Social problems of families with children. Social problems of certain categories of families. Ways to solve the problems of families with disabled children
Social problems of families with disabled children. Ettyanova N.G., Makarova A.P., North-Eastern Federal University. M.K. Ammosova, Yakutsk, Russia.
The relevance of the study is due to the fact that a family with a disabled child is a family with a special status. The status of a family is determined not only by the personal characteristics of its members and the nature of the relationship between them, but by greater preoccupation with solving the problems of a disabled child, the family’s closeness to the outside world, a lack of communication, the mother’s frequent lack of work, but most importantly by the specific position in the family of a disabled child, which is determined by his illness.
Currently, the total number of disabled children in Yakutia, according to the Federal State Statistics Service for the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), is 6227. In recent years, there has been a tendency to increase the number of disabled children. The level of disability among children is an indicator of the health status of the child population and is directly related to the economic and social well-being of the region. Diseases that cause childhood disabilities in the region are diseases of the nervous system, congenital anomalies (developmental defects), mental and behavioral disorders, ear diseases, eye diseases, respiratory diseases, etc.
According to the Federal Law “On Social Protection of Disabled Persons in the Russian Federation,” a disabled person is a person who has a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions caused by diseases, consequences of injuries or defects that lead to limitation of life activities and necessitate his social protection.” The category “disabled child” is established for a citizen under the age of 18, depending on the degree of disability caused by a persistent disorder of body functions resulting from diseases, consequences of injuries or defects. The main causes of childhood disability are: deterioration of the environmental situation; childhood injuries; poor health of parents; lack of a healthy lifestyle culture; insufficient development of the network of rehabilitation institutions; parental alcoholism; economic indicators, etc. .
The work makes an attempt to identify social problems of families with disabled children living in Yakutsk.
A total of 50 families took part in the survey. Social passport of families:
Parents' age: from 30-39 years old. (40%), from 40-49 l. (36%), from 50-59 liters. (15%) and from 60 l. and over (9%);
Level of education of parents: the majority have higher education (50%), secondary education (38%), secondary education (12%). American researcher J. Mercer notes that the lower the level of education, the later the child’s illness is diagnosed.
According to social status, 6% of families classify their family as families with a working profession, 31% as employees, 21% as intellectuals, 4% as entrepreneurs, 4% indicated that their family belongs to the category of “unemployed families”, 15% – pensioners, 15% are single mothers and 4% of respondents did not indicate the social affiliation of their family.
43% of families with a disabled child are single-parent families, 31% are two-parent families and 26% of families are from the category of large families.
The majority of families identified the need for psychological help as the main problem. But only 12% of the families surveyed turned to psychological services; 21% of families indicated that even if they needed it, they tried to solve their problems themselves. The benefits provided by the state and families are assessed as insufficient. Most families want to improve the provision of medicines, receive vouchers for sanatorium and resort treatment, and undergo rehabilitation in specialized institutions. One of the main problems of families with a disabled child is the lack of funds. The majority of families indicated that their income is below the city's subsistence level (37%).
The questionnaire included the question: “Have you encountered a violation of the legal rights of a disabled child?” Only 40% of families responded that they had not encountered them, while the majority (60%) noted that they very often encountered violations of the rights of a disabled child. Parents note that they encounter violations of their child’s rights in medical institutions, when providing medical care (56%), when enrolling in rehabilitation centers (28%) and in secondary schools (9%).
Thus, the main problems of families with a disabled child are psychological, financial problems, as well as violation of the child’s legal rights, namely by medical and educational institutions. Among families with a disabled child, there are many more single-parent families, mostly single mothers. A family, having found itself in a difficult life situation, perhaps due to its lack of awareness or “closedness”, tries to solve its psychological problems itself, practically without turning to the help of a specialist - a psychologist, a social worker.
Based on the data obtained, the following recommendations can be made:
– provide psychological support for parents and relatives caring for disabled children, which will help resolve emerging problems of family interaction and upbringing of disabled children;
– organize assistance to low-income families in the form of raising funds through charitable organizations, relief funds, provide information and consulting support for obtaining subsidies, benefits provided by the state, territorial or district centers of social services or social protection of the population;
– provide information about rehabilitation centers for children and adolescents with disabilities, whose task is to provide medical, social, psychological and pedagogical assistance to children and their families;
– conduct individual and group psychosocial work with families, conduct educational lectures and trainings for parents;
– conduct events aimed at uniting families with disabled children in the form of group meetings, round tables, etc.;
– it is necessary to regularly monitor the needs of families raising children with disabilities in the provision of services in the field of social protection, healthcare, education, and employment;
– strengthen the work of social workers with families with disabled children, develop an individual program to support families.
Literature
1. Kurbatov V.I. Social work. – R/ on D: Phoenix, 2005.
2. Nestereva G.F. Technology and methodology of social work. – M.: Publishing Center “Academy”, 2011.
3. Platonova N.M. Theory and methodology of social work. – M.: Publishing Center “Academy”, 2010.
4. Technologies of social work / Under the general editorship. E.I. Single. – M.: INFRA-M, 2004.
Social problems of families with disabled children
The main difficulties of the family and its need for professional help are determined by its type.
The cause of social problems in single-parent families is primarily low-income, since the family has only one earned income (sometimes there is no labor income at all, and the family is forced to live on unemployment benefits or child benefits). A woman's income, as a rule, is significantly lower than a man's due to her lag on the social ladder caused by childcare responsibilities. Income from child support, if the children are entitled to it and receive it, as; as a rule, covers no more than half the cost of their maintenance. Socio-economic problems are not inherent in all single-parent families; in any case, they are easier to resolve than the socio-psychological problems present in the intrapersonal sphere and interpersonal relationships of members of single-parent families, especially children.
This is, firstly, resentment, depression and a sense of inferiority that children may experience after their parents’ divorce. Children often blame themselves for the breakdown of their family. Secondly, a feeling of guilt in front of children, which is not uncommon among women (since in most cases single-parent families consist of a mother raising children alone), which is the reason for their overprotection. In an effort to prevent the living standards of her children from declining in comparison with children from prosperous families, the mother takes on an excessive workload, but due to being overly busy, in turn, cannot devote enough time and attention to them. There are also frequent cases when a woman takes out her resentment against her ex-husband, who is responsible for the breakdown of the family, on her children, showing cruelty. In any case, there is no favorable psychological climate in the family. The biggest difficulty is the difficulty in correct gender-role identification and orientation of children. The child forms stereotypes of his perception and behavior, guided by the model that adults, primarily parents, are for him.
Although the sex-role behavior of people in various cultures has not been fully studied, it manifests itself most clearly in family relationships. A socio-psychological stereotype prescribes the social role of a man such traits and signs that are not inherent in the social role of a woman. The very definition of these roles can have an adverse effect if a person is weak, and the stereotype requires him to be dominant, strong, masculine, or vice versa. But in an incomplete family (especially if it became such in the early stages of the child’s socialization or was initially incomplete), the child is deprived of an example of how men and women should behave in various role situations, therefore in the future, in a person will not always be able to demonstrate adequate gender-role behavior to his own family; this leads to dysfunction and conflict and possibly also to family breakdown. The main reason for the statistically significant connection between the ill-being of a disintegrating young family and the ill-being of the family of the parents of one of the young spouses (or both spouses) is their inadequate gender-role socialization.
Although there are much fewer single-parent families in which the father raises the children alone than single-parent families in which the children are raised by one mother, they have the same problems of gender-role orientation. In addition, a father with a child has a greater chance of creating a new family than a mother with a child. Therefore, one of the problems of such a family will be the formation of relationships between the child (children) and the father’s new wife (possibly with her children).
Recently, a new category of single-parent families has become widespread - single-parent extended families, which are formed, as a rule, as a result of some social catastrophe: the death of parents of young children, parents being in prison, deprivation of their parental rights, drunkenness - - most often this is what forces the generation of grandparents to take in their grandchildren for their support and upbringing. Such families, of course, have low incomes; a number of difficulties are caused by the poor health of older people, their weaker adaptive abilities, and inability to adapt to the realities of our time; unfortunately, sometimes they cannot use their authority and ability to control the situation, so children often demonstrate deviant forms of behavior.
Large families , the most common in Russia in former times (at the beginning of the 20th century in the European part of the country, each family had an average of 8 children), currently constitute a very small share of the total number of families. Moreover, often having many children is not planned, but accidental (the birth of twins or the birth of a child as a result of the ineffectiveness of contraception or the inability, due to the woman’s health, to resort to termination of pregnancy).
All large families can be divided into three categories:
Families in which large numbers of children are planned (for example, in connection with national traditions, religious precepts, cultural and ideological positions, family traditions). Such families experience many difficulties due to low income, cramped housing, workload of parents (especially the mother), and the state of their health, but parents have motivation to raise children;
Families formed as a result of the second and subsequent marriages of the mother (less often the father), in which new children are born. Research shows that such families may be quite prosperous, but their members have a feeling of an incomplete family;
Dysfunctional large families formed as a result of irresponsible behavior of parents, sometimes against the background of intellectual and mental decline, alcoholism, and an antisocial lifestyle. Children from such large families especially often need help, rehabilitation, and suffer from illnesses and underdevelopment. In case of loss of parental care, their fate is especially difficult to arrange, because family legislation prevents the separation of children from the same family, and it is not always possible to adopt 3-7 children of different ages and varying degrees of social maladaptation.
Large families of all types have a common social problem, specifically related to large families: children from such families, compared with their peers from prevailing small families, more often demonstrate low self-esteem, they have inadequate ideas about their own importance, which can negatively affect their entire subsequent fate. In addition, short intervals in the birth of children, characteristic of large families, lead to the constant presence of a large number of young brothers and sisters, which entails a decrease in the social age of older siblings. This is an objective pattern, traced in various types of large families, independent of the property and educational status of the parents.
Families of disabled people are forced to overcome economic difficulties caused by the collapse of the production and rehabilitation system, previously based on the work of disabled people, and limited ability to work and adaptability. Disabled people are generally very limited in their life activities. The introduction of programs aimed at adapting society to the needs and capabilities of people with disabilities is hampered by a lack of funds and organizational difficulties.
The implementation of the right of disabled people to work and self-sufficiency is one of the main problems of their social rehabilitation. This is not only a way to improve their financial situation, but also the most important factor in self-affirmation and internal development. Research shows that all disabled people can be divided into four categories: those who do not work, but want to work; those who do not want to work, but are forced to work (both of these categories experience dissatisfaction); those who do not work and do not want to work; those who have a job and want to work (these two categories experience greater satisfaction). Thus, the question of labor rehabilitation of disabled people as part of their social rehabilitation includes a socio-psychological factor: the presence or absence of motivation to engage in work.
Families raising children with disabilities are forced to solve all the problems associated with disability (low income, limitations in life activity, etc.), but often express voluntary consent to deal with these problems, refusing to place a disabled child with an incorrigible congenital pathology in a specialized boarding school. Such a decision, of course, deserves approval, but the difficulties associated with raising such a child are extremely great: there are still very few institutions that provide assistance to parents in such activities; Caring for a child who has been disabled since childhood is often incompatible with other activities, so the mother, as a rule, is forced to leave her job or move to another job with a more flexible schedule, located closer to home, but with lower pay. The number of divorces in such families is much higher - fathers are often unable to withstand constant difficulties and leave the family. Disabled children, deprived of qualified rehabilitation and developmental assistance, sometimes lead an almost biological existence, without receiving those skills and abilities that will help them at least in self-care, if not in labor self-sufficiency.
Grachev L.K. the author of the “Social Work Program with Families with Disabled Children” noted that in families in which disabled children receive even basic assistance from social rehabilitation specialists, the divorce rate is below average for this category of families, because such assistance makes the situation is not so hopeless. Grachev L.K. Program of social work with families with disabled children.-M., 1992.-P.10.
Complete small family , who is in a state of social or family dysfunction is not officially considered a risk group, but may also need help. Non-payment of wages, bankruptcy of enterprises, and unemployment affect both the financial situation and the socio-psychological well-being of working family members. The destruction of the stability of social status, the loss of confidence in the security and inviolability of the family world have a negative effect on adults and children and can sometimes lead to antisocial reactions. Relatively little assistance provided at such a moment to a family that does not have formal signs of social risk can help it maintain stability - otherwise the family may fall into the category of dysfunctional.
Military families. Military families experience all the problems typical of any family, but they also have their own difficulties. Thus, the family of a conscript serviceman is deprived of his earnings - often the main source of income, which, if there is a child, puts the family in a difficult financial situation; the benefit paid in this case does not cover the needs of maintaining the child. The resources of the family of a contract serviceman are involved in maintaining defense capability along with the personal resources of the serviceman himself, ensuring to a large extent his health and performance. However, the family does not receive adequate compensation for these resources. The family follows the soldier to his destination, where there are often difficulties with housing, there is no employment opportunity for the wife, and the climate is often unfavorable for children. Repeated moves of a serviceman's family to a new place of service force children to adapt to a new school and a new team each time. Existence in a military camp, fenced off from the outside world, can give rise to a syndrome of socio-psychological deprivation of military personnel and members of their families. Another problem for a military serviceman’s family is poverty, since his wages lag behind the rising cost of living, especially the specific needs of existence in the conditions of military service, and additional earnings are prohibited by law. Wives of military personnel, even despite having a higher education, as already mentioned, often cannot get a job due to the limited number of jobs, and unemployment benefits are paid only to a small part of them. All this often leads to the fact that families of military personnel find themselves in a situation of social disaster.
Family problems (dysfunctionality of family ties, pathologization of relationships between spouses, between parents and children) do not depend on the social status of the family and can be characteristic of both wealthy, intelligent, and low-income or poorly educated families. Social workers can currently provide assistance to such a family mainly at the stage of its crisis, at the time of conflict or disintegration, but most social institutions are not yet able to engage in the prevention of family dysfunctions and the establishment of family communications in a pre-crisis state. Meanwhile, this is one of the most important tasks of social work in a stable society. As the social situation in Russia improves, when the tasks of ensuring survival fade into the background, the problems of family therapy, improvement and stabilization of family relationships will take first place.
Among them is the problem family (domestic) cruelty , which is only partly related to external social difficulties, worsening under the influence of the general psychopathology of the socio-psychological situation in the country. Family cruelty serves as a means of outburst of aggressiveness, accumulated under the influence of psycho-traumatic conditions of existence, on the weakest and most defenseless (in the family these are women and children). It is also explained by previously existing traditions, low competence in regulating one’s psychological states, and the lack of skills for alternative removal of negative emotions. However, there is also a certain personal predisposition to domestic violence and to being a victim of violence: it has been noted that women who are beaten by their husbands in their first marriage are often abused in their second marriage. Using technologies for stabilizing family relationships, a social worker must take into account personal risk factors, as well as options in which social therapy will be ineffective.
Maria Kenich
Social and pedagogical problems of family and family education
Social and pedagogical problems of family and family education
Problems of a modern family
The whole multitude of problems associated with the modern family can be divided into the following groups: socio-economic; social and domestic; socio-psychological; fertility and family planning problems; family stability problems; problems of family education; specific problems of “at-risk” families and other problems.
Socio-economic problems
This group includes problems related to the standard of living of the family, its budget (including the consumer budget of the average family, the share in the structure of society of low-income families and families living below the poverty line, with the specific needs and requirements of large and young families, government system of financial assistance, employment.
Social and everyday problems
This group includes problems related to providing families with housing and living conditions
Social and psychological problems
This group includes the widest range of problems: they are associated with dating, choosing a marriage partner and further – marital and family adaptation, coordination of family and intrafamily roles, personal autonomy and self-affirmation in the family. In addition, it also includes problems of marital compatibility, family conflicts, family cohesion as a small group, domestic violence, unconstructive parent-child relationships, adultery, and women’s involvement in work.
Pedagogical problems
Increasing the psychological and pedagogical culture and competence of parents, developing their active pedagogical consciousness;
– education of parents in matters of spiritual and moral foundations of family education;
– helping parents study and understand the characteristics of their child and their family;
– assistance to parents in mastering practical skills of positive interaction with children in various types of activities;
– assistance in mastering the skills of sharing family events with children: everyday, holiday, and skills of mutual and self-help in difficult life situations.
Socio-medical and demographic problems
An increase in the number of childless families and families with one child, social orphanhood, abortion, teenage motherhood, infertility, disability of one of the family members, poor heredity, mental disabilities of a family member, socially significant diseases, sexually transmitted diseases.
The priority role of the family in raising children
Family, the kindred feelings that unite its members, do not lose their enormous importance throughout a person’s life. Children especially need love and support, as they give them a sense of confidence and security, which is necessary for their harmonious development. The family has a decisive influence on the development of personality in the preschool and first school years of a child’s life. It is fair to say that during this period the role of the family in the full development of children is irreplaceable.
The main mistakes parents make in raising children
Child-rearing mistakes made in childhood sometimes lead to nervousness in the child, which can hinder his further normal development. Problems of a child’s mental health can manifest themselves in excessive activity, restlessness, too easy vulnerability, or increased irritability, anxiety, impressionability, as well as the appearance of fears.
Mistake 1: Boundless love
Mistake 2: Cold attitude
Mistake 3: Physical abuse
Mistake 5: Cultivating certain qualities
Mistake 6: Inconsistency
Mistake 7: Inconsistency between parents
Mistake 8: Reluctance to “share” the child
Mistake 9: Money Education
Family education
The family is the main institution of human upbringing.
Family education of children -
this is a system of educational and educational processes, regulated by certain traditions and norms adopted in the conditions of a single family, and implemented by the efforts of all family members
Family education factors
Socio-cultural factor
Home education is largely determined by how parents treat this activity: indifferent, responsible, frivolous. The most favorable conditions for upbringing are associated with the civic position of parents: the extent to which they understand the responsibility for raising children as the most important social responsibility of a member of society.
Technical and hygienic factor
It means that the educational potential of the family depends on the place and living conditions, the equipment of the home, and the characteristics of the family’s lifestyle.
Socio-economic factor
It is determined by the property characteristics of the family and the parents’ employment at work. Raising modern children requires serious material costs for their maintenance, satisfaction of cultural and other needs, and payment for additional educational services. A family’s ability to financially support children and ensure their full development is largely related to the socio-political and socio-economic situation in the country.
Demographic factor
Shows that the structure and composition of the family (complete, single-parent, maternal, complex, simple, one-child, large, etc.) dictate their own characteristics of raising children.
Publications on the topic:
Problems of artistic and aesthetic education“Problems of artistic and aesthetic development of a child” “Receiving the beginning of aesthetic education in childhood means acquiring it for life.
Family education values Teacher-psychologist Tkacheva Anna Nikolaevna MBDOU DSKV No. 22 in Yeisk Values of family education Family is the first social institution.
Historical aspect of studying the problem of labor education of preschool children Historical aspect of studying the problem of labor education of preschool children Labor education of the younger generation is one of the most important.
Pedagogical conditions for developing tolerance in children of senior preschool age Pedagogical conditions for developing tolerance in children of senior preschool age. Girfanova Tatyana Borisovna - higher education teacher.
Pedagogical conditions for moral and environmental education in preschool educational institutions Environmental education as an integral part of the content of modern education at all levels, including preschool education.
In the last few years, there has been a tendency in our country to attract the attention of society and government authorities to the problems of people with disabilities. Today, the first steps are being taken to improve the system of social, everyday and medical rehabilitation of persons with disabilities, facilitating their more fulfilling life activities and adaptation in society. However, it is too early to talk about any significant progress in this area, since the range of problems faced by disabled people in Russia is very wide and includes many aspects. Particularly relevant in this regard is the issue of childhood disability, since the problems of disabled children, in addition to the main ones (medical, household), also entail a whole range of difficulties faced by their families (parents, brothers, sisters and other close relatives).
According to M.D. Ogarkova, a family with a disabled child is a family with a special status, the characteristics and problems of which are determined not only by the personal characteristics of all its members and the relationships between them, but also by greater preoccupation with solving the child’s problems, the family’s closeness to the outside world, lack of communication, frequent absence work for the mother, but most importantly - the specific position in the family of a disabled child, which is determined by his illness. Also, a situation where there is a disabled child in a family can influence the creation of a more rigid environment necessary for family members to perform their functions. Moreover, it is likely that the presence of a child with developmental disabilities, in combination with other factors, may reduce a family's opportunities for income, recreation, and social activity.
Thus, from the above it follows that the complex of problems of families with disabled children is quite wide, affects almost all spheres of life, is an obstacle to their normal functioning and requires the search for effective ways to resolve it.
1. Definition and causes of childhood disability
Disability in children, according to the definition given in the Russian Encyclopedia of Social Work, is a significant limitation in life activity, leading to social maladaptation due to impaired development and growth of the child, loss of control over one’s behavior, as well as the ability to self-care, movement, orientation, learning, communication , labor activity in the future.
In accordance with the order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated July 4, 1991 No. 117 “On the procedure for issuing a medical certificate for disabled children,” disabled children include children who have “significant limitations in life activities, leading to social maladaptation, due to impaired development and growth of the child, his abilities for self-care, movement, orientation, control of his behavior, learning, communication, play and work activities in the future." It should be noted that a limitation of life activity is considered to be a deviation from the age norm of a child’s life activity, arising as a result of a health disorder, which is characterized by a limitation in the ability to carry out self-care, movement, orientation, communication, control over one’s behavior, learning, play, work and other activities.
Childhood disability is one of the most pressing medical and social problems of modern society. According to the data published in the methodological manual “The Practice of Comprehensive Rehabilitation of Persons with Disabilities”, the number of children under the age of 16 with limitations in life and social functions is about 10% of the world’s population, i.e. more than 120 million Judging by the figures presented, we can conclude that the problem of childhood disability today has become global in nature and is widespread in many countries of the world.
The problem of childhood disability began to emerge as an independent and multifaceted problem only in recent years, although the status of a disabled child was first introduced in the USSR in 1979.
Among the main classes of causes of childhood disability, L. Ya. Oliferenko considers mental disorders, diseases of the nervous system, eye diseases and congenital anomalies, since in the structure of causes, these four classes of pathologies account for more than 70% of cases of childhood disability. Dynamics of general disability of children due to mental disorders for the period 1996-2007. was characterized by gradual growth. As a result, during the study period, this mental disorder moved from 2nd to 1st place among the causes of childhood disability. In 2007, the level of general disability of children 0-15 years old due to diseases of the nervous system was 42.26 per 10 thousand children. Cerebral palsy accounted for 59.6% of nervous system diseases. This allows us to conclude that in the structure of causes of disability in the child population, diseases of the nervous system, congenital anomalies and mental disorders continue to occupy leading positions.
Until 2004 inclusive, according to the materials of the scientific and practical conference “Problems of family and childhood in modern Russia,” there was an increase in childhood disability in leukemia, congenital anomalies, diseases of the genitourinary system, cystic fibrosis, diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue, diabetes mellitus, mental disorders, neoplasms, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system, nervous system, bronchial asthma. In the age structure of disability by 2006, more than 75% were children from 7 to 18 years old, which is associated with an increase in chronic diseases during schooling. In 2006, an increase in children with disabilities due to tuberculosis and deafness was determined. In 2007, compared to previous years, the number of disabled children with hearing impairment, tuberculosis, digestive diseases (mainly peptic ulcers), and congenital anomalies (with a significant proportion of congenital heart defects) increased. The share of children with leukemia, diabetes, cerebral palsy, cystic fibrosis, diseases of the circulatory system, and diseases of the musculoskeletal system in the structure of childhood disability in 2007 was lower compared to 2005, but slightly higher than the previous year. Analyzing the above data, it is necessary to conclude that over the past few years in Russia, the first places in childhood disability belonged to diseases of the nervous system and sensory organs, mental disorders and congenital developmental anomalies.
In the USA, according to data provided by L.Ya. Oliferenko, the most common causes of disability are mental disorders (including mental retardation) and the nervous system, bronchial asthma, diseases of the musculoskeletal system and hearing and vision impairment. A number of researchers also note an increase in the share of chronic somatic pathology in the structure of childhood disability.
Diseases of the circulatory system, notes V.A. Gorelov, are the main pathology leading to disability among young people of working age. In the Russian Federation, the prevalence of diseases of the circulatory system and the musculoskeletal system increased compared to 2000 by 18 and 12%, respectively. The number of disabled children with hearing impairment is also increasing annually. The author also writes that disabled children in the Russian Federation make up more than 12% of the total number of all disabled people registered for the first time with social protection authorities, among disabled people under 39 years old - 55.6%.
Summarizing the above, we should once again emphasize the most significant points: childhood disability is one of the most pressing medical and social problems of modern society, containing many different aspects and becoming increasingly widespread; In the structure of disability among children, both in Russia and in most countries, diseases of the nervous system, congenital anomalies and mental disorders continue to prevail.
2. Main problems of disabled children and their families
The family, the immediate environment of a child with disabilities, is the main link in the system of his upbringing, socialization, satisfaction of needs, training, and career guidance.
A sick child is a difficult test for a family. M.A. Galaguzova writes that about half of families with disabled children are single-parent. Every fourth mother with a disabled child does not work. About 40% of these families have two children. The number of families with two disabled children is constantly growing. Large families with a disabled child account for approximately 10%. Analyzing such data, it is worth emphasizing once again that among families with children with disabilities, the largest percentage are single-parent families. A third of parents divorced due to the birth of a disabled child; the mother has no prospect of remarriage and is forced to raise the child alone for the rest of her life (sometimes with the help of close relatives - sisters, grandparents, etc.). Therefore, the problems of an incomplete family are added to the problems of the family of a disabled child.
According to the compilers of the collection of methodological recommendations “Social and pedagogical rehabilitation of children with disabilities”, there is an acute problem of preparing parents to carry out accessible rehabilitation measures at home, providing them with psychological and legal assistance, providing the necessary information about rights and benefits, about the rehabilitation institutions available in the city and the services provided rehabilitation services. In every twelfth family with a disabled child, a parent is disabled or becomes disabled. Thus, the problem of social protection and assistance to families with disabled children is acute.
An effective way out of this situation, according to the author, will be the creation of social counseling services for parents, the development of a system of additional patronage for disabled children, the expansion of forms of family recreation, the creation of a network of rehabilitation institutions, the provision of targeted financial assistance will create a system of more effective assistance families with disabled children.
In order to have the most complete understanding of the range of problems (material, housing, household, psychological, pedagogical, social, medical) faced by families with disabled children, it is necessary to consider each of its areas separately.
Material and housing problems. The material, financial, and housing problems of a family increase with the appearance of a child with disabilities. Yu.V. Vasilkova writes that housing is usually not suitable for a disabled child, every 3rd family has about 6 m2 of usable space per family member, rarely a separate room or special devices for the child. In such families, problems arise related to the purchase of food, clothing and shoes, the simplest furniture, and household appliances: a refrigerator, a TV. Families do not have what is absolutely necessary to care for a child: transport, summer cottages, garden plots, telephone. All this makes up a significant part of the everyday difficulties that such families face in their daily life.
A.I. Antonov emphasizes the fact that services for a child with disabilities in such families are predominantly paid (treatment, expensive medications, medical procedures, massage, sanatorium-type vouchers, necessary devices and equipment, training, surgical interventions, orthopedic shoes, glasses, hearing aids, wheelchairs, beds, etc.) . From the above, it is easy to conclude that obtaining all of the above services requires a lot of money, and the income in these families consists, as a rule, of the earnings of one parent (most often the mother) and child disability benefits.
Psychological problems. The psychological climate in the family depends on interpersonal relationships, the moral and psychological resources of parents and relatives, as well as on the material and living conditions of the family, which determines the conditions of education, training and medical and social rehabilitation.
S.P. Chizhov, based on data from psychological studies conducted in families with disabled children, distinguishes 3 types of families according to the reaction of parents to the appearance of a disabled child: with a passive reaction associated with a misunderstanding of the existing problem; with a hyperactive reaction, when parents intensively treat, find “luminary doctors”, expensive medications, leading clinics, etc.; with an average rational position: consistent implementation of all instructions, advice from doctors, psychologists. It is logical to assume that the most optimal of the existing options is the third approach, therefore, in order to achieve the desired result in his work, the social worker must rely on the positions of the third type of family.
M.A. Galaguzova notes that in a family with a sick child, the father is usually the only breadwinner. Having a specialty and education, due to the need to earn more money, he becomes a worker, seeks secondary income and has practically no time to take care of his child. Therefore, caring for the child falls on the mother. Typically, she loses her job or is forced to work at night (usually home-based work). Caring for the child takes up all of her time, and her social circle is sharply narrowed. If treatment and rehabilitation are futile, then constant anxiety and psycho-emotional stress can lead the mother to irritation and a state of depression. Often older children, rarely grandmothers, and other relatives help the mother in caring. The situation is more difficult if there are two disabled children in the family. As a consequence of the current situation, there is a frequent weakening of family relationships, constant, continuous anxiety for a sick child, a feeling of confusion and depression. All this can ultimately cause the breakdown of the family, and only in a small percentage of cases does the family unite.
The presence of a disabled child, from the point of view of F.I. Kevlya, negatively affects other children in the family. They receive less attention, opportunities for cultural leisure are reduced, they study worse, and get sick more often due to parental neglect. Psychological tension in such families is supported by psychological oppression of children due to the negative attitude of others towards their family; they rarely communicate with children from other families. This state of affairs seems quite natural, since not all children, due to their age, are able to correctly assess and understand the attention of parents to a sick child, their constant fatigue in an oppressed, constantly anxious family climate.
V.A. Gorelov emphasizes that such a family often experiences a negative attitude from others, especially neighbors who are irritated by the uncomfortable living conditions nearby (disturbance of peace and quiet, especially if the disabled child has mental retardation or his behavior negatively affects the health of the children’s environment). People around them often shy away from communication and disabled children have virtually no opportunity for full social contacts or a sufficient circle of friends, especially with healthy peers. Existing social derivation can lead to personality disorders (for example, emotional-volitional sphere, etc.), intellectual delay, especially if the child is poorly adapted to life’s difficulties, social maladjustment, even greater isolation, developmental deficiencies, including communication disorders opportunities, which creates an inadequate understanding of the world around us. This has a particularly difficult impact on children with disabilities brought up in boarding schools. Continuing the author’s thought, it must be said that society does not always correctly understand the problems of such families, and only a small percentage of them feel the support of others. In this regard, parents do not take children with disabilities to the theater, cinema, entertainment events, etc., thereby dooming them from birth to complete isolation from society. However, recently a new practice has begun to emerge, following which parents with similar problems began to establish contacts with each other, thereby expanding their social circle and partially compensating for the social isolation in which they were previously.
Medical and social problems. It is well known that medical and social rehabilitation of children with disabilities should be early, stage-by-stage, long-term, comprehensive, and include medical, psychological, pedagogical, professional, social, domestic, legal and other programs, taking into account an individual approach to each child. The main thing is to teach the child motor and social skills so that in the future he can get an education and work independently.
The authors of the collection of methodological recommendations “The Practice of Comprehensive Rehabilitation of Disabled Persons” believe that today there is no reliable special registration of children with disabilities either in state social security bodies or in the disabled community. There is no coordination in the activities of various organizations related to medical and social support for such families. There is insufficient information work to promote the goals, objectives, benefits, and legislation related to medical and social rehabilitation. Continuing this thought, we note that all modern rehabilitation practice, like social work in general, is focused on the child to a greater extent and almost does not take into account the characteristics of families, while the participation of the family in medical and social work is decisive along with specialized treatment.
Sometimes treatment and social assistance are carried out late due to late diagnosis. V.G. Sukhikh writes that most often the diagnosis is established at 1 or 2 - 3 years of life; only in 9.3%, the diagnosis was made immediately after birth, at the age of 7 days (severe central nervous system lesions and congenital malformations). Outpatient medical care is especially poor. It turns out mainly for acute diseases and unsatisfactory profile in case of disability. Examination of children by specialized specialists, massage, physical therapy, physiotherapy are at a low level; the nutritionist does not address nutritional issues in severe forms of diabetes and kidney diseases. There is an insufficient supply of medications, exercise equipment, wheelchairs, hearing aids, prostheses, and orthopedic shoes.
Analyzing the above, it is necessary to once again emphasize that many socio-medical, psychological and pedagogical problems still remain unresolved, including the unsatisfactory equipping of medical institutions with modern diagnostic equipment, an insufficiently developed network of rehabilitation treatment institutions, and “weak” medical-psychological-social work services and medical and social examination of disabled children; there are difficulties in obtaining a profession and employing disabled children; A significant problem is the lack of mass production of technical means for training, movement, and everyday self-care in children's boarding schools and home environments.
3. Ways to solve the problems of families with disabled children
Until recently, state measures of demographic policy and assistance to families with children, including children with disabilities, carried out in Russia were fragmented, ineffective and did not take families into account as a whole.
However, in recent years, special attention has been paid to social services for disabled children and the development of social rehabilitation services. By the beginning of 2004, according to the data given in the article by A.I. Antonov, in the system of social protection bodies of the Russian Federation there were 305 specialized rehabilitation centers and 680 rehabilitation departments as structural units in family social service institutions. As part of the federal target program “Disabled Children,” in 2001, over 60 rehabilitation centers for children with disabilities received the necessary rehabilitation equipment and vehicles. But all this, according to the author, has little effect on solving the internal psychological problems of the parents of a disabled child, especially the mother. A disabled child should feel that loved ones love and understand him, not considering him worse than other children, and are always ready to help. However, as already mentioned above, a family raising a disabled child is in a rather vulnerable socio-psychological position.
The birth of a child with a pathology is a huge stress for family members. Often a family cannot cope with the emotional load, the consequences are very diverse - violations of marital, child-parent relationships, often the family system, unable to withstand the stress, falls apart. In families with disabled children, there is a huge percentage of divorces, single-parent families, in which the entire burden, both social and emotional, falls on the mother, who is not able to fully contribute to the socialization of the child. In this case, there is an even greater increase in anxiety, the family becomes vulnerable and less functional.
All this creates the need to carry out activities aimed at providing socio-psychological support to such families. A.I. Sidorenko identifies the following among them:
· providing medical and psychological support to families with disabled children - consultations with specialist doctors and psychologists, individual and group psychological work with children, family counseling, educational lectures and trainings for parents;
· holding events aimed at uniting families with disabled children in joint activities - holding meetings, round tables, theme evenings.
All of these measures, in the author’s opinion, should be carried out in cooperation with institutions for social protection of the population, social service centers, as well as specialized institutions for social assistance to families and children, public associations that support and assist families of disabled children.
D.M. Pavlenok believes that the most important direction in the development of work to provide psychological and social assistance to disabled children is information work. As a rule, the information available in treatment and prevention institutions is of a medical nature and does not affect the socio-psychological aspects of the lives of these children. Having disabilities associated with a current illness, these children, under modern conditions, can adapt to the social environment, study using distance education systems, and also be in professional demand. Agreeing with the above opinion, it is worth noting another important area, such as the development of assistance to families of disabled children, the creation of a friendly environment, psychological support for parents, individual support for families in difficult life situations, the involvement of families of disabled children in collective forms of interaction: joint creative events , exchange of experience, moral support.
Thus, all of the above areas of work play a huge role in solving a wide range of problems faced by children with disabilities and their immediate environment. Therefore, further development of psychocorrectional work, improvement of the legislative framework, expansion of the range of services provided to families of disabled children by social services, increase in the number of specialized rehabilitation institutions and qualified specialists working in this area will make it possible to effectively solve all the problems discussed in this work and create a favorable environment, allowing people with disabilities to live fully in our society.
Conclusion
This work examined the main problems faced by families with children with disabilities, and revealed the concept and structure of childhood disability. During the work, it was found that the complex of problems of families with disabled children is quite wide, affects almost all areas of life, being an obstacle to their normal functioning, and requires finding effective ways to resolve it.
In recent years, there has been a tendency to improve social support for families with children with physical and mental disabilities. This was facilitated by a number of circumstances, in particular, the strengthening and expansion of the legislative and regulatory framework for social support for families with disabled children (primarily at the regional level), a certain transformation of the mass consciousness of Russians, who until recently represented disability only in the medical aspect, the dynamic increase in the number rehabilitation centers for children with disabilities.
Particular attention is paid to social services for disabled children and the development of social rehabilitation services. As part of the federal target program “Disabled Children,” in 2001, over 60 rehabilitation centers for children with disabilities received the necessary rehabilitation equipment and vehicles. But all this has little effect on solving the internal psychological problems of the parents of a disabled child, especially the mother. A disabled child should feel that loved ones love and understand him, not considering him worse than other children, and are always ready to help.
The problem of childhood disability is relevant all over the world. The family, the immediate environment of a child with disabilities, is the main link in the system of his upbringing, socialization, satisfaction of needs, training, etc. That is why the socialization and further adaptation of disabled children to full functioning in society depends on how quickly, efficiently and effectively the social rehabilitation system will solve the problems that arise in such families.
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Introduction
The family is a complex multifaceted system of human social functioning. The state of the family institution is determined by many factors, including the capabilities of the state. Changes in the social status of a family are impossible without state support. Social protection is the key to the successful functioning of any social group.
According to Art. 7 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Russian Federation is a social state. The welfare state is designed to help the weak, to influence the distribution of economic benefits according to the principle of fairness, in order to provide everyone with a decent human existence.
The most characteristic features of a welfare state are expressed in its social policy, which is carried out at the federal, regional and local levels.
The main objective of social policy is to achieve the well-being of individuals and society, ensuring equal and fair opportunities.
Currently, social security in the Russian Federation is constantly developing. This is evidenced by the large number of adopted legislative acts regulating legal relations in the field of social security, including at the municipal level. However, most laws affecting family issues are ineffective or do not work at all. All this requires taking urgent measures to strengthen and develop the social institution of the family.
Citizens who are primarily entitled to receive government support are low-income families and low-income citizens living alone.
The relevance of the study is due to the fact that social policy is the sphere of implementation of the most important functions of government authorities to create conditions that ensure the fulfillment of the needs of vulnerable segments of the population. Currently, one can observe a growing interest in the implementation of this policy, in the implementation of various social programs, both from public opinion and from the authorities.
Object of study is social policy at the municipal level.
Subject of research There are mechanisms for implementing social policy in the city of Kostroma at the municipal level.
The purpose of the research The project is to study the social protection of the population and develop proposals for improving the mechanisms for implementing social policy at the municipal level.
To achieve the set goal, the project decides next tasks:
Explore the content and structure of social sector management at the municipal level of the city of Kostroma;
Reveal the content of social problems of families at the municipal level;
Analyze the role of municipal administrative bodies in the social well-being of families and the activities carried out by the Administration of the city of Kostroma to improve the social well-being of families;
Give proposals for improving the social protection of families using funds from the budget of the city of Kostroma.
The ways and methods of writing this work are: the use of federal, regional and municipal legislative acts, scientific literature.
Scientific novelty The project is determined by the formulation of the problem and an attempt to objectively and comprehensively analyze the mechanisms for implementing social policy at the municipal level in order to make proposals and practical recommendations aimed at improving them.
Practical significance of the study is that the conclusions and proposals obtained as a result of the study can be taken into account when developing legal acts at the municipal level.
1. Social problems of families and ways to solve them
at the municipal level
1.1.The role of municipal administrative bodies in the social well-being of the family
The family, being the most universal, comprehensive social institution, reflects almost all the social problems that exist in modern society: low income, social maladaptation, difficulties of large families and people with disabilities, the specific situation of refugees, violence against children and women, young motherhood and much more. other.
The majority of families are in difficult financial conditions; finally, in 2015 in Kostroma, about 2.7 thousand families needed to improve their social situation.
Local governments play a huge role in providing social support to families at the municipal level.
The activities of local governments implementing the social well-being of families at the local level are due to the fact that they are able to more fully take into account the features of the economic and social development of the local community, are flexible, and respond to local needs.
It is local governments that develop social programs aimed at solving a particular social problem, improving the quality of life and well-being of families. Social programs are approved by local representative authorities and financed from the budget of the city of Kostroma.
It should be noted that all aspects and elements of the activities of local governments in the social sphere together create not just a set of different directions and individual results, but a kind of integrated integrity - a certain quality of life. Improving this quality is the main goal of the activities of local governments.
1.2. Activities carried out by the Administration of the city of Kostroma to improve the social well-being of families
At the municipal level, strong foundations are being created to improve the standard of living of the population, support the poor, open new jobs, reduce social tension and anti-social manifestations.
For this purpose, the Administration of the city of Kostroma has developed many programs and measures to stabilize and improve the social situation of the residents of our city:
1. Municipal program of the city of Kostroma “The procedure for providing subsidies from the budget of the city of Kostroma in 2016 to non-profit organizations in order to reimburse costs associated with the repair of residential premises of veterans of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, located on the territory of the city of Kostroma”;
2. Municipal program for “Development of the education system in the city of Kostroma for 2014-2016.”
3. Organized cleanup days for sanitary cleaning for the purpose of improving our city;
4. Measures to ensure safety at children's playgrounds and sports grounds at the place of residence, in places of public recreation, on the territory of educational institutions in the city of Kostroma;
5. The administration also takes measures to provide housing to citizens in need of improved housing conditions.
6.On holding a mass event “Family Weekend in Victory Park” in the park area on Profsoyuznaya Street in the city of Kostroma.
The main Municipal program today is the program of the city of Kostroma “Development of the education system in the city of Kostroma for 2014-2016”.
The goal of the program is to create conditions for receiving a quality education and successful socialization of 100% of children living in the city of Kostroma, for whom these conditions are in demand; it is also not only education, but also a huge contribution as social assistance to families in need of this program.
Nowadays, education plays an important role, both preschool education, secondary vocational education and higher vocational education.
The objectives of this program are as follows:
1) ensuring state guarantees of the rights of citizens of the city of Kostroma to universal access to preschool education;
2) providing in municipal educational organizations of the city of Kostroma conditions for high-quality educational process that meets the requirements of Federal State Educational Standards and the level of modern development of education and science;
3) the formation of a health-saving educational environment that ensures the preservation of the health of participants in the educational process;
4) creating equal opportunities for all categories of children, including children with disabilities, to receive a quality education;
5) creating conditions for the development of scientific research creativity of students, including new educational forms and technologies for working with gifted children;
6) providing municipal educational organizations with highly qualified teaching staff, including teachers of preschool educational organizations and primary school teachers who are fluent in innovative educational technologies.
7) creation of a transparent, open system of informing citizens about educational services, ensuring completeness, accessibility, timely updating and reliability of information;
8) introduction of various mechanisms for the participation of consumers of educational services and public institutions in monitoring and assessing the quality of education.
Target indicators and indicators of the program:
1) the number of additional places for preschool children in municipal preschool educational organizations of the city of Kostroma;
2) the share of the number of pupils of municipal preschool educational organizations of the city of Kostroma, studying under preschool education programs that meet the requirements of preschool education standards, in the total number of pupils of municipal preschool educational organizations of the city of Kostroma;
3) the ratio of the average score of the Unified State Exam (per 1 subject) in 10% of municipal educational organizations of the city of Kostroma with the best results of the Unified State Exam to the average score of the Unified State Exam (per 1 subject) in 10% of municipal educational organizations of the city of Kostroma with the worst results of the unified state exam;
4) coverage of children aged 5 to 18 years with additional education programs (the share of the number of children receiving additional education services in the total number of children aged 5 to 18 years);
5) the share of the number of students in general education programs participating in olympiads and competitions at various levels in the total number of students in general education programs;
6) the number of minors enrolled in various types of registration;
7) the number of municipal educational organizations of the city of Kostroma conducting innovative activities;
8) the share of municipal educational organizations in the city of Kostroma that have modern learning conditions;
9) creation of additional jobs in municipal preschool educational organizations of the city of Kostroma;
10) the share of the number of teaching staff under the age of 30 in the total number of teaching staff of municipal educational organizations in the city of Kostroma;
11) the share of the number of teaching staff of municipal preschool educational organizations of the city of Kostroma who have a pedagogical education in the total number of teaching staff of municipal preschool educational organizations of the city of Kostroma;
12) the number of heads of municipal educational organizations of the city of Kostroma who have undergone advanced training in the direction of “Management in Education”;
13) the share of the number of teaching staff of municipal preschool educational organizations of the city of Kostroma who have undergone advanced training in the total number of teaching staff of municipal preschool educational organizations of the city of Kostroma;
14) the number of management and trustee boards in municipal educational organizations of the city of Kostroma.
Also no less important is the program of the city of Kostroma: “The procedure for providing subsidies from the budget of the city of Kostroma in 2016 to non-profit organizations in order to reimburse the costs associated with the repair of residential premises of veterans of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 located on the territory of the city of Kostroma” .
The purpose of providing the subsidy is to ensure an increase in the level of improvement of the living quarters of veterans of the Great Patriotic War of 1941 - 1945 living in the city of Kostroma.
The administration of the city of Kostroma has also developed a program for the improvement of our city. The main goal of the program is to create an environment favorable for living in residential areas.
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
Carry out work to improve the territories adjacent to multi-apartment residential buildings, intra-block public areas, including public areas in areas of private households, ensuring them by performing all types of work necessary to bring a specific area to standard condition;
Create a functionally, ecologically and aesthetically organized urban environment;
Ensure the architectural and planning organization of courtyard areas taking into account all current norms and regulations.
Landscaping of courtyard areas will ensure:
Healthy and comfortable living conditions for the population;
Safety of pedestrian traffic, avoidance of human injuries, unhindered passage of special equipment, ambulances, etc.;
Preventing precipitation from entering basements, wetting the base of foundations and thereby preserving the bearing capacity of foundations and residential buildings.
Based on the specifics of the problem, the goals and objectives set, it seems most appropriate to implement the program during 2011-2016.
In the city of Kostroma, the provision of residential premises of the municipal housing stock to low-income citizens and citizens in need of residential premises, as well as other categories of citizens established by law, living in the territory of the city of Kostroma is also carried out.
In order to keep records of citizens as those in need of residential premises provided under social tenancy agreements, the Administration:
a) accepts applications from citizens to register citizens as those in need of residential premises;
b) ensures that the head of the Administration makes decisions on the registration (deregistration) of citizens as those in need of residential premises;
c) maintains a register of citizens in need of residential premises;
d) in the cases provided for in Article 54 of the Housing Code of the Russian Federation, prepares a draft letter to the Administration about the refusal to accept the applicant for registration as a person in need of residential premises, issues or sends to citizens who have submitted an application for registration documents confirming the adoption of such decisions ;
e) ensures that the head of the Administration makes decisions on recognizing citizens as poor;
f) prepares a draft decision of the Duma of the city of Kostroma on establishing threshold values for the size per each family member and the value of property owned by family members and subject to taxation, in order to recognize citizens as low-income and provide them with residential premises of the municipal housing stock under social rental agreements ;
g) in the cases provided for in Article 11.1 of the Law of the Kostroma Region “On the procedure for recognizing citizens as low-income for the purpose of registering as those in need of residential premises and providing them with residential premises of the municipal housing stock under social tenancy agreements in the Kostroma Region”, prepares a draft letter to the Administration on refusal to recognize citizens as low-income, issues or sends to citizens who have submitted an application for recognition as low-income, documents confirming the adoption of such decisions;
h) carries out a reassessment of the amount of income and the value of property of citizens in order to confirm their status as poor every 3 years.
In 2015-2017, the implementation of the municipal program “Improvement of courtyard areas for 2011-2017” is planned in 3 areas:
Asphalting and repair of courtyard areas of multi-apartment residential buildings through the Municipal Economy Committee of the Kostroma City Administration;
Installation of children's play equipment and carrying out work on landscaping through the MKU Service for Municipal Orders for Housing and Communal Services;
Installation of children's play equipment on the formed land plots of multi-apartment residential buildings by management organizations as part of receiving subsidies in order to reimburse costs associated with the implementation of improvement work.
Currently, specialists of the Municipal Economy Committee have carried out:
Inspection of courtyard areas of multi-apartment residential buildings;
Planning material has been prepared indicating information on the location of existing children's play equipment and equipment planned for installation, as well as the estimated cost of installing play equipment; the preliminary location for installation of play equipment has been agreed upon with senior apartment buildings;
March 4, 2016 A working meeting was held with representatives of management companies to explain the procedure for carrying out the work, draft minutes of the general meeting of owners of premises in the apartment building were issued, meetings of the management companies will be held until March 20.
The administration of the city of Kostroma from January 1, 2016 switches to a program budget, i.e. the formation of the city’s expenditure obligations, including in social areas, and will be implemented exclusively on the basis of developed and approved programs.
2. Analysis of the activities of administrative bodies for social support of families in the city of Kostroma
2.1. Proposals to improve social protection of families using funds from the budget of the city of Kostroma
In the course of a study of the socio-economic situation of families in the city of Kostroma, a wide range of problems were identified.
The main and most common problem among these families is the lack of decent housing; the second most important problem is the problem of economic security.
Most families are not fully aware of their rights, that is, they are not legally savvy people (although this can be said about the majority of the population of our country as a whole). And this is also a very significant problem.
There was also significant dissatisfaction with the activities of social protection authorities in the city of Kostroma.
All these problems are, to one degree or another, similar to the problems of families not only in Kostroma, but throughout Russia.
The main reason, in our opinion, for the intractability of problems in the area under study is that there is no clear and well-thought-out system of supporting families at both the federal, regional and municipal levels.
In this regard, a Municipal Target Program is proposed for implementation , which received the name “Targeted assistance and public events to improve the social status of families in the municipality” for 2016-2021. (Appendix 1)
Currently, in the city of Kostroma, a trend has been established to develop a system of targeted social assistance for certain categories of citizens, aimed at mitigating social tensions, solving the most pressing problems of socially vulnerable categories of the population: the older generation (citizens who have reached retirement age), low-income families with children and large families , citizens with disabilities and families with a disabled child, citizens released from prison.
One of the strategic goals of social policy remains strengthening the targeting of social assistance.
The administration of the city of Kostroma tries to cover all spheres of life of city residents, allocating funds from the municipal budget for these purposes. (Appendix 2)
2.2. Justification of the social significance of the implementation of the developed measures
The drawing up and development of social programs presupposes a mandatory procedure for their evaluation to ensure high-quality control and recording of the results achieved. These results are taken into account and subsequently taken into account when developing additional blocks and sections (if necessary), in the process of drawing up new programs. Evaluation of results is important in reporting to relevant authorities, regulatory developers and program writers. Thus, local government bodies of the city of Kostroma report quarterly to the Administration of the city of Kostroma on the progress of implementation of social programs according to agreed indicators.
Monitoring the program at all stages of the cycle is an important condition for the success of the program, representing a kind of accompanying evaluation.
An approximate list of criteria-indicators for evaluating social programs:
1. Reducing morbidity.
2. Reducing the number and composition of risk groups.
3. Expanding the scope of activities of persons with disabilities.
4. Improving the quality of the natural environment.
In order to provide the regulatory authority with the necessary reporting, the local government bodies of the city of Kostroma monitor the program according to the relevant indicators:
1. Share of national interest in the total volume of the project.
2. The share of objects in satisfactory condition in the total number of objects of federal significance.
3. Percentage percentage represented in the total.
4. Average.
5. Increase in interest compared to the previous year.
6. Share of interest in the total volume.
7. Increase in percentage (in terms of 1000 people) compared to the previous year.
8. Share of new interest in the total.
9. Increase in interest compared to the previous year.
10. Increase (in terms of 1000 people).
Thus, the analysis shows that at the moment a kind of general model (template) of the process of evaluation and control of social programs has been formed.
Based on this general model, various private technologies for evaluating programs are being developed, depending on the specific goals and objectives being solved at the level of a particular municipal entity.
An analysis of the available data shows that over the past fifteen years, the Municipal Economy Committee of the Kostroma Administration has accumulated experience and there are positive results in the preparation and development of social programs.
The results were summarized: there is evidence that in 2015, due to the operation of all social programs, the total savings of money for the population of the city of Kostroma in 2015 amounted to more than 50 million rubles.
Conclusion
The sphere of social protection of families and low-income citizens (pensioners, disabled people, children, single mothers, etc.) in non-stationary forms is developing in difficult conditions. First of all, due to its insufficient funding. The situation is aggravated by a significant number of low-income citizens requiring social support, as well as by the fact that social protection bodies and local governments are increasingly forced to take on functions unusual for them, in particular, medical, consumer and trade services to citizens.
However, despite all the difficulties, in general the city of Kostroma managed not only to maintain the network of institutions, but also to expand it to a certain extent.
Having examined the work of social protection bodies and local government bodies of the city of Kostroma, the following conclusions can be drawn: the main directions of work correspond to the directions of state policy.
An unconditional priority in the field of social policy is investment in people. Relying on the education of society and the quality of human capital will allow Russia to maintain its place among states capable of influencing global processes.
Despite the financial and other assistance provided to vulnerable categories of the population, the need for assistance remains not only in demand, but necessary. The majority needs targeted help and is waiting for it.
To improve the social protection of the population, it is proposed to develop and implement a municipal target program: “Targeted assistance and public events to improve the social status of families in the municipality” for 2016-2021. The program should be designed for every citizen who requires social assistance and support.
This municipal program includes socially significant information about a person that determines his social, property and legal status. The creation of a municipal program will make it possible to effectively solve the problems of targeted interaction with the main categories of socially vulnerable citizens.
Thus, we came to the conclusion that it is necessary to improve measures to support the studied category of families.
In the course of the work, the set goal was achieved: the activities of local governments to support families were studied, the current situation in this area was analyzed, and, based on the collected material, a program of activities in the field of social support for families in the municipality of the city of Kostroma was developed.
In addition, the following tasks were completed:
The content and structure of social sphere management at the municipal level of the city of Kostroma has been studied;
The content of social problems of families at the municipal level is revealed;
The role of municipal administrative bodies in the social well-being of families and the activities carried out by the Administration of the city of Kostroma to improve the social well-being of families is analyzed;
Proposals are given to improve the social protection of families using funds from the budget of the city of Kostroma.
As a result of the work, it should be noted that the introduction of the municipal program and the practical implementation of these proposals will change the technology of social security for the better.
In addition, this will improve the level of social security, which will affect those categories of citizens who receive social payments and services under the social security system.
The provision of social security is a mechanism aimed at maintaining a decent standard of living for families in the city of Kostroma; this is precisely what is laid down in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. It is necessary to improve the technology of social security and adapt foreign experience to Russian reality, primarily in order to increase the level of security for citizens, and as a consequence of this, stability in society will increase.
Bibliography
2. Federal Law of June 23, 2014 N 165-FZ “On the general principles of organizing local self-government in the Russian Federation.”
3. Federal Law of June 25, 2012 N 91-FZ “On the general principles of organizing local self-government in the Russian Federation.”
4. Federal Law of July 19, 2011 N 247-FZ “On social guarantees for employees of internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation and amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation.”
5. Suleymanova G.V. Social Security Law: Textbook for Universities Ed. 2nd, revised, additional / G.V. Suleymanova. - M.: Dashkov and K, 2015. - 464 p.
6. Kholostova E.I. Social work with family / E.I. Kholostova. - M.: Dashkov and K, 2014. - 212 p.
7. Kholostova, E.I. Social policy and social work: textbook / E.I. Kholostova. - M.: INFRA-M, 2015.- 216 p.
Applications
Annex 1
Municipal target program
Targeted assistance and public events to improve the social status of families in the municipality
for 2016-2021
|
Name of the municipal program (hereinafter referred to as the program) |
Targeted assistance and public events to improve the social status of families in the municipal formation "City of Kostroma" for 2016 - 2021 |
|
Program Administrator |
Administration of the city of Kostroma |
|
Co-executors of the program |
Administrative bodies of social support for families in the municipality |
|
Timing of the program |
2016 - 2021 |
|
The strategic objective that the program is aimed at achieving |
Providing targeted social assistance and holding public events to improve the social status of families in the municipal formation "City of Kostroma" |
|
Program Goals |
Providing targeted social assistance to certain categories of citizens; Providing benefits to Honorary Veterans of the city of Kostroma; Honorary citizens of the city of Kostroma; Conducting social events for families in the city of Kostroma. |
|
Program objectives |
1. Providing targeted social assistance to certain categories of citizens living in the city of Kostroma: Senior citizens (citizens who have reached retirement age); Low-income families with children and large families; |
|
Program-targeted tools for program implementation |
Departmental target program "Providing targeted social assistance to certain categories of citizens and holding public events for the population in the municipal formation "City of Kostroma" for 2016 - 2021" |
|
Program targets |
The share of older generation citizens (citizens who have reached retirement age) who received targeted social assistance, out of the total number of older generation citizens (citizens who have reached retirement age) living in the city of Kostroma (%); The share of low-income families with children and large families who received targeted social assistance from the total number of low-income families with children and large families living in the city of Kostroma (%); The share of citizens with disabilities and families with a disabled child who received targeted social assistance, out of the total number of citizens with disabilities and families with a disabled child living in the city of Kostroma (%); Number of public events held for certain categories of citizens living in the city of Kostroma (measures) |
|
Resource support for the program |
The total amount of budgetary allocations for the implementation of the program is 12349.0 thousand rubles, including by year: 2019 - 2113.0 thousand rubles. Sources of financing: 2014 - 1784.0 thousand rubles, 2015 - 2113.0 thousand rubles, 2016 - 2113.0 thousand rubles, 2017 - 2113.0 thousand rubles, 2018 - 2113.0 thousand rubles, 2019 - 2113.0 thousand rubles |
|
Expected final results of the program implementation |
Expected final results of the implementation of the departmental target program: Achieving the following indicators by 2021: Number of citizens released from prison who received targeted social assistance (10 people); Number of Honorary Veterans of the city of Kostroma, Honorary Citizens of the city of Kostroma who received benefits (35 people); Number of public events held for certain categories of citizens living in the city of Kostroma (30 measures) |
Appendix 2
Social program
“Targeted assistance and public events to improve the social status of families in the municipality for 2016-2021”
Priorities of municipal policy in the field
implementation of the municipal program, goals, objectives
and targets of the municipal program
The goals and objectives of the program are established on the basis of the priorities determined by the socio-economic development strategy of the Municipal Entity "City of Kostroma" for the period until 2021.
The purpose of the Program is to provide targeted social assistance to certain categories of citizens, provide benefits to Honorary Veterans of the city of Kostroma, Honorary Citizens of the city of Kostroma, and conduct public events for the population of the city of Kostroma.
The objectives of the Program are:
1. Providing targeted social assistance to certain categories of citizens living in the city of Kostroma:
Senior citizens (citizens who have reached retirement age);
Low-income families with children and large families;
Citizens with disabilities and families with a disabled child;
Citizens released from prison.
2. Providing benefits to Honorary Veterans of the city of Kostroma, Honorary Citizens of the city of Kostroma.
3. Conducting public events for certain categories of citizens living in the city of Kostroma:
Senior citizens (citizens who have reached retirement age);
Low-income families with children and large families;
Citizens with disabilities and families with a disabled child.
The effectiveness and efficiency of the implementation of program measures is planned to be carried out based on the results of monitoring target indicators in the field of social policy, the composition of which is determined on the basis of indicators for assessing the effectiveness of the activities of municipal bodies related to the field of social development.
Analysis of risks of implementing a municipal program
and description of implementation risk management measures
municipal program.
The risks of program implementation that can be managed by the program administrator, reducing the likelihood of their occurrence, include the following:
1) organizational risks associated with the occurrence of problems in the implementation of the program as a result of insufficient qualifications and (or) dishonesty of the responsible executor, which can lead to ineffective use of budget funds, untimely financing, and failure to implement a number of program activities.
Reducing these risks will be facilitated by increasing the qualifications and responsibility of the personnel of the responsible executor for the timely and effective implementation of planned activities and the establishment of administrative procedures to reduce organizational risks;
2) financial risks associated with incomplete financing of the program from the city budget. These risks may arise due to the significant duration of the program, as well as the dependence of its successful implementation on effective management as a whole.
Their reduction will be facilitated by the introduction of program budgeting into practice and timely adjustment of the volume of funding for the main activities of the program;
3) adoption of new (amendments to existing) regulatory legal acts at the municipal level;
4) economic risks are caused by the need for long-term development forecasting and financial planning. The consequence of these risks may be a reduction in the resource provision of the program. The implementation of the program is guaranteed by budgetary support for the main activities of the program. To manage risk, if necessary, the list and timing of implementation of program activities will be clarified.
Other types of risks are related to the specific goals and objectives of the program, and measures to minimize them will be taken during operational management. Financing of program activities in the next financial year will be carried out taking into account the results of monitoring and evaluating the effectiveness of the program during the reporting period.
Resource support for the municipal program
The total amount of budgetary allocations for the implementation of the subprogram is 12349.0 thousand rubles, including by year:
2016 - 1784.0 thousand rubles,
2017 - 2113.0 thousand rubles,
2018 - 2113.0 thousand rubles,
2019 - 2113.0 thousand rubles,
2020 - 2113.0 thousand rubles,
20212113.0 thousand rubles.
Sources of financing:
city budget funds - 12349.0 thousand rubles, including by year:
2016 - 1784.0 thousand rubles,
2017 - 2113.0 thousand rubles,
2018 - 2113.0 thousand rubles,
2019 -2113.0 thousand rubles,
2020 - 2113.0 thousand rubles,
2021 - 2113.0 thousand rubles.
The volumes of funding for program activities are of a forecast nature and can be clarified when the budget of the municipal formation "City of Kostroma" is adopted for the next financial year and for the planning period.
Expected final results of implementation
municipal program.
Systematic achievement of target indicators of the program and departmental target program will increase the provision of targeted social assistance to certain categories of citizens.
The implementation of the program will allow:
Increase the standard of living of older citizens (citizens who have reached retirement age) through program activities;
Improve the standard of living of low-income families with children and large families through the implementation of public program events;
To improve the standard of living of citizens with disabilities and families with a disabled child through program activities;
To improve the standard of living of citizens released from prison through program activities;
Increase the number of citizens of certain categories who took part in actions and public events.
As a result of the implementation of the program by the end of 2021, it is planned to achieve the following indicators:
The share of older generation citizens (citizens who have reached retirement age) who received targeted social assistance from the total number of older generation citizens (citizens who have reached retirement age) living in the city of Kostroma (5%);
The share of low-income families with children and large families who received targeted social assistance from the total number of low-income families with children and large families living in the city of Kostroma (30%);
The share of citizens with disabilities and families with a disabled child who received targeted social assistance, out of the total number of citizens with disabilities and families with a disabled child living in the city of Kostroma (30%);
Number of citizens released from prison who received targeted social assistance (persons);
Number of Honorary Veterans of the city of Kostroma, Honorary Citizens of the city of Kostroma who received benefits (persons);
Number of public events held for certain categories of citizens living in the city of Kostroma (measures) To improve the mechanism for providing and improving the quality of targeted social assistance to improve the well-being of families, local governments need to analyze the need for the development, implementation and additional adjustments of this program for improving the social protection of families using funds from the budget of the city of Kostroma.