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Stylistic use of polysemy of words. Stylistic use of polysemantic words and homonyms. Polysemantic words and their stylistic functions

Lexical stylistics.

Studies the stylistic properties and capabilities of various layers of vocabulary, the functional-stylistic and emotional-expressive coloring of words, as well as the appropriate use of lexical means of language.

Range of issues of lexical stylistics:

Polysemy (polysemy), synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, paronyms, neologisms, outdated vocabulary, foreign language vocabulary, jargon, colloquial and vernacular vocabulary, book vocabulary, terms and professionalisms, clericalisms, speech stamp, lexical compatibility, lexical redundancy, lexical insufficiency, phraseological units .

Lexical stylistics pays special attention to the problem of word choice.

Word choice - appropriate use of a word in context, in terms of its semantics, stylistic coloring and style affiliation. The choice of a word includes the problem of motivated use of a specific synonym from a synonymous series, an antonym from an antonymic pair, as well as a term, jargon, phraseology and other lexical means. The discrepancy between a specific lexical unit and a certain segment of speech leads to stylistic errors: river-river. At the lexico-semantic level, the wrong choice of word is associated with:

1. Ignorance of the basic lexical meaning of the word, which is explained by its obsolescence or, conversely, its novelty.

2. Incorrect use of the word in a figurative meaning, i.e. unmotivated metaphors or metonymies, as well as violation of the metaphorical chain.

3. Mixing paronyms (signature - painting)

At the stylistic level, the wrong choice of word is the use of a stylistically marked word in a foreign-style segment of speech: clericalisms outside the official business style, new words in a story about historical events, jargon in neutral contexts, parsisms in official business or lower-toned contexts, dialectisms beyond the boundaries of dialects and beyond the function of speech characteristics of heroes, barbarisms, exoticisms that violate the stylistic unity of the text.

The problem of choosing a word closely intersects with the problem of choosing an appropriate, but expressive-semantic coloring and functional-style affiliation of a synonym from the synonymic series existing in the language. (Money - material resources, money, greens, cabbage, money...)

Polysemy. Stylistic use of word ambiguity. (polysemy).

Polysemy of a word (polysemy) - This is the property of a word to have 2 or more meanings. A polysemantic word has a literal and figurative meaning. The direct meaning is basic, it is not determined by the context, and, as is correct, is stylistically neutral. (iron gates, water is pouring). The figurative meaning of the word secondary depends on the context and is stylistically colored (iron character, words flow). The development of polysemy usually occurs on the basis of the similarity or contiguity of the objects or phenomena denoted by a given word. The consequence of this is the difference between metaphorical and metonymic types of figurative meaning of a word.

The ambiguity of the word is used in various stylistic devices, for example, in puns and irony. If the context does not clarify one of the meanings of a polysemantic word and ambiguity arises, polysemy is a stylistic error, because makes it difficult to understand the text.

Polysemy or polysemy(from Greek poly- many, sema- sign) – means the ability of a word to have several meanings at the same time, indicating “different classes of objects, phenomena, actions, processes, characteristics and relationships.” The phenomena of polysemy (or unambiguousness) are the focus of attention of linguists.

Modern lexicology sees in the polysemy of words their ability for semantic variation, i.e. changing meaning depending on context.

The study of polysemy allows us to identify the main (or primary) meanings in polysemous words, which are characterized by the highest frequency and minimal dependence on context; and non-main (secondary) meanings, less frequent and always determined by the context.

Polysemy is realized in the appearance of figurative meanings in polysemous words, along with the main direct meaning. The development of figurative meanings in a word, as a rule, is associated with the likening of one phenomenon to another: names are transferred on the basis of the external similarity of objects (their shape, color, etc.), on the basis of the impressions made.

The sources of polysemy can be metaphors, metonymies and other means. The figurative meanings of words often lose their imagery: grape tendrils,clock chime, but can also retain metaphoricality: whirlwind of events, fly towards, bright mind, iron will etc.

General linguistic metaphors are varieties of word meanings and are recorded in explanatory dictionaries. General linguistic metaphors should be distinguished from individual metaphors, the meanings of which are born in a literary text and do not become the property of the language. For example: crescent moon, vault of heaven- general linguistic metaphors, and “ the sky is like a bell, month – language"(Yesenin) - individually authored.

Polysemy is important for stylistics, as it affects its stylistic coloring. For example, neutral verb give book, give advice, give concert etc., may turn out to be colloquial, for example, “ I'm the ones I'll give. Little shooter! - Mavra Kuzminichna shouted, raising her hand at him"(L. Tolstoy).

A polysemantic word can have different lexical compatibility. For example, short– main meaning “ small in height"has wide limits of compatibility: low table, tree,house, fence, closet, heel etc., but speaking in the meanings " bad" or " sneaky", has narrower boundaries of compatibility. You can't say: low health, low knowledge, low response or short student. As part of polysemy, meanings that are opposite to the main one can develop. For example, the verb " move away" in meaning return to normal, feel better; And " move away" in meaning " die»: She was slowly recovering from a major operation.; Grandfather waited for a week and quietly left. This phenomenon is called intraword antonymy.

Polysemantic words make up approximately half of the vocabulary of the modern Russian language. They are the most commonly used. And unambiguous words are distinguished either by extreme concreteness of semantics or by narrow subject meaning: can, binoculars, syringe and others.

Unambiguousness is characteristic of neologisms, since their belonging to a vocabulary that is not yet widely used prevents the development of polysemy.

Polysemy indicates the unlimited possibilities of a language, since the richness of the vocabulary of a language lies not only in the number of words, but also in the variety of their meanings. The development of new meanings for words gives scope for the creative use of the lexical reserves of the language.

Homonymy (from the Greek homos - identical, onima - name). Words that have the same sound and spelling, but different meanings, are called homonyms. Outwardly, homonyms often resemble polysemy. But with the polysemy of words, different meanings are not isolated from one another, but are connected, systemic, while homonymy is outside the systemic connections of words in a language. With homonymy, completely different words collide, coinciding in sound and spelling, but having nothing in common in semantics. For example: marriage(marriage) is formed from the verb brothers using the suffix - To (cf. marry) and homonymous noun marriage, borrowed from German (Brack - lack of the verb brechen - to break).

True, there are cases when homonymy develops from polysemy, but then the divergence in meaning is so great that the words lose any semantic similarity and act as independent lexical units. For example, " light» – sunrise, dawn: It's barely light on my feet and I'm at your feet(Griboyedov) and " light"meaning earth, world, universe: I wanted to travel around the whole world, but I didn’t travel a hundredth part(Griboyedov).

The distinction between homonymy and polysemy is reflected in explanatory dictionaries: different meanings of polysemantic words are given in one dictionary entry, and the meanings of homonymous words are described in different dictionary entries. Of great scientific interest is the “Dictionary of Homonyms of the Russian Language” by O.S. Akhmanova (M., 1974). In this dictionary, homonyms are given with translations into English, French and German.

Homonymy also includes related phenomena related to the sound and graphic aspects of speech - homophony, homography and coincidences of individual forms of different words - homoforms.

Homophones – These are words that sound the same, but are written differently: bow - meadow, doc - dog, flu - mushroom, labor - tinder. These include the coincidence of words and phrases: dumb - not mine, carried by the nose, for days - with ducks and others .

Omoforms- these are words that coincide in their individual forms: saw– noun and saw– past tense verb, feminine; I'm flying– from the verb fly And I'm flying from the verb treat.

Homographs- these are words that have the same spelling, but differ in pronunciation, often in stress. This distinguishes them from homophones and lexical homonyms. Modern researchers include over a thousand pairs of words such as: iris (candy) and iris (thread);

– lexical homographs: atlas(geographical) and atlas(shiny fabric);

– lexico-grammatical: village(verb) and village(noun), run at (verb) and b e gu(from noun running - highlight b e gu more training time;

– grammatical homographs: addresses(I don't know the address) and addresses(plural) Houses And Houses;

– stylistic: compass - compass, mining - mining.

Homonyms are often used by poets and writers to create expression in their works, to give them a humorous or satirical character, and to create puns. For example: Peace to the world!; No matter what he eats, he still wants to eat(proverb). In children's poems by Yakov Kozlovsky:

Getting in a taxi, U S.Ya. Marshak: Loved the students

The dachshund asked: Should he go to sleep?

– What is the fare? apparently because

And the driver: they liked to fall asleep

- Money from taxes on his lectures.

We don't take it at all

That's it - sir!

From the collection of V.Ya. Bryusova:

I am under the blue canopy

On a gentle hill.

Sometimes writers interpret words in a new way, thus creating their own individual authorial homonyms. For example, P.A. Vyazemsky: I spent the whole winter in this region. I say that I settled down because he was buried in steppe . The meaning of “becoming sedate, reserved” is being rethought. Or another example: (about playing sports lotto) – On what basis do you cross out sports?? – By contradiction. What kind of sport disgusts me, I cross it out(Lit. gas.).

On page 16 of the Literary Gazette, jokes based on language games are often published. They play out (reinterpret) the meanings of words. For example: hussar- poultry house, goose farm worker, sackcloth- Dentist, goner– winner in race walking, merry fellow- rower on a rowboat, take a sip- kiss, pre-infarction state- a condition acquired before a heart attack. However, writers and people in other professions need to monitor their speech so as not to end up in a funny and awkward situation.

Inattention to words is often noticed in colloquial speech. For example, at the checkout counter in a store: Beat my brains out. In the clinic: Remove the skull and make an appointment with a surgeon. From the report of the railway transportation service: In summer, the number of passengers on electric trains increases due to gardeners and sadists(from the noun garden). From the ad: Attention homeowners of dirty houses. The Odessgaz inspection will take place on May 16.

Such puns, which create the absurdity of a statement, are observed in very short texts, for example, in advertisements, since the limited amount of information does not make it possible to correctly comprehend ambiguous words. For example, in advertisements: From June 1st the plane will fly with stops. The workshop does not accept orders for belts: my lower back hurts.

The reason for the ambiguity may be intra-word homonymy: The doctor decided to leave this medicine(cancel or recommend). I listened to your report(I listened or ignored it).

Sometimes an unexpected homophony turns out to be funny. For example, from Lermontov: I lay motionless with wine in my chest. From Bryusov: And your step weighed down the earth. Or the phrase: Is it possible to be indifferent to evil?

MULTI-SECONIC WORDS AND THEIR
STYLISTIC FUNCTIONS

B.I.MATVEEV

Words can be unambiguous or ambiguous. Unambiguous names refer to one concept, a phenomenon of reality, an action, etc. So, nouns have only one meaning nitrogen, concrete, trolleybus, adjective criminal, verb be angry and so on. There are relatively few such words. Typically these terms are: cathode, incense, metaphor, metonymy, suffix.
Most words in Russian have several meanings. For example, in the 4-volume “Dictionary of the Russian Language” there are 35 meanings of the verb go, 20 – verb hold on.
The ability of a word to have several meanings at the same time is called polysemy (from the Greek poly- a lot of, sema- sign). The phenomenon of polysemy is due to the nature of the language itself and the laws of the process of cognition. The semantic structure of a polysemantic word reflects the complex process of cognition of the surrounding reality. Yes, word satellite originally meant fellow traveler (my companion), as well as one who makes his life’s journey together with someone (life partner), and then acquired an additional meaning: “a celestial body moving around a planet, star” (The Moon is the Earth's satellite).
Due to changes in life, the previous meanings of some words are lost and new ones appear. In particular, the noun foreman in the 18th century it meant a military rank, average between colonel and general, and now it is the head of a production group, brigade; word joke back in the time of A.S. Pushkin meant an extraordinary incident, a small entertaining story, and now it is a small story of funny content with an unexpected sharp ending; contemporaries of Evgeniy Onegin acquired scrupulous goods, i.e. haberdashery, in our time, scrupulous is a person who is delicate, scrupulously observing established rules of behavior to the smallest detail.
Previous meanings, as a rule, are not completely clear to many students and require commentary. For example, in the novel by A.N. Tolstoy’s “Peter the Great” we read: “Many people were interrogated, others themselves brought messages and told tales...”, “Like cannons, the beetroot burst...”, “Peter skillfully put the cap into the gunpowder...”, where are the words fairy tale, beetroot, cap used in meanings typical of Peter’s time, but not typical now ( fairy tale- "official testimony about something" beetroot- “a cylindrical vessel made of birch bark with a wooden bottom and lid”, cap- “bag for artillery powder charge”).
There is a relationship between the frequency of a word and the number of its meanings: the less often a word is used in a literary language, the fewer meanings it has. The most ambiguous words are characterized by the highest frequency coefficient.
In different types of words in the Russian language, polysemy is developed to varying degrees. If we compare the degree of development of polysemy in different parts of speech, then verbs come first, then nouns and adjectives, followed by adverbs, interjections, numerals, conjunctions and particles.
Russian verbs are usually ambiguous. Different in origin, they differ from each other in the number of meanings. Original Russian verbs ( run, hit, do etc.) have the largest number of meanings. Borrowed verbs are most often unambiguous: accredit, activate, harmonize, hypertrophy and etc.
Like verbs, nouns, depending on their origin, are characterized by varying degrees of development of polysemy. The largest number of meanings have the original Russian nouns that name vital items: head, hand, tongue, house, fire, heat etc. Polysemy is less developed in verbal nouns, in particular, with suffixes -anij(e), -enij(e): rebellion, admonition, trust, meeting and so on.
The polysemy of the word is organically connected with the phenomena of antonymy and synonymy. A polysemantic word with different meanings can have different synonyms and antonyms. So, adjective old in the meaning of “reaching old age” has the antonym young, and a synonym elderly; meaning “old, existing since ancient times” – antonym new (old time – new time), synonym former (old time - former time). The organic connection of polysemy with antonymy and synonymy is evidence of the systematic nature of lexical units, their interdependence and interdependence.
Not all meanings of a polysemantic word are capable of entering into synonymous and antonymic relationships. In some classes of words, in particular, in nouns, this property is less developed, in others, for example, in adjectives, it is stronger.
The main, original meaning of a word is called direct, other meanings of the same word are figurative. So, the direct meaning of the adjective strong- “one that is difficult to break, smash, tear, etc.” (hard nut), figurative – “reliable, faithful” (strong friendship).
Polysemy contains the possibility of figurative speech: transferring the name of one object to another imparts liveliness, originality, and freshness to the statement. Therefore, polysemy is widely used in fiction as a visual device. Many titles of literary works are based on polysemy, which gives them special significance: the novels “The Noble Nest”, “Smoke”, “New” by I.S. Turgenev, “Cliff” by I.A. Goncharov, plays “Forest”, “Thunderstorm”, “Wolves and Sheep”, “The Deep” by A.N. Ostrovsky, stories “The Wall”, “The Abyss” by L. Andreev, “Nizhny Novgorod Slope” by B. Pilnyak, comedies “The Bedbug”, “Bathhouse” by V. Mayakovsky, etc.
We will try to show this in the title of M. Gorky’s novel “The Artamonov Case”. Noun case- the key word in the novel. It determines the development of the theme and idea of the work. This is, first of all, an “enterprise” - a weaving factory, the founder of which was the former serf Ilya Artamonov.
Simultaneously in the word case From the very beginning of the novel, another meaning begins to emerge: “a document opened by an investigator in connection with a crime.” Almost all of the Artamonovs are criminals and murderers.
The problem of the Artamonovs’ crime is not limited to their personal involvement in criminal acts. Gorky interprets the issue much broader and deeper. The Artamonovs’ case itself turns out to be criminal: the factory ruined and disfigured the environment and the spiritual world of people. The description of the factory is invariably accompanied by the color red, the color of blood, fire, or something evil.

Masters of fiction in their works reveal the semantic shades of polysemantic words, often invisible in everyday use. To verify this, it is enough to trace at least the use of polysemantic words road, business, grab and others in the poem by N.V. Gogol's "Dead Souls" business, land in “Vasily Terkin” by A. Tvardovsky. So, in “Dead Souls” N.V. Gogol is only a word on one page case uses in the meaning of “collection of documents”, “administrative proceedings”, “work” and as part of a phraseological unit meaning “everything is in order”: “But the petitioner waits a day, then another, they don’t bring the case to the house, and on the third too. He went to the office, the matter had not even begun; it is to a precious diamond. “Oh, sorry! - Chichikov said very politely, grabbing him by both hands, - we had so much to do, but tomorrow everything will be done, tomorrow without fail, really, I’m even ashamed!<...>Before, you at least knew what to do: you brought a red one to the ruler of affairs, and it was all in the bag...”
The same technique is widely used in poetry to increase the expressiveness of a verse: “I don’t accept eternity, why was I buried? I really didn’t want to go back to the land from my beloved land...”(M. Tsvetaeva). In the first case the word Earth used here in the meaning of “soil”, in the second – “a place of life and activity of people”.

In order for a student to master the technique of using polysemantic words in speech, he must pay attention to their use in literary texts, as well as perform special exercises to select antonyms, synonyms, phraseological units for different meanings of the same word, etc.
First of all, it is necessary to teach students to distinguish single-valued words from polysemantic ones, to find its main meaning in a polysemantic word. This purpose is served
exercises of this type:

Exercises to study the semantics of a word

1. Indicate single and polysemous words:

accordion, anapest, audience, dish, take, trolleybus, trochee, report, delay.

2. Write down unambiguous and ambiguous verbs in two columns. With one of the ambiguous verbs, make three sentences using the verb in different meanings:

automate, fight, barricade, lead, vaccinate, speak, prepare, debut, diagnose, hold.

3. Determine the characteristic that formed the basis for the names of the days of the week:

Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday.

4. Name the characteristic that underlies the surnames of characters in literary works:

Prostakov, Tugoukhovsky, Kabanikha, Ugryum-Burcheev, Obolt-Obolduev, Snegina.

To reveal polysemy, exercises at the level of word combinations are important, because it is the combinability that determines the meaning in which a word appears. Wed: Bring the car to action. Plan actions. Place actions. Harmful action. In each of the given sentences there is a noun action appears in different meanings.

Exercises to differentiate the meanings of words

1. Determine in what meanings the highlighted nouns are used in these phrases.

Sample: travel card ticket– a document certifying the right to use something; examination ticket- a sheet of paper indicating the questions to be answered.

1. Sew hanger, hanger on the first floor. 2. Time lunch, our time. 3. Homemade address, warm address. 4. Cold evening, solemn evening. 5. Pave the road, give the road. 6. Idea novel, implement idea.

Keys: 1. A loop sewn to a dress by which it is hung. Razg. A room equipped for storing outerwear, a wardrobe. 2. A specific moment at which something happens. Period, era in the life of humanity, state, society. 3. Inscription on the postal envelope indicating the destination and recipient. Written greeting. 4. Time of day. An evening meeting dedicated to something. 5. A strip of land used for driving and walking. Place for passage, passage. 6. Main, main idea. Intention, plan.

2. Write down phrases in which adjectives are first used in a literal meaning, and then in a figurative meaning.

Iron bars, iron discipline; deep river, deep feeling; black day, black pencil; sour apple, sour appearance; crimson color, crimson ringing.

3. Determine in what meanings the verbs are used.

Sample: time runs(passes quickly) are running tears (flow, pour).

1. Carry things for him lucky. 2. Live for a long time , live in the village. 3. Quit ticket, quit smoking, quit troops into battle . 4.Give book , give exercise. 5. Carry suitcase, carry responsibility.

Keys: 1. Deliver using vehicles. About luck in something. 2. Exist, be in the process of life. To stay, to dwell somewhere.
3. Throw it away. Stop. Direct. 4. Hand over. Instruct someone to do something. 5. Picking it up or loading it on yourself, move it, deliver it somewhere. Be responsible for something.

4. Replace the highlighted words with opposite meanings. Come up with 4 sentences using these phrases.

Sample: close distance - distant distance. For good friends, long distance is not a barrier.

1. Lung exercise, easy work. 2. Small rain, small river. 3. Full Human, full cup. 4. Fresh newspaper, fresh bread.

Keys: 1. Difficult, difficult. 2. Large, deep. 3. Thin, empty. 4. Old, callous.

5. Replace verbs with similar meanings.

1. Get it notebook from the briefcase, get it theater tickets. 2. Start motor, start dog. 3. Going bus, go to work. 4. Open door, open meeting.
5. Hand over letter, hand over content of the story.

Keys: 1. Take it out, buy it. 2. Set in motion, acquire. 3. Moves, moves; go.
4. Unlock, start. 5. Present, present.

6. Replace these phraseological units with synonyms.

Sample: I can’t get around to it – there’s no time.

1. Sit back. 2. Pin it to the wall. 3. First things first. 4. Actually. 5. Every now and then. 6. My business is my side.

Keys: 1. Loiter. 2. Expose. 3. First of all. 4. In reality. 5. Continuously. 6. This doesn't concern me.

A word acquires its specific meaning only in a certain context - a sentence, a paragraph, where some aspects of its semantics are neutralized and, conversely, others are activated. Therefore, exercises at the level of sentences and connected texts are especially important, in which the phenomenon of polysemy and the associated visual possibilities of the word are most clearly revealed. Here are some of these exercises.

Exercises to study polysemy in context

1. Determine the meaning of the word road in “Provincial Sketches” by Saltykov-Shchedrin.

“And here again there is a road in front of me - a road with its birch alleys, with its plains spread out on both sides, stretching God knows where.”
“...and I’m so tired, so broken by life, like a post horse is broken by hourly riding on a rocky hard road!”

Keys: landscape; a strip of land intended for movement.

2. Explain the meanings of the words historical, history uses N.V. Gogol to create a comic effect in the poem “Dead Souls”.

“Nozdryov was in some respects a historical person. Not a single meeting he attended was complete without a story. Some kind of story would certainly happen: either the gendarmes would lead him out of the hall by the arm, or his own friends would be forced to push him out.”

Keys: historical– important for history, included in history; story- scandal, trouble; incident.

3. red in the works of N.V. Gogol.

1. A strange incident happened at the fair: everything was filled with rumors that somewhere between the goods a red scroll appeared (“Sorochinskaya Fair”). 2. Laughter arose from all sides; but the dressed-up cohabitant of the slowly speaking husband did not really think of such a greeting: her red cheeks turned fiery, and the crackle of choice words rained down on the head of the riotous young man... (ibid.) 3. Kovalev guessed and, grabbing a red banknote from the table, thrust it into his hands to the warden, who, shuffling, walked out the door... (“Nose”). 4. Why is your life not wonderful? - said the chairman (“Dead Souls”). 5. Following the suitcase, a small mahogany chest was brought in with individual displays made of Karelian birch, shoe lasts and a fried chicken wrapped in blue paper (ibid.). 6. He doesn’t have enough land - well, he captured someone else’s wasteland, that is, he hoped that it was not needed and the owners forgot about it, but here, as if on purpose, from time immemorial peasants have been gathering to celebrate the Red Hill there (ibid.) . 7. It is true that the red girls thought a little while accepting the gifts: God knows, maybe they really passed through unclean hands (“The Evening on the Eve of Ivan Kupala”).

Keys: 1. Colors of blood. 2. Reddened from the rush of blood to the skin. 3. 10-ruble note. 4. Good. 5. Wood used for fine carpentry. 6. The first week after Easter, the time for weddings in the old days. 7. Handsome.

4. Determine the meaning of the adjective black in the works of A.S. Pushkin.

1. I look like crazy at the black shawl, / And sadness torments my cold soul (“Black Shawl”). 2. The flying ridge of clouds is thinning. / Sad star, evening star! / Your ray silvered the withered plains, / And the slumbering bay, and the peaks of black rocks (“The flying ridge of clouds is thinning...”). 3. Listen, brother Salieri, / As dark thoughts come to you, / Open a bottle of champagne / Or re-read “The Marriage of Figaro” (“Mozart and Salieri”). 4. There is nothing to do. She, / The black one is full of envy, / Throwing the mirror under the bench, / Called Chernavka to her... (“The Tale of the Dead Princess...”) 5. All the black people were for Pugachev (“The History of Pugachev”).

Keys: 1. Soot colors. 2. Dark, characterized by relative darkness of color. 3. Gloomy, desolate. 4. Evil, criminal. 5. Belonging to the lower strata of the population.

5. Determine the meaning of the highlighted words.

1. The humble sinner, Dmitry Larin, / The Lord’s servant and foreman, / Under this stone he tastes peace (A. Pushkin). In winter he was sent from the collective farm to logging foreman for removal (V. Tendryakov). 2. Joke about three cards had a strong impact on his imagination (A. Pushkin). Turkin knew a lot jokes, charade, saying, loved to joke and make jokes (A. Chekhov). 3. Everything for a plentiful whim / London sells scrupulous/ And along the Baltic waves / He carries us for timber and lard... (A. Pushkin) Taras Petrovich was very scrupulous in everything that concerned the implementation of the orders of senior commanders (E. Kazakevich). 4. But meanwhile what a shame/ Does Kyiv appear besieged? (A. Pushkin) Fear of shame, with which he would cover himself if everyone here in the courtroom knew his act, drowned out the internal work taking place in him (L. Tolstoy). 5. Instantly it blew into his throat toad, and he got home, unable to say a single word; all swollen and went to bed (N. Gogol). On the damp ground, as if stuck to it with her flat belly, sat a rather fat old toad(V. Garshin). 6. In the teeth - tsigrak, accepted cap, / I need an ace of diamonds on my back! (A. Blok) He (tobacco - B.M.) was in different forms: in caps, and in the tabashka, and, finally, it was simply poured in a heap on the table (N. Gogol).

Keys: 1. Military rank, average between colonel and general. Head of the production group, brigade. 2. History, an incident of an extraordinary nature. A small story of funny content with an unexpected sharp ending. 3. Haberdashery and perfumery. Strictly, down to the smallest detail, principled in relations with someone or in relation to something. 4. Spectacle. Dishonor. 5. Sore throat. A tailless amphibian similar to a frog with warty skin. 6. Men's headdress with a hard visor. Thick paper bag.

6. Replace the highlighted phrases in the text with synonyms. Use the text when talking about F. Reshetnikov’s painting “Deuce Again.”

Petya is a fourth grade student. He studies poorly Often gets a bad grade. The main thing for him is games. Coming home from school, he first of all throws his briefcase anywhere and runs outside to skate and fuss with the dog. Does homework somehow and does not work with his younger brother.
His sister behaves differently. She is used to working: she helps her mother with housework, and diligently does her homework every day. She won't say: " It doesn't concern me” when he sees his mother cleaning the apartment and willingly helps her. Zina very worried when a brother gets a bad grade, realizing that according to merit.

Keys: every now and then, first of all, carelessly, my business side, beside myself, down to business.

7. Edit the text to avoid repeating the same words.

Why didn't I become an artist

When I was 7 years old, my mother decided that I should become an artist. She liked ballet. She often attended performances and concerts where ballet dancers performed. One day Mom said: “You will study at ballet school.” To me liked it dance, so I was happy to start studying at this school.
The first words of the dance teacher were: “Hello, children! Listen carefully to the music and follow my movements. Did you understand me? Get started."
I'm fine Understood And began dance. I thought I was a great dancer and really wanted to be an artist. But the teacher often said that I don’t listen to music when I dance. And I thought that it doesn't matter whether I listen to music or not.
One day my mother came to school. The teacher talks to her for a long time about something spoke. A few days later, my mother said that it would be better if I studied not at a ballet school, but at a regular school.

Keys: once - somehow, I liked - I loved; understood - learned, began - began, began, thought - considered, spoke - talked.

Working on polysemantic words expands and deepens students’ understanding of semantics and the scope of use of the vocabulary being studied, and helps improve their oral and written speech.

Modern lexicology sees in the polysemy of words their ability for semantic variation, i.e. changing meaning depending on context.

Unambiguousness is characteristic of neologisms, since their belonging to a vocabulary that is not yet widely used prevents the development of polysemy.

Homonymy also includes related phenomena related to the sound and graphic aspects of speech - homophony, homography and coincidences of individual forms of different words - homoforms.

Omoforms- these are words that coincide in their individual forms: saw– noun and saw– past tense verb, feminine; I'm flying– from the verb fly And I'm flying from the verb treat.

– lexical homographs: atlas(geographical) and atlas(shiny fabric);

– lexico-grammatical: village(verb) and village(noun), run at (verb) and b e gu(from noun running - highlight b e gu more training time;

– grammatical homographs: addresses(I don't know the address) and addresses(plural) Houses And Houses;

– stylistic: compass - compass, mining - mining.

Getting in a taxi, U S.Ya. Marshak: Loved the students

The dachshund asked: Should he go to sleep?

– What is the fare? apparently because

And the driver: they liked to fall asleep

- Money from taxes on his lectures.

We don't take it at all

That's it - sir!

From the collection of V.Ya. Bryusova:

I am under the blue canopy

On a gentle hill.

The reason for the ambiguity may be intra-word homonymy: The doctor decided to leave this medicine(cancel or recommend). I listened to your report(I listened or ignored it).

Introduction

All living languages fulfill their most important purpose - they serve as a means of communication. Language is the expression and repository of human thought. It connects times, traces the evolution of the human race, and cements the continuity of generations of different ethnic groups. The great Russian school reformer, the founder of scientific pedagogy in Russia, K.D. Ushinsky, said this well: “The language of the people is the best, never fading and ever-blooming flower of their entire spiritual life, beginning far beyond the boundaries of history.”

The language system of any nation is strong by traditions and the presence of norms supported by school, print, radio, television and other media. However, changes in language occur constantly. This cannot but influence the enrichment of the language with a variety of stylistic imagery and figurativeness to express the thoughts and feelings of the speaker. In Russian, words with single-valued and polysemous meanings make up a proportion of 20% to 80%, respectively.

The expressiveness of the polysemy of a word in the Russian language creates unlimited possibilities for its use (depending on the context) and careful use in speech. The writer, working on the language of his works, attaches special importance to expressive means that make his language precise in style and bright in emotional coloring. And the Russian-language writer in particular, because he speaks the “great and mighty” language of a great people. As Academician V.V. Vinogradov said, “the individual literary and artistic creativity of a writer grows on the soil of the verbal and artistic creativity of the entire people.”

In this study, we will try to determine to what extent the stylistic use of word ambiguity in the expressive means of the Russian language, used in modern conditions, contributes to the development of beautiful and correct speech, necessary for the owner of the profession - journalist. Unfortunately, in our time, the problem of speech literacy in society is most acute, so it is necessary to constantly correct these shortcomings with the ability of journalism professionals who have knowledge of the laws of linguistics and philology to use the rich Russian language.

In this regard, in this work relevantA study of the stylistic use of polysemantic words and the identification of their features in a journal text is presented.

NoveltyThis study is an attempt to present in as much detail as possible the aspects of polysemy of words using a specific example, because knowledge of the stylistic features of the use of polysemy of words has a positive effect on improving the speech culture of an individual.

Objectresearch is the journal “Journalist”, No. 3 / 2011.

Subjectresearch is the stylistic use of the polysemy of the word.

Goal of the work- an attempt to present a more complete and vivid picture of the use of polysemous words and explain some of the features of the use of polysemous words using a specific example. The purpose of the work led to the formulation and solution of the following tasks:

) characteristics of the theoretical foundations of polysemy of words;

) analysis of the stylistic use of polysemy of words in journal texts of specific authors.

Theoretical basisThis work was based on the works of such researchers as D.E. Rosenthal, V.I. Maksimov, G.O. Vinokur, V.V. Vinogradov, L. B. Shcherba, D. I. Latyshina E. I. Dibrova, A.A. Reformatsky, N.M. Shansky, D.N. Shmelev, A.I. Smirnitsky, M.I. Fomina, A.I. Gorshkov, E.A. Zemskaya et al.

StructureThis work consists of an introduction, two chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.

In the introductionthe rationale for the choice of topic is given, its relevance is revealed, the purpose, main tasks of the work, the subject and object of research, and the structure of the work are determined.

In the first chapterthe stylistic use of linguistic means in different genres is characterized, and the stylistic functions of polysemy are considered.

In the secondThe chapter analyzes polysemantic means for creating imagery in a journalistic text using the example of specific authors we have selected.

In custodyThe results of this study are summarized and conclusions are drawn on all the material presented.

Chapter I. Stylistic use of linguistic means in different genres of journalism

The choice of stylistically colored words, phraseological units, individual forms and constructions should be made taking into account their more or less strong attachment to functional styles. “First of all, when characterizing linguistic means, it is important to contrast “book speech - colloquial speech.” In practice, there are three types of styles: book-written (scientific, professional-technical, official-business, social-journalistic, epistolary); oral-colloquial (literary-colloquial, everyday-everyday, colloquial); artistic and fictional, where elements from books, colloquial, and extra-literary (colloquial, dialect, etc.) are used.”

Words and phraseological units name objects, phenomena, signs and actions of the surrounding world. The more a person learns about the world and himself, the more new things he discovers. The Russian language is one of the richest in the world in terms of its vocabulary and phraseological units. “For everything,” wrote K. Paustovsky, “the Russian language has a great many good words. There are no sounds, colors, images and thoughts, complex or simple, for which there would not be an exact expression in our language.” In the Russian language, according to A. I. Herzen, “abstract thoughts, internal lyrical feelings, a cry of indignation, sparkling prank” are easily expressed.

The central place for stylistics in general and for practical stylistics in particular is given to the problems of synonymy. The basis for this statement is the fact that “a developed literary language is a complex system of more or less synonymous means of expression, one way or another correlated with each other.”

Referring to synonyms helps writers avoid repetition. At the same time, synonyms not only diversify speech, but also introduce subtle semantic and stylistic shades into the design of the statement.

As a result of the polysemy of words, such expressive means of language are formed as:

) epithet(with gr. - appendix) - a definition that gives the expression figurativeness and emotionality, emphasizing one of the signs of an object or one of the impressions about the object (“The grove dissuaded golden Birch cheerful language");

) metaphor(with gr. - transfer) - a figurative meaning of a word, based on the likening of one object or phenomenon to another by similarity or contrast. Similarity to a living being is called personification(“streams ran from the mountains” - N. Nekrasov), to the subject - reification(“I should make nails out of these people: There would be no stronger nails in the world” - N. Tikhonov);

) metonymy(from gr. - to rename) - a type of trope in which a phenomenon or object is designated using other words and concepts (“a steel speaker dozing in a holster” by V. Mayakovsky - about a revolver);

) synecdoche- one of the tropes, a type of metonymy, transferring the meaning of one word to another based on the replacement of quantitative relations: part instead of the whole (“The lonely sail is white” by M. Lermontov - instead of a boat - a sail); singular instead of plural (“And the slave blessed fate” - “Eugene Onegin” by A. Pushkin; the whole is taken instead of a part: “They buried him in the globe, but he was only a soldier” - S. Orlov);

) hyperbola(from the Greek - exaggeration) - a means of artistic depiction based on exaggeration (“knee-deep sea”, “tears in three streams”);

) allegory(from the gr. - to speak differently) - an image of an abstract concept or phenomenon through a concrete image (heart - A. love; two crossed guns - A. artillery, etc.), etc.

To write articles on various topics, journalists, like writers, use all the possibilities of using polysemantic words not only in a literal, but also in a figurative meaning. From the point of view of stylistic characteristics, vocabulary is considered in two aspects: its functional assignment to a particular style and its emotional and expressive coloring.

From a stylistic point of view, all words of the Russian language are divided into two large groups:

· stylistically neutral or commonly used (can be used in all styles of speech without limitation);

· stylistically colored.

The main part of the vocabulary of the Russian language consists of commonly used words, that is, words that are used by all Russian people, regardless of profession and place of residence. For example: nouns father, mother, son, daughter...; adjectives good, beautiful, long...; numerals one, two, three...; pronouns I, you, he...; verbs speak, walk, write.

Such words can be used in any style of speech, both when we speak and when we write. Special words denoting scientific concepts are called terms. Some terms are used only by specialists in one field (doctors, physicists, etc.). There are also generally understood terms that have become part of the literary language (sum, horizon, start, etc.). In works of art, professionalisms are used to describe people’s occupations, and their stylistic use depends on the context, like, in fact, any other means of expressing thoughts.

As we have already said, stylistically colored polysemantic words belong to one of the styles of speech: bookish, scientific, official business, journalistic or colloquial. Their use “out of style” violates the correctness and purity of speech. For example, the word hindrance refers to the colloquial style, and the word expel - to the bookish style. And if you use the first word in a book style, and the second in a colloquial style, you will get a stylistic discrepancy with the correct use of words and understanding of the entire context.

It is impossible to name the exact number of words that the national Russian language has, because some words are constantly being created in it, while others are falling out of use. There is a huge number of dialect and colloquial words used by speakers of dialect language and urban vernacular.

But not only the number of words in the Russian language testifies to its richness. The vocabulary is constantly evolving, replenished with new meanings of existing words due to their stylistic use in certain contexts.

“Once again it must be emphasized that the Russian language has a large stock of polysemantic words that allow it not to expand indefinitely, that is polysemy is a means of saving the Russian language. Polysemantic words make up, as we have already said, a significantly larger part of the entire vocabulary of the most common words in the Russian literary language. Potentially, many single-valued words can become polysemous.”

In the lexical system of the Russian language there are also words that sound the same, but have different meanings, that is, they are not semantically related to each other. Such words are called homonyms.

Homonymy (from the gr. homos - identical, ó nyma - name) is a coincidence in the sound and spelling of words that have different meanings, outwardly reminiscent of polysemy. For example: a key is a spring, a source of water (icy key) and a key is a specially shaped metal rod for unlocking and locking a lock (steel key) .

Unlike polysemantic words, in which different meanings are not isolated from one another, but are connected and systemic, homonyms are outside the systemic connections of words in the language and act as independent lexical units. For example: light - sunrise, dawn “It’s barely light on my feet, and I’m at your feet.” - Gr. and light - earth, world, universe “I wanted to travel around the whole world, but I didn’t travel around a hundredth part.” - Gr..

Together with homonymy, related phenomena related to the sound and graphic aspects of speech are usually considered: homoforms - words that coincide only in some grammatical form three (friends) - three (carrots on a grater), homophones - words that are spelled the same, but meadow - onion are spelled differently, and homographs - words that are the same only in writing, but differ in pronunciation and usually have stress on different syllables mugs - circles, hit - hit, forty - forty, etc. There are more than a thousand pairs of homographs in the modern language, some of them have different stylistic connotations: prey (common) - prey (prof.). Close to the phenomenon of homophony are cases when, when pronounced, words or parts of a word or several words coincide: “Not you, but Sima, suffered unbearably, was carried by the water of the Neva.”

The Russian language is rich in words and phraseological units, with the help of which we express our positive or negative attitude towards someone (something), for example: nag, hang out (walk around idle), Kazan orphan. Among them, a significant place is occupied by words with diminutive and augmentative suffixes: little hand, paws. In the Russian language there are groups of words and phraseological units that express both high, solemn and lowered assessments of the subject of thought: eyes and zenki.

This is what is said in the electronic textbook by A. I. Gorshkov: “In the article “On the tasks of the history of language,” published in 1941, G. O. Vinokur defined stylistics as a science that studies the use of language, and indicated that, due to this, it does not rank with the disciplines that study the structure of language - phonetics, grammar and semasiology. This was a very precise and important definition, but it did not lead to the concretization and stabilization of ideas about stylistics. The range of opinions and judgments here is very wide. If V.V. Vinogradov believed that by studying the expressive qualities (expression) of expressive means, establishing synonymous equivalents and variants that exist in the field of vocabulary, phraseology, parts of speech and synonymous constructions, stylistics is a kind of pinnacle of language research, the theoretical basis for the development of national speech culture, there were also scientists for whom the very right of stylistics to exist as the main branch of science seemed doubtful.” .

As for the subject and tasks of stylistics, there are almost as many approaches and solutions as there are authors of published works (including textbooks).

“Taking into account everything that has been said above about philology, linguistics, literary criticism and philology, and the structure of language, we can specify the definition of stylistics as a discipline that studies the use of language. Stylistics is a philological discipline that studies the principles of choice and methods of organizing language units into a single semantic and compositional whole (text), which are different for different conditions of linguistic communication, as well as the varieties of language use (styles) and their system determined by differences in these principles and methods.”

1.1 Polysemy. Polysemantics and their stylistic functions

polysemy word stylistic magazine

As we learned from textbooks, the most stable is the syntactic structure of a language, the most changeable is its lexical composition. Some words in the Russian language have a unique meaning, which is called monosemy. And others, and most of them, have not one, but several meanings. This ability of a word is called polysemy, or polysemy.

Polysemy(from the gr. poly - many, sema - sign) means the ability of a word to have several meanings at the same time. The phenomenon of polysemy, or polysemy, is one of the most important problems of semasiology and is constantly in the focus of attention of linguists.

Modern lexicology sees in the polysemy of words their ability to vary semantically, that is, to change meaning depending on the context. For example, the word go has up to 50 meanings, but we do not perceive them out of context.

Without connection with other words, the verb to go is perceived with only one, basic meaning - “to walk.” The use of this word in speech reveals all the richness of its meanings. For example, in the explanatory dictionary this word has many meanings: go - 1. Move by stepping your feet. Ya on foot. I. home. The horse walks at a walk. 2. Move, move. The train is coming. The ice is moving along the river. There is an avalanche. The clouds are moving slowly. 3. Go to, go to ku-da-n. I'm going for a walk. I. to war. I. into battle. The train leaves in an hour. 4. for what? To act somehow. way or be prepared for some. actions. I. against the will of the parents. To enter somewhere, to begin something. actions. Decided. study to become an engineer. Young people go into science. 5. (1 and 2 l. not used). To move, to be in motion, being directed somewhere, with something. purpose, to be delivered from somewhere, to. Letters are coming quickly. 6. (1 and 2 l. not used). Approach, appear, advance. There is a thunderstorm. I don’t sleep, nothing comes to my head (it’s impossible or I don’t want to think about anything, concentrate on anything; colloquial). 7. (1 and 2 l. not used). About the mechanism: to be in action, to act. The clock is running well. 8. (1 and 2 l. not used). To be, to happen, to flow. Life is going. Time passes quickly. The work is going well. 9. coming, particle. Okay, I agree (simple). Shall we have a snack? - It's coming! * Gospots - on the face, body: blushing with excitement. Go! (simple) - get out, get lost, go to hell, etc.

The study of polysemy makes it possible to identify the main, or primary, meanings in polysemantic words, which are characterized by the highest frequency and minimal dependence on context; and minor, secondary, meanings, less frequent and always determined by the context. On the other hand, polysemy is realized in the appearance of polysemous words, along with their main, direct meaning, figurative, figurative meanings, for example: Both tanks were hit by grenades, but one managed ironseveral cells (Shol.); Tanks combedthe entire area (O. Gonchar).

“It should also be borne in mind that some words can be used with different meanings in different styles of speech. Thus, the word re-elect in book speech is used with the meaning “to elect a second time, anew,” and in colloquial speech it is used with the meaning “to replace someone, to elect another in his place.”

At the moment of its occurrence, the word is always unambiguous. The new meaning is the result of the figurative use of a word, when the name of one phenomenon is used as the name of another. A prerequisite for using a word in a figurative meaning is the similarity of phenomena or their contiguity, as a result of which all the meanings of a polysemantic word are interconnected. “Despite the polysemy, the word represents a semantic unity, which is called the semantic structure of the word.”

There are two main types of figurative meaning of a word - metaphorical transfer and metonymic transfer. At the core metaphorical transferlies the similarity of objects, phenomena in the broad sense of the word; therefore, metaphorical transfer is associated with juxtaposition and comparison of phenomena, and the new meaning of a word is the result of associative connections. Such a transfer can be carried out on the basis of the similarity of external features: in shape, location of objects, color, taste, as well as similarity in the functions of objects, etc. For example: louder - louder. 1. Strong sounding, clearly audible. G. voice. To shout loudly (adv.) 2. transfer, full, f. Widely known and publicized. G. process. G. scandal. 3. transfer Pompous, falsely solemn. Loud phrases. Loud words; needle (needle). 1. A pointed metal rod with an eye for threading, used for sewing; 2. Leaf of coniferous trees; 3. Hard, spiny formations on the body of some animals (hedgehogs, ruffs).

Metonymic transfer- this is the transfer of a name according to the contiguity of phenomena, their relationship (spatial, temporal, etc.): model, - 1. An example of something. products or a sample for making something, as well as an object from which an image is reproduced. New m. dresses. M. for casting. Models for sculptures. 2. A reduced (or life-size) reproduction or model of something. M. ship. Flying aircraft. 3. Type, brand of design. New car. 4. Scheme of some kind. physical object or phenomenon (special). M. atom. M. artificial language. 5. Mannequin or fashion model, as well as (obsolete) sitter or models, etc.

Most often, metonymic transfer is observed in verbal nouns. As a result of metonymic transfer, the polysemy of terms develops:

word formation - 1) the process of forming new words; 2) a branch of the science of language that studies the processes of word formation;

phraseology - 1) a set of stable phrases; 2) a branch of the science of language that studies stable phrases.

A type of metonymy is synecdoche - a transfer of meaning when the name of the whole is used to name a part of the whole, and vice versa. Often such a transfer of meaning is observed in somatisms- words denoting parts of the human body (head, hand, etc.): head - a smart person, hand - one who provides support.

Individual, or individually-authored, figurative and expressive means of language should be distinguished from general linguistic metaphors, metonymy, and synecdoche. They arise in a certain context in order to give speech greater imagery.

Let's summarize what was said in the first chapter: stylistically colored polysemantic words belong to one of the styles of speech - bookish, scientific, official business, journalistic or colloquial. Their use “out of style” violates the correctness and purity of speech. For example, the word hindrance refers to the colloquial style, and the word expel - to the bookish style. And if you use the first word in a book style, and the second in a colloquial style, you will get a stylistic discrepancy with the correct use of words and understanding of the entire context.

Chapter II. Stylistic use of polysemy of a word using the example of the magazine “Journalist”, No. 03/2011

The normative nature of practical stylistics brings it closer to that broad section of philological science that is called “culture of speech.” As we have already said, first of all, when characterizing linguistic means, the opposition “book speech - colloquial speech” is important.

The stylistic structure of the modern Russian literary language is distinguished by its richness of means and flexibility in conveying ideas. Let us clarify once again that among the wide variety of speech contexts in which the corresponding stylistic coloring is formed and which make up the styles of the Russian language, five main ones can be distinguished: colloquial, scientific, official business, newspaper journalistic, artistic.

“Conversational speech is characterized by unpreparedness, improvisation, specificity, and informality. This style does not always require strict logic and consistency of presentation. But it is characterized by imagery, emotionality of expressions, a subjective-evaluative nature, arbitrariness, simplicity, and sometimes a certain familiarity of tone.”

“Characteristic features of a scientific style: direct word order, spare vocabulary, direct lexical meaning of words and terms, the presence of complex sentences and isolated definitions.”

“The main features of the official business style: conciseness and compactness of the material presented, the mandatory form of the document, economical use of language means, concreteness and dispassionate presentation, as well as the presence of special figures of speech (stamps) and the absence of emotionally expressive means of speech.”

“The newspaper-journalistic style “serves” the sphere of politics; its main functional purpose is to influence public opinion and shape it. Along with and together with expressive-emotional speech means, standardized means of expression are used in the journalistic style: various cliches, phrases, signal words. In journalistic and magazine prose, this combination forms two genres: problematic (cognitive)-analytical and artistic-journalistic.”

“The literary and artistic style is distinguished by the presence of homogeneous sentence parts, complex sentences, vivid epithets, comparisons, and rich vocabulary. The function of the message is combined with the function of aesthetic impact through the figurativeness of expressions, a combination of the most diverse means of language, both general linguistic and individual author’s.”

A.N. Tolstoy wrote: “To select words that are precise, accurate, and correspond to the meaning of the concept they define—that is the task of the writer.” Strengthening the expressiveness of speech is achieved by various means, primarily by using tropes - figures of speech in which a word or expression is used in a figurative sense. As a result of the polysemy of words, as we have already said, such expressive means of language as epithets, metaphors, metonymies, synecdoche, hyperbole, allegory, etc. are formed. To write articles on various topics, journalists, like writers, use all the possibilities of using polysemantic words not only literally, but also figuratively. From the point of view of stylistic characteristics, vocabulary is considered in two aspects: its functional assignment to a particular style and its emotional and expressive coloring.

2.1 Use of word ambiguity in headings

Let us examine the stylistic use of word ambiguity by journalists using a specific example of the weekly magazine “Journalist” No. 03/2011:

Editor's Diary

G. MALTSEV. See Cairo and not die<#"justify">2.2 Use of word ambiguity in some articles of this journal

In an article by editor-in-chief Gennady Maltsev "See Cairo and not die"we will analyze the stylistic use of polysemy of words and determine their meanings. It says that “the price for the courage of journalists covering events in Arab countries turned out to be too high - more than 30 colleagues were attacked, more than 20 were arrested and kidnapped, one was killed, three were missing, one was in a coma.” .

In the context of “The American authorities are openly trying "saddle"the process that has begun” the word saddle has several meanings: 1. to saddle. 2. transfer, someone or something. To sit astride someone. (colloquial) O. chair.. 3. transfer whom (what). Completely subjugate (colloquial disapproves). In this context, the word “saddle” has a figurative meaning in paragraph 3.

This word is in quotation marks because it metaphor(colloquial), adding to the context a peculiar flavor of expressive coloring, and even aggressiveness. Since it is well known that the American authorities are characterized by an aggressive model of behavior when making decisions about interference in the affairs of other states, the use of the word “saddle” fully conveys the tense situation in the region where popular unrest is taking place.

In context: “On cyberspace, cybersecurity, cyberwars as means of mass decompositionspoke openly,” let’s take the word decomposition. It has several meanings - to decompose: 1. To separate into its component parts, to disintegrate. Break down into elements. 2. Be subject to rotting, decay. The carrion has decomposed. 3. transfer Be disorganized, demoralized, become completely moral falls...

In this context decomposition- This metaphor(newspaper-public), which has the figurative meaning of paragraph 3 that we have highlighted. This metaphor expresses the attitude of the Egyptian authorities to the Internet as a dangerous phenomenon that can consolidate the masses of people dissatisfied with the authorities and organize them to participate in protest rallies. But the authorities do not see their mistakes and are inclined to believe that Twitter, and not the country’s outdated political system, is to blame for revolutionary sentiments, or the demoralization of mass consciousness, as they call revolutionary processes organized by the opposition.

In context: “In Russia, the Network is already livesown life,” the word lives means - 1. To exist, to be in the process of life, being. Lived for forty years. A flower cannot... without sun. F-live (live without grieving about anything; colloquial). 2. trans. About thoughts, feelings: to have, to be.The people have confidence in victory. 3. Spend your life in some kind of place. place, among someone, to dwell. J. in Moscow. J. with family….

Here the author used the word lives in the figurative meaning of paragraph 2 we highlighted. This personification(book), emphasizing the special importance of such a phenomenon as the Internet. This means that the Network is a living organism living its own life, and this must be taken into account.

In the article Leonid Mlechin, a writer-historian and TV presenter, told us about how the heads of intelligence services and law enforcement agencies were in such a hurry to report on the disclosure of the terrorist attack at Domodedovo airport that they even embarrassed President Medvedev. The author gives his narration an emotional overtones, using the style of polysemantic words. For example, in words such as: cut off has meanings - cut off something. 1. Tear something around the circumference. at something; tear everything around, completely, pluck, tear off. O. chamomile. O. the whole flowerbed. O. apples from an apple tree.<…>4. translation, whom (what). A sketchy general, a hunter to rip off a man. In the context of “Dmitry Medvedev publicly cut offthe victorious report of his subordinates" the ambiguous word interrupted was used in the figurative meaning of paragraph 4., implying that the president intentionally wanted to silence the speaker with an aggressively harsh, or even rude emotional remark, in order, apparently, to make it clear that the situation does not tolerate any bravado (colloquial);

launched in values - run . 1. what and with what into someone or something. Throw it in a big way (colloquial). stone or stone into the window.<…> 3. Having wasted time, let something develop. (bad). In the context « The situation in the Caucasus launchedutterly” the author uses the word launched in the meaning of paragraph 3. This is a commonly used word in a figurative meaning, which due to the word utterly acquires an expressive connotation, and the word launched itself is an expressive means of conveying an emotional assessment of what is happening in the Caucasus, where suicide bombers are still being trained ( artistic); blinked - 1. blink. 2. miss, miss (colloquial). In the context of “First conclusion: law enforcement officers again missed» used synonymous polysemy(colloquial-household). The author preferred the colloquial word blinked to the book synonym skimmed, and this rough tone of the entire context emphasizes his indignant attitude towards the sluggishness of the airport security services where the explosion occurred; volcano - a geological formation, a conical mountain with a crater on top, through which fire, lava, ash, hot gases, water vapor and rock fragments from time to time erupt from the bowels of the earth. Terrestrial, underwater c. Active in. Sleeping in. (quiet). Extinguished in. Live (like) on a volcano (in constant anxiety, danger). In the context « The Caucasus is active volcano“, the fire in its mouth burns and burns not only its neighbors” the word volcano has a figurative meaning and is used as a poetic device - comparison, which gives figurative imagery to this expression (artistic); the mighty of this world is a phraseological unit that means power, imperious, influential, strong. In the context « There are no jobs for young people, but powers that berush past in black limousines with armed guards..." this phraseological unit is used in a figurative sense and represents paraphrase(art.). The author expressed a slight irony, in our opinion, indicating that the powerful are protected by armed guards, while the weak, in this case, young people, are not protected from the bad influence of extremists who recruit them to become suicide bombers. Periphrasis gives the context expressive imagery.

Journalist, PR Director at CPL Anton Khrekov in his article "On the benefits of prunes"the name of which we have already discussed, demonstrates very skillful imaginative thinking, actively using the expressive means of the Russian language in his speech. Let's look at the stylistic use of several polysemantic words from this text:

prickly is used in Russian in several meanings - 1. Having thorns. K. bush. Barbed wire. 2. Capable of stabbing,

give injections. Spiky stubble. 3. transfer Sarcastic, mockingly angry(colloquial). A barbed remark. K. look. K. tongue;

round - 1. Having the shape of a circle or ball. Round wheel. K. ball. Round face (not elongated, but also thick, full). Make round eyes (colloquial). 2. full f. Complete, perfect, l. ignoramus. K. is an orphan (without father or mother). K. is an excellent student.<…>4. full f. About the measure of time: whole, whole. K. year. All day long.;

Komsomol - Komsomol - abbreviated: communist youth union. Komsomol organization. Komsomol construction site.

In the context of “...tall, slender blond with pricklywith didactic eyes, roundhigh fives, an impudent grin and Komsomolparted..." the commonly used words prickly and round are used in a figurative meaning and represent metonymy,enhancing the poetic expressiveness of the author’s speech. The first word is used in the figurative meaning of paragraph 3, the second - in the figurative meaning of paragraph 2, and the third word is also used in a figurative meaning: the combination of words with a Komsomol parting expresses a certain hairstyle (artistic).

2.3 Stylistically unjustified use of polysemy of words

The author and editor should not forget about the possibility of a two-dimensional understanding of polysemantic words and words with homonyms, although the context usually clarifies their meaning. Close proximity of polysemic words should not be allowed, since their collision gives rise to inappropriate comedy. M. Gorky, when editing the manuscripts of novice authors, paid special attention to the unsuccessful use of polysemantic words. Thus, about the sentence “The machine gun scattered with shot,” the writer ironically remarked: “The simple-minded reader may wonder how it is that it shoots bullets, but scatters with shot?”

Abbreviations that have lexical homonyms can add comedy and ambiguity to a statement. For example: VNOS (aerial surveillance, warning and communications), MNI, MUKHIN (names of institutes), etc. Some of them disappeared after the reorganization of the relevant institutions. Thus, the abbreviations OLYA (Department of Literature and Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences), IVAN (Institute of Oriental Studies of the USSR Academy of Sciences) were no longer used. But ITAR-TASS, on the contrary, during the reign of B. N. Yeltsin was almost renamed RITA, but, fortunately, it was decided to leave the previous abbreviation.

Let's return to the text by A. Khrekov “On the benefits of prunes.” In our opinion, a not entirely correct method of stylistic use of the polysemy of such a word as lousy is used here . This word has a clear meaning :

« scab is a fungal skin disease, as well as scabs that appear with this disease on the skin under the hair. To be lousy, - (colloquial). To become scabbed, lousy, scabby and scabby.” In the context «… The West, despite the reboot, still treats Moscow lousy“The highlighted word, in our opinion, is eclectic in relation to the words of direct meaning West and to Moscow. Such a semantic simplification of the political situation in interstate relations expresses not only the negative emotional connotation of the author’s opinion, but also gives a negative assessment of the entire state, which, of course, diminishes the importance of Russia as a prominent player on the world stage. We believe that this style is more suitable for the “yellow press”.

Conclusion

Having completed this study, we came to the conclusion that stylistically colored polysemantic words are used for greater expressiveness of Russian speech. As we have already said, based on materials taken from textbooks of various authors, ambiguous words belong to one of the styles of speech: bookish, scientific, official business, journalistic or colloquial. The purpose of the work was to try to present a more complete and vivid picture of the use of polysemous words and to explain some of the features of the use of polysemous words using a specific example, namely, in such articles of the Journalist magazine as "See Cairo and not die"Gennady Maltsev, “Forgot what country you live in?”Leonid Mlechin, “About the benefits of prunes”Anton Khrekova and others.

We learned that the stylistic structure of the modern Russian literary language is distinguished by a wealth of means and flexibility in conveying human thought, and that the choice of stylistically colored words, phraseological units, individual forms and constructions should be made taking into account their more or less strong attachment to functional styles. First of all, when characterizing linguistic means, the opposition “book speech - colloquial speech” is important.

We also found out that the stylistically unjustified use of polysemous words, the author and editor should not forget about the possibility of a two-dimensional understanding of polysemous words and words with homonyms, and the appearance of inappropriate comedy when polysemic words collide in their close proximity.

The main conclusion that can be drawn at the end of this study is that any object named by a word can turn out to be a link in different functional series, different aspects of reality, included in the overall broad picture of life, and that means of expression help to comprehend and generalize these relationships, better understand the essence of the subject “Speech Stylistics”.

Currently, the Russian language, due to its richness and social significance, has become one of the leading international languages. Many words of the Russian language are included in the vocabulary of foreign languages.

And the development of the polysemy of a word is a long historical process.

Bibliography

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Http://rusjaz.da.ru/

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.Journalist magazine, article “See Cairo and not die”, author. Gennady Maltsev, editor-in-chief. s1.

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