFCHEO Y YINEM RPDDETSLH YYCHOE. fHTLEUFBOULYE RPIPDSCH - DEM PDOPZP RPLPMEOYS Y ZPTBJDP NEOSHYI UYM. YDEKOPE TSE YI UIPDUFCHP RPMOPE: UHTPCHBS, OERTYCHSHYUOBS RTYTPDB - FBN ZPTSH, ЪDEUSH UFERY Y RKHUFSCHOY, DYLYK, ZHBOBFYYTPCHBOOSCHK RTPFYCHOIL, MIYIE LPNBOYTSCH, RPUFPSOOPE OETBCHEOUFChP UYM - PFFHDB UMBCHOBS RTYCHSHYULB OE UYYFBFSH CHTBZPCH.

fBLFYLB CH PUOPCHE FB CE - RTECHPUIPDUFCHP DHib OBD NBFETYEK. NEFPDSH OUEULPMSHLP TBOSFUS - ABOUT OYI CHMYSEF RTYTPDB, CHMYSEF Y FEIOILB. ZPTOBS NEUFOPUFSH Y ZMBDLPUFCHPMSHOSHE THTSSHS DEMBAF ZMBCHOSCHN PTKHTSYEN LBCHLBULPK REIPFSCH YFSHHL. TBCHOYOSCH U PFMYUOSCHN PVUFTEMPN Y ULPTPUFTEMSHOSH CHYOFPCHLY CHSHCHDCHYZBAF CH FHTLEUFBOE ABOUT RPYUEFOP NEUFP ЪBMRPCHSHCHK PZPOSH. vPECHPK RPTSDPL LBCHLBULPK REIPFSCH - LPMPOOB CH BFBLE, FHTLEUFBOULPK - TPFOPE LBTE, OEKHSCHYNSCHE, PE CHUE UFPTPOSH PEEFYOYCHYEUS LHYULY "VEMSHCHI THVBI". “tHUULYE RTSNP TsZHF MADEK YJDBMELB!”, “tHUULYK UPMDBF RMAEF PZOEN!” - CH PFYUBSOY ZPCHPTSF LPLBODGSCH Y VHIBTGSCH, IYCHYOGSH Y FELYOGSH. OP DEMP ЪDEUSH, LBL Y ABOUT LBCHLBEB, TEYBEF Y ЪBCHETYBEF ZTBOEOSCHK UYNCHPM CHPYOULPZP DHib, LPFPTSCHN FHTLEUFBOULBS REIPFB CHMBDEEF OE IHTSE LBCHLBULPK. h IYCHYOULPN Y FELYOULPN RPIPDBI ULTERMEOP VSHMP VPECHPE VTBFUFChP FHTLEUFBOULYI LBCHLBULYI RPMLPCH. pF IYCHSHCHY ZEPL-FERE POP U YUEUFSHA VSHMP RTPOEUEOP ULCHPSH PZOEOOSH VHTY MPDY Y CHBTYBCHSHCH, UP UMBCHPA CHOPCHSH ЪBREYUBFMEMPUSH RPD UBTSHLBNSCHYEN Y TETKHNPN.

ъB LBLYE-OYVKhDSH FTYDGBFSH MEF YI ULTPNOSHCHI, LBL VSC ЪBVSCHFSHCHI UFEROSCHI ZBTOYЪPOOSHI CHPKUL UPЪDBMYUSH CHPKULB, CH LPFPTSHHI UMKHTSYFSH UFBMP ЪBCHIDOPK YUEUFSHA. chPKULB, ЪBLBMEOOSCH FTYDGBFYMEFOEK VPECHPK YLPME, ZDE LBTSDBS TPFB, LBTSDSCHK CHPD TEYBMY TPUUYKULHA CHEMILPDETTSBCHOCHA ЪBDBUH. yI VSHMP OENOPZP - DCHBDGBFSH MYOEKOSCHI VBFBMSHPOCH, CHSHUPLP DETSBCHYI UCHPY OBNEOB CH RPLPTEOOPN YNY DMS TPUUYY LTBA, RTYCHSHCHLYI CHUEZDB CHUFTEYUBFSH LFY OBNEOB ZTPNPCHSHCHN "xT B! y bfp yi “hTB!” OEUMPUSH ЪБ ЗПТШЧ І НПТС, ЪБ NOПЗЕ ФШШУСУУ ЧЭТУФ ЪБУФБЧСМП FTEREFBFSH NYTPCHHA DETSBCHH - vTYFBOULHA YNRETYA, ЪBUFBCHMSMP EE CHUE CHTENS DETTSBFSH CH RPMOPK VPECHPK ZPF PCHOPUFY DCHHIUPFFSCHUSYUOHA BOZMP-YODYKULHA BTNYA YY UFTBIB RETED FENY DCHBDGBFSHA VBFBMSHPOBNY, DPLBBCHYYNYY, YFP DMS OYI OEF OYUESP OECHPNPTSOPZP.

vpechesche pfmyyuys b rplpteoye fhtleufbob yneaf rpmly:

73-K REIPFOSHCHK lTSCHNULYK RPML - OBLY ABOUT YBRLY UB ZEPL-FERE (HCE YNEM UB UBRBDOSHK LBCHLB CH 1864 Z.;

74-K REIPFOSHCHK uFBCHTPRPMSHULIK RPML - ZEPTZIECHULIE FTHVSHCH ЪB ZEPL-FERE;

- FERE (YNEM ЪB yuEYOAA);

82-K REIPFOSHCHK dBZEUFBOULYK RPML - OBLY ABOUT YBRLY EB ZEPL-FERE;

- 1859 ZZ.);

fHTLEUFBOULYE UFTEMLPCHSHCHE (RP MYOEKOSCHN VBFBMSHPOBN) RPMLY:

1-K - OBLY ABOUT YBRLY ЪB VHIBTH CH 1868 Z. Y ZEPTZIECHULYE TPTsLY ЪB YFKHTN BODYTSBOB CH 1875 Z.;

2-К - ZEPTZIECHULPE ЪOBNS ЪБ bХМІ-bФБЧ 1864 З.

4-K - ZEPTZIECHULPE OBNS ЪB YFKHTN fBYLEOFB, OBLY ABOUT YBRLY ЪB 1853 Z. (BL-NEYUEFSH) Y 1864 Z., ZEPTZIECHULYE TPTSLY ЪB YFKHTN BODYTSBOB;

5-K - OBLY ABOUT YBRLY ЪB VHIBTH 1868 Z. Y ZEPL-FERE;

6-K - ZEPTZIECHULPE OBNS ЪB PVPTPOH uBNBTLBODB CH 1868 Z.;

8-K - OBLY ABOUT YBRLY ЪB IYCHH CH 1873 Z.; 9-K - OBLY ABOUT YBRLY ЪB VHIBTH CH 1868 Z.;

13-K - ABOUT YBRLY ЪB IYCHH Y ZEPL-FER;

16-K DTBZHOULYK fCHETULPK RPML - OBLY ABOUT YBRLY EB ZEPL-FERE (YNEM ЪB ъBRBDOSCHK lBCHLB Ch 1864 Z.). lHVBOULYE LBBIUSHY RPMLY:

1-K fBNBOULYK - ZEPTZIECHULYK YFBODBTF ЪB ZEPL-FERE (YNEM ЪB 1826 - 1829 ZZ.);

1-K rPMFBCHULIK - OBLY ABOUT YBRLY ЪB ZEPL-FERE (YNEM ЪB ъBRBDOSCHK lBCHLB CH 1864 Z.);

1-K MBVYOULYK - OBLY ABOUT YBRLY EB ZEPL-FERE. FETULYE LBBIUSHY RPMLY:

1-K lYUMSTP-ZTEVEOULPK Y 1-K UHOTSEOULP-chMBDYLBCHLB-ULYK - ZEPTZIECHULYE FTHVSHCH ЪB IYCHH Ch 1873 Z. hTBMSHULYE LBBIUSHY RPMLY:

2-K - OBLY ABOUT YBRLY ЪB YLBOSCH CH 1854 Z., IYCHH CH 1876 Z.. nBITBN CH 1875 Z.

2. Conquest of Turkestan by the Russian Empire The colonial conquests of the Russian autocracy in Turkestan can be roughly divided into 4 colonial wars: the first colonial war lasted from 1847 to 1864; the second - from 1865 to 1868; the third - from 1873 to 1879; fourth - from 1880 to 1885. Moreover, the peculiarity of the conquest was that the intervals between military actions were filled with the active struggle between Russia and England on the diplomatic front. “In 1847, Russia occupied the mouth of the Syr Darya River, where the Raimskoye (Aralsk) fortification was built. In 1853, Orenburg Governor-General V.A. Perovsky took the Kokand fortress "Ak-Mosque" by storm. In its place, the fortification "Fort Perovsky" (Kzyl - Orda) was erected. A chain of fortified posts from Raimsky to “Fort Perovsky” formed the Syrdarya military line. At the same time, the advance of the tsarist troops was carried out from Western Siberia, from Semipalatinsk. The Kopal fortification was built in Semirechye. Then from 1850-54. The Trans-Ili region was conquered, and the Vernoye fortification was founded near the village of Alma-Ata. The Siberian military line arose from fortified posts stretching from Semipalatinsk to Verny. The Crimean War (1853-56) stopped the expansion of tsarism in Turkestan. But after its end, the flame of the first Turkestan colonial war flared up with even greater force. Autumn 1862 G. tsarist troops captured Pishpek and Tokmak, in the summer of 1863 - the Suzak fortress, in the spring and summer of 1864 - Turkestan, Aulia-Ata and in September - Chimkent. In the course of these actions, new fortifications were built, forming the New Kokapdian military line. With its creation, the previously established military lines were united into a continuous front. The latter gave rise to the temptation to immediately take advantage of the success achieved. In September 1864, troops under the command of General M.G. Chernyasva attempted to capture Tashkent. sS*However, during the assault they suffered heavy losses and were forced to return to their original positions. The unsuccessful attempt of General Chernyaev to capture Tashkent ended Russia's first colonial war in Turkestan. On the conquered lands at the beginning of 1865, the Turkestan region was created, administratively subordinate to the Orenburg Governor-General. The new region was supposed to strengthen the rear of the tsarist troops, who were intensively preparing for the second colonial war. The conquest of part of the territory of Turkestan by tsarism caused excitement in the ruling circles of England, which resulted in a diplomatic note from the English government. But she didn't give any results. Russian Foreign Minister A.M. Gorchakov, in a reply note, considered it necessary to emphasize that, like other great powers, Russia has its own interests and its actions in Turkestan are no different from the actions of England in India or Afghanistan. At the same time, he argued that small army units were simply protecting the borders of the empire and that the troops would not go further than Chimkent. In 1865, the autocracy began the second colonial war. Taking advantage of the aggravation of contradictions between the emir of Bukhara and the khan of Kokand, General Chernyaev captured Tashkent. The loss of Tashkent weakened the Kokand Khan so much that the Bukhara emir easily captured Kokand. The latter was used by the autocracy to declare war on the Bukhara Emirate. In the spring of 1866, in the Irjar tract on the Syr Darya River, the largest battle took place during the entire conquest of Turkestan by the autocracy. The tsarist army defeated the troops of the Bukhara emir and occupied the cities of Khojent, Ura-Tyube, Jizzakh, and the Yangi-Kurgan fortress. Having concluded a trade agreement and at the same time a military truce with the Kokand Khanate at the beginning of 1868, General Kaufman concentrated the troops subordinate to him against the Bukhara Emir. In April and May 1868, two battles took place, which led to the defeat of the emir's army and the occupation of Samarkand by the royal troops. The Bukhara emir was forced to begin peace negotiations. In June 1868, a peace treaty was concluded between Russia and Bukhara, according to which the emir renounced the cities of Khujand, Ura-Tyube, Jizzakh, Katta-Kurgan, Samarkand and the entire territory to Zirabulak in favor of the autocracy. This ended the second colonial war. Already during the conquest, a powerful national liberation movement arose in the region. The population, actively defending the cities, forced Russian troops to repeatedly storm most of them. After the capture of the village, the struggle continued. An example of this is the 1868 uprising in Samarkand, led by the son of the Bukhara emir Abdulmalik. Another bright page in the history of the national liberation struggle was the uprising in 1874-1876. under the leadership of Ishak Mullah Hasan-Ogly, who took the name Pulat Khan. The uprising was suppressed, and Ishak Mullah and some of his associates were executed. However, this did not stop the freedom fighters. The uprisings did not stop. One of the results of the second colonial war was Russia's entry to the border with Afghanistan, which exacerbated Russian-British contradictions. To overcome them, diplomats from both countries concluded in 1872-1873. agreement on delimitation of spheres of influence. According to it, the route between Bukhara and Afghanistan was established along the Amu Darya River. Thus, the territory south of the Amu Darya River was recognized as a British zone of influence, and to the north as a Russian sphere of influence. An agreement with England allowed the autocracy to start a third colonial war in order to conquer the Khanate of Khiva, preparations for which had been carried out since 1869. Having opened hostilities in February 1873, the tsarist troops captured and plundered Khiva three months later. In August 1873, the peace treaty proposed by Kaufman was signed by the Khan of Khiva. However, the majority of Turkmen tribes did not recognize the peace treaty and continued to fight. Their small detachments, using the natural and climatic conditions of the Transcaspian region, unexpectedly attacked and just as quickly disappeared. The actions of the tsarist troops, in turn, acquired the character of punitive campaigns against the civilian population. During a grueling war, Russian troops managed to occupy Kizyl-Arvat in the spring of 1878. In the summer of 1879, the Akhal-Teke expedition was undertaken. The troops reached the Geok-Tepe fortress, but suffered complete failure during the assault and retreated. This ended the third colonial war. Until the end of 1880, preparations were underway for the fourth colonial war in Turkestan. New military reinforcements were sent here, and supplies of weapons and supplies increased. At the same time, through the efforts of diplomats, the border issue with China was resolved. At the end of 1880, under the command of General M.D. Skobelev, the second Akhal-Teke expedition began. It ended in 1881 with the capture of the Geok-Tepe fortress (Ashgabat). During the siege and especially after the fall of the fortress, the cruelty of the attackers exceeded all imaginable limits: all its defenders who surrendered were exterminated, and those who tried to flee were destroyed during the pursuit. After the defeat of the defenders of Geok-Tepe, the resistance of the Turkmen Gshemen began to weaken and in 1885 the inhabitants of the oases of Merv, Iolotan, Lende, and Serakhs accepted Russian citizenship. The autocracy continued the war, but with the Afghan emir. Under pressure from England, Afghan troops crossed Pyanj back in 1883. The armed conflict between Afghanistan and Russia reached its climax in 1885 and ended with the defeat of the Afghan troops commanded by British officers. The fourth colonial war and military operations in the conquest of Turkestan as a whole ended. However, having conquered Central Asia and established a colonial regime here, the autocracy waged a diplomatic struggle for another 10 years in order to recognize its seizures by the world's largest powers. Only in 1895 was an agreement concluded between Russia and England on the delimitation of the Pamirs. 3. Colonial policy of Tsarist Russia in Turkestan The entire history of Turkestan from the beginning of its conquest by Russia to the fall of the autocracy was a history of unsuccessful attempts to transform the region into a support for the tsarist regime. The conquest changed the situation of the peoples of Turkestan. The development of national statehood was forcibly interrupted. The Tsarist regime formed a specific internal organization of the region, designed to facilitate the solution of colonization problems. In 1865, the Turkestan region was created as part of the Orenburg General Government, headed by the military governor M.G. Chernyaev. It had an occupation regime designed to provide troops and collect taxes. In management, first of all, methods of violence and harsh exploitation were used, leading to national humiliation. In 1867, the Turkestan General Government was formed, the administrative division of which was a continuation of the all-Russian organization of the conquered lands, which did not take into account the historical, economic and national characteristics of the region and was subordinate to the military interests and objectives of the tsarist government. In 1867, it included 2 regions: Syrdarya and Semirechensk. In 1868, at the expense of the newly conquered lands, the Zarafshan district was created, later transformed into the Samarkand region, in 1873, the Amudarya department, which later became part of the Syrdarya region, in 1876 - Fergana region. The Trans-Caspian region was created in 1881 as part of the Caucasian governorship, in 1890-1897. It was under the jurisdiction of the War Ministry, and then became part of the Turkestan General Government. Semirechensk region from 1882 to 1899. was part of the Wall Governor-General, and then was again returned to the Turkestan Governor-General. That is, the composition of the General Government changed, including from 2 to 5 regions. The Emirate of Bukhara and the Khanate of Khiva, having lost part of their territories, were forced to recognize the protectorate (a protectorate is one of the forms of colonial dependence, in which the protected state retains some independence in internal affairs, and carries out its external relations, defense, etc. in its own way at the discretion of the metropolis) of Russia. The “Russian Imperial Political Agency” was established in Bukhara, through which relations between St. Petersburg and Tashkent and Bukhara were carried out. In Khiva, the agency was not created, and communications were carried out through the head of the Amudarya department, i.e. he combined his direct functions with diplomatic representation under the Khiva Khan. The protectorate system left its mark on the development of the khanates. The Turkestan governor-general enjoyed almost unlimited powers. Military governors of the regions were appointed by the king and could only be recalled by him. The first governor general was General K.P. Kaufman. Fearing uprisings, they introduced an administrative system with the hypocritical name "military-people's administration." (The military administration was combined with the “elected” grassroots administration). This form only formally involved the local population in management. In life, the system was accompanied by arbitrariness and abuse. Thus, the original system of colonial robbery gave way to a more “rational”, from the point of view of the government of the empire, exploitation of the region. Later, according to the “Regulations on the management of the Turkestan region” of 1886, it was replaced by an administrative police station. At the same time, the administration of Turkestan, unlike other regions of the country, was subordinated not to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the empire, but to the Ministry of War. The city of Tashkent became the center of the region. Its management has also changed. The traditional institution of mahkama was destroyed, and management structures began to take shape, adapted to the conditions of a colonial city. After a series of reorganizations, at the request of large entrepreneurs in the Russian part of the city, the Tashkent City Duma was created in 1877. It had only 1/3 of the vowels (deputies), 24 people were elected from the local population. And if you consider that at that time 140 thousand people lived in the old town part, and about 4 thousand in the Russian part, then it is clear that this only perpetuated the lack of rights of the local population. In the Uprava, the executive body of the Duma, the same ratio was maintained, and only persons with mandatory knowledge of the Russian language could work in it. Over the entire period of the existence of the Duma, out of 9 people who held the post of city mayor, only one was from representatives of the indigenous population, and that was after the fall of tsarism in 1917. The Duma solved the problems of improving the city, but mainly its “Novogorodskaya” part. The method of violence and repression, which occupied a dominant position in the actions of the Turkestan colonial apparatus, was complemented by the chauvinistic policy of local governors-general. Thus, one of them, Baron A. Vrevsky, made significant efforts to change the “City Regulations” in force in Tashkent in 1870, considering it “politically dangerous.” He was most concerned about the participation of the indigenous population in the Duma. Using the thesis “about the backwardness of the natives,” he insisted on reducing the representation of the indigenous population of Tashkent to 1/5 of the total composition (or to 14 people). “This order,” he wrote, “must be preserved for the indefinite future, until the Russified generation of natives reaches the height of perception of the benefits of autocracy.” Vrevsky’s chauvinistic policy, naturally, received resonance at all levels of the bureaucracy, a characteristic feature of which was the unquestioning execution of the will of the governor-general. In this regard, the characterization of these officials given by Prince Mansyrev (in 1895-98 he was a member of the land and tax commissions) deserves attention. He wrote: “In the place of the bureaucracy, I found a caste, closed in on itself, self-sufficient and self-satisfied, which looked at itself as the real and only masters of the region, before whom the region should tremble and pay honors and bribes.” The peoples of the region were deprived of basic political rights. Thus, elections to the First State Duma of the Empire (1906) in Turkestan were postponed and ultimately did not take place; to the Second State Duma (1907), 1 deputy was elected from an average of 46 thousand European population and 1 from 896 thousand .indigenous population. And in accordance with the new electoral law, they did not participate at all in the elections to the Third State Duma (1907). The primary task of the colonial policy of tsarism was turning the region into a permanent source of state income. Here higher taxes were levied on farmers than in the central provinces of Russia. Taxes and other cash receipts not only covered all the costs of governing the region and maintaining a huge army in it, but also provided the treasury with net income that flowed to the metropolis. If in 1869 the income of tsarism in Turkestan amounted to about 2.3 million rubles, then in 1916 they reached 38 million rubles. The most important task was to transform the region into a cotton base for the Russian textile industry. This began to be implemented after the creation of a railway network and the introduction of American cotton varieties. The area under cotton has increased significantly due to a reduction in plantings of other crops. In the Fergana Valley alone they increased from 14% in 1885 to 44% in 1915. In 1900, Central Asian cotton provided 24% of the needs of Russian industry, and before the start of World War I - already 50%. And this is despite the rapid growth of the Russian cotton industry. In 1913, the Fergana region provided more than 62% of all cotton sent to Russia, Bukhara - more than 13%, Syrdarya region - 8.4%, Samarkand - 7%. Specialization also affected Khiva: in 1900, 9% of the sown area there was sown with cotton, and in 1909 - already 16%. One of the principles of the colonial policy of tsarism was to prevent such leading industries as mechanical engineering, metalworking, and ferrous metallurgy from entering the region. The point was to prevent, or, in any case, possibly delay longer, the independent development of the productive forces of Turkestan. Every effort was made to make the economy of the region one-sided, dependent on the center, i.e., the economy of Turkestan was artificially created to gravitate toward Tsarist Russia, isolating it from other countries. Basically, factories for the primary processing of cotton were created. If in 1873 there was 1 cotton factory, then in 1916 there were already 350. The most active construction of enterprises took place from 1910 to 1914. The colonial nature of the development of industry in the region lay in the fact that its main branches were entirely servicing exports. These are: cotton ginning, wool washing, cocoon drying, silk reeling. The industries that satisfied the demands of the domestic market were in second place in terms of scale. The main industry, the cotton ginning industry, was completely subordinated to the cotton industry of the metropolis. It provided almost 80% of their total gross output in the three regions of Turkestan. Cotton here underwent only primary processing, and the entire further process of working on the fiber took place outside the edge. Let us point out that this situation remained almost until the period of independence. In 1912, Russian and foreign firms owned 96 of the 256 cotton ginning factories in Turkestan and Bukhara. The rest belonged to local entrepreneurs, who resold the vast majority of the purified fiber to the same companies. The construction of railways was also subordinated to colonization tasks. They were built with the goals of providing defense, preparing for further possible expansion of tsarism, transporting troops to suppress uprisings, and satisfying the economic interests of the Russian bourgeoisie. At the first stage (80-90 p. XIX century -1905), the main railway lines were laid at the expense of the treasury: Transcaspian, Samarkand-Andijan with a branch to Tashkent, Orenburg-Tashkent. At the second stage, at the expense of share capital: Fergana, Bukhara, Troitsk and others. The Russian bourgeoisie in Turkestan was closely connected with tsarism and used its help. Its most predatory elements operated here, rushing to Turkestan with the goal of quickly getting rich from the exploitation of the conquered peoples. Turkestan was looked upon as a “gold mine”. The slogan was announced: “Turkestan for Russians.” For this purpose, entrepreneurial activity in Turkestan was actually prohibited not only for foreign, but also for Russian subjects - Jewish and Tatar entrepreneurs. In all major cities of the region, trade in metal and metal products belonged to Prodamet, rubber products - to the Triangle company, etc. Turkestan also had its own entrepreneurs, owners of large companies: Mir-Kamil Muminbaev, the Vadyaev brothers in the Fergana region, Fuzailov, Kalantarov in the Samarkand region, Arif-Khoja in Tashkent, etc. Workers of indigenous nationalities emerge from the ruined artisans and local farmers. They mainly worked at cotton factories, oil mills, and wineries. They were reluctantly accepted onto the railway, which was due to political motives. Working conditions were extremely difficult - 17-18 hour working days, lack of labor protection, low wages, discrimination. Thus, in coal mines a local worker received 80 kopecks, and for the same work a Russian worker received 1 ruble. 50 kopecks Colonization of the region was one of the priority tasks. It began along with the advance of troops, with the so-called “Cossack” colonization. The lower army ranks also took part in this. But the most massive flow was made up of peasants. The resettlement proceeded in waves, which reflected not only the government’s policies, but also internal cataclysms in the empire. Surge 1891-92 associated with famine in the center of Russia, flow of 1906-1910. With Stolypin's reforms, since 1912, settlers poured in from the starving Volga region. In 1903, rules were issued for the voluntary resettlement of “rural inhabitants” and townspeople to state-owned lands in the Syrdarya, Fergana, and Samarkand regions. In 1905, the “Resettlement Party” was created, which had the task of identifying a colonization fund locally and beginning to settle settlers. Up to 8 thousand people, mostly poor peasants, passed through Tashkent every year. The settlers did not find free land for settlement in the new mesas, and they began to be allocated territories belonging to the local population. This caused legal unrest among the population and worsened interethnic relations. The local administration, concerned about this, tried to stop the resettlement and even closed the region to colonists. However, the agrarian reform Sto-| Lypin, whose goal was to create a strong support for tsarism in the countryside | face of the rural bourgeoisie, raised the question of resettlement in a new way! politics in Turkestan. Tsarism set the task of turning Turkestan into | "an integral part of Russia", and its regions - into ordinary ones! provinces. This meant complete disregard and suppression of the region’s national identity. Colonization now had the goal not just of weakening the agrarian crisis in the metropolis, but of creating a strong layer of Russian kulaks in Turkestan. Here, focusing on the “strong” Russian peasant became a means of strengthening “Russian statehood.” The new course caused an influx of immigrants. The Russian immigrant population in the region reached 650 thousand people, i.e. 9.2% of its total population. In addition, by creating this layer, tsarism hoped to create a springboard for further adventures in Asia. In 1908-1909 An audit of Turkestan was carried out by Senator Count K.K. Palen. She raised the question of disorder in the administration of the region. A reform project was developed. The plan ignored the possibility of industrial development, leaving Turkestan with agriculture and raw materials. So, 1907-1914 it. became years when colonial oppression increased at an increasingly rapid pace. After the outbreak of World War I (1914), the role of Turkestan as a supplier of strategic and industrial captured raw materials (cotton, wool, astrakhan fur), etc. increased significantly. The tsarist authorities intensified the colonial exploitation of Turkestan, bringing it to outright robbery. Tsarism considered the policy of Russification to be the best principle of its administration, and for this it was necessary to control religious institutions, courts, education, etc. Steps were taken to limit the influence of Islam. In a number of cities, the positions of kazy-kalon and shaykh-ul-islam were removed, part of the property of waqfs was confiscated, and the admission to the civil service of persons who graduated from madrassas was limited. On the other hand, there were attempts to flirt with the clergy. For this purpose, the ban on pilgrimage to Mecca was lifted in 1900. Instructions were given to the apparatus to recruit persons with mandatory knowledge of the Russian language. At the same time, it was proposed to expand the teaching of the Russian language to the local population. The school was also supposed to serve as an instrument of Russification policy. A system of Russian-native schools was created, where children of the local population studied with Russian children. In 1911, 165 Russian-native schools operated on the territory of modern Uzbekistan. The bulk of their teachers are Russians. However, we note that during this period the Russification school program actually failed. The population perceived her as anti-national, anti-Muslim. Maktabs and madrassas have been preserved. “New method” schools created by the Jadi-dami also appeared. In the region before 1917, 92 of them were registered. They caused discontent among the reactionary part of the clergy and concern of the tsarist administration, which allowed their opening only after the approval of the program. Based on the experience of new method schools, the first primers on sound and syllabic pronunciation methods were created: “Adibi avval” (First mentor) by Munavvar-Kary Abdurashidkhanov, “Birinchi muallim” (First teacher) by Abdulla Avloni, etc. Despite the pressure, a distinctive culture continued to develop. During these years, Mukimi, Zavki, Asiri, Behbudi, Khoja Muin and others created their works. Uzbek folk and classical music, crafts, applied arts, etc. developed. Speaking about the cultural and scientific life of the region, one cannot fail to note the penetration of European culture and science here. P.T. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, L.P. Fedchenko, V.L. Vyatkin worked here, who discovered the Ulugbek Observatory in Samarkand in 1908. The region is visited by actors and touring groups. Thus, in 1910, the famous Russian actress V.F. Komissarzhsvskaya performed in Tashkent. It should be noted that a merger of cultures did not occur.

Topic 12. National liberation struggle of the peoples of Turkestan against tsarist oppression. Jadidshm.

The colonial conquests of the Russian autocracy in Turkestan can be roughly divided into 4 colonial wars: the first colonial war lasted from 1847 to 1864; the second - from 1865 to 1868; the third - from 1873 to 1879; fourth - from 1880 to 1885. Moreover, the peculiarity of the conquest was that the intervals between military actions were filled with the active struggle of Russia with England on the diplomatic front.

In 1847, Russia occupied the mouth of the Syr Darya River, where the Raimskoye (Aralsk) fortification was built. In 1853, Orenburg Governor-General V.A. Perovsky took the Kokand fortress "Ak-Mosque" by storm. In its place, the fortification "Fort Perovsky" (Kzyl-Orda) was erected. A chain of fortified posts from Raimsky to “Fort Perovsky” formed the Syrdarya military line.

At the same time, the advance of the tsarist troops was carried out from Western Siberia, from Semipalatinsk. The Kopal fortification was built in Semirechye. Then from 1850-54. The Trans-Ili region was conquered, and the Vernoye fortification was founded near the village of Alma-Ata. The Siberian military line arose from fortified posts stretching from Semipalatinsk to Verny.

The Crimean War (1853-56) stopped the expansion of tsarism in Turkestan. But after its end, the flame of the first Turkestan colonial war flared up with even greater force. In the fall of 1862, tsarist troops captured Pishpek and Tokmak, in the summer of 1863 - the Suzak fortress, in the spring and summer of 1864 - Turkestan, Aulia-Ata and in September - Chimkent. During these actions, new fortifications were built, forming the Novokokand military line.

With its creation, the previously established military lines were united into a continuous front. The latter gave rise to the temptation to immediately take advantage of the success achieved. In September 1864, troops under the command of General M.G. Chernyaev attempted to capture Tashkent. However, during the assault they suffered heavy losses and were forced to return to their original positions.

General Chernyaev's unsuccessful attempt to capture Tashkent ended Russia's first colonial war in Turkestan. On the conquered lands at the beginning of 1865, the Turkestan region was created, administratively subordinate to the Orenburg Governor-General. The new area was supposed to strengthen the rear of the tsarist troops, who were intensively preparing for the second colonial war.

The conquest of part of the territory of Turkestan by tsarism caused excitement in the ruling circles of England, which resulted in a diplomatic note from the English government. But she didn't give any results. Russian Foreign Minister A.M. Gorchakov, in a reply note, considered it necessary to emphasize that, like other great powers, Russia has its own interests and its actions in Turkestan are no different from the actions of England in India or Afghanistan. At the same time, he argued that small army units were simply protecting the borders of the empire and that the troops would not go further than Chimkent.

In 1865, the autocracy began the second colonial war. Taking advantage of the aggravation of contradictions between the emir of Bukhara and the khan of Kokand, General Chernyaev captured Tashkent. The loss of Tashkent weakened the Shyvdek Khan so much that the Bukhara emir easily captured Kokand. The latter was used by the autocracy to declare war on the Bukhara Emirate.

In the spring of 1866, in the Irjar tract on the Syr Darya River, the largest battle took place during the entire period of the conquest of Turkestan by the autocrat. The tsarist army defeated the troops of the Bukhara emir and occupied the cities of Khojent, Ura-Tyube, Jizzakh, and the Yanga-Kurgan fortress.

Having concluded a trade agreement and at the same time a military truce with the Kokand Khanate at the beginning of 1868, General Kaufman concentrated the troops subordinate to him against the Bukhara Emir. In April and May 1868, two battles took place, which led to the defeat of the emir's army and the occupation of Samarkand by the royal troops. The Bukhara emir was forced to begin peace negotiations.

In June 1868, a peace treaty was concluded between Russia and Bukhara, according to which the emir renounced the cities of Khujand, Ura-Tyube, Jizzakh, Katta-Kurgan, Samarkand and the entire territory to Zirabulak in favor of the autocracy. This ended the second colonial war.

Already during the conquest, a powerful national liberation movement arose in the region. The population, actively defending the cities, forced Russian troops to repeatedly storm most of them. After the capture of the village, the struggle continued. An example of darkness is the uprising of 1868 in Samarkand, led by the son of the Bukhara emir Abdulmalik. Another bright page in the history of the national liberation struggle was the uprising in 1874-1876. under the leadership of Ishak Mullah Hasan-Ogly, who took the name Pulat Khan. The uprising was suppressed, and Ishak was a mullah and some of his associates became Kaciens. However, this did not stop the freedom fighters. The uprisings did not stop.

One of the results of the second colonial war was Russia’s entry to the border with Afghanistan, which aggravated Russian-English hegemony. To overcome them, diplomats from both countries concluded in 1872-1873. agreement on delimitation of spheres of influence. According to it, the border between Bukhara and Afghanistan was established along the Amunarn River. Thus, the territory south of the Amu Darya River was recognized as a British zone of influence, and to the north as a Russian sphere of influence.

The agreement with England allowed the autocracy to start a third colonial war in order to conquer the Khanate of Khiva, preparations for which had been under way since 1869. Having opened hostilities in February 1873, the tsarist troops captured and plundered Khiva three months later. In August 1873 The peace treaty proposed by Kaufman was signed by the Khan of Khiva

However, the majority of Turkmen tribes did not recognize the peace treaty and continued to fight. Their small detachments, using the natural and climatic conditions of the Transcaspian region, unexpectedly attacked and just as quickly disappeared. The actions of the tsarist troops, in turn, took on the character of punitive campaigns against the civilian population.

During a grueling war, Russian troops managed to occupy Kizyl-Arvat in the spring of 1878. In the summer of 1879, the Akhal-Teke expedition was undertaken. The troops reached the Geok-Tepe fortress, but suffered complete failure during the assault and retreated. This ended the third colonial war.

At the end of 1880, under the command of General M.D. Skobelev, the second Akhal-Teke expedition began. It ended in 1881 with the capture of the Geok-Tepe fortress (Ashgabat). During the siege and especially after the fall of the fortress, the cruelty of the attackers exceeded all imaginable limits: all its defenders who surrendered were exterminated, and those who tried to flee were destroyed during the pursuit.

After the defeat of the defenders of Geok-Tepe, the resistance of the Turkmen tribes began to weaken and in 1885 the inhabitants of the oases of Merv, Yolotan, Pende, and Serakhs accepted Russian citizenship. The autocracy continued the war, but with the Afghan emir. Under pressure from England, Afghan troops crossed Pyanj back in 1883. The armed conflict between Afghanistan and Russia reached its climax in 1885 and ended with the defeat of the Afghan troops commanded by British officers. The fourth colonial war and military operations to conquer Turkestan as a whole ended.

However, having conquered Central Asia and established a colonial regime here, the autocracy waged a diplomatic struggle for another 10 years in order to recognize its seizures by the world's largest powers. Only in 1895 was an agreement concluded between Russia and England on the delimitation of the Pamirs.

Reasons for the conquest of Central Asia by Russia

On the eve of the conquest of Central Asia, there were three feudal states in this region: the Bukhara Emirate, the Kokand and Khiva Khanates. At the same time, there were semi-independent possessions, such as Shakhrisabz, Kitob, Falgar, Maschokh, Kishtut, Mogiyon, Forob, Kulyab, Gissar, Darvaz, Karategin, Darvaz and Pamir possessions. All these khanates and possessions were at a low level of socio-economic development of the feudal system. Internecine wars led to the decline of agriculture, trade and crafts.

In the context of the capitalist expansion of Asia and the development of colonial possession by major powers, Central Asia attracted the attention of England and Russia as a future source of a market for goods, cheap raw materials and labor. The British East India Company enslaved Afghanistan in the mid-19th century and planned to begin the conquest of the Central Asian states. This caused concern for Russia, which had intentions to subjugate this region in order to strengthen its geopolitical position in Central Asia. In 1847, tsarist troops reached the shores of the Aral Sea, where they built the Raim fortress. Russia conquered the lands of Semirechye and in 1853 captured the Ak-Machit fortress on the Sir Darya. This allowed Russia to open caravan and water trade routes to the regional states. However, the defeat of Russia in the Crimean War of 1853-1856. suspended further conquest of the region.

The main reasons for the conquest of Central Asia by Russia:

Russia was defeated in the Crimean War of 1853-1856. from Turkey with the participation of its allies England and France. Russia signed the humiliating peace treaty of Paris. The defeat significantly reduced Russia's international authority in Europe. Therefore, government and military circles believed that the conquest of new possessions in Central Asia would increase Russia’s international authority and would not allow England to strengthen its geopolitical influence in the region.

After the abolition of serfdom (1861), capitalist relations began to develop rapidly in Russia. The developing textile industry required cheap raw materials, which were purchased on European markets. Due to the American Civil War (1861-1865), the cost of cotton increased several times. The conquest of Central Asia in order to transform the latter into a source of raw materials - cotton for the textile industry - became one of the economic reasons for the conquest of the region.

Russian industry was in dire need of new markets for its manufactured goods, since it could not compete in the markets of Western Europe. Therefore, the conquest of the countries of Central Asia made it possible for industrialists to open new markets for the sale of Russian manufactured goods.

After the defeat in the Crimean War, the Russian government lost trust among its citizens. Therefore, to restore confidence within the country, a victorious conquest of the countries of Central Asia was necessary.

The beginning of military operations of the tsarist troops against the Kokand Khanate and the Bukhara Emirate

Decisive military actions of Russia against the Kokand Khanate began in 1864 from two directions - from Orenburg and Semirechye.

In 1864 The city of Chimkent was taken on May 17, 1865. city ​​of Tashkent. Civil strife in the Khanate of Kokand and the Emirate of Bukhara facilitated the rapid advance of Russian troops. The Bukhara emir Muzaffar (1860-1885) at this time undertook a campaign of conquest against the Kokand Khanate and captured the cities of Khojent, Uratyube and others. Inspired by easy victories, he sent his ambassadors to the Russian general with an ultimatum to leave Tashkent. The Russians ignored Muzaffar's demand. On May 8, 1866, the first battle of Russian troops with the Bukhara army took place near Erjar, where the emir’s troops were defeated and fled from the battlefield, leaving the Russians with 11 cannons. In the spring of 1866 Russian troops entered the territory of the Bukhara state and on May 20, 1866. occupied the Nov fortress, on May 24 - the city of Khujand, on October 2 - the city of Ura-Tube and on October 18 - the city of Jizzakh. In the battles for these cities, 2.5 thousand people died in Khojent, 2 thousand in Uratub, 2 thousand in Jizzakh, Russian losses during the capture of Uratub were: 17 killed, 200 wounded. Unrest in the Kazakh steppes stopped further advances of Russian troops in 1866.

To manage the conquered territories of Central Asia, the Russian government formed in 1867. Turkestan General Government, which included two regions - Sirdarya and Semirechensk. The first Governor-General von Kaufmann was endowed with great powers; along with the creation of civil administration, he also organized new military expeditions to conquer the region.

At the beginning of 1868 Kokand Khan Khudoyor made peace with the tsarist government, recognizing himself as a vassal of tsarist Russia. Russian merchants were allowed free trade throughout the entire territory of the Kokand Khanate, and Kokands - in Russia.

After the subjugation of the Kokand Khanate, Russian troops moved to Samarkand (1868). The Bukhara emir Muzaffar was completely unprepared to repel the Russian offensive. In the absence of the emir, the clergy of Samarkand declared a “holy war” against the “infidel” Russians at the tomb of Bakhoviddin Naqshband. Emir Muzaffar was forced under their pressure to take the path of holy war. However, his numerically superior army was poorly equipped against the regular Russian army, armed with modern artillery and firearms. The latter considered the war with the Russians to be another internecine war in the region, and by joining the strong (Russians) they hoped to receive dividends in their favor (war booty).

In the battle of Chuponata Hill on May 1, 1868, under the pressure of artillery salvoes, the emir abandoned his troops and fled to his capital. Akhmad Donish in his work “Historical Treatise” describes the defeat of the Bukhara army near Samarkand. He criticizes the emir and the incompetent military leaders who fled at the first volleys of Russian artillery. Residents of Samarkand did not take part in the resistance, indifferently accepting the change of power. On May 2, 1868, Russian troops entered Samarkand without a fight.

In June 1868 Russian troops at the Zirabulak hills inflicted the last decisive defeat on the Bukhara troops. The demoralized emir even wanted to abdicate the throne and ask the Russian ruler for permission to perform the Hajj to Mecca.

However, the Russian Empire did not want discord and unrest in its southern possessions. The complete conquest of Central Asia was not part of the strategic plans of the Russian Empire, since it did not want to have direct borders with the Indian possessions of its main competitor, the British Empire.

June 23, 1868 An agreement was signed between the Emir of Bukhara and the Turkestan Governor-General. According to this agreement, part of the territory of the emirate with the cities of Samarkand, Kattakurgan, Khojent, Uratyube, and Jizzakh went to Russia. Russia received the right to navigate the Amu Darya. Subjects of both states received the right to free trade, Russian merchants were allowed to pay duties on goods of no more than 2.5%. Russia received the right to conduct telegraph and postal services on the territory of the emirate. The emir had to pay 500 thousand rubles in indemnity. Bukhara was deprived of the right to conduct an independent foreign policy.

The aggressive actions of the tsarist troops after the Treaty of 1868

The conquest continued in subsequent years. In August 1868, the Russians captured the city of Penjikent. In 1870, the “Iskandarkul Expedition” was organized to conquer and explore the natural resources of independent possessions located in the upper reaches of Zarafshan. In addition to the military, the expedition included scientists: geographer A. Fedchenko, geologist D. Myshenkov, topographer L. Sobolev and others. The expedition annexed such possessions as Mogiyon, Kshtut, Falgar, Mastchokh, Fan, Yagnob to the Samarkand region of the Turkestan General Government.

In 1873, Russian troops launched an attack on the Khiva Khanate. On May 29, 1873, Khiva was occupied by Russian troops. August 12, 1873 an agreement was concluded between Khiva and Russia, similar to the Bukhara one. Khiva became a vassal of Russia. In 1874-1875 Anti-Russian unrest occurred in the Kokand Khanate. General Kaufman demanded that the khan fulfill the requirements of the treaty, which caused discontent among the local feudal lords, led by Khudoyorkhan's son Nasreddin. In 1875, rebels overthrew the khan and installed Nasreddin on the throne. Kaufman barely managed to defeat the rebels. On February 19, 1876, by decree of the king, the Kokand Khanate was liquidated, and the Fergana region was formed on its territory, which became part of the Turkestan region. In 1884 With the capture of the cities of Merv and Kushchka, Russia stopped military operations in Central Asia.

Annexation of Eastern Bukhara to the emirate

Emir Muzaffar, after the defeat from Russia, lost many territories and wanted to make up for these losses by subjugating the rebellious possessions of Eastern Bukhara. In this intention, Russia provided military assistance to the emir. In 1866-1867 The emir began a military campaign against the Gissar Beydom and captured the fortresses of Dekhnav, Regar, Gissar and Fayzabad. Gissar bek Abdukarim dodkho fled to his ally bek Baldzhuan and Kulyab Sarakhan. However, Sarakhan, fearing the emir’s anger, arrested and handed over the Gissar bek to Muzaffar. After the execution of Abdukarim, the emir appointed his rulers in the Gissar bekstvo and returned to Bukhara.

After the defeat of the emirate from Russia and the signing of a treaty against Emir Muzaffar, his son Abdumaliktur rebelled, joined by the beks of Shakhrisabz and Kitab. Muzaffar asked the Governor-General of Turkestan Kaufman for help in suppressing the uprising. In 1870, joint actions of Bukhara and Russian troops near the city of Karshi defeated the main forces of the rebels. Having subjugated Shakhrisabz and Kitab, the Bukhara troops led by Yakubbek Kushbegi headed to Gissar and Kulyab, where Sarakhan again raised an uprising against the emir together with the leaders of the Uzbek tribes and feudal lords. Yakubbek Kushbegi in Gissar, having defeated rebel detachments, carried out a brutal massacre, during which 5 thousand Gissar residents were executed. Sarahan, frightened, fled to Afghanistan. Yakubbek, having captured Gissar and Kulyab, replaced all the rebellious leaders and feudal nobility with people loyal to the emir and himself became the ruler of these regions. Central Asian conquest royal army

In 1876, Bukhara and Russian troops took part in the capture of Karategin Bekstvo. In 1877, the Bukhara military leader Khudoynazar Dodkho attempted to conquer the Darvaz Bekdom, but was defeated. In 1878, Bukhara troops, after a long siege, captured the Kaftarkhona fortress and then captured Kalai Khumb. Thus, all the bekties of Eastern Bukhara came under the authority of the Emir of Bukhara.

“Pamir issue” and its solution between Russia and England

The last unresolved problem between England and Russia in this region was the Pamir issue. Russia, busy with the problem of strengthening its power in Turkmenistan, ignored the Pamirs for some time. The Emir of Afghanistan Abdurakhmankhan took advantage of this, and in 1883 he seized the possessions of the Western Pamirs Rushan, Shugnan and Wakhan. Residents of the Pamirs several times turned to the Russian government with a request to accept them as their citizenship. However, Russia did not want to aggravate relations with England. Only in 1891 did Russia take decisive action to liberate the Pamirs. In 1891-1892, a reconnaissance expedition of Colonel M. Ionov was sent to the Pamirs, which reached Murghab and organized a Russian post. Russian diplomats demanded that England withdraw Afghan troops from the Western Pamirs. Since, according to the Russian-British agreements of 1869-1873, the territories of influence of the powers were determined along the course of the Amu Darya, England was forced to force the Emir of Afghanistan to withdraw troops from the Pamirs. In 1895, a joint Russian-English commission finally determined the boundaries. Thus, the annexation of the Pamirs in 1895 completed the conquest of Central Asia by the Russian Empire.

The conquest of Central Asia by Russia was quite controversial. It finally divided the Tajik people into several parts: the northern part was included in the Turkestan General Government, the right bank of the Amu Darya remained part of the Bukhara Emirate, and the left bank became part of Afghanistan. At the same time, it contributed to the emergence of new production relations, the emergence of a processing industry and progressive administrative and legal structures. Acquaintance with a new civilization and a more progressive society served as an impetus for a revision of the traditional foundations of society and a critical attitude towards it. The ultimate goal of Russian policy remained the assimilation of the local population by imposing on them an alien worldview and values. A certain layer of people “thinking in Russian” was created to ensure the functioning of the local population and its acquaintance with Russia. As a result of these changes, a group of reformers emerged in Central Asia who sought to eliminate the region’s lag behind global progress. The new reformers (Jadids - “those who stand for innovation”) paid their main attention to the creation of new method schools, where, along with theological ones, secular sciences were also taught.

140 years ago, on March 2, 1876, as a result of the Kokand campaign under the leadership of M.D. Skobelev, the Kokand Khanate was abolished. Instead, the Fergana region was formed as part of the Turkestan General Government. General M.D. was appointed the first military governor. Skobelev. The liquidation of the Kokand Khanate ended Russia's conquest of the Central Asian khanates in the eastern part of Turkestan.

Russia's first attempts to gain a foothold in Central Asia date back to the time of Peter I. In 1700, an ambassador from the Khiva Shahniyaz Khan arrived to Peter, asking to be accepted into Russian citizenship. In 1713-1714 Two expeditions took place: to Little Bukharia - Buchholz and to Khiva - Bekovich-Cherkassky. In 1718, Peter I sent Florio Benevini to Bukhara, who returned in 1725 and brought a lot of information about the region. However, Peter's attempts to establish himself in this region were unsuccessful. This was largely due to lack of time. Peter died early, having not realized the strategic plans for Russia’s penetration into Persia, Central Asia and further to the South.

Under Anna Ioannovna, the Junior and Middle Zhuz were taken under the guardianship of the “white queen”. The Kazakhs then lived in a tribal system and were divided into three tribal unions: the Younger, Middle and Senior Zhuz. At the same time, they were subjected to pressure from the Dzungars from the east. The clans of the Senior Zhuz came under the authority of the Russian throne in the first half of the 19th century. To ensure the Russian presence and protect Russian citizens from raids by neighbors, a number of fortresses were built on Kazakh lands: Kokchetav, Akmolinsk, Novopetrovskoye, Uralskoye, Orenburgskoye, Raimskoye and Kapalskoye fortifications. In 1854, the fortification of Vernoye (Alma-Ata) was founded.

After Peter, until the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian government was limited to relations with the subject Kazakhs. Paul I decided to support Napoleon's plan for joint action against the British in India. But he was killed. Russia's active participation in European affairs and wars (in many ways this was Alexander's strategic mistake) and the constant struggle with the Ottoman Empire and Persia, as well as the Caucasian War that dragged on for decades, did not make it possible to pursue an active policy towards the eastern khanates. In addition, part of the Russian leadership, especially the Ministry of Finance, did not want to commit itself to new expenses. Therefore, St. Petersburg sought to maintain friendly relations with the Central Asian khanates, despite the damage from raids and robberies.

However, the situation gradually changed. Firstly, the military was tired of enduring the raids of nomads. Fortifications and punitive raids alone were not enough. The military wanted to solve the problem in one fell swoop. Military-strategic interests outweighed financial ones.

Secondly, St. Petersburg was afraid of British advance in the region: the British Empire occupied a strong position in Afghanistan, and British instructors appeared in the Bukhara troops. The Great Game had its own logic. A holy place is never empty. If Russia refused to take control of this region, then Britain, and in the future China, would take it under its wing. And given the hostility of England, we could receive a serious threat in the southern strategic direction. The British could strengthen the military formations of the Kokand and Khiva khanates, and the Bukhara Emirate.

Thirdly, Russia could afford to begin more active actions in Central Asia. The Eastern (Crimean) War was over. The long and tedious Caucasian War was coming to an end.

Fourthly, we must not forget the economic factor. Central Asia was an important market for Russian industrial goods. The region, rich in cotton (and potentially other resources), was important as a supplier of raw materials. Therefore, the idea of ​​​​the need to curb robber formations and provide new markets for Russian industry through military expansion found increasing support in various strata of society of the Russian Empire. It was no longer possible to tolerate archaism and savagery on its borders; it was necessary to civilize Central Asia, solving a wide range of military-strategic and socio-economic problems.

Back in 1850, the Russian-Kokand War began. At first there were small skirmishes. In 1850, an expedition was undertaken across the Ili River with the aim of destroying the Toychubek fortification, which served as a stronghold for the Kokand Khan, but it was only captured in 1851. In 1854, the Vernoye fortification was built on the Almaty River (today Almatinka), and the entire Trans-Ili region became part of the Russian Empire. In 1852, Colonel Blaramberg destroyed two Kokand fortresses Kumysh-Kurgan and Chim-Kurgan and stormed Ak-Mosque, but was not successful. In 1853, Perovsky’s detachment took Ak-Mosque. Ak-Mosque was soon renamed Fort Perovsky. Attempts by the Kokand people to recapture the fortress were repelled. The Russians erected a number of fortifications along the lower reaches of the Syr Darya (Syr Darya Line).

In 1860, the West Siberian authorities formed a detachment under the command of Colonel Zimmerman. Russian troops destroyed the Kokand fortifications of Pishpek and Tokmak. The Kokand Khanate declared a holy war and sent an army of 20 thousand, but it was defeated in October 1860 at the fortification of Uzun-Agach by Colonel Kolpakovsky (3 companies, 4 hundreds and 4 guns). Russian troops took Pishpek, restored by the Kokand people, and the small fortresses of Tokmak and Kastek. Thus, the Orenburg Line was created.

In 1864, it was decided to send two detachments: one from Orenburg, the other from western Siberia. They had to go towards each other: the Orenburg one - up the Syr Darya to the city of Turkestan, and the West Siberian one - along the Alexander Ridge. In June 1864, the West Siberian detachment under the command of Colonel Chernyaev, who left Verny, took the Aulie-ata fortress by storm, and the Orenburg detachment, under the command of Colonel Veryovkin, moved from Fort Perovsky and took the Turkestan fortress. In July, Russian troops took Shymkent. However, the first attempt to take Tashkent failed. In 1865, from the newly occupied region, with the annexation of the territory of the former Syrdarya line, the Turkestan region was formed, the military governor of which was Mikhail Chernyaev.

The next serious step was the capture of Tashkent. A detachment under the command of Colonel Chernyaev undertook a campaign in the spring of 1865. At the first news of the approach of Russian troops, the Tashkent people turned to Kokand for help, since the city was under the rule of the Kokand khans. The actual ruler of the Kokand Khanate, Alimkul, gathered an army and headed to the fortress. The Tashkent garrison reached 30 thousand people with 50 guns. There were only about 2 thousand Russians with 12 guns. But in the fight against poorly trained, poorly disciplined and inferiorly armed troops, this did not matter much.

On May 9, 1865, during a decisive battle outside the fortress, the Kokand forces were defeated. Alimkul himself was mortally wounded. The defeat of the army and the death of the leader undermined the combat effectiveness of the fortress garrison. Under the cover of darkness on June 15, 1865, Chernyaev began an assault on the Kamelan Gate of the city. Russian soldiers secretly approached the city wall and, using the factor of surprise, broke into the fortress. After a series of skirmishes, the city capitulated. A small detachment of Chernyaev forced a huge city (24 miles in circumference, not counting the suburbs) with a population of 100 thousand, with a garrison of 30 thousand with 50-60 guns, to lay down their arms. The Russians lost 25 people killed and several dozen wounded.

In the summer of 1866, a royal decree was issued on the annexation of Tashkent to the possessions of the Russian Empire. In 1867, a special Turkestan Governor-General was created as part of the Syrdarya and Semirechensk regions with its center in Tashkent. Engineer-General K. P. Kaufman was appointed the first governor.

In May 1866, a 3 thousand detachment of General D.I. Romanovsky defeated a 40 thousand army of Bukharans in the Battle of Irjar. Despite their large numbers, the Bukharans suffered a complete defeat, losing about a thousand people killed, while the Russians had only 12 wounded. The victory at Ijar opened the way for the Russians to Khojent, the Nau fortress, and Jizzakh, which covered access to the Fergana Valley, which were taken after the Idjar victory. As a result of the campaign in May-June 1868, the resistance of the Bukhara troops was finally broken. Russian troops occupied Samarkand. The territory of the Khanate was annexed to Russia. In June 1873, the same fate befell the Khanate of Khiva. Troops under the overall command of General Kaufman took Khiva.

The loss of independence of the third major Khanate - Kokand - was postponed for some time only thanks to the flexible policy of Khan Khudoyar. Although part of the territory of the khanate with Tashkent, Khojent and other cities was annexed to Russia, Kokand, in comparison with the treaties imposed on other khanates, found itself in a better position. The main part of the territory was preserved - Fergana with its main cities. Dependence on the Russian authorities was felt weaker, and in matters of internal administration Khudoyar was more independent.

For several years, the ruler of the Kokand Khanate, Khudoyar, obediently carried out the will of the Turkestan authorities. However, his power was shaken; the khan was considered a traitor who made a deal with the “infidels.” In addition, his situation was worsened by the most severe tax policy towards the population. The incomes of the khan and feudal lords fell, and they crushed the population with taxes. In 1874, an uprising began, which engulfed most of the Khanate. Khudoyar asked Kaufman for help.

Khudoyar fled to Tashkent in July 1875. His son Nasreddin was proclaimed the new ruler. Meanwhile, the rebels were already moving towards the former Kokand lands, annexed to the territory of the Russian Empire. Khojent was surrounded by rebels. Russian communications with Tashkent, which was already approached by Kokand troops, were interrupted. In all mosques there were calls for war against the “infidels.” True, Nasreddin sought reconciliation with the Russian authorities in order to strengthen his position on the throne. He entered into negotiations with Kaufman, assuring the governor of his loyalty. In August, an agreement was concluded with the khan, according to which his power was recognized on the territory of the khanate. However, Nasreddin did not control the situation in his lands and was unable to stop the unrest that had begun. Rebel detachments continued to raid Russian possessions.

The Russian command correctly assessed the situation. The uprising could spread to Khiva and Bukhara, which could lead to serious problems. In August 1875, in the battle of Mahram, the Kokands were defeated. Kokand opened the gates to Russian soldiers. A new agreement was concluded with Nasreddin, according to which he recognized himself as the “humble servant of the Russian Emperor” and refused diplomatic relations with other states and military actions without the permission of the Governor-General. The empire received lands along the right bank of the upper reaches of the Syr Darya and Namangan.

However, the uprising continued. Its center was Andijan. 70 thousand were collected here. army. The rebels proclaimed a new khan - Pulat Beg. The detachment of General Trotsky moving towards Andijan was defeated. On October 9, 1875, the rebels defeated the Khan's troops and took Kokand. Nasreddin, like Khudoyar, fled under the protection of Russian weapons to Khojent. Soon Margelan was captured by the rebels, and a real threat loomed over Namangan.

Turkestan Governor-General Kaufman sent a detachment under the command of General M.D. Skobelev to suppress the uprising. In January 1876, Skobelev took Andijan, and soon suppressed the rebellion in other areas. Pulat-bek was captured and executed. Nasreddin returned to his capital. But he began to establish contacts with the anti-Russian party and the fanatical clergy. Therefore, in February Skobelev occupied Kokand. On March 2, 1876, the Kokand Khanate was abolished. Instead, the Fergana region was formed as part of the Turkestan General Government. Skobelev became the first military governor. The liquidation of the Kokand Khanate ended Russia's conquest of the Central Asian khanates.

It is worth noting that the modern republics of Central Asia are also currently facing a similar choice. The time that has passed since the collapse of the USSR shows that living together in a single, powerful empire-power is much better, more profitable and safer than in separate “khanates” and “independent” republics. For 25 years, the region has been steadily degrading and returning to the past. The Great Game continues and Western countries, Turkey, Arab monarchies, China and the network structures of the “army of chaos” (jihadists) are active in the region. All of Central Asia could become a huge “Afghanistan” or “Somalia, Libya,” that is, an inferno zone.

The economy in the Central Asian region cannot develop independently and support the population’s life at a decent level. Some exceptions were Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan - due to the oil and gas sector and smarter policies of the authorities. However, they are also doomed to a rapid deterioration of the economic and then socio-political situation after the collapse of energy prices. In addition, the population of these countries is too small and cannot create an “island of stability” in the raging ocean of global turmoil. Militarily and technologically, these countries are dependent and doomed to defeat (for example, if Turkmenistan is attacked by jihadists from Afghanistan) unless they are supported by great powers.

Thus, Central Asia again faces a historic choice. The first path is further degradation, Islamization and archaization, disintegration, civil strife and transformation into a huge “inferno zone”, where the majority of the population simply will not “fit” into the new world.

The second way is the gradual absorption of the Celestial Empire and Sinicization. First, economic expansion, which is what is happening, and then military-political expansion. China needs the region's resources and transport capabilities. In addition, Beijing cannot allow jihadists to set up on its doorstep and spread the flames of war to western China.

The third way is active participation in the reconstruction of the new Russian Empire (Soyuz-2), where the Turks will be a full and prosperous part of the multinational Russian civilization. It is worth noting that Russia will have to fully return to Central Asia. Civilizational, national, military-strategic and economic interests are above all. If we do not do this, the Central Asian region will collapse into turmoil, become a zone of chaos, an inferno. We will get a lot of problems: from the flight of millions of people to Russia to attacks by jihadist groups and the need to build fortified lines (“Central Asian Front”). China's intervention is no better.