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Examples. Lexical analysis of a word - what is it? Examples of Analysis of the Lexical Meaning of Original Russian Words

The word is the basic unit of language, which is a means of nomination and, thanks to this, performs the function of storing and transmitting information, recording the experience of mastering extra-linguistic reality. Lexical analysis is based on the fact that words in a language do not exist in isolation from each other, but form a system in which the meaning of each element is determined only in its relationship with other elements.

The purpose of lexical analysis is to describe the existence of a word in the “three dimensions” of language: in the relationship between the word and the concept it denotes; words and another word on the basis of similarity or difference; words and the person using them. The first two aspects relate to lexical semantics. At this stage, with the help of dictionaries (explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries of homonyms, paronyms, antonyms, synonyms), it is necessary to analyze the semantic structure of the word, show the connections that exist between its constituent meanings (lexical-semantic variants), and characterize them. The results obtained will make it possible to determine the types of lexical microsystems that include a word in one meaning or another (homonymous, synonymous and other paradigms), and the position of the word in these microsystems.

The main task of the third, sociolinguistic, aspect is to determine the semantic load of a word, determined by its functioning in social space, and the reflection in the word of the history of the development of society. In this case, words are considered from the point of view of the sphere of use, the ability to express the speaker’s attitude to the designated concept, the nature and degree of usage, and the history of the word’s appearance in the language.

When performing lexical analysis, it is necessary to indicate the dictionaries used, because the description of the same word in different dictionaries may be different.

Word lexical analysis scheme

Semasiological characteristics

1. Determine the meaning of the word in this context, indicate the method of interpreting the meaning (see explanatory dictionaries).

2. Give a description of this meaning of the word (primary - derivative, direct - figurative, motivated - unmotivated, free - unfree).

3. Determine whether the word is single-valued or polysemantic, from what meaning the given one was formed (if the meaning is derivative), the type of transfer (if the meaning is figurative).

4. Make a diagram of the meaning of the word, indicate the type of polysemy (if the word is polysemous) / see. Shmelev D.N. Modern Russian language. Vocabulary. – M., 1977. – P. 93; Modern Russian language. Theory. Analysis of linguistic units. In 2 hours / Ed. E.I. Dibrova, Part 1. – M., 2001. - P. 227 – 231.

5. Determine whether the word has homonyms (see explanatory dictionaries, dictionary of homonyms). If so, indicate their meaning, type, method (reason) of formation (see etymological dictionary, explanatory dictionaries).

6. If a word enters into a paronymic relationship, show this by the presence of paronyms (with an interpretation of their meanings) /see. dictionary of paronyms, dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language/.

7. Identify synonymous connections of the word. Give a synonymous paradigm that includes the word in this meaning (according to the dictionary of synonyms). Determine the type of synonyms in relation to the dominant of the series, according to the nature of use (general language - contextual).

8. Identify the antonymic connections of the word, indicating the type in terms of oppositional meanings, nature of use (according to the dictionary of antonyms).

Sociolinguistic characteristics .

1. Determine the functional and stylistic affiliation of the word in this meaning.

2. Characterize the word in terms of the presence/absence of connotative (emotionally expressive) semes in this meaning.

3. Describe the word from the point of view of its sphere of use (common, dialect, special, slang, etc.).

4. Determine whether the word in this meaning and other meanings belongs to the active or passive vocabulary (see explanatory dictionaries).

5. Reveal the origin of the word (see etymological dictionary, dictionary of foreign words).

Sample lexical analysis of a word

Crownwishes! So, I see you, O friends of brave muses, O marvelous Arzamas! (A.S. Pushkin)

1. In this context, the word “crown” is used in the meaning “2. P Eren. The last highest level, the completion of something, the top, the top” (MAS). The method of interpretation of meaning is descriptive (detailed interpretation).

2. The meaning is derivative, because formed on the basis of another meaning; portable, because correlates with the concept associatively - to understand it you need to know the motivating meaning; motivated, because has a motivating value; non-free, structurally limited, because implemented in combination with a noun in the form of dat.p. (see grammatical notes in the dictionary entry).

3. This meaning is formed on the basis of the main meaning through the metaphorical transfer of associative features (completion, reward). Figurative metaphor, because arises as an association of human feeling with an object of reality. Linguistic metaphor, because has a systematic use and has a special mark in the dictionary.

4. The semantic structure of the word consists of 6 meanings (LSV):

The derived meanings of a given polysemantic word are motivated by a direct nominative meaning, i.e. radial polysemy.

5. Has no homonyms.

6. It enters into a paronymic relationship with the word “wreath” - “leaves, flowers woven into a ring” (SO, Dictionary of Difficulties of the Russian Language by D.E. Rosenthal, M.A. Telenkova).

7. In this meaning, the word is included in the synonymous paradigm: top, pinnacle, limit, crown, apogee, zenith, climax(dictionary of synonyms by Z.E. Aleksandrova). The dominant of the series is the word “top”, because it most fully expresses the concept and is not stylistically colored. In relation to the dominant of the series, the word “crown” is a semantic (ideographic) synonym, because differs in the degree of intensity of quality (“the last, highest level”), and in style, because has a bookish character. A synonym for general language, because has a systematic use and is recorded in the dictionary of synonyms.

8. The word does not enter into antonymic relationships in this meaning.

9. In this meaning, the word “crown” is stylistically colored and refers to the book style, because the scope of its use is limited to artistic speech.

10. Does not contain connotative (emotionally expressive) semes, because the word in this meaning does not express the speaker’s attitude to the designated concept.

11. In this meaning the word is commonly used, but in the 3rd meaning it has restrictions in use ( church) /MAS/.

12. In all meanings except the 1st, it refers to active vocabulary; in the main, nominative meaning - to the passive, because is outdated: morphological, word-formation archaism (cf.: Ven ec– veins OK).

13. Originally Russian in origin, because appeared in the language during the common Slavic period; formed with the help of the suffix – ьь- from вънъ “wreath” (etymological dictionary).

Lexicology. The word in semasiological and sociolinguistic aspects
- DIDACTIC PLAN
- LITERATURE
- Vocabulary as a subsystem of language, its specific features. Vocabulary and lexicology. Lexicology and other branches of linguistics
- Three dimensions of vocabulary: epidigmatics, paradigmatics and syntagmatics
- The word as the basic nominative unit of language. Differential features of a word
- Semasiological and sociolinguistic aspects of vocabulary learning
- Semasiology. Form and meaning of the word. Word and concept
- Lexical and grammatical meaning of the word
- Structure of the lexical meaning of a word. Typology of semes and their hierarchy
- Polysemy. A polysemantic word as a system of lexical-semantic variants. Types of name transfer
- Types of lexical meanings in a polysemous word
- Homonymical paradigm. Typology of homonyms. Homonymy and polysemy
- The concept of paronymy. Paronymic paradigm
- Lexical synonymy. Synonymous paradigm and its dominant. Synonymy and polysemy. Types of lexical synonyms by meaning and structure. Synonym functions

Lexical parsing of a word(analysis under number 5)

Lexical analysis of a word should be carried out using linguistic dictionaries: an explanatory dictionary, a dictionary of synonyms, antonyms, homonyms; Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language.

Word lexical parsing scheme

1. Determine the lexical meaning of the word in context.

2. If the word has multiple meanings, indicate its other meanings.

3. Establish the type of lexical meaning in this context: a) direct; b) portable.

4. If the meaning is figurative, describe the type of figurative meaning.

5. Construct a synonymous series for the word in this meaning.

6. Choose an antonymic pair for this word.

7. Determine whether this word is native Russian or borrowed from another language.

8. Establish whether the analyzed word belongs to commonly used vocabulary or vocabulary that is limited in use.

9. Determine if a word is obsolete.

10. Indicate whether this word is included in phraseological units.

Examples of lexical parsing of words

Having completed their operations, the fronts, one after another, stopped at the milestones achieved by the spring. (K. Simonov)

1. Operation- a series of strategic actions carried out during offensive or defensive battles (military, prof.).

2. The word has multiple meanings: a) surgical operation; b) trading operation; c) financial transaction; d) postal operations.

3. The meaning is direct.

4. Synonymous series: operation, battle, battle, military action.

5. The word is borrowed from Latin.

6. A word of professional vocabulary (military terminology).

7. The word is not obsolete; it is included in the active dictionary of the Russian language.

For medicinal purposes, the roots and rhizomes of Eleutherococcus, collected in the fall, are used.(V. Yagodka)

1. Root– in this sentence, the word “root” means “a part of a plant grown into the ground, through which it absorbs juices from the soil.”

2. The word has multiple meanings: a) part of a plant, b) part of a base, c) the root cause, d) part of a word, e) algebraic operation, function, f) a number that vanishes or an identity

4. There are no homonyms, synonyms, or antonyms in this meaning.

5. Originally Russian.

6. The word is commonly used, used in all styles of speech.

7. The word is not obsolete, it is part of the active vocabulary.

8. The word is included in phraseological units: look at the root, uproot, root of evil, at the root, under the root, take root.

An old friend is better than two new ones.

1.Old friend - a friend who has existed for a long time, for a long time.

2. The word old is polysemantic: a) having lived or existed for a long time, reaching old age (Old Man), b) not new, damaged by time or having fallen into disrepair (Old Suitcase), c) not new, long known or long familiar (This old joke), d) existing for a long time, ancient (Paintings of the Old Masters), e) former, previous (He quit his old job and got a new one).

3. In the sentence it is used in its literal meaning.

4. Synonym - old.

5. Antonym - new.

6. Originally Russian.

7. The word is commonly used, used in all styles of speech.

8. The word is not obsolete, it is part of the active vocabulary.

9. The word is included in phraseological units: an old horse will not spoil the furrow, an old raven does not croak in vain.

In the practice of teaching the Russian language, various types of analysis (analysis) of basic linguistic units (words and sentences) have become traditional: phonetic, grammatical, word-formative, as well as text.

A certain place among them is occupied by lexical analysis of words and texts.

Lexical analysis of a word is a comprehensive lexical-semantic and functional analysis of a word as a lexical unit of a language, as an object of its study in lexicology.

Lexical analysis of a text is a comprehensive lexical-semantic and functional analysis of the lexical units of a text (mainly literary), as well as their role in a given text.

Lexical analysis can be training and control. The first involves active work with dictionaries of various types: explanatory, etymological, synonyms, antonyms, etc., the second - the ability to independently analyze a word and identify certain of its characteristics.

Lexical analysis should show all the student’s knowledge about the word as a lexical unit of language and speech in accordance with the university program. Therefore, it is proposed as the second (practical) part of the test and (or) as a type of practical task in the exam (in addition to the theoretical question), because allows you to test your knowledge about the subject of study comprehensively.

Lexical analysis includes sequentially three stages (parts) corresponding to the main aspects of word study in lexicology: semantic, systemic and functional-stylistic (sociolinguistic) -

1) analysis of the semantic structure of the word,

2) analysis of the systemic connections of the word,

3) functional-stylistic analysis of the word.

The order of lexical analysis of a word

1. SEMANTIC ANALYSIS

1) Interpret the lexical meaning of the word in the text in one of the ways, indicating the method of interpretation (descriptive, synonymous, etc.).

2) Perform a component analysis of lexical meaning (select archiseme, differential and potential semes).

3) Determine the type of lexical meaning (according to various parameters: direct / figurative, nominative / characterological, motivated / unmotivated, free / connected).

4) Determine the presence of polysemy of the word (in case of polysemy, give other meanings) and homonymy (distinguish between polysemy and homonymy).

2. SYSTEM ANALYSIS

5) Determine the nature of the intraword semantic connections of a word (epidigmatics): topological type of polysemy (elementary, chain, radial, mixed), methods of semantic derivation (narrowing/expansion, metaphor/metonymy).

6) Determine the nature of interword derivational (word-formation) connections of a word: give words with the same root, determine the type of lexical derivation (elementary, chain, nested).

7) Determine the nature of the paradigmatic connections of the word: the presence of a lexical-semantic group (LSG), hyponyms, synonyms, antonyms, their type.

8) Determine the nature of the syntagmatic connections of a word: type of compatibility (lexical, grammatical), valence (free and contextually limited types of word connections), give different types of phrases, including stable (phraseological) combinations.

3. FUNCTIONAL-STYLISTIC ANALYSIS

9) Determine the origin of the word, indicate the signs and type of borrowings (mastered, unmastered: exoticisms, barbarisms).

10) Determine the scope of use of the word: commonly used / not commonly used (dialectal, slang, special, vernacular).

11) Determine the active use of the word: active / passive - obsolete (archaism / historicism) or new (neologism / occasionalism).

12) Determine the stylistic coloring of the word: neutral (inter-style) or stylistically colored - high (bookish, poetic), low (colloquial, vernacular).

The Russian language is very multifaceted and difficult to learn. It has many nuances and features, one of which is the analysis of words. Before parsing a word, you need to know what vocabulary is. Let us note right away that in the school curriculum, lexical analysis of words is provided only at the level of an optional, but not compulsory, program. As you know, teachers at regional schools are not very keen on conducting extracurricular activities, so today’s schoolchildren most likely will not know how to parse words correctly in accordance with the vocabulary.

Vocabulary concept

Vocabulary refers to all the words of a specific language, for example, Russian or French. It is impossible to reliably count how many words the vocabulary of each language combines. This phenomenon can be explained logically, because the vocabulary of a particular language is constantly replenished with new words, however, some words also leave it. If approximately in the modern Russian language there are a little more than 130 thousand words, then for daily use a person needs no more than 1.5 thousand words. Moreover, this does not mean at all that a literate person has a vocabulary of only 1,500 words, because many words that we know are used extremely rarely.

Lexicology is the science that studies vocabulary and divides all words of the Russian language into active and passive dictionaries. The most commonly used words are components of the active dictionary. Naturally, the passive dictionary is made up of words that are least used by modern people, that is, from outdated words (archaisms), terms and neologisms (words that appeared in the language more recently).

According to lexicology, there are five styles of speech in the language - artistic, business and journalistic, colloquial and scientific. In accordance with lexicology, all speech is divided into three types - description, narration and reasoning. Now let's get started on how to bust a word.

Parsing a word as a part of speech

What should you do if you are faced with a task: parse a word as a part of speech? First, determine which part of speech the word belongs to, that is, it is a noun, adjective, verb or other part of speech. Next, you should find the indefinite form of the word, its original sound. If the word refers to a noun, then its original sound is the nominative singular, for verbs it is the “infinitive” form.

Let's look at the analysis of a noun using the example of the word "hares". Its unchanged sound is “hare”. We determine the case, gender and number of “hares” - the dative case, this is a masculine word in the plural. This noun is a common noun, since “hares” is not the name of anything. A noun can still be its own, but not in our case.

Let's look at an adjective using the word "fluffy" as an example. In its unaltered sound it looks like the word "fluffy". To determine gender, number and case, it is necessary to focus on the noun in context. For example, in the phrase “fluffy carpet” the word “fluffy” is masculine, instrumental case and singular.

Using the word “did” as an example, let’s try to parse the verb as a part of speech. Its original sound is “to do.” Now you need to determine gender and conjugation, person and aspect (it can be imperfect or perfect), number and tense of the verb, mood. This is the third person masculine, singular and indicative, imperfective and past tense, second conjugation.

Using the word “him” as an example, let’s look at the analysis of the pronoun. In the unchanged sound, “him” is “he”. Now we determine the person and gender of the pronoun, its case and number. The pronoun "him" is singular and masculine, dative case, third person.

When considering a conjunction, you should know that it can be connecting, disjunctive, coordinating or subordinating. Some conjunctions belong to two types, for example, the conjunction “a”, depending on the context, can be either coordinating or disjunctive.

Lexical parsing of a word

Having answered the question of how to parse an adjective as a part of speech, a noun and other parts of speech, let’s proceed to the lexical analysis of words. To do this, it is necessary to conduct a detailed analysis of them, performing a certain algorithm:

The type of lexical meaning in a given context (literal or figurative meaning). If a word is used in a given context in a figurative meaning, then it is necessary to characterize the type of figurative meaning.
Indicate the uniqueness/ambiguity of the word (you can use a Russian language dictionary). If a word has several meanings, then all of them must be indicated.
Indicate the origin of the word - indicate whether the word is original Russian or borrowed from another language (indicating the name of the language).
Determine the presence of synonyms and antonyms (build a synonymous series and select an antonymous pair for a given word).
Determine which vocabulary the word belongs to - commonly used or limited (indicate whether this word is outdated or a neologism).
Determine phraseological connections of the word.

Example of lexical parsing of a word

Using the example of the phrase: “Having completed their operations, the fronts stopped at the achieved milestones,” let’s look at how to parse the word “operations.”

Operation - strategic actions that are carried out during offensive or defensive battles (military, professional).
The word belongs to the category of polysemantic words: a) surgical operation; b) trading operation; c) postal operations; d) financial transaction.
Used in this context in its literal meaning.
"Operation" is a word of foreign origin. It is borrowed from the Latin language.
Synonymous series - operation, military operations, battle, battle.
The word "operation" is actively used in the Russian language.
The word refers to military terminology, that is, it is part of professional vocabulary.

Analysis of words by composition

Analysis of words by composition is one of the most popular in school. All schoolchildren learn to parse words according to their composition in Russian language lessons. If you have problems with this, we will help you. How to parse a word by its composition? Here's the best algorithm to follow:

Correctly determine the part of speech that you will analyze according to its composition. Context will help with this.
Highlight the ending in the word (for examples of designations of parts of a word, see the picture before the article). This is the variable part of the word, usually located at the end, after the suffix. It’s easy to identify the ending in a word - you just need to change the word by case and see which part at the end of the word changes. This will be the ending. Example: the word “cow” ends in “a”. With its declension, we get the following forms: cows, cow, cow, etc. It can be seen that in the word the letter “a” is constantly changing to others in different cases, so “a” is the ending. There are words with a zero ending, for example “wolf”, “telephone”, “ballet”. In such cases, the ending symbol is placed next to the word after it. It is important not to confuse the ending with the suffix!
Next, you should select the prefix. A prefix is a part of a word that comes before the root; it gives the word additional meaning. For example, there is the word “ride”, and there is the word “move”. The prefix “s” to the second word gives the sense of completeness, so the second verb has a perfect form, and the first one has an imperfect form. The prefix is usually located at the very beginning of the word, so it is not difficult to detect if it is present.
Then highlight the suffix. A suffix is a variable part of a word that is located after the root. A word may have one, several suffixes, or may not have them at all. For example, in the word “peas” there is a suffix “ik”, in the word “made” there are two suffixes - the verbal “a” and the participle suffix “vsh”.
Now select the root of the word. The root is an unchangeable part of the word (however, the roots can alternate: “take away” - root “bir”, “take away” - root “ber”). The root carries the main meaning of the word. There are words consisting entirely of roots: forest, onion, house, garden. In the word “girl” there will be a root “girl”, in the word “self-tapping” there are two roots that carry the meaning: “sam” and “rez”, the letter “o” is a connecting vowel between the roots. If you are in doubt about identifying a root, select words with the same root and see which part of the word is most often repeated in them. It will be the root of the word.
And finally, the basis of the word. It includes all parts of the word, except for the ending and formative suffixes. Formative suffixes include the suffix “ть” for indefinite verbs, the suffix “l” for past tense verbs, “я” for imperfective participles, “уч” and “ужь” for participles and suffixes for adjectives and adverbs in the comparative and superlative degrees. (“e”, “ee”, “eysh”, “aysh”). The stem is highlighted at the bottom of the word in the form of a line, emphasizing everything that is included in it.

Examples of parsing words by composition

Now you know how to parse a word by its composition. To consolidate the material, let's look at a few examples of parsing words by composition:

Let's come in large numbers. The main meaning of the word is contained in the root "ex". We look in front of the root of the console. There is no prefix "pona" in the Russian language, but there are prefixes "po" and "na" (there are the words let's go, nahali). Therefore, this word has two prefixes: “by” and “on”. Let's look at the suffixes. This word also has two suffixes - the verbal "a" and the past tense verb suffix "l". The ending of the word is “and”. The basis of the word “come in large numbers” is “in large numbers.”
Lumberjack A lumberjack is someone who cuts down a forest. Since the meaning of a word is revealed in two words, and the word itself is one, then most likely it contains two roots. This word has two roots: “forest” and “rub”. The “O” between them is not a suffix, it is a connecting vowel; at school it is usually highlighted in a frame or in brackets. The word begins immediately with the root "forest", there are no prefixes here. There are also no suffixes or endings, so after the word we draw an empty ending icon, which will mean a zero ending. Base word: "lumberjack".
The most beautiful. The root is “beautiful”, the superlative suffix of adjectives is “eysh”, the ending is “iy”. The basis of the word is “beautiful”.
Be. Root "would", suffix "t". The basis of the word is "would".

We looked at how to parse a word by its composition using examples.

Conclusion

Using the above examples, you can easily parse a verb as a part of speech, and you can carry out a lexical analysis of the word and an analysis of the word according to its composition. This knowledge will be useful not only for schoolchildren and students, but also for adults who strive to improve their skills and knowledge in the field of the Russian language.

Lexical parsing of a word is a comprehensive lexical-semantic and functional analysis of the word as a lexical unit of language, as an object of its study in lexicology.

Lexical analysis of text - this is a comprehensive lexical-semantic and functional analysis of the lexical units of a text (mainly literary), as well as their role in a given text.