Declension of plural nouns in the genitive case. Zero ending genitive plural. The genitive case of masculine plural nouns and nouns that are used only in the plural. h

When using the nominative plural of nouns in practice, students often face the problem of writing endings correctly. The article provides the basic rules, exceptions to them and examples of spelling endings in such a case.

Features of the nominative plural of nouns

In the nominative plural case, nouns do not retain the differences in declensions characteristic of singular nouns, and have endings -s(s), -and I). I. p. nouns in the plural have the same syntactic meaning as in the singular and answer questions Who? What?

Examples of nominative plural forms are presented in the table:

Spelling of endings of nouns 2nd declension

The spelling of the endings of plural nouns of the nominative case of the 2nd declension depends on the characteristics of each individual word.

• Ending -s(s)
  • Most monosyllabic nouns (tables, soups, juices);
  • Trisyllabic and polysyllabic nouns with stress in the middle of the word (librarians, contracts, pharmacists);
  • Nouns in which in the initial form the stress falls on the second syllable (salads, berets, watermelons);
  • Foreign nouns with a stem in -er/er(usually of French origin) (chauffeurs, stuntmen), as well as nouns of Latin origin with a stem in – tor/-ter/-sor (capacitors, lecturers, computers).
• Ending -and I) have plural nouns:
  • Neuter nouns (windows, grains, pickles);
  • Nouns denoting paired concepts (sleeves, sides, shores);
  • Most two-syllable nouns with stress on the first syllable (cities, voices, boats);
  • Some monosyllabic nouns (houses, forests, varieties).

Exceptions

Masculine nouns of the 2nd declension with stem on -anin/-yanin form the form of the I. p. plural with the ending -e and truncation of the suffix (citizens, Kyivians, Drevlyans).Neuter nouns with a stem on -ko(except cloud, cloud, army) have the ending in the I. p. plural form -And (apples, coat hangers, glasses).

I. The main ending of masculine nouns is -ov/(-ov)-ev: mushrooms, cargo, directors, edges, museums, etc.

Some words have an -ey ending (residents, teachers, knives) and a zero ending (boots, townspeople).

1. The ending -ov/(-ёв)-ев is characteristic of those nouns whose final sound in the singular (nominative case) is a hard consonant (except zh and sh) or -j (in writing - the letter y): mushroom - mushrooms , cucumber - cucumbers, edge - edges, museum - museums, etc.

2. The ending -ey is characteristic of those masculine nouns whose final sound in the singular is a soft consonant (except -j) or zh, w: dove - doves, acorn - acorns, executioner - executioners, knife - knives, baby - kids.

The same ending has a number of words ending in -a, -ya, masculine and general: dad, uncle, dad, raja, Chukchi, young man; mumble, idle talker, (not) equal, quiet, as well as male informal names with a base on a soft consonant or hissing: Volodya - Volodya, Seryozha - Seryozhey.

3. The zero ending is inherent in nouns, which are the following names:

a) paired objects: bottlenecks - bottlenecks, bots - bot, valenki - vy. Eye - eye, krggi - krag, mokasyn - mochasan, pog - pog, sapog - sapg, chulkú - chulkhok, plug -shtelte - shtelte, epolexis - epolexis - epolentheus - epolenthes also hair - hair, teeth - tooth.

Exceptions: aiguillettes - aiguillettes, boots - boots, golfs - golfs, pima - pimov, horns - horns (but in phraseological units - horn: God does not give a horn to a lively cow).

Some words of this semantic group have variant endings that are stylistically equivalent: kedy – kedov and ked; soskú – sock and sock, unty – unt and untov;

b) a number of nationalities, nationalities, tribes (including the names of disappeared peoples, as well as names used before), mainly with the final consonant -н or -р (singular): English - English, Armenians - Armenia n, Bashkurs - Bashkur, Balkars - Balkar, Bulgarians - Bulgarians, Gruzins - Gruzun, Imeretins - Imeretun, Lezguns - Lezgun, Magyars - Magyars, Moldovans - Moldovans, Ossetians - Osset ún, Romanians – Romanians , Tatars - Tatars, Turks - Turks, Khazars - Khazars, Gypsies - Gypsies.

Some words of this group have variant stylistically equivalent endings: Avárs - Avars and Avárovs, Buryats - Buryats and Buryatovs, Karelians - Karelians and Karelians, Sarmatians - Sarmatians and Sarmatians, Turkmens - Turkmens and Turkmens, Uyghurs - Uighurs and Uighurs.

But: Aisors, Arabs, Berbers, Bushmen, Hungarians, Kazakhs, Mongols, Negroes and others. etc.;

c) people at the place of residence in -anin/-yanin (for whom this suffix is ​​replaced in the plural by the suffix -an/-yan): city dweller - city dweller, alien - alien, kievlanin - kievyan, village nin – villager, southerner – southerner, etc.;

d) cubs, non-adult creatures with the suffix -onok/-yonok (changing in the plural to the suffix -am/-yat): wolf cub - wolf cubs, kitten - kittens, chicken - chickens, etc. Wed. and slang salazhonok – salazhat; according to the same model, also an oil can - butter, honey mushroom - honey agaric,

Note Genitive case from imp, imp - imp, imp, imp.

e) people by belonging to certain branches of the military, to a military unit, to certain political parties: partisans, soldiers, cadets.

A number of names based on the type of military service (including the former) and rank have variant stylistically equivalent forms: hussars - hussars and hussars, grenadiers - grenadiers and grenadiers, dragyns - draguns and draguns, cuirassurs - cuirassurs and cuirassors, lancers - lancers and ulans, midshipmen - midshipmen and midshipmen. Compare, for example: “On November 22, Seslavin sent me to clear the left side of the Vilna road with a hundred Sumy hussars, a platoon of dragoons of the Tver regiment and a dozen Donets” (A. Marlinsky); ". a Frenchman in a blue overcoat fought off the hussars with a bayonet” (L.T.); “In the evening of the same day, the tsar sent regiments of guards and dragoons in pursuit” (Buganov V.I. Peter the Great and his time);

f) some units of measurement: ampere, watt (kilowatt and others with -watt), volt, roentgen (and compound words with -roentgen). For example, ". Natural background radiation is usually 15–20 microroentgens per hour. "(Koms. pr. 1990. May 12).

A number of names of units of measurement (in most cases belong to highly specialized vocabulary) have variant stylistically equivalent endings, ángström - ángstremov and ángström, arshin - arshunov and arshun, hertz - hertz and hertz, karat - karatov and karat, mikron - micron and micron and nek . etc. Wed, for example: “A ruby ​​in a ring worth eleven carats” (A.N.T.) and “According to official data, diamond production should have exceeded 500 thousand carats in 1965” (Abroad. 1966. January 21) .

In texts that are not strictly official, the nouns hectare, gram, kilogram can also have a zero ending (very common in live oral speech, in the author’s speech of fiction). Wed: “Sixteen thousand mothers will receive Rations at dawn - One hundred and twenty-five blockade grams With fire and blood in half” (Berggolts O.F. From the Leningrad poem); “[Polar explorers] say that they have lost several kilograms of weight over these days” (Orlov V. Chronicle of a Drift), but: “More than 40 million hectares of crops are concentrated here” (Project 1965. March 31); “The first 415 kilograms of valuable nutritious food in dry form have been packed” (Zn. 1983. February 3).

In texts that are not strictly official, the literary norm allows for a zero ending in words denoting some vegetables and fruits: (kilo) apricot, orange, eggplant, tangerine, tomato.

II. 1. For neuter nouns, the main one is the zero ending: vedro - veder, delo - delo, housing - housing, building - buildings, window - okon, gun - ruzhey (words like building, gun, i.e. words with a stem in - j, refer to those nouns in which a fluent vowel appears before the zero ending in the genitive plural: i-, if the stress does not fall on the ending, and -e-, if the ending is stressed).

2. Some neuter nouns in the genitive case have the ending -ov/-ev. These include:

a) nouns in the plural forms of which -j- appears before the ending: bottom → donya, donyev, link → links, links, wing → wings*, wings; log → logs, logs;

b) nouns in -ko (except for army, ear**, apple, apple)***: drevoko - drevkov, wheel - wheels, cloud - clouds, ozerko - ozerkov, ochko - points, shoulder - shoulders;

c) some nouns with a stem ending in -j (singular and plural); upper reaches - upper reaches, lower reaches - lower reaches (and lower reaches), tip - tips, dress - dresses, razvod - razdyov, mouth - mouths, as well as the word bolotse (marsh).

Note. The words saucer, mirror, lake, railing, towel have a zero ending: saucer, mirror, pepper, towel.

Some words ending in -tse have variant endings, one of which, as a rule, is more common than the second (the more common below is given first): tree → small trees and trees, ring → rings and rings, spindle → spindles and spindles, bucket → buckets and buckets, businessman → businessmen and businessman, little body → little bodies and little bodies, fiber → fibers and fibers, trough → little troughs and troughs, blanket → blankets and blankets, log → logs and logs, tentacle → tentacles and tentacles, hoof → kopyttsev and kopytets, lace → lace and lace, shilse → shiltsev and shilets. Wed, for example; “[Meresyev] allowed himself to eat only ten spoons and a few fibers of white, soft chicken meat” (Polevoy B.N. The Tale of a Real Man) and: “With a decrease in the amount of twist, the connection of individual elementary fibers is disrupted” (Anuchin S.A. and etc. Construction and maintenance of twisting machines); “The bulk of the trees we sell are obtained through the barbaric destruction of already scarce forests” (Lit. Gaz. 1966. December 31) and: “. when the crowns of individual trees merge into a common closed canopy and the trees begin to experience mutual lateral shading, then a struggle arises over the light” (G. Morozov. Teaching about oneself), etc.

III. For feminine nouns of the 2nd declension, the main ending is zero: (with) roofs, pines, apple trees, (without) poker, sisters, weddings, etc.

A small number of feminine nouns ending in -а/-я have the ending -е. It is received by words that have a group of consonants before the ending -gl-, -kl-, -hl-: (no) skittles, boucles, sakley, rokhlya, as well as the words share → doley, penya → peney, candle → candles (but in phraseology - candle: the game is not worth the candle).

A small number of words have variant endings: barzha - barzh and barzhey, karakulya - karakulya and karakul, song - songs and songs *, handful - handful and handful, sheet - sheet and sheet, procure - pimp and pimp, shutter - shutter and shutter, aunt - aunt and aunt.

The ending -ey is also characteristic of feminine nouns with a soft consonant and sibilants (3rd declension): role - roles, fabric - fabrics, night - nights. Only the word sazhen has two forms: sazhen and sazhen.

As for nouns used only in the plural form, difficulties with choosing the correct form of the genitive case relate mainly to proper names. Therefore, common nouns of this type are not considered here, and those interested in the genitive case forms of proper names can be referred to the “Dictionary of Stresses for Radio and Television Workers” by F.L. Ageenko and M.V. Zarvy.

« Russian language And culture speeches" edited by Professor V.I. Maksimov. Recommended by the Ministry. PREFACE. Chapter I. Speech in interpersonal and social relationships.

Russian language And culture speeches. Speech and mutual understanding. On the process of mutual understanding in speech communication, certain features of use have a significant impact language V speeches.

Russian language And culture speeches. Culture speech communication. Under culture speech communication is understood as such selection and organization of linguistic means that contribute to the most effective achievement of goals in this area speech.

Russian language And culture speeches. Three main types of interaction between dialogue participants in Russian language So, dialogical unity is ensured by the connection of various kinds of replicas (formulas speech etiquette, question - answer, addition, narration.

Russian language And culture speeches. Structure speech communications. Being an act of communication, speech always addressed to someone.

Russian language And culture speeches. Establishing (maintaining) business contacts. Communicative attitude, determining the social and role status of communication participants, establishing social speech contact.

Russian language And culture speeches. Speech, its features.K speeches also include products of speaking in the form speech a work (text) recorded in memory or writing.

A significant place in the textbook is occupied by material related to culture speech communication and with the preparation of official documentation. The textbook aims to present modern views regarding Russian language And culture speeches at the beginning of the 21st century.

Russian language And culture speeches. General characteristics of styles. Every functional style of modern Russian literary language- this is its subsystem, which is determined by the conditions and goals of communication in.

Russian language And culture speeches.The basis for the classification of varieties speeches there may be various factors that make it possible to distinguish oral and written forms of existence speeches, dialogical and monological speech, functional styles, etc.

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Letterman

Grammar

Among the forms of nouns, the formation of which may be associated with certain difficulties, include the plural forms of the nominative case ( directors or directors, valves or valve?) and the plural forms of the genitive case of some nouns ( five grams And five grams, five oranges or five orange?)

1. Plural forms of the nominative case of nouns: directors or directors?

The nominative plural form of nouns is checked in dictionary order (according to the dictionary). See section "Word Check" on our portal. Please note: searching for a word in dictionaries is carried out using the initial form (nominative case, singular)!

The dictionary entry is read as follows: if the entry does not specifically indicate the plural form (mark pl.), then to form the nominative plural, the ending is used -And or -s. If a different ending is required (or options are acceptable), then a note is placed: pl. -A. For example:

In the modern Russian literary language, variants fluctuate in the form named after. p.m. hours, number over 300 words. The center of the spread of inflexion -and I) are the areas of vernacular and professional language. In this regard, the forms on -and I) often have a colloquial or professional connotation: contract, mechanic, turner. The forms are on -s(s) more neutral and for most words meet the traditional norms of the literary language. However, in some cases the forms on -and I) have already replaced forms with -s(s).

In addition, you can remember a number of patterns that make it easier to choose the inflection (ending) of the nominative plural:

Non-standard plurals are formed for words child - children, person - people, bottom - donya and some others.

2. Plural forms of the genitive case of nouns: five grams or five grams?

For most masculine nouns ending in a hard consonant ( orange, tomato, fly agaric, computer, sock), the ending is typical -s in the genitive plural form: oranges, tomatoes, fly agarics, computers, socks etc. A wide range of exceptions can be identified from this rule - similar nouns, but having a zero ending in the genitive plural form: one stocking - no stockings, one Ossetian - five Ossetians, one gram - five grams And five grams etc. Such words include:

It should be noted that the names of fruits, fruits and vegetables, which are masculine nouns, ending in a hard consonant ( orange, eggplant, tomato, tangerine), in the genitive plural form. hours have an ending -s: five oranges, a kilogram of eggplants, New Year without tangerines, tomato salad.

For some nouns, plural forms are formed. Part gen. n. difficult; these are words dream, prayer, head. On the contrary, the words shchetz And firewood have no other forms except the plural form. Part gen. case.

See: “Russian Grammar”, M., 1980.

2.2.3. Genitive plural

As in other forms, in genitive plural of nouns in each type of declination you can find several variants of endings.

In general, during the formation of this form the following pattern applies.

If in the initial form (nominative singular) a word has a zero ending, then in the genitive plural the ending is usually non-zero:

a house - many houses, a horse - many horses, a steppe - no steppes.

If in the initial form the ending is non-zero, then in the genitive plural it will be zero:

land - no lands, loop - no loops, business - no business, place - no places, brand - no brands, apple - no apples.

Thus, the language seeks to get rid of the coincidence of the initial form and indirect forms of the noun.

However, in reality this pattern is not absolute. On the one hand, a number of masculine nouns with a hard consonant stem have a zero ending:

one soldier – several soldiers; one Georgian - several Georgians, one gypsy - several gypsies.

On the other hand, nouns with a non-zero ending in the initial form can also have a non-zero ending in the genitive case, for example:

feminine words: share - several shares, size - several points; neuter words: swamp - several swamps, upper reaches - no upper reaches, bottom of the vessel - no bottoms, shaft - no shafts, face - several faces, point - no points, dress - several dresses, mouth - several mouths, awl - several awls.

In living speech, especially in common speech, two opposing trends are now observed.

Firstly, the ending -ov/-ev, inherent primarily in masculine nouns of the second declension, quite consistently replaces other endings (zero, -ey).

For example: in common parlance - a lot of people instead of normative many people ; no places instead of normative no places.

The latter tendency is strengthened by the fact that in the plural in other indirect cases all nouns have the same endings:

about songs, about people, about fields, about nights, about kilograms.

Secondly, in common parlance one encounters the use of forms with a zero ending in cases where the literary language allows only forms with a non-zero ending.

For example: plow 10 hectares of land instead of the literary version - 10 hectares of land.

All this requires special attention to the formation of the genitive plural form, especially since many of these options become an indicator of the level of a person’s speech culture. It is no coincidence that morphological errors in the formation of this form are used in language games, that is, intentionally - to create a comic effect ( How many people! Business!- in modern intelligentsia colloquial speech). Such errors are also played out in jokes, for example, in the dialogue between an illiterate passenger and an equally illiterate champion of correct speech:

- There are no seats on the tram.
- Not places, but places. You don't know the cases.
– It doesn’t matter to you that we don’t know cases.

When forming the genitive plural in difficult cases, several factors must be taken into account.

1. For second declension nouns, the endings -ov/-v, -ey are distributed as follows:

for masculine nouns with a base on a hard consonant, ts or th the main ending is -ov/-ev:

many drivers, fighters, geniuses;

For masculine and neuter nouns with a base on a soft consonant or hissing, the main ending is -е:

her life is many, her gender is hers, her case is hers;

for nouns ending in -anin/-yanin (except for the word family man, which has no plural form at all), as well as for words master, boyar, master, Tatar– zero ending with cutoff -in:

many Slavs, Tatars, Bars, citizens.

2. In masculine nouns of the second declension with a hard consonant stem, the zero ending and the -ov ending tend to be distributed as follows:

A) the ending -ov usually has most names of fruits, vegetables, etc.:

five tomatoes, five oranges, five eggplants(permissible - five eggplants);

b) usually have a null ending:

names of paired items:

a pair of boots, a pair of felt boots, a pair of boots, a pair of stockings, But: a pair of boots, a pair of boots(permissible - couple bot ), no rails(permissible - no rail); noun sock in the genitive plural it has two literary variants - no knitted socks And sock ;

names of nationalities with endings -н, -р:

no gypsies, no Romanians, no Ossetians, But: no Bedouins, no Bushmen, no Svans ;

names of military personnel of various groups and branches of the military:

no soldiers (!), no partisans (!); But: no sappers, no miners, no hussars And hussars, no dragoons And dragoon ov, no grenadier And grenadier ov, no cuirassier And cuirassier ov, no lancer And Ulan ov ;

V) nouns naming units of measurement ( volt, hertz, ohm etc.), usually have two forms in the genitive plural - with the ending -ov and with a zero ending. The zero ending is used in the so-called counting form of units of measurement, that is, when indicating a specific quantity or number of something:

100 volts, 100 amperes, 200 hertz, 200 ohms, 1000 roentgens etc.

In nouns gram, kilogram, milligram, carat etc. in countable form, both forms are allowed - with the ending -ov and with the zero ending:

10 grams And 10 grams; 10 kilograms And 10 kilograms; 5 carats And 5 carats

Yes, on this collective farm they don’t count not only grams, but also kilograms of losses!

Not all names of units of measurement follow this pattern. The ending -ov is obligatory in any context for the following nouns:

acre (10 acres), hectare (10 hectares), inch (5 inches), liter (10 liters), meter (5 meters), kilometer (5 kilometers), millimeter (10 millimeters), centimeter (10 centimeters), pound (10 pounds), pound (10 pounds), foot (5 feet), yard (5 yards).

Masculine nouns with a base on a hard consonant, denoting monetary units, usually also have the ending -ov:

3. For first declension nouns, nouns with an accent on the stem in the initial form usually have a zero ending:

a shoe is a pair of shoes, an apple tree is five apple trees, a heron is five herons, a wedding is five weddings, a town hall is several town halls, but: a share is five shares; uncle - no uncles or uncles; pin – five pins; handful - five handfuls and handfuls; baby - no baby, young man - five young men.

Nouns with stress on the last syllable in the initial form can have the ending -е:

candle - five candles, article - five articles, family - five families, tub - no tubs, melon - no melons, sheet - five sheets And five sheets, But: poker - five pokers, shaft - five shafts And shaft.

4. For nouns used only in the plural, the most common ending is zero:

pasta - no pasta, money - no money, sawdust - no sawdust, ink - no ink.

At the same time, a number of such nouns will have a non-zero ending. In this case, the ending -ov/-ev is typical for nouns with a base on a hard consonant, g, k, x and vowel:

jeans - no jeans (!), clips - no clips, wallpaper - no wallpaper, bronchi - no bronchi.

The ending -еy is common among nouns with a soft consonant as a base:

the manger - no manger for her, the gangway - no gangway for her, the manger - no manger for her (!), the curls - no curls for her, the harp - no harp for her.

How peer options function: rake - no rake And no rakes, stilts - no stilts for her And no stilt, everyday life - no everyday life for her And Buden.

5. If the stem of a noun in its initial form ends in a combination of two consonants ( dupl o, towel, song, doll), then when forming the genitive plural form with a zero ending, usually the fluent vowels o and e appear between these consonants:

no hollows, no towels, no songs, no dolls, no roses, no boards (acceptable - boards), no trees, no sabers, no tuffs well, there is no kitchen, no twilight, no sniffles and nozzles, but: dachshund - no dachshund, morning - several mornings.

6. Pay attention to the formation of the genitive plural form in the following nouns:

Buryats - no Buryats and Buryats, son-in-law - no sons-in-law, comment - no comments, hoof - no hooves and hooves, adjustments - no adjustments, lower reaches - lower reaches and lower reaches, journeyman - no journeymen, polenets – no logs and towels, no Turks turk, ear - without ears, awl - no awls.

Weigh me five kilograms of oranges.

Yeah, you need five kilograms of orange, wait a minute.

It would seem like an ordinary scene in a store, but it makes you think: who uses words correctly and who uses words incorrectly? Thus the problem arises: plural nouns.

Oranges or orange?

For the most part, masculine nouns, which in the singular have a hard consonant at the end, have the ending -ov in the form we are interested in.

• A lot of oranges needed for juice.
• Some tomatoes enough for a salad.
• Heap fly agarics grew around the stump.
• Five computers Sponsors brought them to the school.
• Dish from eggplant The food here is delicious.
• Basket honey agaric became a reward for a two-hour walk through the forest.
• Kilogram tangerines It won’t hurt for the New Year’s table.
• Pair socks from my grandmother - a New Year's gift.

Gram or grams?

The names of units of measurement have a zero ending if used in a “measurement” context:

• One hundred and twenty volt enough.
• Normal voltage - two hundred and twenty watt.
• One hundred gram it won't hurt now.
• Five ampere- too few.
• A hundred hectare the fields were empty.
• There are five hundred here gigabyte memory.
• Eighty arshin red silk went to the flags.
• Just ten hertz!

If the genitive plural of nouns does not have a counting value, then you need to use the ending -ov:

• You only need to add a hundred grams.
• Five are missing kilograms.
• Without necessary gigabytes It will not be possible to download all the information.

Turkmen or Turkmens?

The nationality of people has a collective meaning, therefore the genitive form of nouns is used mainly with a zero ending:

• Group Turkmen went to the plane's steps.
• Some Armenians made up a team of builders.
• He's among English increased.
• Arrival Bulgarians was furnished solemnly.
• Steppe games Bashkir- this is a tradition.
• Dancing Lezgin charge with their energy.
• Performances Romanian were registered in the prostocol.
• Attack Saracen was a common occurrence in those days.
• A lot of Tatars lives in Crimea.
• Offensive Turk was stopped.
• Dancing Gypsy- the highlight of the program.
• Fellowship Ossetian Petersburg welcomed new members of the community with joy.
• Some of Buryat already in those days I understood all the advantages of joining Russia.
• Songs Georgian- my weakness.

This also applies to the word “person”: several Human came out in support of the opponent.

But these genitive plural nouns also have a number of exceptions:

• Caravan Bedouins moved slowly across the desert sands.
• Selenya Berbers are not distinguished by the intricacy of their structures.
• Customs Bushmen simple and clear.
• Protest blacks on plantations in America was natural.
• Capital Kalmyks today it is a modern city.
• Performance Kyrgyz was received very favorably by the public.
• Yurts Mongols scattered throughout the vast steppe.
• Dancing Oirots mesmerizing.
• Someone from Tajiks spoke in his own language, addressing his brothers.
• Villages Tungus usually located along river banks.
• Expression of will Uzbeks was heard by their president.
• Among Khakassians There are few purebreds anymore.
• I decided to learn the language Croatians
• Arrival Yakuts I had made an appointment for the conference in advance.

This also includes military names:

• Regiment midshipman located in a small forest. (Some midshipmen were sent on patrol).
• Squadron hussar attacked from the flanks. (Form hussars is unusual).
• Songs partisans imbued with the dream of a peaceful life.
• Company soldier moved into position.

And here there are exceptions: he took it from the miners, gathered midshipmen, sent sappers.

Boot or shoes?

The genitive plural of nouns denoting paired objects is mostly expressed with a zero ending:

• No boot The child has.
• From eye sparks flew.
• Edge cuff peeking out from under the sleeves of his jacket.
• Pair shoulder strap He always kept it in his suitcase as a reserve.
• Without stocking much better.
• Shine epaulet blinded the young ladies.
• Bolt boot echoed across the paving stones.

Exception: no socks.

It is difficult to form the genitive plural form from some nouns: head, dream, prayer. And the words shchetz And firewood there are no other forms, only genitive plural forms.

Waffle or waffle?

The formation of the genitive plural of feminine nouns is characterized by a zero ending in the words:

• Tutu waffles for the child was always in the closet.
• Some domain haven't launched yet.
• There was no one in the house at all poker
• Tops roofs appeared in the distance.
• ends shaft stuck into the ground.
• Bunch rod was already soaked in the trough.
• It's time weddings- november.
• No need gossip
• Rows estates reached for the vegetable gardens.
• Nests herons darkened in the reeds.
• On hands nannies the child grew up.

Some of these nouns have the ending -е:

• There can be no equal in this matter shares.
• Lacks skittles.
• Some a handful the seeds were pumped into Kolka’s pocket from the seller’s bucket.
• Roofs sakley disappeared around the bend.
• Light candles filled the entire hall.
• We don't have any extra sheets.

Young ladies or young ladies?

The genitive plural of feminine nouns that end in -nya in the singular has a zero ending, and the soft sign is not written in all words:

Backwoods or boondocks?

Nouns of the genitive plural of the neuter gender and some of the feminine gender vary: in the bookish style of speech they have the stem in -iy, and in the colloquial style they have the ending -ev, and there are words in which there is only one normative form.

Without options it is written - ii in the following words:

• Rows of sharp copies stretched to the horizon.
• Beware the deep ones gorges.
• Enemies are afraid of ours changes.
• The grace of her subtle wrists amazed me.
• We need to cover our rear armies.
• Beware of these tricks naughty.

Some words ending in -ev have the same variant-free form:

• River forests upper reaches- protected areas.
• At the most lower reaches we are fishing.
• We install networks around mouths small rivers.
• Now she had a lot dresses.
• I should add a few links.
• The boy entered the house carrying an armful of logs
• Shine sharpened points instilled confidence in victory.
• Two apprentices slept on benches.

In nouns gun And bench, judge plural form of the genitive case: guns, benches, judges.

Saucer or saucers?

Without variants, some forms of the genitive plural of a neuter noun have:

• Basket apples stood under a tree.
• Not deep enough saucer.
• No mirror in girls.
• Lacks blanket for babies.
• Terry towels is also missing.
• I haven't tried octopus tentacles
• There are many small ones in this area swamps.
• This is a dress from Kruzhevtsev.

Some words, along with the zero ending, have variable variants:

• knees - knees - knees;
• knees - knees;
• trough - trough;
• kopyts - kopytsev.

Rake or rake?

Genitive plural nouns that do not have a singular form have a null ending or the endings -ov or -ey:

Task or task?

Genitive plural nouns with a zero ending in sibilant do not have a soft sign at the end.

• many tasks;
• several dwellings;
• your shoulders;
• heavy burdens;
• no galoshes;
• lack of storage;
• your faces;
• forest thickets;
• roofs of dachas.

Practical work

Now that you know everything about the phenomenon of forming the genitive plural form of nouns, complete several tasks.

1. Instead of a question mark, put a soft sign or a blank:

• your(?) comrade(?);
• borscht(?) hot(?);
• quickly multiply(?)those;
• will you get(?) married(?);
• the rich man is handsome, broad-shouldered(?);
• hataesh(?)sya for the tug(?);
• collapse(?) on your back(?);
• come running(?) at a gallop(?);
• open(?) wide(?);
• sword(?) sparkling(?);
• blue ink(?);
• perform(?) exactly(?)-to-exactly(?);
• accumulation of clouds(?);
• it will soon be(?) midnight(?);
• treasure chest(?);
• Buckshot(?) whistles;
• too much(?) guess(?) false(?);
• many schools(?);
• musical touch(?);
• burn(?) brick(?);
• minced meat(?) fresh(?);
• swing(?) backhand(?);
• struggling(?)to solve problems(?);
• don't say it's not hefty(?).

2. Place the words in the plural in the genitive case of the word.

Ambition, acacia, slaughterhouse, hawthorn, upper reaches, young lady, heroine, nesting place, preparation room, arable land, melon, building, definition, cherry, kitchen, bakery, estate, belief, essay, typography, rowan, history, presentation, mouth, anvil, princess, gun, dress, village, apprentice, dancer, nanny, square, operation, meditation, weapon, ovation, village, reading room.

3. Form words according to the model:

• Buryats - Buryats: Bashkirs, Turkmens, Bulgarians;
• cores - cores: numbers, chairs, logs, ribs;
• Kyrgyz - Kyrgyz: Cossacks, Uzbeks, Tajiks;
• lace - lace, trough, hoof;
• socks - socks: straps;
• boots - boots: stockings, boots, felt boots;
• lemons - lemons: eggplants, tangerines;
• amperes - amperes: microns, arshins, volts;
• grains - grains: feathers, windows;
• splashes - splashes: beads, holidays;
• stretcher - stretcher: sled, darkness;
• apples - apples: pears;
• towels - towels: blankets, saucers;
• traps - traps: nostrils, feet;
• sakli - sakley: feuds, skittles;
• shoes - shoes: waffles, shafts;
• ticks - ticks: nurseries, everyday life.

4. The nominative and genitive plurals of nouns are closely related. From the nouns in brackets (im.p.) form the correct form (r.p.).

1) A lot of new (towels), (saucers), (blankets), (bedspread) were brought in for the opening of (nursery).

2) Many (hectares) of forests burned from the summer (fire).

3) What a delight the smell of (cherry) and (apple) trees are in bloom!

4) What beautiful bodies of water were located near (the estate)!

5) A huge amount of (vitamins) is contained in just one hundred grams of (oranges) and (lemons).

6) We had a new meter installed for 10 (amps).

7) The new collection (boots) and (shoes) has arrived in stores.

Genitive plural endings are another difficult topic for our speech practice.

How to choose one or another ending? How to say: no stocking or stockings? Without sock or socks?

Why are we talking Armenians, But Mongols?

How to ask correctly in a store: 5 kilogram or kilograms? orange or oranges?

When choosing an ending, you should be guided by the following rules.

Masculine

1. All names of paired items have a zero ending: shoe, boot, stocking, trousers, shoulder straps, scissors.

Exception: sock ov .

2. The names of nationalities are subject to the following rules:

a) words with a base in - n, -r have null endings: Englishmen, Armenians, Georgians, Lezgins, Ossetians, Romanians, Turkmens, Gypsies, Bashkirs, Bulgarians.

Exception:black person ov.

b) words with stems starting from other letters have the ending - ov: Kyrgyz ov, Kalmyk ov, Tajik ov, Uzbek ov, Mongolian ov, Yakut ov .

Exception:Turks, Buryats.

3. The names of military groups and former branches of the military require the following endings:

a) without numerals they have a zero ending: partisan, soldier, grenadier, midshipman, hussar, dragoon, lancer;

b) the previous types of troops with numerals have endings - ov: 10th Hussars ov, 5 midshipman ov, 6th Hussars ov, 7 Lancers ov.

4. The names of units of measurement vary:

A) ampere, watt, gram, kilogram, x-ray, coulomb;

b) ampere ov, watt ov, gram ov, kilogram ov, x-ray ov, pendant ov.

Truncated forms ( ampere, gram

5. The names of the "vegetables - fruits" group have endings - ov: orange ov, mandarin ov, banana ov, tomato ov, eggplant ov.

Truncated forms ( orange, tangerine, banana, tomato) are characteristic of colloquial speech.

Feminine

1. Nouns ending in - la, -nya have a null ending: waffles, roofs, gossip, nannies, cherries, apple trees.

2. Some nouns have the ending - to her: candles to her, rake to her, sheet to her .

There are also variant forms: The game is worth the candle But: There are no candles in the house to her. However, the word candle here used in literal and figurative (phraseological) meanings (indicate which).

3. Nouns ending in - and I have an ending - th: auditor th, academician th, conservative th.

Neuter gender

1. A number of names have a zero ending: apples, shoulders, saucers of towels, mirrors.

Pay attention to the shape of the shoulders ( Dress with and without shoulders!)

2. The normative forms are: th: coast th, provincial th, drugs th.

3. There are also forms on - ev:ust ev, bolotets ev, upper reaches ev, lower ev.

How do those nouns that are always used only in the plural form the genitive case? Nouns that are always used only in the plural (without gender) form the genitive case using different types of endings:

zero: twilight; days;

-s: frost ov ;

-to her: weekday to her, nursery to her, san to her .

Questions and tasks

1. What factors influence the choice of the nominative plural ending for nouns? Name them.

2. How to form the plural of words with the element -er/-er (conductor)? From what language did these words come to us?

3. Give examples when endings -ы/-а serve to distinguish words by meaning.

4. What is the genitive plural ending for the names of paired objects (boots, trousers)? How to say correctly: no socks or no socks?

5. Which of the forms belong to the official business style, and which to the colloquial style of speech: grams, pendants / grams, pendant? tomatoes, oranges / tomato, orange?

I. The main ending of masculine nouns is -ov/ (-ev )-ev :mushrooms, cargo, directors, regions, museums etc.

Some words have an ending - to her (residents, teachers, knives) And zero ending ( shoe, townspeople).

1. End -ov/ (-ev )-ev characteristic of those nouns whose final sound in the singular (nominative case) is a hard consonant (except and And w) or -j(in writing - letter th ):mushroom - mushrooms, cucumber - cucumbers, edge - edges, museum - museums etc.

2. End -to her characteristic of those masculine nouns whose final sound in the singular is a soft consonant (except -j) or f, w:dove - pigeons, acorn - acorns, executioner - executioners, knife - knives, baby - babies.

The same ending has a number of words in -and I masculine and general gender: father, uncle, uncle, raja, Chukchi, young man;mumble, idle talk,(Not)equal, quiet, as well as male informal names with a base on a soft consonant or hissing: Volodya - Volodya, Serezha - Serezha.

3.Zero the ending is inherent in nouns, which are the following names:

a) paired items: boots - boot, boots - bot, felt boots - felt boots, eyes - eyes, leggings - leggings, moccasins - mokasun, shoulder straps - shoulder straps, boot - boot, stockings - stockings, boots - boots, epaulettes - epaulette, and hair - hair, teeth - tooth.

Exceptions: aiguillettes - aiguillettes, boots - boots, golfs - golfs, pima - pimov, horns - horns(but in phraseology - horn:lively cow Godhorn does not give).

Some words of this semantic group have variant stylistically equivalent endings: sneakers - sneakers And sneaker;sock – sock And socks, high boots - high boots And This V;

b) a number of nationalities, nationalities, tribes (including the names of disappeared peoples, as well as names used before), mainly with a final consonant -n or -R(singular): English – English, Armenian not – Armenian n, Bashkurs - Bashkur, Balkars - Balkar, Bulgarians - Bulgarians, Gruzuns - Gruzun, Imeretuns - Imeretun, Lezguns - Lezgun, Madya ry – Madya r, Moldovans - Moldovans, Ossetians - Ossetians, Rums us - rooms n, Tatars - Tatars, Turks - Turks, Khazars - Khazars, Gypsies - Gypsies.

Some words of this group have variant stylistically equivalent endings: Avars – Avars And Avarov, storm you are the storm T And storm Tov, Karelians - Karel And Karelians, Sarmatians – Sarmatians And Sarmatians, Turkmens – Turkmen And Turkmens, Uighurs – Uighur And Uighurs.

But: Aisors, Arabs, Berbers, Bushmen, Hungarians, Kazakhs, Mongols, Negroes and some etc.;

c) people at their place of residence -anin/-yanin (in which this suffix is ​​replaced in the plural by the suffix -an/-yang ):city ​​dweller - city dweller, alien nin – alien N, Kiev Nin – Kiev n, sitting down nin – selya n, southerner - southerner etc.;

d) young, non-adult creatures with the suffix -onok/-yonok (changing in the plural to the suffix -am/-yat ):wolf cub - wolf cubs, kitten - kittens, chicken - chickens etc. Wed. and slang salazhonok – salazhat; according to the same pattern also oil can - butter, honey mushroom - honey mushroom,

Note Genitive case from imp, imp - imp t, devil T.

e) people by belonging to certain branches of the military, to a military unit, to certain political parties: partisan, soldier, cadet.

A number of names based on the type of military service (including the former) and rank have variant stylistically equivalent forms: hussars – hussar And hussars, grenadiers - grenadier And grenadiers, dragoons – dragoons And draguns, cuirassurs – cuirassur And cuirasurs, lancers - ulans And ulans, midshipmen – midshipmen And midshipmen. Wed, for example: “On November 22, Seslavin sent me to clear the left side of the Vilna road with a hundred Sumy hussar, platoon dragoon Tver regiment and a dozen Donets" (A. Marlinsky); "... a Frenchman in a blue overcoat fought off with a bayonet hussars" (L.T.); "In the evening of the same day, the king sent regiments of guards and dragoon"(Buganov V.I. Peter the Great and his time);

f) some units of measurement: ampere, watt(kilowatt etc. with -watt), volt, x-ray(and compound words with - x-ray). For example, "...the natural radiation background is usually 15–20 microroentgen per hour..." (Koms. pr. 1990. May 12).

A number of names of units of measurement (in most cases belong to highly specialized vocabulary) have variant stylistically equivalent endings, ángström – ángström And ángström, arshin – arshunov And arshun, hertz – hertz And hertz, karat – karatov And carat, micron – micron And micron and some etc. Wed, for example: “Ruby in a ring for eleven carats" (A.N.T.) and "According to official data, diamond production should have exceeded 500 thousand in 1965 carat"(Abroad. 1966. January 21).

In texts that are not strictly official, nouns can also have a zero ending (very common in live oral speech, in the author’s speech of fiction) hectare, gram, kilogram. Wed: “Sixteen thousand mothers will receive rations at dawn - One hundred and twenty-five blockade gram With fire and blood in half" (Berggolts O.F. From the Leningrad poem); "[Polar explorers] say that several kilogram weight lost over these days" (Orlov V. Chronicle of a Drift), but: "More than 40 million are concentrated here hectares crops" (Project 1965. March 31); "The first 415 are packed kilograms valuable nutritious food in dry form" (Zn. 1983. February 3).

In texts that are not strictly official, the literary norm allows for a zero ending and for words denoting some vegetables, fruits: (kilo) apricot, orange, eggplant, tangerine, tomato.

II. 1. For neuter nouns, the main one is zero ending: bucket - buckets, business - affairs, housing - housing, building - buildings, window - window, gun - gun(words like building, gun, those. words based on -j, refer to those nouns that have a fluent vowel before the zero ending in the genitive plural: And-, if the accent does not fall on the ending, and -e-, if the ending is stressed).

2. Some neuter nouns in the genitive case have an ending -ov/-ev . These include:

a) nouns, in the plural forms of which appears before the ending -j-:bottom→bottom, bottom, link → links, links, wing → wings*, wings; log→logs, logs;

b) nouns in -ko(except army, ear**, me block, I block)***:shaft - shafts, wheel - wheels, cloud - clouds, lake - lakes, glasses - glasses, shoulder - shoulders;

c) some nouns with stems -j(singular and plural); upper reaches - upper reaches, lower reaches - lower reaches(And lower reaches), tip - points, dress - dresses, spread - spreads, mouth - mouths, and also the word swamp(swamps).

* The noun wing previously also had forms wings, wings, wings, wings. These outdated forms are used in modern poetic speech, cf.: “The swallows beckon me there, Wings ringing in flight, the July linden trees in bloom intoxicate and intoxicate my soul" ( M. Dudin); "There was noise over Russia wing funeral, How sparrow wings now make noise" ( Yu. Drunina) Outside of poetic sublime speech, such forms are inappropriate. Thus, the genitive case form is unjustified wings instead of wings in a context like: “They [geese] fly to these inaccessible places from afar to molt: they drop from wings old feathers graze and swim in anticipation of new ones" (Pr. 1973. September 18)

** The word eye ("hole in a needle") has the shape ears.

*** There is therefore an error in the following usage: “The branches of the apple trees were bent by the many small strong apples” (Yun. 1965 No. 3).

Note. Words saucer, mirror, lake, railing, towel have zero ending: blue child, mirror, pepper, towel.

Part of the words on -tse has variant endings, one of which, as a rule, is more common than the second (the more common below is given first): tree→trees And trees, ring → rings And ring, spindle→spindles And spindle, bucket→Vedorytsev And little bucket, little business→businessmen And businessman, Taurus → Taurus And corpuscle, fiber→Fibers And fiber, trough → trough And trough, blanket→blanket And blankets, polenets → polenets And log, tentacle → tentacles And tentacle, hoof → hooves And koptyts, lace → lace And lace, shiltse → shiltsev And Shilets. Wed, for example; "[Meresyev] allowed himself to eat only ten spoons and a few Fibers white, soft chicken meat" (Polevoy B.N. The Tale of a Real Man) and: "With a decrease in the amount of twist, the connection of individual elementary fiber"(Anuchin S.A. et al. Design and maintenance of twisting machines); "The bulk of those sold here trees is obtained through the barbaric destruction of already scarce forests" (Lit. Gaz. 1966. December 31) and: "... when the crowns of individual trees merge into a common closed canopy and the trees begin to experience mutual lateral shading, then a struggle arises over the light" (G. Morozov. Teaching about oneself), etc.

III. For feminine nouns of the 2nd declension, the main one is zero ending: (s) roofs, pine trees, apple trees,(without) poker, sisters, weddings etc.

A small number of feminine nouns in -and I has an ending - to her . It is given to words that have a group of consonants before the ending. –hl-, -cl-, -hl-: (No) kech she, boocl she, sacl she, roxl to her, as well as words share→share, penya→peney, candle→candles(but in phraseology - candles:the game is not worth itcandles ).

A small number of words have variant endings: barge - barge And barge, doodle - doodle And doodle, song - songs And song*, handful - handful And handful, sheet–simple no And sheets, pimp - pimp And vault, shutter - shutter And shutter, aunt - aunt And aunt.

* Variant form song, which modern linguistic consciousness associates with the noun song, is the "legal" form of the genitive plural from the traditional poetic song, belonging to the 3rd declension. Wed: "What are you starting song military?" (Derzhavin G.R.); "He sang love, obedient to love, And song it was clear" (P.); "The bell rings monotonously, And the road gathers a little dust, And sadly it spills over the flat field song coachman" (I. Makarov), etc.

Ending - to her also characteristic of feminine nouns with soft consonants and sibilants (3rd declension): role–roll, fabric–fabrics, night–nights. Just a word fathom has two forms: fathoms And fathoms

As for nouns used only in the plural form, difficulties with choosing the correct form of the genitive case relate mainly to proper names. Therefore, common nouns of this type are not considered here, and those interested in the genitive case forms of proper names can be referred to the “Dictionary of Stresses for Radio and Television Workers” by F.L. Ageenko and M.V. Zarvy.