home

Institutions and organizations of the socio-cultural sphere. Socio-cultural institute. Abstract: “The state and ways to improve the organization of socio-cultural activities in the Pestovo MCD Center Organizations of the socio-cultural sphere

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

State budgetary educational institution of higher education

"South Ural State Institute of Arts named after I.P. Tchaikovsky"

Faculty of Sociocultural Activities

CourseworkJob

" Public organizations and movements as subjects withsocial and cultural activities"

Completed by: Zalevskaya Polina Yurievna

Chelyabinsk 2016

Introduction

The relevance of the topic is due to the socio-cultural specifics of the activities of public organizations. In the course of social, economic, and cultural transformations, our city has accumulated unique experience in socio-cultural development, and public associations have become a model for the effective regulation of socio-cultural interactions, implemented in practice.

The scientific relevance of the study of public associations from the perspective of socio-cultural activities is determined by the need for a deep understanding of the means to satisfy the socio-cultural needs of the population in a multicultural context.

Public organizations are membership-based public associations created to protect common interests and achieve the statutory goals of united citizens.

Social movements are mass public associations that do not have membership, pursuing social, political and other socially useful goals supported by participants in the social movement.

The area of culture, leisure and creativity is a constant area of social participation and social leadership of citizens in the form of formal, semi-formal and informal communities.

That is why it is extremely necessary for the development of the individual, the formation of his subjective position, to create conditions under which a person or a community of people can fully express and satisfy their needs and interests in the field of culture, education, arts, sports, tourism and recreation. One of the forms of realization of these needs and interests is socio-cultural communities and formations. social cultural public

Public organizations and movements act as representatives of the interests of individual social strata and groups, as well as as a subject of the reform process. They are able to represent the interests of the population, interact with the authorities, and in certain cases put pressure on them. Social movements, acting as one of the most dynamic organizational forms, adapt faster than others to new social conditions, accumulate new ideas, and adapt to changed rules. A feature of modern society is the emergence of flexible social structures, which are public organizations and movements that make it possible to combine the freedom and interests of individuals with general principles governing their joint activities.

The social significance of the problem posed in the work is due to the following factors: the emergence of a large number of public associations, the long silence and reluctance of the state to pay attention to existing problems in socially significant relations, and ignoring frequently arising contradictions in matters of socio-cultural ties.

Against this background, the role of voluntary public associations in the life of the country is growing noticeably, but at the same time the negative consequences of the loss of experience in independent public activity are clearly visible. Therefore, studying the history of the emergence and activities of public associations acting as an agent of socialization for various categories of the population will not only fill gaps in knowledge of the history of the development of public associations, but also identify effective technologies for providing conditions for satisfying emerging needs for personal self-identification in the process of growing civic consciousness .

Target : study and analyze the socio-cultural activities of public organizations and movements.

Tasks :

1. Explore the historical origins of the socio-cultural activities of public organizations and movements.

2. Study the technologies of socio-cultural activities of public organizations.

3. Make an analysis of the work of public organizations and movements in the Chelyabinsk region.

4. Draw a conclusion on the course work.

Item : research, study of history, theoretical foundations and modern technologies of socio-cultural activities of public organizations and movements.

An object research : process of activity of public associations in the Chelyabinsk region.

The problems of studying the technologies of socio-cultural activities of public associations have long attracted the attention of scientists, but there are difficulties associated with the fact that public associations intensified their activities in the field of culture only in the 20th century. However, the literature on the problem under study can be divided into the following groups: historical literature (the first mentions of social movements and associations); fundamental research into the theory and methodology of socio-cultural activities; periodicals that directly covered the problems of socio-cultural activities of public associations.

Historical literature: Isaev I.A. History of state and law in Russia, Karamzin N.M. History of the Russian State, Klyuchevsky V.O. A short guide to Russian history.

Theory and methodology: Kiseleva T.G., Krasilnikov Yu.D. "Socio-cultural activities", Sokolov A.V. “The phenomenon of socio-cultural activity”, Zharkov A.D. "Theory and technology of cultural and leisure activities", Zharkov A.D. "Organization of cultural and educational work", Zharkova L.S., Zharkov A.D., Chizhikov V.M. "Cultural and leisure activities: theory, practice and methods of scientific research", Yaroshenko N.N. "Pedagogical paradigms of socio-cultural activities", Strelnikova Yu.A. "Development of the theoretical foundations of educational activities of Soviet clubs", Sorokin P.A. "Socio-cultural dynamics".

Historical origins of socio-cultural activities of public organizations in Russia.

Various associations of people with common views on nature, art, and a common type of behavior have been known since ancient times. Suffice it to recall the numerous philosophical schools of antiquity, knightly orders, literary and artistic schools of the Middle Ages, clubs of modern times, etc. People have always had a desire to unite. “Only in a collective,” wrote K. Marx and F. Engels, “an individual receives the means that give him the opportunity to comprehensively develop his mysteries, and, therefore, only in a collective is personal freedom possible.”

Transformations in Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century acquired a comprehensive character. They made a lot of changes in the content of life and leisure of various classes. The necessary prerequisites for out-of-school education and organized leisure for the masses are emerging. The first Slavic alphabet is being reformed. A new civil alphabet is being created, and secular entertainment, educational and scientific literature is being published.

In the 18th century there were attempts to create a system of public education; Plans for the renewal of Russia, projects for educating youth, and creating a “new breed of people” are born. The ideas of humanist philosophers of the Renaissance and European enlighteners find their development and application.

Russian schools of this period were under the auspices of the state and the church, which acted as a customer interested in educating not “harmonious” people, but literate and God-fearing parishioners.

XIX century. The cultural and educational thought of the 18th century largely enriched the educational ideas of the first half of the 19th century. The beginning of the new century in historical science is associated with the intensive overcoming of class narrowness and limitations in upbringing and education: the beginning of women's education was laid. A new wave of cultural and educational activities of the Russian intelligentsia is associated with the noble period of the liberation movement, which was greatly influenced by the sociocultural, educational ideas and activities of the Decembrists.

In the first half of the 19th century, ideological and socio-political struggle intensified throughout the world. Russia was no exception. However, if in a number of countries this struggle ended in the victory of bourgeois revolutions and national liberation movements, in Russia the ruling elite managed to preserve the existing economic and socio-political system. The main reason for the rise of the social movement was the growing understanding throughout society of Russia's lag behind more advanced Western European countries. Not only progressive-minded representatives of the nobility and the intelligentsia emerging from commoners, but also serf-owners felt the need for fundamental changes.

However, the Russian social movement had its own specifics. It was expressed in the fact that in Russia there was virtually no bourgeoisie capable of fighting for its interests and for democratic changes. The broad masses of the people were dark, uneducated and downtrodden. For a long time they retained monarchical illusions and political inertia. Therefore, revolutionary ideology, an understanding of the need to modernize the country, took shape at the beginning of the 19th century, exclusively among the advanced part of the nobility, who opposed the interests of their class. The circle of revolutionaries was extremely limited - mainly representatives of the noble nobility and the privileged officer corps.

Club institutions. The history of the origin and development of public (not elite type of the English Club) club institutions indicates that they arose in the second half of the 19th century as public educational institutions. There are a number of known forms of such institutions, which by their nature performed the functions of a public club or club-type association. These are literacy committees, societies for the promotion of public education, societies for the promotion of education, societies for the dissemination of technical knowledge, a society for reasonable entertainment, trustees of popular sobriety, societies of doctors, local historians, theatrical and literary figures.

The rapid expansion of the network of various associations in the first post-revolutionary years made it possible to hope for their further rapid development. However, the path taken by amateur public groups turned out to be far from cloudless.

In the 50s, the period of the so-called “Khrushchev thaw” began. So in 1956, such public organizations as the United Nations Association in the USSR, the Committee of Youth Organizations of the USSR, the Committee of Secular Women, etc. were created. The years of stagnation were also stagnant for public associations. Then only three public organizations appeared: the Soviet Committee for European Security and Cooperation. (1971), the All-Union Copyright Agency (1973) and the All-Union Voluntary Society of Book Lovers (1974).

Soviet society in the second half of the 20th century was a complex system with many trends and structures, many of which were not controlled by the communist regime. The most visible movement was dissidence. But dissidence was only part of broader discussions and social initiatives. Despite the apolitical nature of the majority of the population, there was a significant layer of people in the country who defended various ideological positions. The formation of civil society in the Soviet Union continued in the second half of the 60s and the first half of the 80s. A relatively broad layer of the intelligentsia continued to discuss the most pressing problems of history and modernity. In many ways, the debates of the 70s and early 80s anticipated the reforms of the 80s and 90s.

In the Soviet Union there also existed mass informal organizations independent of totalitarian institutions. They interacted with the authorities and its “drive belts,” but in their actions they were guided by their own logic. This phenomenon can be characterized as informal movements - subcultures, united by a common cause - social creativity, the creation of new "unofficial", unusual forms of life.

The collapse of the USSR and the “shock therapy” of the early 90s led to significant changes in the structure of civil society. It became professionalized and noticeably lost in numbers, and at the beginning of the 21st century, in influence. Under the pressure of social difficulties, the old field of informal movements virtually disintegrated.

As a result, it should be noted that the rapid development of various associations will coincide with periods of expansion of democracy. This leads to the fundamental conclusion that The level of democratization of society is to a small extent determined by the number of voluntary groups and the degree of activity of their participants. In turn, another conclusion follows from this: the emergence of modern public figures is not the result of someone’s evil will, it is quite natural. Moreover, we can safely assume that with the further expansion of democracy, the number of informal public formations and their participants will increase.

Technologies of socio-cultural activitiespublic organizations and movements.

This paragraph discusses various types of socio-cultural technologies, their basic patterns, and the existing practice of using these technologies by public organizations in our city.

Both throughout the world and in Russia, and in the city of Chelyabinsk, there are more than 700 non-profit organizations. Some of them are more developed, some less. Organizations are like people: they are born and die, become active and fall asleep.

Many ideas, projects and proposals put forward by public organizations have been implemented in the city. The formation of structures and increasing the potential of non-profit organizations will allow us to move to a new qualitative level - a comprehensive policy of social partnership.

This is not only mutually beneficial for city residents, the creation of a normal, stable living environment in the city, but also another step towards the formation of a democratic society in which relations of mutual responsibility and mutual dependence on the results of joint actions of the public, government and business develop.

In our city there are more than 700 public organizations, which can be divided into the following types: veterans, military-patriotic, children's, women's, in the field of housing relations, in the health care sector, associations of people with disabilities, in the field of culture, youth, scientific- educational, in the field of education, ethnocultural, in the field of international cooperation, interest associations, bodies of territorial public self-government, in the field of supporting non-governmental associations, human rights, professional associations, in the field of family support, in the field of social protection, physical education and protection, tourism, environmental and etc.

1. Cultural-creative and cultural-protective technologies.

Culture-creating, developmental technologies are widespread at all stages of individual socialization. The practical development of these technologies begins during the period of early socialization, when the child is faced with the need to acquire socially obligatory general cultural knowledge, skills and abilities, when, through the family, a network of preschool, school and additional education institutions and other social institutions, he consciously joins a whole constellation of subcultures, in including youth.

Various types of creative, formative, developing technologies in the field of professional and amateur socio-political, artistic, scientific, technical, applied creativity and amateur movements become the property of every person both due to subcultural mechanisms, when a person is, as it were, within a particular subculture, and through general social and government programs.

Serious changes are taking place in the methods of cultural and creative activity. In the new socio-cultural situation, the range of creative activity of the masses is significantly expanding. Along with the further development of amateur artistic performances, scientific, technical and applied creativity, and above all various types of socio-political activities, receive new impulses.

2. Technologies of artistic and creative activity.

Collecting, analytical and research work in the field of culture and art is being developed. Interest in creativity, primarily author's, is growing. The prestige of theater studios, journalistic, variety and miniature theatres, working on local material, is increasing. In the field of amateur music, there is an interest in art songs, rock creativity, collecting, processing and recreating musical folklore.

Work is intensifying to revive lost artistic and everyday traditions. One of the areas of such activity is the development of applied cultural and creative handicraft technologies, thanks to which the traditions of household and artistic crafts are preserved and the status of the craft as a historical and cultural value is maintained.

In our city, a folk crafts fair has become a tradition in the exhibition center, where products from various materials made using ancient technologies are presented.

The importance of amateur art in the development of various subcultures is increasing. As part of this process, a stable local culture is actively being formed, differentiated in accordance with the presence of certain population groups in the region.

The forms of management of amateur creativity are changing significantly. The natural mechanisms of its development are put into action. The factors of its self-regulation are activated. The nature of planning, accounting and reporting is simplified. Strict control over the repertoire, exhibition and concert activities is being abolished. The registration system for amateur associations and interest clubs is being simplified. Cultural and leisure centers are beginning to pay great attention to non-institutional forms of amateur activities in the community. The scope of amateur activities, developing outside the framework of cultural institutions, is expanding.

3. Cultural protection technologies.

The main goal of cultural protection technologies is the preservation of the cultural and historical environment with the help of modern conservation and restoration measures. The essence of this installation is to preserve, if possible, the visible signs and symbolic values of each individual - age, social, professional, ethnic cultural - communities, to turn them into actively functioning elements of modern educational, artistic, creative, and entertainment processes.

For these purposes, technologies are being used to create territorial local history encyclopedias and reference books; technologies for organizing local history work; technologies for the development of tourist and excursion routes on the basis of historical, cultural and historical and industrial sites; technologies for the revival of traditional forms of sociocultural activity; folk crafts, crafts, rituals.

4. Recreational technologies.

Recreational (restorative) and sports technologies are designed to ensure and preserve human vitality. They are universal in their use. In the process of socio-cultural activities.

Modern recreational methods are based on the psychological and pedagogical principles of entertainment and gaming, physical education, health, artistic and entertainment activities. In the process of developing most recreational projects, they are focused on improving the quality of life and improving the health of everyday life, based on the attention of specialists focused on the introduction of the latest achievements of biology, physiology, psychology, medicine into the practice of mass and specialized leisure.

The main and historically established type of recreation has always been sport. Currently, there are more than 70 sports organizations in Chelyabinsk, mainly federations of various sports, health clubs and sections.

5. Animation sociocultural technologies.

The goal of animation technologies has a clearly humanitarian orientation - to prevent the alienation of the individual in the culture of society, in the structure of social relations.

Among professional animators, there are two types: manager-coordinators and specialist teachers, heading clubs and studios, teaching courses, engaging in socio-cultural activities in the community, providing psychological support in the structure of everyday social relations. The content of animation technologies includes a comprehensive assessment of a crisis situation, assistance in determining and understanding which of the methods of action in a given situation is suitable for effectively achieving the goal, awareness of real opportunities and their choice, awareness of the likely consequences of a particular decision.

The organization of recreation and entertainment carries a significant social, educational, psychological, and rehabilitation burden. The content side of recreational technologies is constantly expanding and enriching due to the involvement of traditions of folk leisure culture, the revival of old and the cultivation of new folk holidays, rites and rituals - Christmas actions and humors, April Fools' Days and carnivals, literary and artistic, sports, tourist and family holidays, holidays flowers and Russian tea holiday, city days and other events.

A distinctive feature of organizing leisure time in sports-charming and tourist-excursion centers is the integration of recreation, health promotion, spiritual enrichment and diversified personal development.

During this difficult period in which our country is now, many psychological and crisis centers are appearing, whose activities are aimed at providing psychological assistance to the population.

6. Pedagogical gaming technologies.

Among recreational and health technologies, extensive gaming activities occupy a significant place.

Of all known types of socio-cultural activities, play appears to be the most free activity. Gaming technologies demonstrate the productive socio-cultural activity of independent subjects, which is carried out within the framework of voluntarily accepted conventional rules and has many attractive qualities - socio-psychological, aesthetic, hedonistic, moral and ethical.

As a recreational technology, the game has well-known pedagogical, organizational and methodological advantages. It allows you to significantly reduce the time for accumulating the necessary information and acquiring certain skills and abilities; promotes the imitation of various types of social activities, expands the scope of contact of the individual with various social groups, organizations and movements, familiarization with many genres of art and literature. By intensifying the self-reflection of the individual, the game is an effective tool for deepening democratic communication, cooperation, and social dialogue.

S.A. Shmakov identifies the following main methods of organizing children's leisure:

Method of game and game training. Play is an independent and very important activity for children, equal to all others. A game can act as a form of non-game activity, an element of a non-game activity.

Theatrical method. Children's leisure time has an endless variety of subjects and social roles.

According to the classification of A.V. Sokolov, depending on the purpose and psychological context, gaming technologies can be divided into several behavioral types.

The most common method in gaming technology is the adversarial method. Its essence is the struggle for supremacy in sports competitions, gambling, lotteries, and competitions that provide opportunities for one's chance. The main game gain here is the feeling of victory and self-affirmation. Competition extends to all spheres of creative activity, except moral.

The fairy tale game represents a unique technology in its content. In this technology, the main emphasis is placed on psychological relief, escape into illusion, hedonistic sensations, which to a certain extent borders on self-manipulation. Both primitive and modern folklore are built on “fairytale-game” technologies.

Very noteworthy are entertainment and gaming technologies such as masquerade games.

These technologies are used in almost all organizations working with children and adolescents: the children's public association "Rainbow", the children's and youth center "Rifey", the public organization "Ural Compound". Also, theatricalization methods are used by many organizations that are engaged in entertainment and theatrical activities: Municipal cultural institution "Youth Theater".

7. Social protective and rehabilitation technologies.

The sphere of culture, art, education, and sports is characterized by the presence of social protection and rehabilitation technologies that are different in content and focus.

These are, firstly, basic, basic technologies such as specialized gaming, cultural therapy, art therapy and others. It is no coincidence that these technologies are designated as basic. They are primary in their essence, do not depend on the influence of external socio-economic, political, cultural and other factors, and are distinguished by a certain stability and constancy of their constituent elements.

As a rule, state and non-state structures, including municipal authorities, state institutions of the socio-cultural sphere, the public sector and commercial organizations, appear as permanent resource holders of basic social protection and rehabilitation technologies. In the everyday practice of socio-cultural activities, the traditions of education, patronage, trusteeship, charity, social mediation still remain a priority, and thus, public organizations and movements act as representatives of the interests of individual social strata and groups, as well as subjects of the reform process. They are able to represent the interests of the population, interact with the authorities, and in certain cases put pressure on them. Social movements, acting as one of the most dynamic organizational forms, adapt faster than others to other social conditions, accumulate new ideas, and adapt to changed rules. A feature of modern society is the emergence of flexible social structures, which are public organizations and movements that make it possible to combine the freedom and interests of individuals with general principles governing their joint activities.

Public associations have a lot of work ahead. It is necessary to develop a natural balance of all possible forms of interaction between the state, public and commercial sectors, and to look for new forms of social partnerships.

We can confidently say that the activities of public associations accelerate the development of democratic processes in the region. Reality confirms that the experience of social communications accumulated by the civil sector is successfully transformed into new effective forms of managing public life.

conclusions

Analyzing the state and trends in the development of socio-cultural and political life in Russia over several centuries, we can conclude that it is with the advent of social movements that profound transformations of society and its socio-cultural structures often begin.

The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 was preceded by a whole wave of socialist movements. But from these small circles in subsequent years a broad and completely massive movement of populist socialists was born. Then it split and gave birth to new waves of social movements, which, having again passed through the stage of circles, already Marxist, led to the creation of the Bolshevik party, and then to the revolution and the creation of one of the two superpowers of the 20th century - the USSR, already a full-fledged world project. The Party was well aware of the beginning of this new era, where the initial genesis of the socialist project actually took place.

Even looking back several decades, we see a motley picture of social movements, representatives of which are still not difficult to meet in life and to learn the details of the origin and development of the movement first-hand. Particularly interesting are those social movements that emerged from below and often developed not only without state support, but sometimes even overcoming state pressure.

Currently, there is a wide range of public interests of people: from political and economic to leisure, from national and nationalistic to cosmopolitan, from problematic (for example, environmental) to amateur interest groups.

What are the characteristics of these movements and organizations?

Firstly, they revealed the diversity of people’s attitudes towards solving certain social problems. They were no longer weighed down by the reality, various restrictions and official regulations. A real opportunity has been created to realize your goals, unite your own kind and fight for survival in this changing world.

Secondly, new social movements entered into quite tough confrontation with the old established structures, and they largely demonstrated their fighting qualities, loyalty to the idea and, most importantly, the effectiveness of their work, the ability to attract people with them.

Thirdly, among some public formations, organizations and risk groups have appeared, which are characterized not only by positive goals, but also by asocial, criminogenic aspirations. This also includes organizations of a pro-fascist, nationalist nature, which, of course, does not contribute to the establishment of a favorable social atmosphere.

And finally, there is a deep transformation of existing social structures. The time of renewal made it possible to quite clearly test the vitality of many of them, their ability to develop in new conditions.

In other words, the emergence and functioning of new associations and the transformation of old public organizations symbolize an approach that has proven itself in history: the more opinions, the better the decision. However, the creative potential of the people to improve the political system of the new society is still far from being realized. So far, people’s capabilities are mostly manifested spontaneously and not always in the optimal way, because there is no mechanism for supporting social initiatives.

The most common types of activities of public organizations and movements are:

Provision of social services (40%)

Education (26%)

healthcare (6%)

Work of professional associations and unions, real estate management (HOA).

According to a survey of organizational leaders, 33% of registered organizations do not have paid employees, another 35% have no more than 5 employees, 23% have from 6 to 10 employees. The share of relatively large organizations is therefore small. There are no volunteers in 28% of non-profit organizations, and another 25% of organizations have 10 or more volunteers. At the same time, 10% of organizations, according to their leaders, have more than 100 regularly working volunteers. One of the reasons for the relatively low involvement of citizens in the “third sector” is their rather poor awareness of the activities of non-profit and public organizations, business and the state are gradually becoming the ones that began to offer significant resources to the “third sector”. Truly independent, large and civilized charitable organizations of Russian business are also appearing.

Thus, public organizations and movements carry out socio-cultural activities with the goal of the general cultural uplift of the population of Russia. In particular, in the Chelyabinsk region, a sufficient number of volunteers from public organizations and movements are actively engaged in socio-cultural activities.

Bibliography

1. Agapov A.B. Some problems of information and legal support for the activities of public associations in the Russian Federation // State and Law - 2011, No. 2. - p.100.

2. Arnoldov A.I. Social pedagogy: Ascent to a new humanism // Current problems of social and cultural activity: Sat. Art. / MGUK. - M., 2012.

3. Brusov S. Specifics of social technologies and their use in the sphere of culture and leisure // Cultural and leisure activities: development prospects and problems of regulation. - Sverdlovsk, 2011. - p. 55.

4. Dmitrov R. Organization, movement, institute // Public amateur movements: problems and prospects. - M.., 2011. - p.173.

5. Zharkov A.D. Organization of cultural and educational work. / A.D. Zharkov - M.: Education, 2011.

6. Zharkov A.D. Theory and technology of activity: Textbook for universities. / A.D. Zharkov. - M.: Publishing house. House of MGUKI, 2010. - p.480.

7. Zharkov A.D. Technology of cultural and leisure activities. 2012. - p.89

8. Zharkova L.S. Cultural and leisure activities: theory, practice and methods of scientific research. / L.S. Zharkova, V.M. Chizhikov. - M., 2013.

9. Zharkov L.S. Activities of cultural institutions. 2013. - p. 66

10. Isaev I.A. History of state and law in Russia: textbook. / I.A. Isaev - M.: Lawyer, 2011.- p.768.

11. Karamzin N.M. History of the Russian State / Comment. A.M. Kuznetsov - Kaluga: Golden Alley, 2013.

12. Kiselev T.G. Social and cultural activities: textbook. / T.G. Kiseleva, Yu.D. Krasilnikov. - M.: MGUKI, 2014. - p.539.

13. Klyuchevsky V.O. A short guide to Russian history: Private edition for the author's students. / V.O. Klyuchevsky. - M.: Progress - Pangea, 2012. - p.208.

14. Milov L.V. History of Russia from the 18th to the end of the 19th century. / L.V. Milov, P.N. Zyryanov, A.N. Bokhanov; resp. units A.N. Sakharov. - M.: LLC "Publishing House AST-LTD", 1998. - p.544.

15. Orlova E.A. Cultural policy in the context of modernization processes // Theoretical foundations of cultural policy. - M.: Ros. Institute of Cultural Studies, 2013.

16. Romanova E.N. Informal associations: new approaches and prospects for studying / E.N. Romanova, N.N. Dichkova // National and socio-cultural processes in the USSR: abstract. Dokl. All-Union Scientific Conf. - Omsk, 2010. - pp. 41, 42.

17. Ryabkov V.M. Historiography of socio-cultural activities, Socio-cultural activities (second half of the XX - early XXI centuries) 2011 - pp. 59-83.

18. Smirnova M.S. Socio-cultural diversity in the mirror of methodology // Social sciences and modernity. - 2013. -№1.

19. Sokolov A.V. The phenomenon of socio-cultural activity. - St. Petersburg, 2012 - p.79.

20. Sorokin P.A. Socio-cultural dynamics. - 2006 - p.154.

21. Directory of non-profit organizations in Perm - year 2001. - Perm: regional center for international projects, 2011. - p. 116.

22. Strelnikova Yu.A. Development of the Theoretical Foundations of the Educational Activities of Soviet Clubs: Thesis. - M.:MGIK, 2011.

23. Territorial public self-government: Perm experience: Collection of articles and method of materials. - Perm: administration of Perm, 2012. - p. 38.

24. Cheremnykh G. Public associations: regulation of activities // Russian justice. - 2013. -№4. - p.36.

25. Shmakov S.A. Students' games are a cultural phenomenon. -M.: New School, 2004 - p. 240.

26. Sheiman I.M. Commercial and non-commercial activities in the social sphere. / THEM. Sheiman. - M., 2013. - p. 67-69.

27. Yaroshenko N.N. Pedagogical paradigms of socio-cultural activities: Proc. Benefit. / N.N. Yaroshenko. - M., 2014.

Posted on Allbest.ru

...

Introduction

In the modern world, one of the most important social issues is the issue of interaction between the individual and society. It is no secret that our civilization is now developing at an extremely high pace, which leads to political, economic, social and moral instability. In such conditions, it becomes important not only how society influences a person and what happens as a result of this influence, but also how the person himself influences society, transforming it and creating the most favorable situation for his own development. This process is long and continuous, and one of its most important parts is the cultural component, since a person is the object of socio-cultural activity throughout his entire life.

Relevance of the topic: In my opinion, this topic is relevant at any time. The organization of socio-cultural activities has a pronounced developmental character, which has a significant impact on the formation of a holistic personality, stimulates social activity and ensures the spiritual enrichment of a person. And also this is the high social significance of socio-cultural activities in modern society, the continuous development and improvement of its technologies.

Purpose of the study: to identify and analyze the specifics of organizing socio-cultural activities, as individual methods in the cultural sphere, as well as to characterize and identify problems of socio-cultural activities using the example of an enterprise

Research objectives: To study the essence and specifics of the organization of socio-cultural activities and to identify, using the example of organization, its problems and ways to solve them.

Theoretical aspects of socio-cultural activities

Basic concepts of socio-cultural activities

Social and cultural activities are activities aimed at creating conditions for the most complete development, self-affirmation and self-realization of individuals and groups (studios, clubs, amateur associations) in the field of leisure. It includes all the variety of problems in organizing free time: communication, production and assimilation of cultural values, etc. Teacher-organizers have to participate in solving problems of the family, children, in solving problems in historical, cultural, environmental, religious, etc. areas, in creating a favorable environment for SKD and initiatives of the population in the field of leisure. CDA (cultural and leisure activities) is an integral part of SKD, helps in solving many social problems with its unique means, forms, methods (art, folklore, holidays, rituals, etc.) CPR (cultural and educational work) is also part of SKD, but, unfortunately, it is ineffectively used in the activities of cultural institutions (there are no lectures, lecture halls, public universities and other previously proven forms of educational work.

The importance of socio-cultural activity is that it is not just the organization of leisure, but an organization for socially significant purposes: the satisfaction and development of the cultural needs and interests of both the individual and society as a whole. The activities of KDU (institutions) are currently organized on the basis of a document published in 1992 - “Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on culture”. It clearly defines “cultural activities”, “cultural values”, “cultural goods”, “creative activities”, etc., the main areas of state activity in the field of culture (protection of monuments, folk art, arts and crafts, fiction, cinematography etc.), as well as the fundamental rights of citizens in the field of cultural activities.

Subject and object of socio-cultural activity.

Socio-cultural institutions, institutions and organizations as subjects of socio-cultural activities. Leading social institutions and communities - family, microsociety, church, state and non-state institutions, organizations and associations: educational (educational), socio-cultural, industrial, social protection, charitable, artistic and creative, sports and others. Their special purpose is as subjects of socio-cultural activities.

The audience of cultural and leisure institutions, institutions and organizations as an object of socio-cultural activity. Socio-psychological and pedagogical principles of typologizing the object of socio-cultural activity. Mass, group and individual objects of cultural and leisure activities. Differentiation of the object of cultural and leisure activities, taking into account specifically expressed interests, needs, value orientations as an important condition for its typology.

The concept of open and closed, organized and unorganized, permanent and occasional audience. Real and potential object of cultural and leisure activities.

ACS features:

· carried out in free time;

· characterized by freedom of choice, voluntariness, activity, etc.;

· characterized by a variety of species;

· The Russian Federation has a large number of institutions that create conditions for SKD (museum, library, club, etc.)

Distinctive features of SKD:

· humanistic character;

· cultural character;

· developmental character.

The totality of social functions of activities in the field of culture, education, and leisure is historically the result of many years of social and pedagogical experience accumulated by cultural and educational institutions, democratic institutions, public organizations and movements. This experience is largely based on a socially-oriented approach to the analysis of the traditional activities of objects in the socio-cultural sphere.

Components of the resource base of organizations of social and cultural activities. Information and methodological center of the Committee on Culture of the Leningrad Region. Bookstores "Bukvoed" and "House of Books". District library (using the example of the "Business Book Center").

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Similar documents

Description of the elements of the resource base of the socio-cultural sphere: regulatory, personnel, financial, material and technical, information and methodological, natural. Concept of charity, sponsorship and commercialization.

test, added 11/21/2010

abstract, added 11/27/2012

course work, added 11/19/2010

Determination of the essence and content of socio-cultural rehabilitation, its regulatory framework. Activities of institutions and organizations with persons with disabilities. A brief analysis of social work in a juvenile center in Orel.

course work, added 01/30/2014

An array of legal, organizational and technological documents and instructional information that determines the organizational procedure for preparing and conducting socio-cultural activities. Financial, logistical, moral and ethical resources.

presentation, added 05/29/2012

abstract, added 09/11/2014

tutorial, added 12/10/2010

Social policy is aimed at creating the most favorable, optimal conditions for recreation, for the development of people’s spiritual and creative abilities. Social and cultural work with vacationers of health resorts (resorts, sanatoriums, houses and recreation centers, dispensaries) and tourists (at tourist centers and ships, in tourist hotels and tours) is also subordinated to these goals.

A distinctive feature of organizing leisure time in sanatorium-resort, sports and recreational and tourist excursion centers is the integration of recreation, health promotion, spiritual enrichment and diversified personal development.

Within the recreational, health-improving, medical period established by the voucher, vacationers are away from their permanent residence and are not directly related to their main profession.

(unrecognized area)

The recreational function maximally contributes to the complete rest of people, the restoration of their physical and spiritual strength, the organization of active leisure activities and entertainment, providing a variety of activities, a change of impressions, a positive emotional mood, and the release of tension and fatigue.

In leisure programs for vacationers, all these functions are closely interconnected and complement each other. There are a number of features in their implementation. Cultural and leisure activities in health resorts and tourist institutions are built in accordance with their main purpose - restoring the strength and health of people. That is why the recreational therapeutic function of leisure and leisure activities is of predominant importance here.

Due to the continuity and duration of the entire period of vacation or treatment of people, the leisure program in health resorts and tourist institutions is diverse, provides for the unity of information, development, communication and recreational elements, and is carried out at different times of the day, for example, not only in the evening, but also in the morning and daytime hours. The logic of leisure here involves a transition from the simplest leisure activities, when a person only needs to relieve tension and psychologically relax, to more intense, active, content-intensive forms.

In terms of its focus, the content of leisure in health resorts and tourist establishments includes: concert, entertainment and cinema services; library work; theatrical and sports events; organization of question and answer evenings, oral journals, theme evenings, mass celebrations taking into account significant dates of the calendar and in accordance with the profile of the health resort or tourist institution, literary, musical and local history, dance evenings, discos, gaming competitions, etc.

Among leisure forms, excursions have the greatest information and development content. According to survey data, the majority of vacationers in health resorts and tourists consider excursions to be their most favorite activities. The popularity of the excursion is due to a number of reasons.

This is, firstly, a wide variety of topics and content: excursions on historical topics, natural history (landscape, botanical, geological, hydrogeological, etc.), literary and art history, on architectural and urban planning topics, sightseeing (multifaceted), business, commercial, which introduce representatives of the business community to the activities of industrial agricultural trading enterprises. For vacationers, usually young people as tourists, among whom many will have to choose their path in life, such excursions are also career guidance.

Excursions attract a variety of elements of recreation and recreation in nature (swimming, picking berries and mushrooms, etc.) and methods of transportation, since walking tours and walking tours are complemented by transport (bus, boat, plane).

Balashikha, Moscow region, leisure part of the voluntary association of the Makeevka microdistrict);

interdepartmental club centers and studios for early aesthetic education of children, functioning in the system of aesthetic education;

interdepartmental centers and clubs for technical creativity of children and adolescents in the territory of a city or microdistrict, including workshops for the creation, maintenance and repair of amateur equipment, test benches, premises and sites for testing and demonstrating completed structures (the leisure part of the educational production association "Children's Republic" " Dukhovshchiny, Smolensk region, club "Kinap" of Odessa, etc.).

A separate group consists of microdistrict preschool centers and developmental complexes. With the participation of teachers, parents, schools, clubs, enterprises, and public organizations, they implement developmental programs in areas that contribute to the spiritual and physical formation of the child.

Thus, each complex or center is a unique arena of socio-cultural (educational, developmental, creative, entertainment, health) activities of individuals and groups. In principle, opportunities for such activities exist in any type of socio-cultural leisure center: discotheque, video salon, folklore theater or fashion theater, family club, game library, etc.

The diversity of socio-cultural centers and complexes that actually exist in practice and in projects is due to many reasons. Their variability, in essence, is a natural reaction of society to emerging gaps and undeveloped “blank spots” in the socio-cultural sphere.

At the same time, the majority of state-public, departmental and interdepartmental, commercial and non-profit leisure centers are characterized by a number of common initial functional features. They are taken as a basis in the process of designing centers and leisure areas. Knowledge of them is necessary for every social worker, social teacher, sociologist, culturologist, socio-cultural economist, who are equally responsible for both the development of projects and their implementation.

The basis for the creation of regional complexes and leisure centers is the intersection of three main parameters - the actual cultural one, reflecting the cultural situation in the region; social, characterizing the state and development trends of the social sphere; purely territorial (village), representing the economic-geographical, ethnic and other features of a given region. Almost each of the parameters in itself serves as the basis for searching for the most preferable structure of the socio-cultural complex and center, the priority directions of its activities.

The pronounced social openness of leisure centers is reflected in the creation of zones and sectors of free communication, love

craftsmanship, craftsmanship. Favorable conditions in them not only contribute to self-development and self-education of the individual, but also provide freedom of self-movement for children, adolescents, and adults to engage in truly creative leisure activities. The search for non-standard approaches and solutions is due to the fact that leisure activities of modern society, due to the differentiation of interests and demands of the population, no longer fit into the rigid framework of traditional forms.

Zones of amateurism and mastery, where every resident of society is guaranteed a choice of leisure activities, can also claim the status of an author’s school: adults engage children and adolescents in their favorite activities, and the leisure community that arises on this basis gets the opportunity for creative self-organization, self-expression and self-affirmation. It is logical to conclude that proprietary schools, which were previously associated mainly with the school educational process, are today becoming a natural and necessary attribute of the socio-cultural sphere.

Despite the differences in content and approaches, diverse socio-cultural centers are distinguished by a common feature for all - their integrative function in the public education of children and adolescents. Based on the study of the environment, they contribute to the socialization of their leisure time through strengthening and enriching the connections and relationships of the child, adolescent with family and society. This is precisely the important role of leisure centers as intermediaries between the social environment and the microworld of the individual. The centers introduce into the practice of working in society a variety of alternative, traditional and non-traditional, mass and group forms with a pronounced leisure orientation and communication mechanisms: “family - children”, “family - family”, “children - children” and “children - teenagers - adults." Here you can highlight various options for children's and family holidays and festivals: Mother's Days, Father's Days, Grandparents' Days, gaming family competitions "Sports Family", "Musical Family", "Erudic Family", etc., family competitions, parent newspapers, fairs and sales of family crafts, reading conferences such as “Family Reading Circle”, etc. On the basis of the centers, invariant models of children's, adolescent and mixed family clubs and amateur associations, folklore groups, amateur ensembles, ethnographic expeditions, and family workshops of applied arts function.

Many forms of social and psychological rehabilitation of children, adolescents, adults are being tested, primarily from single-parent, difficult, low-income, young, large families: helplines, open telephones, consultations with psychologists, doctors, teachers, lawyers, social living rooms, communication groups and clubs family education, etc. In these and other forms, children, adolescents, and adults comprehend the complex, multifaceted experience of socio-cultural activity, overcome internal conflicts, lack of mutual trust in families and in society, and gain opportunities to implement creative ideas.

In working with the population, open-type leisure centers follow the principles of competition, mutual respect, trust and attention of participants to each other, an individual approach and unity of interests of the individual and the team.

The structure of a socio-cultural complex or center is based on the interaction of professional or semi-professional work of organizers represented by full-time social workers, teachers, directors on the one hand, and on the other - developmental, creative, gaming, entertainment, recreational activities of all participants: children, adolescents, youth , adults.

Individual social institutions (club, library, park, museum, school, cinema, etc.) cease to be autonomous sources of culture for residents of the region, but become, within the framework of the complex, a structure that provides full cultural services to the population.

Socio-cultural complexes and leisure centers are single- or multidisciplinary organizations of a free, entrepreneurial, initiative nature. They are created on the basis of a voluntary association of state, public, private, cooperative, departmental institutions of culture, sports, public education, information, advertising, services, etc. and have the status of a legal entity. Their opening is carried out according to the territorial production principle by uniting on a contractual basis certain socio-cultural, leisure and related formations that retain the status of an independent legal entity. The purpose of their creation is the integration of socio-cultural objects related in their tasks, the use of favorable conditions for the realization of the creative leisure potential of its structural units and formations, the organization of joint large-scale regional events, the development and implementation of socio-cultural programs.

The economic basis of the centers’ activities is an economic mechanism, including the use of budgetary and extra-budgetary allocations, subsidies and revenues from the equity participation of various departments, enterprises, institutions, public organizations, income from the provision of paid services, self-supporting groups, rent, etc.

On the basis of the centers, even today, wide opportunities are opening up for developing practical skills and abilities of various types of modern social workers - organizers of children's, adolescent, family and other leisure communities.

By product type:

This feature is due to the variety of products (services) created and sold by organizations in the socio-cultural sphere. Using it, you can highlight organizations

A) producing material products, for example, the production of compact discs, art studios and workshops, handicraft factories, printing houses, film studios, etc.;

B) providing material services, for example, specialized restoration enterprises and workshops, audio and video recording studios, photo studios, housing and communal services enterprises;

C) providing services that have a possible material, including financial) result, for example, all organizations of the gambling and gaming business: casinos, sweepstakes, billiards halls, slot machines, computer games, etc.;

D) providing predominantly intangible services, for example, in this group three subgroups can be distinguished depending on the types of intangible services:

· Cultural – theaters, museums, philharmonic societies, exhibition halls, clubs, leisure centers, etc.;

· Educational – educational institutions, secondary and higher educational institutions;

E) engaged primarily in trade in objects and means of culture - art salons and shops, antique shops, shops selling musical equipment, discs, cassettes, book trade, etc.

By method of economic activity:

This criterion allows us to classify specific organizations in the socio-cultural sphere as a specific type of economic activity, determined by the prevailing goals and objectives. The following types of economic activities are distinguished:

A) the commercial type of business is based on the principles of a market economy, the main thing being the extraction of profit from the production and sale of a specific service or product;

B) the non-profit type of business is determined by the predominance of the substantive aspect of activity in the hierarchy of goals: preservation of artistic values and traditions, maintaining the prestige of the nation and state, city, aesthetic and moral education of the population, especially children and adolescents; development of art and other types of cultural activities as valuable areas of social life. The non-commercial type of business is poorly linked to market interests, because implies maximum accessibility to the widest sections of the population (including the poor) to the results of its activities, which in practice means providing services to consumers either free of charge or on a preferential basis. The result is unprofitability, i.e. inability to compensate for existing costs at the expense of income received, and subsidies. These organizations of the socio-cultural sphere are either budgetary, i.e. receive part of their income from budgets of various levels; or are supported by funds from various departments, public organizations, private donations and other sources.

B) mixed type of management

assumes that enterprises that are non-profit in their goals and objectives carry out entrepreneurial activities, and the income received from this activity is used for their development. Naturally, such enterprises are in a more favorable economic position compared to purely non-profit organizations. For example, educational schools are budgetary organizations, and state universities mainly have a mixed type of business.

Branch of culture.

The cultural sector, from an economic point of view, has a number of features:

Firstly, culture is a special industry, the product of which satisfies a specific group of human needs, i.e. cultural needs in a special way. For example, in the field of education, systematic activities are aimed at professional training of a person. Activities in cultural sectors are also aimed at the comprehensive (intellectual, aesthetic, moral, etc.) education of a person, but they use special means, the perception of which is carried out voluntarily, taking into account the interests of the individual and free time. Moreover, such education is not systematic, because for example, a person may not go to the theater at all, much less attend it regularly; or read fiction.

Secondly, a distinctive feature is also whether the activity in the field of culture is carried out by a person for himself or for other people.

In general, the cultural sector in the economic aspect, from the point of view of its modern understanding, should be considered as functionally connected with all social production, especially with the reproduction of the labor force and the intellectual development of the worker necessary for the implementation of professional productive labor, as well as as a means of entertainment and recreation.

Currently, culture itself has turned into a sphere of economic activity producing consumer goods, goods and services. In this regard, three groups of cultural institutions can be distinguished depending on the degree of their inclusion in the market economy.

The first group is objects of cultural heritage and science, for example, cultural monuments, museum and archival funds, folk art, experimental arts, etc., which cannot be the object of market relations due to their high social significance, irreproducibility and the need to preserve for subsequent generations.

The second group is organizations and institutions of culture and art that are included in the zone of limited action of market relations: performing arts organizations, cultural institutions (libraries, clubs, etc.). The services of these institutions provide state-guaranteed standards (norms) of cultural consumption and are therefore provided to the population free of charge or on a preferential basis. However, these organizations have the opportunity to generate additional income through entrepreneurial activities.

The third group is institutions that fall within the scope of commercial exploitation. Their income is entirely generated through commercial activities. These include: audiovisual enterprises, show business, print and screen media, etc.

The boundaries between these groups of cultural and art organizations are fluid and can shift as a result of the state’s cultural policy and its economic potential, historical and national cultural traditions, consumer preferences of the population, standard of living and effective demand, etc.

The prerequisites for the introduction of market relations in the sphere of culture and art began to take shape during the period of restructuring of the national economy in 1985. At this time, a series of economic experiments were carried out in order to increase the efficiency of cultural services to the population by introducing new management methods and organizational and economic forms of cultural activity, strengthening the independence of state institutions, the creation of relatively independent economic organizations. As a result of these events, in the late 80s, many amateur associations, interest clubs, cultural centers, cooperatives, creative organizations (theater studios, self-supporting film studios), commercial structures in the field of production and marketing appeared. All these entities initially carried out their activities on contractual relations with basic government institutions, using their material resources.

At the same time, there was a strengthening of such principles of activity of cultural organizations as decentralization of management, democratization of the economic mechanism, differentiation of organizational and economic models of cultural services to the population, denationalization and demonopolization of the sphere of culture and art as the basis for the emergence of the non-state sector. The introduction of these principles led to increased independence in planning creative and economic activities, in choosing ways to receive and distribute income, and in setting prices (tariffs) for production services. Consequently, all the formal prerequisites for the work of cultural organizations, later enshrined in legislative and regulatory acts and industry instructions, have taken shape in market conditions.

However, the possibility of carrying out creative and economic activities on market principles for most organizations in the sphere of culture and art turned out to be very limited and problematic. Many independent organizations faced the problem of survival, which gave rise to a tendency to return them to the tutelage of the state or to seek state subsidies. This led to the adoption of a series of laws on state support for culture and its individual branches, for example, laws on culture, television, cinematography, media, etc.

The unstable financial situation of culture and art in market conditions is not a purely Russian phenomenon, although the peculiarities of market relations in Russia have significantly complicated the situation of culture. The historical experience of the development of culture and art in many countries in market conditions allows us to conclude that the action of market regulators in this area is limited.

The process of introducing market relations into the sphere of culture and art can be considered by analyzing two main elements of production relations: property relations on the one hand, and on the other - methods and sources of income.

There is quite a wide variety of economic mechanisms for activities in the cultural sector.

The components of the cultural sphere are extremely heterogeneous in terms of the management mechanisms used.

Archives, libraries, and monument conservation organizations are usually government agencies, and their work is supported almost entirely by government or philanthropic funding.

Museums and club organizations are mainly public non-profit organizations, but there are also private ones. In museum and club activities, a more prominent role is played by revenues from entrance tickets, sales of various services and souvenirs. But the main thing remains funding from the founders.

The activities of theatres, philharmonic and folk groups are supported by a combination of public funding, private donations, income from ticket sales, etc. Typically these organizations are non-profit, but there are also commercial theaters that receive income only from the sale of their main products (sales of tickets and reproduction rights created by performances, music in audiovisual products) and related goods and services (income from buffets, sales of souvenirs). These, in particular, are the theaters on Broadway in New York.

Circus business, folk crafts, cinema, the press, book publishing, radio and television are represented for the most part by commercial organizations that receive their main income from the sale of relevant goods and services to consumers or advertisers. But usually the state and private philanthropists support in various forms the creation and distribution of individual films, the publication of individual books, the construction and operation of circus buildings, the broadcasting of individual radio stations and television channels, etc.

The restoration of monuments is carried out by organizations of various forms, with which government agencies and private owners or tenants of the relevant monuments interact on a contract basis.

Literary creativity, fine arts, and entertainment (with the exception of club activities) function entirely on a market basis. The service providers here are individuals and commercial organizations. State participation is limited to the purchase of individual works and the provision of tax benefits for artists.

To understand the specifics of economic relations in the cultural sphere, the key is to answer the following questions: why does the state finance and ensure the provision of certain types of cultural goods? And why are some activities supported by the state and private philanthropists more, others less, and others not at all?

Thus, market relations in Russia have led to the emergence of various forms of ownership in the field of culture, the formation of which occurs under the influence of both economic and non-economic factors, the main of which are:

The attitude of the state to the sphere of culture, which is implemented in the form of state cultural policy;

Claims of various classes, population groups, political parties, producer associations and individual consumers to cultural objects and their results;

The attitude of federal, regional and local authorities to the development of culture and art;

Interest on the part of commercial structures and capital in culture as a business area.

If we analyze organizations and types of cultural activities from only two perspectives - their social significance and commercial attractiveness, then the modern structure of ownership in the field of culture includes:

· organizations of state (federal, regional, municipal) and departmental property, which include libraries, clubs, museums, theatrical and entertainment enterprises, circuses, cultural heritage sites, electronic and print media;

· another group is formed by organizations and types of cultural activities that reflect the ideology of certain groups, parties and other associations of citizens, associations, etc., managing their property;

· the next group is commercial cultural enterprises, which, as a rule, act in the form of private and mixed ownership. These include leisure centers, galleries, publishing, media, printing, audiovisual and others.

What else to read

Abstract: History of the development of hygiene 1. The development of hygiene in primitive and slave societies. The emergence and development of hygiene has a centuries-old history...

Formation of estimated liabilities and reserves for vacations As in 1s 8 Hello, dear blog readers. Lately, in my consulting work, I have quite often...

Puff khinkal in a pressure cooker Puff DAGESTAN KHINKAL Puff khinkal is often prepared in Dagestan. A very tasty, but high-calorie, masculine dish....

Institutions and organizations of the socio-cultural sphere. Socio-cultural institute. Abstract: “The state and ways to improve the organization of socio-cultural activities in the Pestovo MCD Center Organizations of the socio-cultural sphere

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar documents

Introduction

Theoretical aspects of socio-cultural activities

Basic concepts of socio-cultural activities

Components of the resource base of organizations of social and cultural activities. Information and methodological center of the Committee on Culture of the Leningrad Region. Bookstores "Bukvoed" and "House of Books". District library (using the example of the "Business Book Center").

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar documents

What else to read

THE LAST NOTES

Categories