An example of a verb in lag lie. Spelling of roots. Roots with alternation

Spelling- this is the spelling of words that corresponds to the rules of spelling or the established linguistic tradition. These are the places in words where schoolchildren most often make mistakes. A large and diverse group called root word spellings is associated with the spelling of vowels and consonants.

In contact with

Peculiarities

Working with the student spelling at the root, the student does not think about its place among the others, although the root spellings form a coherent, logically based system. Similar cases require similar verification methods. Mistakes can be avoided if you learn correctly highlight suffixes and endings in words and especially root spellings, determine their place among others and check by applying a rule or looking into orthographic dictionary.

Important! Before starting the test, it is necessary to establish in which morpheme (part of the word) the letter being tested is located. A common mistake is applying the rule for another to one morpheme, or trying to check, for example, a vowel in a suffix using the vowel at the end of a related word.

Scope of the rule

Root is a common part of related words, but this does not mean that it will be the same in all cases. Alternations, build-ups, drops and letters make it difficult to recognize. In Russian there is even a zero (in the word take out), which is devoid of sound and letter expression, and appears only in other forms of this word.

Correctly identifying the desired morpheme is possible only by selecting and comparing words with the same root. It is necessary to take into account their significance. For example, will the words be related mountain And burn? At first glance, the morpheme -mountain- they look the same, but there is no commonality in the semantic meaning of these words, which means there is no relationship between them. The verification methods will also be different.

Varieties

Root spellings can be divided into 4 groups:

• unverifiable
• verifiable
• alternating,
• selectable.

The ways of choosing the desired letter depend on their belonging to a certain group. How to highlight spelling: designate the morpheme, underline the letter being tested with one line. This method will help you write words correctly.

Unverifiable

This variety includes several spellings. Unverifiable may be:

1. unstressed vowels;
2. consonants: unclear, voiced-voiceless pairs, unpronounceable, doubled.

What unites them is the inability to cope with difficulties without a dictionary.

Verifiable

Checked spellings at the root, the words regulate the choice of letters in place of the sound in a weak position, the spelling of which is established by the selection of test words or forms, where the vowel or is placed in a strong position and is clearly audible. How to check the spelling at the root of a word, examples:

For vowels, the strong position is stressed. To check an unstressed vowel in the root of a word, you need to find a cognate in which it is under, or change the given one so that the questionable letter becomes stressed:

G O ra - g O rka, in g O ry.

Unclear paired voiced and voiceless consonants are clearly audible before vowels and sonorants. Unpronounceables also appear at the end of a word. A test word or changing the form will also help here:

• du b– du b ok, duh b s;
• ches T ny – ches T uh, oh T en.
• spring - spring, spring.

In the latter case, by analogy with the previous one, I want to insert an unpronounceable consonant, but checking shows that it is not there.

There is another way to check unstressed vowels, but it is not suitable for all words, but only for those containing certain combinations of letters. In modern times, traces of both Old Russian and Church Slavonic have been preserved. In the first there was full vowel, that is, each syllable ended in a vowel. The second allowed incomplete vowel combinations - consonants not separated by vowels. Both influenced the formation of the language, and now there are morphemes that in some words contain the Old Russian variant, in others - the corresponding Old Church Slavonic. By alternating full-vowel and half-vowel combinations, the spelling at the root of the word is checked: examples of their mutual replacement are given in the table:

Two different variants replace each other only in such pairs, so that one is checked by the presence of the other in related words. Now, knowing about the existence of the word m la last, m olo milk through A you won't write anymore. Incomplete forms are also found instead of the modern ones we are accustomed to in the solemn poetic works of past centuries, and their presence indicates modern spelling.

« ABOUT—Yo after sibilants" also applies to those being checked, but for checking it is necessary to select not words with a stressed variant, but words of the same root, where in this place appears E. If such options are found, the root is written Yo, if not - then ABOUT(w e sweat - sh e bird, sh O rokh - related to E No).

Types of spellings at the root

Alternations

Both vowels and consonants can have variants of use, but the main difficulties are associated with the choice of the former.

IMPORTANT! Alternations and checked spellings in the root of a word obey different rules; it is impossible to check them equally

.

What are the spellings of roots with alternating vowels and how do the checked spellings in the root of a word differ from them. A word with an alternating vowel, although superficially similar to another, differs from it in meaning. At world yat (friends) – test word world. At measures In no case should you wear clothes - select a test word to check the unstressed vowel in the root, there is alternation here.

Alternating vowels are not cleared up by placing them in a strong position, like the spellings being checked in the root. For example, words with the root lag-lie and other cases with alternations require other verification methods.

The spelling of radical vowels with alternating consonants depends on one of four reasons.

Subsequent consonants

Fundamentally -growing-(-growing-)//-growing- before SCH and combination ST is written A, and before WITH without follow-up T- Always ABOUT. Exceptions - proper names Rostov And Rostislav, common nouns sprout And moneylender are written through ABOUT, and the word industry- through A. This type is not included in the list. The reasons will be explained below.

Suffix -a-

From suffix -A- depends on the choice of vowel AND: choose - choose And R A eat, tear it apart - cont. And R A burn out, burn out - survive And G A yea, despise – despise And R A huh, freeze - deputy And R A t, unlock - otp And R A t, cover - distance And l A is, wipe - st And R A t, deduction - subtract And T A nie, brilliant – bl And st A t;

vowel A: —kos-//-kas-(touch - to A With A nie)

combinations THEM, IN on site AND I):

• press A t - szh ima t
• Mon I t - prin ima t
• cl I exist - damn ina t
• beginning A lo – beginning ina t
• change I t - cm ina t

Words with roots -lag-//-false- obey both of these rules. A written before G, but the same words always have a suffix -A-(By lodge it - with lag ed), so two methods are suitable for checking them.

Accent

In words with alternations:

• -gor-//-gar- (burn - tan),
• -clone-//-clan-(bend over - bow),
• -kop-//-drop-(dig up - dig up),
• -silent-//-silent-(be silent - keep silent),
• -morgue-//-marg-(blink - blink),
• -late-//-late-(to be late - to be late),
• -flutter-//-flutter-(to flutter - to flutter),
• -stop-//-stay-(stand – insist),
• -creation-//-creature-(create - creature),
• -push-//-push-(push - push),
• -torop-//-torap-(hurry up – hurry up) –

in unclear cases (without accent) the letter is used ABOUT.

Spelling vowels in the root -zar-//-zor-(zarya - zorka) obeys the opposite law: without stress it is written A.

The exceptions are the dialectal and special words vygar (vygar), vygarki, prigar, izgar, zorevat, which do not obey the rule.

Emphasis on words

Shades of meaning

Semantic shades also determine the spelling at the root of a word. Examples of choosing a vowel based on this characteristic:

-mac-//-mok-(dip - get wet): the first option is written in words with the meaning of immersion in liquid, the second - the ability to pass liquid, to be saturated with it.

-swim-//-swim-//-swim-(buoyant - quicksand - swimmer): the ability to stay afloat / move directionally in the flow / a combination of both meanings.

-jump-//-jump-(jump - jump): repeated or long-term action/single action. The exception is a jump.

-equal-//-equal-(equation - equalize): semantic connection with the concepts equal (same) and equal. Team "Equal!" and the word plain is not an exception, as it seems at first glance. "Be equal!" - the requirement is not to stand up straight, but to stand the same way. And the plain is not a flat surface, it has hills and holes, but is equal in height to sea level.

Alternating consonants do not cause spelling difficulties; their presence is taken into account only when identifying a morpheme.

Selectable vowels

Selectable root spellings include cases in which the choice of letter depends on its surroundings in the word.

The chosen ones include vowels after sibilants and Ts, the spelling of which is established by several rules:

• zhi-shi, thicket, chu-chu– combinations in which it is not written Y, I, YU, with the exception of the words jury, julienne, parachute, brochure, borrowed from French, foreign names and surnames such as Julie, Ciurlionis, Mkrtchyan, as well as Russian ones, in which a certain spelling has traditionally been fixed;
• after C is written AND(except for the words chick, gypsy, chick, chick, tiptoe).

Also included in this group is the rule that AND, which stood at the beginning of the word, changes to Y after consonant prefixes, except above- (And interesting - without s interesting - beyond And interesting).

Part 1. Spellings with root vowels

Russian language. Spelling: Checkable unstressed vowels in the root.

Conclusion

The rules governing the writing of the considered options do not apply to other morphemes. There are only two exceptions: the method of selection I-Y, I-A, Yu-U applies to spelling in any morpheme, and replacement AND on Y also applies where the stem after a consonant prefix began with a prefix from- (is-). In other cases, the choice of letter requires other verification methods.

§ 84 Letters a - o in the root -lag- - -false- - Textbook on the Russian language, grade 5 (Ladyzhenskaya, Trostentsova)

Short description:

You know that checking unstressed vowels in various parts of speech of the Russian language is usually carried out by placing vowels under stress. This means that in order to find out which vowel is written in a word, we must change the word so that the stress falls on this vowel.
There are several other categories of unstressed vowels, the spelling of which is checked in other ways. Some of the words have unverifiable vowels, so we must remember their spelling; we can also refer to dictionaries.
The spelling of vowels in other words depends on the consonants that follow. Such words include all those with the root –lag-/-lozh-. These are variants of the same morpheme - the root. The lexical meaning of such words is the same, but the spelling differs depending on which letter comes after the consonant. If this is the letter g, then the vowel a is written at the root, if it is the letter g, then the vowel o is written at the root.
Knowing this simple rule will allow you to master Russian spelling skills. March 2, 2015

Learning the Russian language is one of the main points of the school educational program. For almost the entire eleven years, students work to improve their oral and written speech. However, this is always difficult for several reasons. Firstly, it is quite difficult to learn your native language. The subconscious dictates the following thing: “Since it’s my native language, it means, by default, I always speak correctly.” Which sometimes turns out to be far from the case. The second reason may be the reluctance and outright laziness of the student. In any case, the most common mistakes are incorrect placement of stress, unacceptable use of words, and in writing various grammatical, punctuation and stylistic errors.

In this article we will analyze the most common errors associated with the use of word forms, which mostly depend on the root. We will do this by considering the basics with alternating -lag-, -false-. Examples of errors in words with such roots occur every day.

What is a root

A word consists of so-called morphemes - parts of a word. These include prefix, root, suffix, ending and postfix. The root is an obligatory morpheme. A word may contain neither a prefix nor a suffix and may have a null ending (in fact there is none), such as the word “mother”. There are two types of roots: permanent and alternating. In the first case, the form of the root remains unchanged when the word is declined by case. In the second case, when the form of the word changes, the morpheme itself changes. This happens because the words have a common meaning, but the usage itself differs according to grammatical rules. A striking example would be words with the root -lag-, -false-. We use them every day in our speaking and writing.

Why do roots change?

As mentioned above, roots in words can change when the word is declined by case. Why is this happening? For example, the alternation of the roots -lag-, -lozh- is explained by the rules of the Russian language. If you try to more accurately analyze the reason for the modification of the main morpheme, then it is not difficult to find out that the reason lies in a wide variety of cognate words. In other words, in Russian speech there are too many words that have different forms, but similar meanings. As an example, consider words ending in -lag-, -lozh-. In the most common version, these morphemes are used in the word “put” or similar ones. The word means the union of any objects in one place or into one whole.

The word “to add” is the same root for it. When pronouncing it, the first thing that comes to mind is the composition of some works. For example, “to make legends.” Nevertheless, despite the differences that seem at first, the words are actually similar in meaning. Both of them denote the combination of objects (in the first case, something material, in the second, the addition of letters into syllables, and so on). In general, for the roots -lozh-, -lag- the rule is clearly defined, but more on that a little later.

Video on the topic

Roots with alternation

At school, in Russian language lessons, in the word formation section, such a section as roots with alternation is studied in some detail. The reason for this is that schoolchildren make many mistakes when using them. Among the most recognizable roots are -rost-, -rast-, -gor-, -gar-, as well as the roots -lag-, -lozh-. Examples can be given for an infinitely long time, because there will definitely be such words, one of the forms of which will have a modified root.

It would seem that if you know how words are pronounced, then there should be no problems with writing these morphemes. Unfortunately, it is not. In some cases, you have to turn to reference books that contain material on the use of roots.

Rules

As in the entire school curriculum, there are rules in the Russian language. They are in all sections, from spelling to punctuation. Morphemics was no exception. Since in the article we are considering exactly the roots -lag-, -false-, the rule will be formulated specifically for them. For most other alternating pairs there is a wealth of information in the secondary literature. It is important to note that the Russian language is one of those few subjects where the formulation of the rules is not required to be memorized. The most important thing is to understand the meaning and be able to apply knowledge in practice. However, the rules are formulated for all situations except the obvious ones.

Rule for -lag-, -false-

In Russian, the spelling -lag-, -lozh- is determined by an unambiguous rule. Its formulation is as follows: if an unstressed vowel sound is located before the letter “g”, then “a” is written. If there is a letter “zh”, you should write “o”. The rule is quite simple and easy to remember, if only because you can hear words and roots alternating -lag-, -false-. Examples are also obvious: attach, lay down, attach, add up, and so on.

The rule, like everything in life, has an exception, but we’ll talk about it a little later. So, you should firmly remember this rule in order to be confident in the use of the word.

Features of using the root

You probably already noticed that all the examples given were used with prefixes. This is the main feature. Words with the root -lag-, -lozh- are not used without a prefixed morpheme. Some people forget about this feature, resulting in words that are unacceptable for use. The only exception is the word "to lie down". In all other cases, in words with -lozh-, -lag- the rule states that prefixes must be used. Particular attention should be paid to this feature, since this is what many people often forget about. The use of these roots alternating without prefixes is the most common mistake in oral speech. I think everyone has heard at least once the words “lay down” and so on. This use is unacceptable. To denote this action, the substitute word “put” and its word forms should be used.

Root exceptions with striping

It was discussed above how the rule for -lag-, -false- is formulated. Examples were given, but exceptions were mentioned. There is one such word - this is “canopy”. Here, as we see, there is an “o” before the letter “g”. It should be noted that the letter under stress is not in the root, and there is a prefix po-. That is, all conditions are met, except for the main thing - using the letter in accordance with the rule.

What is a "canopy"? In explanatory dictionaries the following meaning is given: a curtain that blocks a bed. Nowadays, such a piece of furniture can only be found in villages, from which we can conclude that the word was used in ancient times, when similar spelling rules had not yet been developed.

Basic mistakes with using roots

As mentioned above, not only students, but also many residents of our entire country have difficulty coping with the task of correct pronunciation and compliance with basic grammar rules. Words are distorted, their style is violated, and any rules of pronunciation are not taken into account. Thus, our roots -lag-, -lozh- are most “afraid” of being used without prefixes. Unfortunately, this is the rule that many people neglect. You can often hear such “word forms” as “lay down”, “lies down” and so on. Among other things, the stress in these “words” is also placed incorrectly - on the vowel of the root. It should be remembered that it is unacceptable to use them in this way under any circumstances. If you want to put something, then you can also “put it”, that is, use a synonym, the use of which is permissible. Another such incident can be considered the word “plant”.

Although it is officially acceptable, there is a more correct form for it - “to plant.” The first type was used quite often in the past, which is perhaps why there is still a place for it in our speech.

How to avoid mistakes

Many people ask about how to speak correctly. The answer is quite simple: you need to read as many books as possible. Human visual memory is designed in such a way that it grasps unfamiliar things and “stores” them first in operational and then in long-term memory. In other words, after reading a book with a certain number of new words, they will gradually “settle” in memory. Consolidation will occur automatically, since human psychology is mostly built on imitation. Subconsciously, the brain will “wedge” new words into your speech, due to which the words will gradually enter the lexicon and remain there forever. When it comes to writing, the visual memorization mechanism will work - the word will be written by itself. In oral speech, in order to avoid such blunders as were described above, the advice is similar. Another, albeit controversial, piece of advice would be to correct those around you. Surely there are people around you who use certain words incorrectly. By correcting them, you will not only remind yourself of the correct pronunciation, but also help others.

Conclusion

The article discussed the rules for using the roots -lag-, -lozh-, and examples of words that contain them. It should also be said that Russian is the most difficult language in the whole world. No other linguistic formation has such a complex system of connecting words by cases, numbers, and genders. That is why it is impossible to know everything down to the smallest detail. This is not required. A self-respecting person, among other things, is distinguished by the ability to speak competently and coherently. In order to learn this, it is not necessary to sit for days with dictionaries and textbooks - such an approach will not give positive results. It is enough to regularly read books and communicate in a language that will help you stay in shape. If you want to learn how to speak a literary language, you can attend linguistic courses - this will be very good practice in improving your language.

Lesson objectives:

1) study the spelling of the root -log-/-lie-, know the conditions (rules) for using a given root and be able to apply them in practice;

2) develop the ability to use words with a given root and write them correctly;

3) instill love and interest in the native language.

Required material:

table, dictation text.

DURING THE CLASSES

I. Explanation of new material.

Guys, how to write the word correctly? put it? WITH O or A fundamentally? Spelling of the root - -lag-/-false- will be the topic of our lesson.

1) Observations from writing on the board.

– Draw a conclusion when writing a – o fundamentally -lag-/-false-.

Conclusion: before G is written A, before and is written O.

– Maybe you noticed some other peculiarity in the spelling o – a in the roots -lag-/-log?

Conclusion: If A stands behind the root, we write at the root too A.

2) Working with the textbook: reading the rules.

II. Consolidation of the studied material.

Exercise 1. From given verbs using a suffix -eni- form nouns.

Explain -...

Suggest - …

Assume - …

Place -...

Add up -...

Attach -...

REMEMBER!!! Root -lag-/-false- not used without a prefix, so there are no words lay down, lie down etc., you need to say: I put the book on the table, put the pencil case in my bag and so on.

Task 2. Formulate a topic that unites these phrases. Indicate the spelling pattern you are studying, try to compose (orally) a short story using the written word combinations.

Make a guess; discuss the situation; settle down to rest; suggest a route; put things away; location of rooms; invoice attached; put things away.

Task 3. Write down the sentence and construct its diagram. Sort out the verb settled down.

The guys sat around the fire and happily ate sandwiches with vegetables.

Task 4. Self-dictation. Among the words with roots -lag-/-false- There are terms that you use in mathematics and Russian lessons. Write them down from memory.

(Components, addition; adjective, sentence, statement.)

Task 5. Replace phrases with phraseological units, including words with roots -lag-/-false-.

Speak sincerely, frankly - ... hand on heart. (Put it down)

Do nothing, idle - sit... hands. (Folded)

Stop armed resistance, surrender -… a weapon. (Fold)

To die in battle -... your head. (Fold)

Stop fighting, act –… hands. (Fold)

Task 6. Find the fourth odd one:

1) addition, position, set aside, false;

2) assumption, addition, term, state.

III. Summarizing.(The teacher reads the text, the children write down the words using the spelling studied in the lesson.)

Guard! I have an unenviable position: today we are writing a summary! The text must be presented in detail. Arrange all parts in accordance with the plan. I can’t rely on my friend, because I was positioned right in front of the teacher. And the teacher reads sentence by sentence. Relying on my knowledge, I diligently present everything. A well-written text is the key to success. I can’t put off work: they’ll give me a bad grade and my parents will be called. And they will start a battle at home, so I will have to go to a state of siege.

N.N. HOMELAND,
Kirov,
Kaluga region

In the section on the question, please help me with words with the root lag lie in nouns given by the author SunnyDream the best answer is Put, arrangement, assume, set out, propose, believe, set out, adjective, put, assumption, impose, lay out, enclose.

Answer from Andrey Kurykin[master]
How can I help you? if there is a suffix A behind the root then LAG, if not then LOG...more specifically =DD

Answer from BayisiyaKonovalova[guru]
The spelling of the alternating vowels -O- and -A- in the roots -lag- and -lozh- depends on the consonant following the vowel. If the vowel is followed by the letter -zh-, then the vowel should be written -o-. Otherwise, you must write -a-. Thus, there are only two roots:
-false-
-lag-
The roots -lazh- and -log- do not exist in the Russian language (except for the exception word polog).

Answer from IMeXaHuK[guru]
lag and lie depend on the subsequent consonant vowel (if after the vowel G then there will be A, if Z then O)
There can be no talk of any suffixes, learn Russian
Examples: position, sentence, adjective, hostage, etc.

Answer from Arina Abrashkina[newbie]
attach, adjective, add up, believe, subjunctive, addendum, urgent, put in, impose, impose, impose, offer,
Sentence, position, addition, laying down, application, put, attach, report, shift, folded, bed, hollow, urgent, turn-down, lie, enclose
plant, grow, germinate, overgrow, vegetation, age, grow, grow, overgrow, grow together, grow
Thickets, shoots, sprout, teenager, dew, overgrown, undergrowth, outgrowth, tall, piglet, grown, grown, adult, sprout, grow up