Methods of processing and disposal of waste. New recycling technologies. Application of physical and chemical processing methods
Disposal and recycling of household waste is a pressing problem modern world. There are more and more landfills on earth; extensive littering threatens an environmental disaster. The solution to the problem is recycling of solid waste at specialized waste processing plants. Following the conditions of objective reality, humanity needs to improve waste disposal methods in order to achieve the most effective processing of solid waste at minimal cost.
3 reasons why competent recycling of solid waste is necessary
Waste can be divided into the following: kinds:
- Household waste. We include human waste in this group. The garbage that is thrown out of residential buildings and administrative buildings. Plastic products, food scraps, paper, glass and other items. Many wastes are classified as hazard classes IV and V.
Question about plastic waste should be solved as follows: the garbage is subject to mechanical grinding, followed by chemical treatment with solutions, as a result of such manipulations a mass is formed from which polymer products can be made again. Paper and food scraps can turn into compost, rot and benefit the agricultural sector of the economy.
- Biological waste. This type of waste is produced biological species(human and animals). A large number of such materials are produced by veterinary clinics, hospitals, sanitary and hygienic organizations, catering establishments and other similar institutions. Biological waste is destroyed by incineration. All organic materials can be disposed of using this method.
- Industrial waste. Such waste is the result of production processes. Construction, the operation of industrial equipment, installation and finishing work - all this leaves behind a huge amount of wood, paints and varnishes, thermal insulation materials, some of which can also be burned. For example, wood releases energy during combustion, which can also be used for purposes beneficial to society.
- Radioactive waste. Often, biomaterials and other waste contain radioactive substances that pose a danger. This group also includes gases and solutions - that is, those wastes that cannot be used in the future. Some of this waste can be destroyed by burning, but the rest can only be buried.
- Medical waste. This is waste from medical institutions, 80% of which is non-hazardous household waste, and the remaining 20% poses a risk to the human body. Like the processing of radioactive waste, the destruction of this type of waste has many restrictions and prohibitions in Russian legislation. The methods of its burning and burial are described in detail. For medical waste, as well as for radioactive waste, special burial grounds are created. Some people dispose of medical waste this way: they put it in bags and burn it. But many drugs belong to hazard classes I and II, so this disposal method is clearly not for them.
All waste is classified according to the degree of its danger to the environment. There are four hazard classes in total. The first class is garbage, which poses the most serious threat to the planet and all organisms living on it. If it is not okay to recycle first class solid waste, established by law, the damage to the ecological system may be irreparable. Waste of the first hazard class: mercury, lead salts, plutonium, polonium, etc.
Waste of the second hazard class can also greatly harm the environment. The effects of such damage will continue to impact for a long time. The planet will recover within 30 years after being polluted by such waste. These include arsenic, selenium, chlorine, phosphates, etc.
After waste of the third class of danger, the ecosystem can recover within a decade. Of course, restoration is possible only after processing solid waste, otherwise the waste will not stop harming the environment. The third class includes zinc, ethyl alcohol, chromium, etc.
The fourth hazard class is low-hazard waste (simazine, sulfates, chlorides). After their removal from the contaminated object, the ecosystem needs three years to recover.
But fifth class waste is completely safe.
Let's consider why is it necessary proper processing of solid waste:
- Waste pollutes environment, which is already oversaturated with emissions from factories and vehicle emissions.
- Resources that are extracted from nature or created industrially are seriously limited, so it is advisable to recycle and reuse them.
- It turns out to be cheaper to use recycled raw materials, so recycling MSW is economically beneficial.
The most common methods of processing solid waste
Method 1.Garbage disposal.
Landfills are created specifically for the purpose of processing solid waste on their territory. The waste stream enters these areas (up to 95%), and then the organic part decomposes spontaneously. In the landfill area, special conditions are created for an intense biochemical dissociation process. The resulting anaerobic environment promotes recycling, enhanced by methanogenic microorganisms that form biogas (otherwise known as “landfill gas”). What is the disadvantage of such polygons? Landfill gas toxins enter the atmospheric air and spread in the direction of the wind over vast distances. And if industrial emissions are mixed in with them, then the environment is exposed to even greater danger.
Considering the accumulation of microorganisms that enhance the flow chemical reactions, fires may occur locally due to excessive heat. At the same time, polyaromatic hydrocarbons are released into the environment, causing cancer. Such emissions are thousands of times higher than the permissible concentrations of such substances in the air. Aqueous solutions formed in the air fall out in the form of precipitation, the evaporation of which, as with the combustion of polymer substances, releases dioxins. So through precipitation is harmful chemical elements enter ground and surface waters.
Since it is impossible to arrange such landfills within the city, areas outside large areas are allocated for them. settlements. If you calculate the cost of allocating territories, their arrangement according to all the rules, transportation costs for transporting waste to such a solid waste processing site, you will get a rather impressive figure. Add to this air pollution associated with the release of combustion products of motor fuel and the wear and tear of suburban roads. The picture is not rosy.
Due to the fact that the qualified development of solid waste processing sites is associated with high costs, some people prefer to organize unauthorized landfills. In such places of unauthorized storage there is no any sealing; liquid waste directly enters the environment without going through the neutralization stage, creating a high danger for the population. And these landfills are only multiplying and growing.
Thus, storing unprocessed waste in landfills is very dangerous, and therefore this method of disposal should be prohibited at the legislative level. And there are many reasons for this:
- lack of bacteriological and epidemiological safety;
- rapid spread of dangerous human body substances on large areas(penetration into air, water, soil);
- release of dioxins during fire;
- the high cost of land and landfill development, as well as the need for subsequent reclamation of the site;
- contradiction to the “Fundamentals of state policy in the field of environmental development Russian Federation for the period until 2030".
Method 2.Composting waste.
This method of processing solid waste is based on the fact that some of the waste can be disposed of independently - through biodegradation. Thus, organic waste can be composted. Nowadays, there are special technologies for composting food waste and unseparated garbage.
Mass composting is not common in our country, but is used by that part of the population that has private houses or summer cottages. However, in general, it is possible to organize the waste composting process centrally, by allocating special sites for this. The resulting compost can later be successfully used in the agricultural industry.
Method 3.Thermal waste processing (MSW).
Organic matter can also be easily destroyed thermally. Thermal processing of solid waste is a sequential procedure for exposing waste to heat in order to reduce its mass and volume, as well as neutralize it. Such processing of solid waste may be accompanied by the production of inert materials and energy carriers.
Advantages of thermal processing:
- Efficiency in terms of neutralization (destroys pathogenic microflora).
- Significantly reduces the volume of garbage (up to ten times).
- Using the energy potential of organic waste.
The most common method of thermal processing of solid waste is combustion. This simple method has many advantages:
- It has been tested many times.
- Combustion equipment is available and mass-produced and has a long service life.
- An automated process that does not require the involvement of labor resources.
If previously garbage was simply burned, modern technologies make it possible to use this process more efficiently, simultaneously extracting the fuel fraction from it. As a result of such techniques, the incineration procedure turns into not just the elimination of waste, but also the production of additional energy - electrical or thermal. The most promising this moment is a plasma combustion technology that provides a higher combustion temperature. As a result, useful energy is released, and the remainder is a completely harmless vitrified product.
Method 4.Plasma waste processing (MSW).
Recycling of solid waste using the plasma method is a process of converting waste into gas. This gas is subsequently used to produce steam and electricity. Non-pyrolyzable solid waste residues are one of the elements of plasma processing.
The advantage of high-temperature pyrolysis is that this process destroys a wide variety of waste without any preliminary preparation, without harming the environment. From an economic point of view, this is a very profitable technology, since there is no need for additional costs for drying, sorting and other procedures for preparing waste for disposal.
The output is slag, which does not harm the environment and can even be reused.
What equipment is used for processing solid waste?
The industrial world does not stand still; more and more equipment and waste disposal plants are becoming available. The most common types of equipment for such enterprises include:
1. Presses.
It is impossible to imagine any solid waste recycling and recycling plant without waste compaction. After compaction, the waste is more convenient to store and transport. Presses can have different dimensions: from the most gigantic to relatively small ones that can fit in the territory of a regular store. In Russia, two types of presses are used:
- Baling presses.
- Briquetting presses.
According to the method of loading the press there are:
- Vertical (front loading).
- Horizontal (able to compress debris more tightly).
If the dimensions of vertical presses are quite compact, then horizontal ones are usually installed only in large factories, since they are difficult to fit in a regular room.
According to their purpose, presses can be universal (for all types of waste) or specialized (for only one type).
2. Compactors.
Compactors are considered very close to presses. As the name suggests, they also make the garbage more compressed. Basically, this type of equipment is used to compact PET bottles, polyethylene films, aluminum cans, as well as paper and cardboard. For shopping malls, this type of equipment is indispensable, because there is always a need to compress large amounts of garbage.
Waste hauling companies unanimously claim that transportation and storage costs are significantly reduced by compacting waste using compactors. In this case, it does not matter at all whether the compactor is mobile or stationary.
Stationary and mobile equipment have their pros and cons. If mobile compactors are monoblocks, then stationary compactors contain a press and a replaceable container, which allows you to load much more waste than into a single monoblock. The continuous cycle of operation also significantly distinguishes the stationary compactor from other recycling equipment. Just have time to change containers.
But the mobile compactor can be used in different places, and it does not need to be mounted and dismantled again each time. This is a hermetically sealed design, which allows it to work even with wet waste.
3. Shredders.
Shredders have a completely different type of operation than presses and compactors. They help in waste disposal by shredding or crushing it. This is why Russian-speaking users call shredders crushers. Not a single solid waste processing plant can do without them. Shredders are designed for shredding:
- glass;
- wood;
- plastics;
- paper;
- rubber;
- metal;
- organic and mixed waste;
- hazardous substances.
Some shredders only work with one type of waste, such as glass. But there are also many models that are designed for shredding a wide variety of waste.
4. Containers.
We encounter this type of equipment every day. These are our usual garbage containers that we use regularly. The material from which containers are made is usually plastic, although metal is sometimes found. Containers can be used for separate waste storage or for mixed waste. Not so long ago, containers were stationary, but now we increasingly see containers on wheels. Containers equipped with wheels make it more convenient to transfer garbage to garbage trucks.
5. Sorting lines.
It is much easier and more efficient to process solid waste in sorted form. As we have already said, for different types Garbage has its own methods of disposal, and therefore it is so important to first separate one type of waste from others. To this end, waste treatment plants today mandatory waste sorting lines are installed. Sorting lines are designed to separate municipal solid waste into fractions for the purpose of their subsequent pressing, compaction and transformation into secondary raw materials, which can then be sold. Sorting lines have become an integral part of the waste recycling process.
How is a solid waste processing plant equipped?
The set of equipment for any plant is selected taking into account its specialization. There are enterprises generalist who process various types of solid waste. But small plants usually deal only with a specific type of waste. It can be construction waste, tires and other rubber products, household waste, etc.
It is safest to invest in functional and powerful equipment that can serve a large area, working without interruptions or breakdowns.
An example of such a complex is the waste incineration mini-plant MPZ-5000 (manufactured by Sifania (Russia)). It is designed to process huge amounts of solid household waste; for example, it will cope perfectly with five thousand tons of garbage per year. A mini-plant involves a set of equipment for burning waste. The example we are considering is suitable for serving a small area with a population of about 25 thousand people. The equipment set includes not only a waste incineration machine, but also units for:
- waste sorting;
- shredding plastic bottles;
- waste paper compaction;
- pyrolysis of non-degradable materials.
The cost of the equipment is quite high. Its simplest standard equipment will cost the company ten million rubles.
But this example is suitable for a small-scale organization. For more large production you can purchase a sorting station capable of passing through up to ten tons per hour. The productivity of such equipment is much higher than that of a mini-factory. This station is capable of separating 16 types of solid waste from a mixed stream. Maintenance of the station requires at least 40 people. A good option for such equipment is the JSSORT complex. It has impressive dimensions. To install the entire station, an area 40 meters wide and 80 meters long will be required. Such equipment is capable of servicing about 15 garbage trucks in one eight-hour working day.
Such a complex of equipment will cost three times more than a mini-plant. Its cost is about 30 million rubles. This includes the cost of constructing suitable premises for the station.
A very profitable option for making money from waste disposal is a plant for processing rubber products (car tires) into small crumbs. After the operation of specialized equipment, only rubber powder remains, crushed into granules, which is ideal for recycling.
It is in demand in production:
- asphalt;
- road speed limiters;
- materials for sound insulation;
- mastics with anti-corrosion properties and other products of the construction industry.
A set of equipment for rubber processing is capable of processing up to three tons of waste per hour. An imported mini-plant of this type costs about 25 million rubles.
It should be noted that all processing enterprises have approximately a similar set of components. The differences lie mainly in the degree of their power and the level of automation of the process. The solid waste processing plant includes the following equipment:
- receiving conveyor;
- inclined belt conveyor;
- sorting line;
- packaging press machine;
- pyrolysis unit;
- plastic shredder;
- glass container.
Sometimes this set is complemented by a receiving workshop with magnetic equipment for separating scrap metal.
Let's consider the operation scheme of a mini-plant for processing solid waste:
- First of all, the waste stream goes through a magnetic receiver to sort the metal;
- a vertical conveyor transports raw materials to the sorting line;
- sorting complexes can be automated and separate waste using optical devices or semi-automated and use manual labor;
- all waste paper is sorted and sent for packaging;
- plastic products fall into the shredding device;
- glass waste is sent to a collection container;
- all other waste goes into a receiving hopper, from where it subsequently goes to the press for compaction. The further fate of such waste is burial.
If recyclables are packaged, they can be sold or processed, depending on which direction is provided by the plant itself. For example, one of the divisions of the enterprise may be a workshop for the production of toilet paper.
The main problems of solid waste processing
Problem 1.Lack of funds.
Currently, waste is removed mainly at the expense of the population. But the tariffs for the disposal of household waste established by regulations are prohibitively low. So much so that they are not able to compensate for the costs of even transporting garbage, not to mention its processing and disposal.
Of course, the funds collected from the population are not enough, so the rest of the resources are allocated by the state. But for unknown reasons, housing and communal services never have the opportunity to develop and modernize the waste disposal system. We still do not have separate collections, as is customary throughout Europe. And on the material level there is no stimulation for sorting. If you dump all the garbage into one container or separate the waste by type, you still pay the same tariff for recycling solid waste.
Problem 2.Of secondary importance.
Solid waste processing is currently carried out by organizations whose main activity is the provision of various public services.
Only if specialized enterprises undertake waste collection and processing will they be able to plan for more efficient waste collection, improve the equipment used, and optimize income and costs for solid waste processing.
Problem 3.Lack of responsible persons.
All activities related to the disposal of household waste are dispersed across various departments. A unified structure of hierarchy and responsibility in this matter has not been built. In European countries everything is different. There, the issue of household waste management is controlled by the Environmental Protection Agency. In our country there is a similar government agency - the Ministry of Natural Resources, however, the issue of solid waste processing has not been transferred to the jurisdiction of this body.
As a result, existing ministries and departments deal with this area to varying degrees, but shift responsibility to each other, and the process of issuing bills in this area is delayed due to the lengthy approval procedure.
Problem 4.Concentration in the hands of government agencies.
Government agencies zealously hold on to the recycling of solid waste, although, as we have seen, they do not have enough funds, desire and understanding to organize the process at the proper level. European states are showing the effectiveness of involving private companies in this issue. In Europe, organizations have long been cooperating with municipalities in matters of waste collection and disposal. Perhaps someday in the future our authorities will reach a similar level of cooperation, but for now landfills are piling up and continue to poison the environment.
Foreign experience shows that private companies are more enthusiastic about solving this problem, since it is directly related to commercial benefits. So, they are looking for the most effective and economical ways to process solid waste. By building large factories and attracting foreign investment, commercial organizations work with great efficiency, and the results of their activities are obvious.
Problem 5.There is no work with the population.
The fact that the population practically does not understand the advantages of separate waste collection is a sad flaw in the domestic management of this issue. After all, if you inform citizens about the problems of solid waste processing, their awareness and desire to correct the situation may increase, including on their own. After all, this planet is our home, where we live and plan to inhabit it for a long time.
Problem 6.Lack of fixtures.
The abundance of data in the public domain allows many conscious citizens, despite the lack of centralized information, to come to an understanding of the problem of waste disposal. But even if people have a desire to throw garbage into separate containers, they are not given such an opportunity. The only equipment for collecting waste is an ordinary garbage chute. There is only one way out of the situation: seal all existing garbage chutes and set up a waste sorting system.
It is more expedient to design new houses without garbage chutes, since in general this will not only provide the possibility of separate waste collection, but will also increase cleanliness in the entrances.
Problem 7.Recycling of recyclable materials is not organized.
In Russia there are organizations that are engaged in the processing of solid waste. There are not as many of them as we would like, but even these units often have problems with the disposal of secondary raw materials. And this is sad, because in fact, using scrap can provide significant economic benefits.
Motivating the use of recyclable materials in production is again a state task. Moreover we're talking about not only about establishing obligations for enterprises, but also about developing a system of rewards, benefits, and incentives that could encourage business representatives to establish markets for the sale of scrap and its use.
Thus, when carrying out public procurement in European countries Benefits are often provided for organizations that produce products from recycled materials.
Problem 8.Lack of planning.
To prevent the processing of solid waste and the use of recyclable materials from becoming local and episodic phenomena, it is necessary to draw up detailed plans aimed at achieving desired results. Thus, this waste management plan should cover a long period during which the necessary activities are envisaged, as well as the timing of their implementation, sources of financing, goals and persons responsible for the implementation of such actions.
All of the above problems actually arise from the same factor: the task competent processing Solid waste is not a priority at the state level. In addition, we have not yet come to the realization of making the most efficient use of available resources. Therefore, environmental issues have not yet been resolved, and an effective waste disposal system has not been built.
What are the prospects for recycling solid waste in Russia?
In Russia, the idea has not yet been developed rational use waste. Recently, this area has received a little more attention. But only a little. A number of waste processing enterprises have been created in our country, but their operation has not yet been put on a wide scale. The process has not been established; there is no competent interaction between such organizations and the state. In general, so far such companies operate mainly in the central regions of the country - Moscow, St. Petersburg. But ideally, such activities should be carried out everywhere.
The fact is that in large cities there are much more earning opportunities for waste recycling enterprises. The waste disposal business is very profitable where there is an abundance of it, and there is a catastrophic lack of areas for storing and slowly destroying waste. Not so on the periphery. Most often, waste is transported to lands that are located on the outskirts of cities and towns. This method is harmful to the environment and is also economically unprofitable. While recycling ordinary household waste is a profitable business, and at this time in the domestic economy this niche is free.
Let us note that until municipalities begin to perceive this problem as urgent, it is unlikely that anything will change radically. Foreign experience shows that a significant part of waste disposal issues is resolved simple action– installation of containers for separate waste collection. This step will greatly simplify the recycling of solid waste.
A criticism of this assumption is the judgment about the inertia and laziness of Russians, who will not want to sort their waste at home. But the polls public opinion this idea is not confirmed. For example, half of Moscow residents are already ready for separate waste collection. And this is without any propaganda and work with the population on the part of those in power. It is not difficult to guess that, subject to government action in this direction, rapid and efficient transition to modern technologies for waste processing and the use of secondary raw materials.
Expert opinion
Solving the problems of solid waste processing using integrated management
L.Ya. Shubov,
Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, member of the Russian community of experts on rational environmental management
HE. Borisova,
Ph.D., Associate Professor, RGUTiS
I.G. Doronkina,
Ph.D., Associate Professor, RGUTiS
Solid waste recycling management consists of the following elements:
- garbage collection;
- export;
- processing (preliminary preparation);
- actual processing;
- disposal;
- burial.
All these components are connected into a single system and are connected to each other.
To ensure solutions to the problems of solid waste processing, it is necessary to be guided by modern requirements for resource conservation and environmental management:
- recycling of waste as sources of raw materials and energy;
- reducing the cost of cleaning settlements;
- transition from the method of solid waste disposal to industrial recycling;
- ensuring environmental safety.
Transformations are not so easy to achieve, because they are associated not only with establishing an effective system for garbage collection and recycling, but also with improving the sanitary and hygienic condition of the city, and this is already a matter of reforming the housing and communal services. At the moment there are a number of tasks, among which are not last place are focused on creating a service market and developing competition in the field of solid waste processing. Introducing all these innovations is not so easy.
At the moment, there is a serious shortage of specialists in the processing of solid waste. Universities annually issue diplomas to general ecologists who do not yet possess technologies for the effective processing of technogenic raw materials; it is difficult for them to immediately find a solution to the problem of solid waste.
Some foreign organizations are eager to enter the Russian market, offering a way out difficult situation with solid waste using advanced technologies. But often we are talking only about burning garbage. There is still no well-thought-out waste disposal system. At best, industrial facilities appear chaotically, dealing with only one technology in a set of measures necessary for the systematic destruction of waste. This is a road to nowhere.
It is impossible to solve the problem of recycling solid waste by constructing waste incineration plants. While one is being built, the other is finishing its life cycle. Therefore, haphazard construction has already proven its ineffectiveness. In this direction, one cannot rely on one single processing method - combustion.
Practice shows that such a policy does not lead to a solution to the problem, but only contributes to increased pollution of the environment.
It is necessary to take an example from European countries. Here's what they've achieved so far in terms of solid waste management:
- We have developed a recycling industry based on the separate collection of waste, separating usable elements.
- We have organized and continue to develop a system of specialized sorting plants, thermal and biothermal waste processing enterprises.
- We have developed a system for recycling recyclable materials.
Burning all the garbage is simply unacceptable. The fraction of waste that has already been freed from both hazardous and resource-valuable components is used for thermal processing. Such production can be called environmentally friendly.
In our country, all solid waste processing points are built haphazardly, without communication with each other. The entire waste stream is sent there without prior sorting. Such actions create the threat of an emergency.
If the issue of solid waste is resolved, the problem of environmental safety of the country as a whole will be partially resolved.
There is an urgent need to build a solid waste processing system for the Moscow region and the cities of the resort area. Until government policy on this issue is normalized, crime and corruption will continue to flourish. That is why the development of a scientifically based solid waste recycling strategy is task No. 1.
A strategy for optimizing integrated solid waste management is needed, first of all, to create an advanced effective waste management system and the use of secondary raw materials. The objective of such a program is to develop ways to introduce waste into industrial processing, plan a sequence of actions to massively reduce the flow of waste that is currently going to landfill, reduce environmental risks and waste disposal costs. The strategy should look like a solid document with understandable and clear terminology, containing a real model for optimizing the use of waste.
In desk drawers you can find a lot of outdated, but working components. On the one hand, it seems a pity to throw it away - considerable sums were once paid for these useless pieces of hardware. But today all this is unnecessary garbage, which belongs in a landfill.
However, there are people who do not see a problem in finding a use for an old disk drive or a non-working clock. They can be repaired, remade, restored. And if it doesn’t work out, just use it for beauty. This material is dedicated to the most interesting examples of “recycling” waste.
⇡ Music from trash
The first electronic musical instruments appeared long before Jean-Michel Jarre and the Kraftwerk group. For example, one of the predecessors of the synthesizer, the theremin, which musicians still use today, was created by Lev Sergeevich Theremin back in 1919. But it is no longer possible to find out who and when first came up with the idea of using old computer components to play music.
Iron hit: hits played on computer hardware
Defining music is quite difficult. Probably its most successful and correct interpretation is harmony. Where harmony appears, we hear music. It can be caught anywhere - in the voice of a flute, in the strumming of a guitar, in the murmur of water, in the singing of birds or the sound of the surf. But the most amazing thing is when harmony is heard where you least expect to find it. For example, in the roar of machines in a factory or in the hum of computer coolers.
Do you think we're exaggerating? Hardly. Let's see what human imagination can produce if it is focused on creating music from noise.
One of the “pioneers” of computer music is James Houston. Moreover, when we say “computer music,” we do not mean electronic keyboard instruments at all. James was one of the first to come up with the idea of using outdated computer parts to create tunes. A TV instead of a monitor, a cassette recorder for downloading data (yes, imagine, before disk drives there was such a thing), one of the first HP Scanjet 3c scanners, the first Sinclair ZX Spectrum computer, Epson printer LX-81 and other parts.
This is what it looked like.
Not very impressive? Nevertheless, in 2008, this clip aroused great interest among Internet users. Within just a week of posting it on YouTube, James was inundated with thousands of reviews. Among the letters received was an offer to sign a contract to record this cover and a message directly from Radiohead - with an offer to post this video on the band's official website. For a student from Glasgow it was great luck and an incentive to create in the future.
But this was only the first experience. James Huston has gained a huge following. And some of them were able to demonstrate “aerobatics” in creating music on computer hardware. One of these masters is a Canadian from Toronto named James Cochrane. He took this so seriously that his cover version of the legendary song The House of the Rising Sun by The Animals became a hit on YouTube for a while. It is performed by a whole ensemble of hard drives, oscilloscope, scanner and various computer components.
In addition to this piece, the Canadian music lover made versions of other famous compositions in a similar arrangement, for example "Bohemian Rhapsody" by Queen and the composition Gotye "Somebody That I Used to Know"
The modern computer is not at all like the cabinets and drawers that were there before. The appearance changes, the content changes. Some PC parts become outdated and in the finished package become an unnecessary addition, a kind of computer atavism.
For example, you can still see drives for floppy disks, or, simply put, floppy disks, in some computers. Those who were lucky enough to use this type of media should remember the characteristic sound that each time accompanied the reading head turning to the magnetic disk. This creaking sound could have a different tone, depending on the position of the sector being read. And if you choose such parameters for reading the disk drive so that it can play this or that note on request, it is quite possible to train the disk drive to play any melody.
Polish radio amateur Pawel Zadrozniak knows how to do this. Together with other students at the Krakow University of Science and Technology, Pavel developed a system of disk drives controlled by a microcontroller. Using this device, the Imperial March, the most recognizable tune from the Star Wars saga, was played on floppy disks.
Playing on floppy drives has proven to be a very popular activity, and the number of people wanting to get floppy drives to play has skyrocketed. There are even originals who are trying to sell recorded music through online services. For example, a certain MrSolidSnake745 put this idea on stream. He built an orchestra of eight disk drives, connected them to the Arduino platform and recorded a lot of popular tunes from games, movies, etc.
It is difficult to judge how much this business has enriched the “composer”, but if it is sold, it means someone is buying.
If suddenly you also have the desire to build a “music box” out of a disk drive, you can easily find guides and tips on how to do this on the Internet. For example, on the personal page of one of these enthusiasts, Michael Kohn.
Concert made from garbage with orchestra
If a desire arises in the soul to create real art, no life barriers or conventions can prevent this. The story below is proof of this.
In the far, far away country of Paraguay, where poverty in provincial towns coexists with dirty puddles and rickety shacks, there live people who cannot imagine their lives without music. But here’s the problem: how can you learn to play musical instruments if you don’t have a penny of money? There is not only no money for studying at a conservatory, but also no money even for the simplest cello or the cheapest clarinet.
But, as we know, when resourcefulness, creativity, passion and inspiration come together in one person, a miracle is born. This person turned out to be a teacher named Favio Chávez. In the small town of Cateura, Favio opened a music class, but there were too few instruments, much less than the number of people willing to play them.
Observing how his students were drawn to music, but did not have the opportunity to realize their desires, the teacher decided to provide everyone with instruments at all costs. One day, Favio Chavez met garbage collector Nicolás Gómez, nicknamed Cola, who at one time worked as a guitar maker. After consulting with each other, these two people came to an unexpected decision - to create tools from... garbage. Precisely from the garbage that is very abundant in the city landfill. Here, by the way, it would not be amiss to mention that the entire town of Cateura is one big landfill, and most of its adult population is busy sorting garbage and searching for something that may still be of value.
It turned out that it is not at all difficult to build musical instruments from materials found in a landfill. Favio's excellent hearing and the scavenger's ingenuity made it possible to create futuristic musical instruments from the most, at first glance, useless things. For example, an oil barrel turned into a cello, pipes into flutes, and shipping crates into guitars.
Favio's activities brought fame to the small town of Cateura. The music teacher's initiative was supported by sponsors, thanks to which a bank of used musical instruments was opened, but still suitable for teaching children.
And the children who were still able to learn music united in a group that received the quite expected name - Recycled Orchestra.
Recently, this team conducted a fundraising campaign on the popular Kickstarter service. Hoping for large fees, the garbage orchestra cherished Napoleonic plans - from filming a full-length documentary film about the orchestra before creating a social movement in support of the poor.
But, despite powerful information support (all leading TV channels, including CNN and BBC, made reports about the strange musical group from Paraguay) and noble intentions, the musicians failed to realize most of their ideas. They managed to raise only enough money to organize a round-the-world tour for the Recycled Orchestra. However, this is also a lot - more than two hundred thousand dollars.
⇡ Masters of digital waste
What’s interesting is that the number of people who see beauty in the ordinary is increasing all the time. Probably, the classic was right, and you and I are simply witnessing how beauty saves this world. A world that turns out to be not boring and so diverse.
Gioconda from ASUS
The works of talented artists are sometimes so brilliant that if you try to repeat them, even their not very exact copy will attract attention. One such masterpiece is Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa. I remember, as soon as the first printing devices appeared, it became very fashionable in various research institutes to hang over the workplace a piece of a long roll of paper, on which the famous canvas, printed with ordinary alphabetic and numerical symbols, could be guessed. Whatever method the artist chooses to replicate the look of Mona Lisa, the result will almost certainly please many.
In 2009, the Taiwanese company ASUS contributed to the Mona Lisa being Once again experienced reincarnation. One of the most amazing “remakes” of this painting was created. Moreover, fragments of ASUS motherboards were chosen as paints. To get the desired drawing, I had to very carefully work out the position of each detail in the “picture” - its orientation, color, and so on. With this unusual installation displayed in the office in Taipei, ASUS seems to emphasize that creating computer components and, in particular, motherboards is also a kind of art.
World on circuit boards
If you look at satellite images and then look at printed circuit boards some electronic devices, you can see a lot in common. Roads, buildings, the topography of the earth's surface - all this resembles the layout of circuit boards with soldered elements. It was probably this analogy that gave Susan Stockwell the idea to create an entire map of the world out of motherboards.
To achieve the closest possible similarity, Susan used reclaimed components - connecting cables, coolers, cooling systems, etc. All this is not located chaotically, as it might seem at first glance, but in an orderly manner, so that the drawing of a real map is imitated. This project was created for the University of Bedfordshire.
Computer metropolis
Artists have a special vision, not the same as that of ordinary people. They are able to see completely unexpected pictures in unremarkable things. And the most talented of these people can show what they saw to everyone else. For example, Italian designer Franco Recchia creates his paintings using components from electronic devices.
Let's say planks random access memory, cooling radiators and all kinds of connectors removed from motherboards, in one of the artist’s works, make up the entire Manhattan, with skyscrapers and spiers.
Pictures made from wires and films
There are so many people who like to create sculptures from electronic components that even individuals with a characteristic “handwriting” have appeared among artists, such as Peter McFarlane. Peter makes pictures by laying them out with wires on a circuit board.
But surrealist artist Federico Uribe from Colombia uses wires as paints for his “canvases.” He simply “embroiders” pictures with wires with multi-colored insulation. Some of his works turn out to be voluminous, but Federico categorically objects to his creations being called installations; he considers them precisely paintings.
Erika Iris Simmons specializes in cassette tapes. In some amazing way, she can lay out any image using magnetic films. In Erica's collection of works a large number of portraits of famous personalities - from the Fab Four and Bob Dylan to Lenny Kravitz and Nick Cave.
Moreover, for especially “ancient” celebrities (such as Marilyn Monroe or Alfred Hitchcock), Erica did not use cassette film, but magnetic tape from reels. Such paintings may well serve as, say, decoration for the interior of a rock cafe, and aged films will stimulate a retro mood.
In addition to “film” paintings, Erica also has drawings created using a cord from a Nintendo game console.
Laserdiscs are still around
Any digital media format sooner or later becomes obsolete. Floppy disks have become obsolete, and CDs have almost lost their relevance. But all this is an excellent “building” material from which you can make a lot of useful or simply beautiful things. For example, craftsmen have learned to make bags from floppy disks, and from a stack of laser disks you can make a beautiful lamp in a matter of minutes.
You can do something even more rational with old discs and combine beauty and benefit. In Madrid, on the wall of the Vincci Soho hotel you could see such beauty.
It took more than five thousand optical disks to create this almost thirteen-meter lizard. They are firmly attached to a special base and undoubtedly make passersby stop when they see the gecko for the first time.
This lizard was made last year by the design school iade, and the installation itself was called La Piel Cambiando (Changing Skin). According to the designers who came up with such advertising, the “animal” is looking for sunlight and symbolizes renewal, development and change.
Treasures from gears
Despite the abundance of electronics, we are still surrounded by many mechanical devices. Of course, they get old, often break down, and besides, they are being replaced by fashionable battery-powered gadgets. Many mechanical devices end their life in the same way - in the trash. No one will think about what to do with a broken wristwatch - repairing it is expensive, disassembling it for spare parts is pointless.
And yet there is a person who is convinced that it is not worth throwing away wheels and springs, even if they have ceased to perform their functions.
Justin Gershenson-Gates from the USA admires the harmony and coherence of the details of mechanical devices so much that he decided to prove to everyone that the gears and other parts of a mechanical watch themselves have a magnificent design and therefore can be used as jewelry.
According to the “mechanical jeweler,” his fate was predetermined in advance - his grandfather was a railroad worker, and his father loved to delve into various mechanisms. As a child, like probably many curious boys, he often took toys apart, wanting to understand how they worked. Moreover, as Justin himself admits, in most cases he could no longer put them back together.
Now he continues to do the same thing, but he is already dismantling “dead”, that is, broken mechanisms and for the benefit of business. By adding minimal changes to the design of parts and fastening them in a special way, Justin Gates creates pendants, cufflinks, pendants, earrings and other jewelry. The author of wonderful creations collects material for new steampunk jewelry, buying large quantities of old mechanical watches on Ebay and other similar services. The newly minted jeweler says his goal is to show the beauty of the mechanical world, to open up to others a place that is usually hidden behind a wall of metal and glass.
The author of jewelry gears even organized the studio A Mechanical Mind and periodically holds exhibitions showing his works. Those interested can purchase the items they like on the handicraft website ETSY, where the author displays his “jewels.”
⇡ Do-it-yourself: “garbage” transport and other crafts
Captain Nemo from Heaven
With his example, Chinese inventor Tao Xiangli proved that lack of funds and the absence of a wealthy sponsor are not a problem if there is a great desire to realize your ideas. You just need to take a closer look at recycling products, which in fact often are not such.
Tao Xiangli's inventions cost a pretty penny, however, given the scale of the projects being implemented, the inventor's costs can be considered symbolic. In 2009, this Chinese craftsman greatly surprised many experienced designers.
Having invested only about three thousand dollars, Tao made nothing less than... a submarine. When this became public knowledge, Tao became a celebrity and reporters from all over the world flocked to him. What Tao said in his interview shocked many. His last job was as a technician at a karaoke bar. He has no education. He studied only five years at school, and Last year- "Encore". A repeat student with a junior high education, Tao never uses a tape measure or ruler. He selects all sizes intuitively.
His submarine turned out to be without European-quality repairs - rusty and 90 percent consisting of used parts. But it floats, although the first tests could have cost the inventor his life. According to the author of this miracle, he got many parts of the submarine practically for nothing - light bulbs, wires, switches, and so on. “Our country is developing very quickly, I would never have thought of something like this before,” laughs Tao. Now the Chinese submarine builder is plowing his underwater vehicle into the expanses of the local river. Only one person can fit in a submarine, and only if his dimensions are the same as those of the chief designer.
Encouraged by the success, the Chinese Kulibin spent another year of work on a new endeavor. This time he decided to realize another childhood dream and make himself a robot. For the next project, the inventor had to invest more than $24,000. With this money, he purchased scrap metal, wires and electronic parts. From all this “trash” Tao built a huge robot monster, whose height is more than two meters and weighs 480 kilograms.
Bike decorated with trash
Many bikers strive to give their vehicle some special design. There are many bikers in the world who make high-quality “pumping” of a motorcycle beyond recognition. Mirrors are added, the appearance and filling are changed... But few can compare in this skill with the master from Bangkok. His name is Roongrojna Sangwongprisarn.
The motorcycles he created by hand are impossible to forget - they are true works of art. Colorful monsters hug the two-wheeled car and make it noticeable from afar. But the most amazing thing is that the author uses spare parts from discarded cars to create these bike sculptures. The creator of these masterpieces has his own chain of stores, Ko Art Shop, through which Roongrojna sells his creations.
Second life of the “iron horse”
Many things are disposed of by humans unwisely. At least that's what the employees of the creative agency Lola in Madrid think. This is especially true for cars. Old, rusty, worn-out cars are excellent material for further use. Employees of the mentioned agency have developed their own technology for converting discarded cars into bicycles. They called their project Bicycled - a play on the English words bicycle (bicycle) and recycled (recycling).
It turns out that this is not difficult at all. From almost every worthless car, with skillful hands you can create a high-quality two-wheeled vehicle that will serve its owner for a long time. The necessary elements are cut out from the doors and body of the car, and the frame and steering wheel are made by welding. Any “surviving” parts are used - from drive belts to door handles. Using a surviving fragment of leather from one of the seats, craftsmen create a saddle, and the signal lights removed from the car are attached to the bicycle. The result is a completely working model of two-wheeled transport.
But the best part about it is that cycling is an environmentally friendly form of transport. The amount of waste is reduced and people adopt a healthy lifestyle.
Home made from old cars
Bicycles aren't the only thing old cars are good for. If you have enough patience and inspiration, you can build an entire house out of old cars, like Karl Wanaselja did. He is an architect by profession, so performing a preliminary calculation of his future home was not a very difficult task for Karl.
Almost all the details of the home were taken from old cars. When the architect began building his house in Berkeley, he had to take a good look at the California landfill, where he was able to get most of the materials. At the junkyard, he was looking mainly for the roofs and side windows of a Dodge Caravan minivan. The windows were turned into awnings, and fragments of the roofs were useful for cladding the upper floor.
According to Karl, he managed to create the illusion of a large space within a very limited scope, and he even jokingly compares his house to a telephone booth from the TV series Doctor Who.
King of Trash
If you call the next builder the king of garbage, he will not be offended. Moreover, he will take it as a compliment.
Each of us has our own world, and whether we like it or not, we subconsciously try to bring it into reality. Some people succeed easily, others never succeed. But this man could. True, he did not have the means to build his kingdom, with cathedrals and arches.
Therefore, as building material Vince Hannemann from Texas chose trash. He has been collecting junk since 1989. Thousands of discarded items - from damaged irons and televisions to outdated phones, broken furniture and electronics - everything will find a use in his wonderful cathedral, built from all this rubbish. At first, no one took this man seriously, but when in 2010 his cathedral reached a decent size, the municipality of Austin came to its senses and banned this construction, considering the idea at least dangerous. But it was not there. The future king of garbage, although he was forced to remove the sixty-ton garbage cathedral, did not want to give up. He called for the help of engineers to calculate a safe design option. When all the calculations with evidence of the stability of the building were in hand, the enthusiast was able to continue what he started.
Conclusion
Man lacks natural resources, and he strives into space to extract minerals. He is eager to find elusive particles to obtain cheap energy. At the same time, he does not pay attention to the fact that he has everything nearby to realize any of his ideas. We just need to use the existing potential more effectively. And of course, just have a good rummage through the trash.
After all, if someone alone can make a violin out of unnecessary trash, create a robot, or build a house, then what can we say about larger projects that can be completed together. Besides consumables always at hand for these purposes. Whatever, we still have enough garbage for a long time.
It is very uneconomical and unpromising to send garbage to rot for decades in huge landfills that take away space for living. Fortunately, recently humanity has begun to actively look for new ways to process waste so that after disposal it will benefit society. And today we will talk about 5 most unusual ways use garbage from the landfill.
Art from trash
Often works of art (at least the objects that claim to be) can be trash. But there are cases that modern artists create their new works from real waste that they found in landfills or in garbage containers in the courtyards of multi-storey residential areas.An example of such “junk” art is the work of Jason Klimoski. For example, a huge installation called “Head in the Clouds,” which he created from more than 55 thousand empty plastic bottles.
The famous American artist Lisa Hoke also deals with garbage. She collects solid waste well-known brands in order to create unusual, meaningful installations with their help, which are hosted by even the most reputable galleries in the world.
It is a known fact that there is a huge garbage patch floating in the Pacific Ocean the size of two Texas states and even larger. Some call this object a “garbage island,” and some even call it a “garbage continent.” And every year it grows in size, which promises serious environmental problems not only for the world’s largest ocean, but also for the entire planet.
And the Dutch architectural company WHIM Architecture has taken the initiative to organize this floating waste, creating artificial islands from them for life and industry. The project envisages that the garbage in such objects will be used as a cushion on which the island's base rests. It can be covered with a layer of fertile soil on top to build farms, small factories and small residential villages of varying levels of comfort and prestige.
WHIM Architecture proposes to resettle refugees from hot spots and natural disaster zones to such artificial islands, for example, from the submerged Maldives and small atoll states in the Pacific Ocean.
Garbage clothes
The situation with clothes made from garbage is the same as with works of art made from this material. Some products look like they could be taken straight from the factory, bypassing the stores, to a landfill. But at the same time, there are people who create masterpieces of modern fashion out of real garbage.
A case in point is the garbage collection ONE: Outfits from a New Era, created collectively by fashion designers from the Canadian city of Montreal. It consists of a couple of dozen amazingly beautiful dresses that were sewn from the most seemingly inappropriate materials.
For example, one of these dresses is made from black plastic bags, another from used gun casings, a third from the remains of a car, and a fourth from tin cans.
Surprisingly, these dresses are completely wearable. Not in everyday life, but when going out elite, to high-end parties, where every lady present tries to stand out from the rest.
Garbage car
Some car enthusiasts find old, almost rotten cars in car scrapyards, and at the cost of their own labor and time, transform them into new vehicles sparkling with fresh paint. And Briton Paul Bacon built a car from ordinary plastic and metal garbage that had accumulated over decades in his garage.
True, he took the chassis from an old BMW Z3 as a basis and added a new engine of his own production, which can accelerate to a speed of 225 kilometers per hour. And the body and interior decoration were created from garbage and household waste.
The result was a car called Cosmotron, which in appearance and technical characteristics can well be described as a sports car. Paul Bacon not only drives this car himself, but also regularly rents it out to filmmakers and just newlyweds whom he is attracted to unusual look"garbage" car.
3D printer on plastic bottles
The 3D System company has developed one of the most unusual and promising three-dimensional printers in the world. The device with the name uses empty plastic bottles as material for 3D printing.
However, technology does not yet allow one to simply insert a bottle into a printer and get the desired item out. For successful operation, the Ekocycle Cube must be refilled with special cartridges, the contents of which consist partly of plastic containers.
Currently, recycled plastic makes up only a quarter of the total material in such cartridges. But in the future this share will be significantly increased. 3D System's partner in the Ekocycle Cube project was the Coca Cola Corporation, which sees this initiative as a way to increase its environmental responsibility to the planet.
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
State educational budgetary institution
higher professional education
Siberian State Aerospace University
named after Academician M. F. Reshetnev
Department of Environmental Engineering
Discipline: Life Safety
ABSTRACT
Topic: Modern waste processing technologies
Performed:
student group UI-01
Pyshkaylo Maria
Checked:
- Okladnikova E.N.
Introduction
With the continuous development and growth of cities, unfortunately, the mountains of garbage around them also grow. If earlier the problem of recycling garbage, various wastes, used raw materials was reduced to their removal outside the city limits and the creation of huge city landfills, then with the development of technology, modern waste disposal is becoming more and more advanced - simple and safe - allowing not only to get rid of waste, but also to this is with maximum benefit and benefit.
Today, the world of waste is becoming more and more innovative, a huge number of different enterprises and organizations are coming up with new uses for seemingly unnecessary materials, this brings tangible profits. Every year, waste is more and more often sent for recycling, because raw materials are becoming more and more expensive. The time for thoughtless use of natural resources and causing irreversible harm to the environment has passed.
Types of waste
All waste is divided into five hazard classes based on their impact on the natural environment:
I Hazard class - Extremely dangerous.
Degree harmful effects hazardous waste OPS is VERY HIGH. Criteria for classifying hazardous waste as hazardous waste - The ecological system is irreversibly damaged. There is no recovery period.
II Hazard class - Highly dangerous.
The degree of harmful impact of hazardous waste on the hazardous environment is HIGH. Criteria for classifying hazardous waste as hazardous waste - The ecological system is severely disturbed. The recovery period is at least 30 years after complete elimination of the source of harmful effects.
III Hazard class - Moderately hazardous.
The degree of harmful impact of hazardous waste on the environment is MEDIUM. Criteria for classifying hazardous waste as a hazard class for hazardous waste - The ecological system is disrupted. The recovery period is at least 10 years after reducing the harmful effects from the existing source.
IV Hazard class - Low hazard.
The degree of harmful impact of hazardous waste on the environment is LOW. Criteria for classifying hazardous waste as a hazard class for hazardous waste - The ecological system is disrupted. The self-healing period is at least 3 years.
Hazard class V - Virtually non-hazardous.
The degree of harmful impact of hazardous waste on hazardous waste is VERY LOW. Criteria for classifying hazardous waste as hazardous waste - The ecological system is practically not disturbed. The most hazardous wastes contain compounds of beryllium, cadmium, vanadium, cobalt, nickel, chromium, lead, mercury, and organometallic compounds.
Waste is divided into the following types
- Industrial waste
Industrial waste includes products, materials, products and substances generated as a result of human production activities, which have a negative impact on the environment, the recycling of which is unprofitable at a given enterprise. Often a large amount of waste is an indicator of the imperfection of a particular production technology. Conventionally, industrial waste is divided into inert and toxic.
Inert industrial waste is mainly disposed of in solid waste landfills. These include: wood waste, ash and slag waste, abrasive materials, plastic waste, textile waste, etc.
Toxic industrial waste includes physiologically active substances that are formed during the technological production cycle and have a pronounced toxic effect on warm-blooded animals, as well as on humans.
- Construction waste
- Municipal solid waste
Some waste is transported to countryside landfills intended for disposal, some ends up in unorganized storage areas (about 10%), and another 6% simply settles in the city and industrial enterprises.
The qualitative composition of solid waste practically does not depend on the geographical location of the city. The bulk of solid waste consists of waste paper, broken glass, household items not suitable for further use, food waste, apartment and street waste, construction waste left over from routine renovation of apartments, broken household appliances, etc. The central place among solid waste in the largest cities of Russia is occupied by paper and food waste(61.5-73.7% of the total mass).
Modern waste disposal technologies
Today, waste disposal is a fairly pressing problem, the solution to which has been repeatedly raised at the government level. During the period of perestroika, waste disposal was completely neglected, which led to the formation of numerous landfills, and incineration plants fell into complete disrepair. Numerous sites are currently being restored and the latest recycling technologies are being introduced.
In modern society, waste recycling is generally understood as the processing of waste into useful raw materials or energy. Currently, many human wastes can be recycled and used to produce useful products. Such waste mainly includes scrap metal, wood waste, waste paper, polymers, glass, and so on.
Theoretically, the technologies that currently involve waste disposal make it possible to recycle almost any raw material and completely eliminate this problem. However, in practice it will take many years to implement this idea. This is mainly explained by the fact that today many factories do not provide for the disposal of various wastes and, therefore, do not have fully established processing processes. However, despite this, some chemical enterprises process some hazardous and hazardous waste.
What are modern complexes for processing and destroying waste of all types? Its processing consists of several stages, the first of which is sorting. Here the total mass is divided into various fractions that can be used for recycling. The sorted waste enters a conveyor belt that passes through several different separators. At the first stage, bulky waste is separated and sent to special shredders. Next comes the stage of separating waste ferrous and non-ferrous metals using a magnetic separator. This waste is dumped into a special bunker and most often sent for melting as scrap metal. After this, the garbage passes through an air separator, which separates the lightest waste fractions - paper, film, plastic, etc.
At the next stage, the garbage passes through a special sieve, where it is divided into fractions according to the size of the fragments. Larger parts go to the next stage - a manual sorting chamber. Here, waste is separated using the manual labor of workers. Recyclable materials – glass, wood, plastic, etc. are stored in special containers. Unfortunately, this stage cannot yet be automated and is the most labor-intensive in the entire process.
Well, the remaining small-sized fraction of waste, which can no longer be recycled, is fed to waste presses. Here the remaining mass is pressed and briquetted into special plastic bags or without them. This waste can subsequently be sent to an incinerator or to a special storage area. In the latter case, its volume is many times smaller than the original. Thus, significant usable space is saved, not to mention the fact that many types of sorted waste will be sold at a profit as secondary raw materials.
It is worth noting that burning waste is a rather dangerous process from an environmental point of view. After all, this releases a significant amount of carcinogenic substances, especially organic substances and dioxins. Therefore, to ensure safety for people and the environment, it is necessary to equip all furnaces with comprehensive filters that prevent the release of harmful substances into the air. The incinerators themselves, as a rule, operate on natural gas, which does not emit harmful products during combustion. Well, the ash formed after the combustion of garbage is increasingly used as a binder for the production of cinder blocks. This material is widely used in construction work.
Thus, the introduction of modern technologies allows not only to keep the environment clean, but also makes waste disposal a profitable activity.
The most unusual way to dispose of waste.
Many states allocate enormous financial resources to solve the problem of waste disposal. Everywhere they are solved differently. A very original solution was invented in Singapore.Singapore is a small country located on the southern side of the Malacca Peninsula. Its area is about 650 square kilometers and its population is slightly more than 3 million people. Such a small territory of the state does not allow setting up huge landfills with garbage, so this problem was solved in a very original way.
Not far from Singapore Island is Semaku Island, its area is 350 hectares. Its appearance is no different from any other tropical island. You can get to it by ferry, spending only about half an hour, so a large number of tourists constantly arrive on the island. And the main highlight of the island, which attracts a large number of people, is not the architecture, not the nature, and not the monuments. The bottom line is that Semaku is man-made, and garbage was used to create it. This truly unique piece of land contains 63 million cubic meters of all kinds of waste. According to scientists, Semaku Island could serve as a landfill for Singapore until 2045.
In order to achieve this, garbage is collected in specially equipped cells, which are closed with a thick, dense plastic membrane. A layer of soil suitable for growing plants is poured on top of the cell with garbage.
Semaku Island is a striking example of solving the eternal problem of waste disposal, which many states should adopt. And the point is not that there should be an island of garbage near every country. The whole problem lies in the degree of responsibility with which people treat global problems. What is important here is their understanding and awareness that issues that concern humanity in general are just as important as personal issues.
Conclusion
People all over the world must change their approach and mentality, focusing on the principles of environmental conservation. Any product, its design and production technology must be developed without creating additional waste. Scientists create ideas for a closed cycle economy and product, projects for ecological cities. These developments are widely supported throughout the world, especially by large corporations, but there are countries and companies that export waste illegally to other countries, thereby worsening their environment and violating a huge number of laws. This is a crime not only against a specific country, but also against the whole world, because we have a common environment, and there is nowhere to hide from its deterioration.
Only a competent approach to organizing the removal and destruction of all types of waste can be the key to solving environmental problems around the world.
Used Books:
- 1. Website of the company “EKOkomplekt”[Electronic resource].URL:http://ytil.ru/tehnika
- 2. Coordinator of the CRPO "Ecological Association"
ZASTUPENKO Anastasia. [Electronic resource].URL:http://kudamusor.kender.ru/ kuda.php?s=1
- 3. "MKM LOGISTICS" Removal, processing and disposal
industrial, household, wood
and other categories of waste in Moscow. [Electronic resource].URL:http://www.mkmlogistics.ru/tech/
- 4.
LLC "Ekostiltrans": waste removal. [Electronic resource].URL:http://www.estile.ru/article8. php
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………..2
TYPES OF WASTE……………………………………………………….4
MODERN PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES…………………….6
CONCEPT OF SAFE PRODUCTION……………………..9
PROCESSING IN THE SARATOV REGION…………………………11
CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………13
REFERENCES……………………………………………………………..14
INTRODUCTION
Currently, problems associated with an insufficient level of processing, neutralization, and safe disposal of waste are aggravating the environmental and sanitary-epidemiological situation in Russia. According to the state policy in the field of environmental protection of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, the most unfavorable situation is developing in the Primorsky, Krasnodar territories, Moscow, Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk, Orenburg regions, and the Republic of Bashkortostan.
Of the total mass of waste in the Russian Federation, 95% belong to hazard class V and are represented mainly by large-scale waste.
The largest volume of production and consumption waste is generated in the Siberian Federal District - 62%, the smallest in the Southern Federal District - 0.4%.
Waste - substances (or mixtures of substances) recognized as unsuitable for further use within the framework of existing technologies, or after domestic use of products.
Recycling is the reuse or return into circulation of industrial waste or garbage. The most common are secondary, tertiary, etc. recycling on one scale or another of materials such as glass, paper, aluminum, asphalt, iron, fabrics and various types of plastic. Also used since ancient times in agriculture organic agricultural and household waste.
Recent awareness of the waste crisis facing our society has seen waste management move from a fringe issue to a matter of political debate. For some, the prospect of a major overhaul of the recycling system causes panic, but at the same time a new, more positive attitude towards this problem is being formed. There is a growing willingness to see waste as an opportunity and to seek solutions from a broader perspective that spans climate change, resource management and urban regeneration.
From an environmental pollution perspective, the problem comes down to the question of what waste is. From a resource management perspective, it is a question of what waste can be turned into. If we consider waste as pollutants, then it requires control. However, if we consider them as a source of energy and materials, then there are alternative solutions. One of these solutions comes down to keeping everything the same. Other solutions open the way to something new.
TYPES OF WASTE
Waste classification
The waste varies:
by origin:
Production waste (industrial waste)
Consumer waste (municipal)
According to the state of aggregation:
Gaseous
by hazard class ( for humans and/or for the natural environment)
In the Russian Federation, the following classes of hazards for the natural environment are distinguished:
1st - extremely dangerous
2nd - highly dangerous
3rd - moderately dangerous
4th - low-hazard
5th - practically harmless
In Russia there is a Federal Classification of Waste, in which each type of waste, depending on the source of its origin, is assigned an identification code.
Waste production
Industrial waste is solid, liquid and gaseous industrial waste obtained as a result of chemical, thermal, mechanical and other transformations of materials of natural and anthropogenic origin.
Waste of certain products is unusable remnants of raw materials and/or substances and energy generated during technological processes that cannot be recycled.
The part of waste that can be used in the same production is called returnable waste. This includes the remains of raw materials and other types of material resources formed during the production of goods (performance of work, provision of services). Due to the partial loss of some consumer properties, returnable waste can be used in conditions with reduced requirements for the product, or with increased consumption; sometimes they are not used for their intended purpose, but only in auxiliary production (for example, used automobile oils - for lubrication of non-critical components technology). At the same time, the remains of raw materials and other material assets, which are transferred to other departments as full-fledged raw materials, in accordance with the technological process, as well as by-products obtained as a result of the technological process, are not considered returnable waste.
Waste that cannot be used within a given production, but can be used in other productions, is called secondary raw materials.
Waste that is not practical to recycle at this stage of economic development. They form irretrievable losses; they are first neutralized in case of danger and buried in special landfills.
In industrial ecology, production waste is understood as waste that is in a solid state of aggregation ( Some gaseous and liquid wastes may become solids, for example in filters or settling tanks). The same applies to consumer waste – industrial and household (Fig. 1).
Rice. 1. Classification of main types of solid waste
Consumer waste is products and materials that have lost their consumer properties as a result of physical (material) or moral wear and tear.
Industrial consumer waste is machines, machine tools and other obsolete equipment of enterprises.
Household waste is waste generated as a result of human activity and disposed of as unwanted or useless. Solid household waste includes cardboard, newspaper, packaging or consumer paper, all kinds of containers (wood, glass, metal), obsolete items and products made of wood, metal, leather, glass, plastic, textiles and other materials that have lost their consumer properties, broken or outdated household appliances - garbage, as well as agricultural and municipal food waste - garbage.
A special category of waste (mainly industrial) consists of radioactive waste (RAW), generated during the extraction, production and use of radioactive substances as fuel for nuclear power plants, vehicles (for example, nuclear submarines) and other purposes.
Toxic waste poses a great danger to the environment, including some non-hazardous waste at the stage of its occurrence, which acquire toxic properties during storage.
MODERN WASTE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGIES
Modern technologies for processing waste from the agro-industrial complex to produce biogas
In alternative energy, a special place is occupied by the processing of biomass ( organic agricultural and household waste) methane fermentation to produce biogas containing about 70% methane and disinfected organic fertilizers. The most important utilization of biomass is in agriculture, where large amounts of fuel are consumed for various technological needs and the need for high-quality fertilizers is constantly growing. In total, about 60 types of biogas technologies are currently used or developed in the world. Biogas is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide produced during anaerobic digestion. The residue formed during the biogas production process contains a significant amount of organic matter and can be used as fertilizer. The production of biogas is economically justified and is preferable when processing a constant stream of waste (effluent from livestock farms, plant waste, etc.). Cost-effectiveness lies in free raw materials (waste), low-cost organization and management of their supply. The production of biogas is especially effective in agro-industrial complexes, where a complete ecological cycle is possible.
Producing biogas from organic waste has positive features:
1. Biogas can be used to produce thermal and electrical energy with high efficiency;
2. Anaerobic processing of livestock, crop waste and activated sludge makes it possible to obtain ready-to-use mineral fertilizers with a high content of nitrogen and phosphorus components (in contrast to traditional methods of preparing organic fertilizers using composting methods, which lose up to 30-40% of nitrogen);
3. The residue is disinfected and pathogenic microorganisms are eliminated; waste after anaerobic processing meets the requirements set by environmental authorities;
4. Biogas plants can be located in any region of the country and do not require the construction of expensive gas pipelines and complex infrastructure;
5. Biogas plants can partially or completely replace small outdated boiler houses and provide electricity and heat to nearby villages and towns.
Disposal of solid household waste
Currently, the main technological process for neutralizing solid waste is its combustion in devices of various types. The first enterprise in Russia to implement a four-stage gas purification system that meets the requirements of European standards for emissions of harmful substances from flue gases from solid waste combustion plants was the Moscow Waste Incineration Plant No. 2 (MSP No. 2). In the first stage of purification, high-temperature reduction of nitrogen oxides to elemental nitrogen is carried out. In the second stage, the content of dioxins in the flue gases is reduced. In the third stage, the process of neutralization of acid gases (HCl, HF) occurs. In the fourth stage, the flue gases are cleaned of dust.
Rice. 3. Scheme of the MSZ No. 2 production line
On rice. 3 A diagram of the waste treatment line is shown. Solid household waste is fed through a hopper onto the grate of the incineration boiler. The slag and ash generated during combustion are transferred to the slag processing shop. Flue gases from the combustion zone enter the afterburning chamber, where post-oxidation of incomplete combustion products and decomposition of organochlorine polycyclic compounds occur. The steam produced by waste incineration boilers with parameters of 15 kgf/cm2 and 2400C goes to the plant’s own needs and is sent to a thermal insulation power plant (TUES).
Tab. 1. Basic operating parameters of waste incineration boilers installed at MSZ No. 2.
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Flue gas consumption, m 3\h |
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Rice. 4. Technological diagram of the flue gas purification system from nitrogen oxides.
The developed control system performs the functions of automatic regulation and automated program-logical process control. The solution to these problems is carried out by an intelligent control device - a microprocessor controller. Experience in operating a flue gas purification system has shown that this system can completely solve the problem and ensure that the concentration of NO in flue gases after purification is maintained in the range from 30 to 70 mg/m3.
Reprocessing of radioactive waste
As another example, we should mention the processing of industrial waste, namely radioactive waste.
In Russia, a technology for plasma-thermal processing of radioactive waste has been developed, which is proposed for use in countries where there is a need for the disposal of radioactive waste of low and medium levels of radioactivity. Satisfaction of this need can be demonstrated using the example of Bulgaria. In this country there are 2 main enterprises that accumulate radioactive and hazardous waste of various origins: the Kozloduy nuclear power plant and the Novi Han storage facility. These enterprises have implemented the technology proposed by the Russian Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”.
The process of plasma waste processing consists of the use of plasma arc heaters (plasmatrons) to ensure gasification of organic components, followed by combustion of the resulting pyrogas, purification of combustion products and release of neutralized gaseous products into the atmosphere.
Advantages:
high degree of reduction in the volume of primary waste;
environmental safety of the process;
a small amount of radioactivity leaving the reactor in the gas cleaning system;
controllability of the level of radioactivity of the resulting slag.
SAFE PRODUCTION CONCEPT
Due to the constant increase in waste accumulation in the 1980s. the concept of waste-free production appeared. Many institutes were involved in the development of such technologies, but it became clear that the concept was applicable only to a very limited group of industries. In particular, oil refining and petrochemicals cannot be waste-free.
Since all approaches could not fundamentally resolve the escalating environmental situation, at the end of the 20th century. The world community put forward a completely new concept - preventive policy. It is about finding ways to prevent or reduce waste generation. This policy is called Cleaner Production (CP) and has now been adopted worldwide as an innovative concept that can solve the environmental problems of enterprises.
The concept of CP is universal. It is clear that in order to ensure the operation of an enterprise with the least waste and emissions, with low energy costs and high quality of products, a mechanism for coordinated work of all production levels is necessary. But, as practice shows, in many enterprises each department solves its problems in isolation.
The essence of CP is to analyze production efficiency by a working group of enterprise employees. The work is carried out in accordance with the methodology developed by the global environmental community in order to identify the causes of the formation of significant waste and emissions, low quality products, as well as find solutions to improve the operation of the enterprise.
The program usually lasts about a year, since it is necessary not only to identify the causes of problems, but also, with the help of experts, to find the optimal solution.
It is advisable to dwell in detail on several technologies recommended for implementation.
Two sludge processing technologies are interesting in that one of them is suitable for processing various types sludge, including old highly stable ones. The technology is a combination of several stages, such as separation, sedimentation, flotation, degassing, conditioning, dewatering, adding lime, compaction, drying. The resulting products are proposed to be burned, useful components are extracted and used in agriculture, which is not always permitted due to the danger of migration of pollutants.
Another technology, developed and used in the USA, uses a cavitation method for separating emulsions using enzymes.
The equipment can be in stationary and mobile forms and is reliable. And although the cost is quite high, the installations are already operating in several places and provide a very high level of purification of water and solid fraction (sand).
Technologies that use the “tornado” principle deserve special attention. Firstly, this is hydraulic transport technology, which allows pumping sludge, sand, etc. long distances. The installation is small and can be installed either mobile or stationary.
The second technology allows you to quickly separate a mixture of oil and water using centrifugal force and can be indispensable in the fields. It is already in demand in China, and it is planned to introduce it in Russia.
Possibilities for using industrial waste
In principle, it is possible to use industrial waste in the following main areas:
1. Reclamation of landscapes, planning of territories, filling of roads, dams, etc., for which rocks, pebbles, gravel, sand, blast furnace slag and other types of solid industrial waste are used.
The implementation of this economically beneficial area of waste disposal, however, is insignificant - in total, approximately 10% of the volume of available waste is used for these purposes.
2. Use of waste as raw material in the production of building materials:
1) as porous aggregates for concrete, building ceramics, masonry mortars (empty rock, pebbles, sand);
2) as a raw material for the production of white cement, building lime and glass (rocks containing chalk CaCO3), Portland cement (shales), expanded clay (plastic clays), silicate and building bricks (ash and slag waste from thermal power plants and metallurgical plants), etc.
The construction materials industry is the only industry that uses large-scale production waste on a significant scale.
3. Recycling of waste as feedstock, since some waste in its properties is close to natural raw materials for obtaining a certain substance or raw material for obtaining new types of products.
In the first case, the principle of low-waste or waste-free production technology is implemented, for example, the production of graphite from graphite ores and the resulting graphite soot.
WASTE PROCESSING IN THE SARATOV REGION
In the Volga Federal District, the problem of ensuring environmental safety when handling industrial and household waste requires an immediate solution. The rate of introduction of sites and technologies for processing and reusing the most common waste is very low, as is the rate of construction of waste disposal facilities, including solid waste landfills in many regions.
For almost all constituent entities of the Volga region, it is important to resolve issues with solid waste, sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants, and prohibited and unsuitable for use pesticides and toxic chemicals.
One of the main ways to solve the problem of waste use is to organize their collection and processing to produce marketable products.
The Bulgarian consortium "EcoEnergo" proposes to consider the possibility of cooperation on waste processing in the Saratov region. According to Mikhail Mikhov, the EcoEnergo consortium plans to implement projects in Russia to locate waste processing complexes with a full production cycle and create a site for deep processing. Saratov is considered as one of the cities where it is possible to locate a waste processing complex.
During the presentation, the President of the EcoEnergo consortium noted that the production process at the company’s waste recycling complexes is structured as follows: at the first stage of production, incoming waste is sorted, then some of the components (glass, waste paper, plastic bottles, polyethylene, construction garbage etc.) are processed for recycling. Part of the solid waste that cannot be reused must be disposed of.
Investors from Foggy Albion intend to build three complexes in Saratov and Engels. The cost of one plant is estimated at approximately 25 million euros. Two factories in Saratov will practically solve all the problems of the city (the third will be in Engels - SOG), the management is confident.
The British plan to introduce highly efficient processing technologies - up to 90 percent of the total mass. Although, apparently, this is not the limit - the company intends to process biological waste into alcohol. For this purpose, all “bios”, after packaging in polyethylene, will be exported outside of Russia. According to the minister - chairman of Chopin, investors are ready to invest money in the project, provided that over the next 20 years the city authorities will provide the factories with raw materials. Actually, we have, as they say, heaps of this stuff.
According to the Saratov Interdistrict Environmental Prosecutor Alexander Gonchar, throughout the country over the past 5 years the amount of household waste has increased 1.5 times. This problem, according to the environmental prosecutor, is also relevant for the Saratov region ( of course, first of all for the regional center with its almost million population).
It should only be noted that the “garbage business” has already come to Balakovo and Volsk, where the first sorting complexes in the region were launched. Moreover, in Balakovo the plant is the best in the Volga region.
CONCLUSION
The problem of waste recycling has been at the forefront of attention for several years now.
It is no secret that the capacity of landfills for waste disposal is running out. This forces the state to intensify its search for a way out of the current situation. However, so far these attempts have not been successful.
In summary, it is worth saying that the main problems in the field of industrial and consumer waste management boil down to:
absence unified system regulations on waste management, primarily on their classification and certification;
The creation of specialized production and the promotion of new technologies is hampered by the lack of legislative mechanisms for economic incentives for enterprises collecting, transporting and processing waste.
Elementary mechanisms for economic incentives for enterprises in the field of waste management could be:
property tax benefits for facilities used for environmental protection;
special taxation regime for land tax, VAT and income tax;
application of accelerated depreciation of fixed production assets related to environmental protection activities.
In connection with the above, it seems appropriate:
1. Ensure the creation of a unified system of federal regulations on waste management issues.
2. Develop and adopt a regulatory framework for the creation and implementation of the state waste cadastre as a federal information system in the field of waste management.
3. Prepare regulations on procedures for identifying the best technologies in the field of waste management.
4. Develop economic mechanisms to stimulate waste recycling.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
HE. Kulish, S.A. Kuzhevatov “Cleaning flue gases from waste incineration boilers from nitrogen oxides.” “Industrial Energy” No. 10-2002, M., Folium, p. 54-59.
Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources “On approval of criteria for classifying hazardous waste as a hazard to the natural environment” dated June 15, 2001 No. 511
SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01
Catherine de Silguy. History of garbage. M., Text, 2011.
GOST 25100-95* “Soils. Classification". UDC 624.131.3.001.33:006.354. ISS 13.080. 93.020 OKSTU 5701
V.G. Gnedenko, I.V. Goryachev “The use of plasma-thermal technology is the way to solve the problems of radioactive waste disposal.” “Conversion in mechanical engineering” No. 6-2006, M., Informconversion, p. 37-41.
S. Zigunenko “Hot drop”. M., Firma April, p. 4-5.
V. Sharov “Will waste destroy us or enrich us?” “Inventor and innovator” No. 4-2005, M., Moskovskaya Pravda, pp. 20-21.
B.E. Shenfeld, A.Z. Oshchepkova “Improving waste management.” “Ecology of Production”, No. 5-2004, M., Industry Gazette, pp. 58-59.
V.S. Dementyev "Waste management in the Volga region." “Ecology of Production”, No. 5-2004, M., Industry Gazette, pp. 60-61.
D.M. Zobova “Permits for waste disposal: practice and legislation.” “Ecology of Production”, No. 5-2004, M., Industry Gazette, pp. 80-82.
V.A. Sapozhnikov “State regulation of waste management.” “Ecology of Production”, No. 1-2005, M., Industry Gazette, p. 30-36.
S.V. Meshcheryakov, O.A. Khlebinskaya “New technologies in the field of waste management.” “Ecology of Production”, No. 1-2005, M., Industry Gazette, p. 30-36.
MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE OF THE RF
STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
SARATOV STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
THEM. N.I. VAVILOVA
LIFE SAFETY
Head of the department:
Teacher:
Modern processing technologies
(by type of waste)
Completed:
4th year student,
faculty
Veterinary medicine and
biotechnology
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