Earth's rotation and latitude. Atmosphere. Composition, structure, circulation. Distribution of heat and moisture on Earth. Weather and climate Temperature changes depending on altitude
To use presentation previews, create a Google account and log in to it: https://accounts.google.com
Slide captions:
Distribution of light and heat on Earth
Find the match: Climate Weather a) average annual precipitation b) average daily temperature c) wind direction and speed d) wind rose e) type of precipitation f) cloudiness g) average long-term temperature h) temperature of the warmest and coldest month
Why do seasons change on Earth?
Solstice (summer solstice and winter solstice) Moments when the height of the Sun above the horizon at noon is greatest (summer solstice, June 22) or least (winter solstice, December 22). In some years, the solstice shifts to the 21st, as the length of the calendar year changes (365 or 366 days).
Summer Solstice On the day of the summer solstice, the longest day in the Northern Hemisphere, the entire region beyond the Arctic Circle is illuminated, the Sun does not set. In the Southern Hemisphere, at this time the day is shortest, the entire region beyond the Arctic Circle is in shadow, the Sun does not rise.
Winter Solstice On the day of the winter solstice, the picture is reversed: the shortest day in the Northern Hemisphere, the longest in the Southern Hemisphere. On days close to the solstice, the length of the day and the midday altitude of the Sun change little, hence the term “solstice.”
Equinox (spring equinox and autumn equinox) Moments when the sun's rays touch both poles and the earth's axis is perpendicular to the rays. The spring equinox occurs on March 21, the autumn equinox on September 23; in some years the equinox shifts to the 22nd. The Northern and Southern Hemispheres are illuminated equally, at all latitudes day is equal to night, the Sun rises at one pole and sets at the other.
Tropics Tropics - the Northern Tropic and the Southern Tropic - parallel, respectively, with northern and southern latitudes of about 23.5°. On the day of the summer solstice (June 22), the Sun at noon is at its zenith over the Tropic of Cancer, or the Tropic of Cancer; On the day of the winter solstice (December 22) - over the Southern Tropic, or Tropic of Capricorn. At any latitude between the tropics, the Sun is at its zenith twice a year; North of the Northern Tropic and south of the Southern Tropic, the Sun does not reach its zenith.
Arctic Circles The Arctic Circles (Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle) are parallels with northern and southern latitudes, respectively, about 66.5°. North of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle experience polar day (summer) and polar night (winter). The area from the Arctic Circle to the Pole in both hemispheres is called the Arctic.
Obelisk to the Arctic Circle Residents of Salekhard can be proud of the unique geographical position of their city. The fact is that Salekhard is located on the Arctic Circle line and is divided into two parts by it. In the center of the city, on the symbolic dividing line, there is the world's only obelisk to the Arctic Circle.
Polar day Polar day is a period when the Sun in high latitudes does not fall below the horizon around the clock. The length of the polar day increases the further you go to the pole from the Arctic Circle. In the polar circles, the Sun does not set only on the day of the solstice; at 68° latitude, the polar day lasts about 40 days, at the North Pole 189 days, at the South Pole somewhat less, due to the unequal speed of the Earth's orbit in the winter and summer months. Latitude Duration of the polar day Duration of the polar night 66.5° 1 1 70° 64 60 80° 133 126 90° 186 179 Duration of the polar day and polar night at different latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (days).
Polar night Polar night is a period when the Sun in high latitudes does not rise above the horizon around the clock; a phenomenon opposite to the polar day is observed simultaneously with it at the corresponding latitudes of the other hemisphere. Latitude Duration of the polar day Duration of the polar night 66.5° 1 1 70° 64 60 80° 133 126 90° 186 179 Duration of the polar day and polar night at different latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (days).
Light belts Light belts are parts of the Earth's surface limited by the tropics and polar circles and differing in light conditions. Between the tropics is the tropical zone; here twice a year (and in the tropics - once a year) you can observe the midday Sun at its zenith. From the Arctic Circle to the Pole, there are polar belts in each hemisphere; There are polar days and polar nights here. In the temperate zones, located in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres between the tropics and the Arctic Circle, the Sun does not reach its zenith, and polar day and polar night are not observed.
Illumination belts Name of the belt Characteristics of the belt Boundaries between the belts North polar Polar night and polar day observed 66.5° N. - Arctic Circle 23.5° N - Northern Tropic 23.5° S. - Southern Tropic 66.5° S. - Antarctic Circle Northern temperate There is neither a polar day nor a polar night, the Sun is never at its zenith The Tropical Sun is at its zenith twice a year at any latitude and once at the latitude of the tropics Southern temperate The Sun is never at its zenith, not there is neither a polar day nor a polar night South polar A polar night and a polar day are observed
Fill out the table Date Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere June 22 Day ... night At parallel 23.5°N. -... On the parallel 66.5° N -... Day... night On the parallel 23.5° S. -... At the parallel 66.5° S -... September 23 1. Day... night 2. At the equator... 1. Day... night 2. At the equator... December 22 Day... night At the parallel 23.5°N . -... On the parallel 66.5° N -... Day... night On the parallel 23.5° S. -... At the parallel 66.5° S -... March 21 1. Day... night 2. At the equator... 1. Day... night 2. At the equator...
Checking Date Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere June 22 Summer Solstice Day Longer than night At parallel 23.5° N. The sun is at its zenith At the parallel 66.5° N latitude - polar day Winter solstice Day The day is shorter than the night At the parallel 66.5° S latitude – polar night September 23 Day is equal to night At the equator – the Sun is at its zenith Day is equal to night At the equator – the Sun is at its zenith December 22 A day is shorter than night At 66.5° N. latitude. – polar night The day is longer than the night At 23.5° S. The sun is at its zenith At 66.5° S. – polar day March 21 Day is equal to night At the equator the Sun is at its zenith Day is equal to night At the equator the Sun is at its zenith
Solar heat and light are distributed unevenly over the surface of the spherical Earth. This is explained by the fact that the angle of incidence of the rays is different at different latitudes.
You already know that the earth's axis is inclined to the orbital plane at an angle. Its northern end is directed towards the North Star. The sun always illuminates half of the Earth. At the same time, either the Northern Hemisphere is more illuminated (and the day there lasts longer than in the other hemisphere), or, conversely, the Southern Hemisphere. Twice a year, both hemispheres are illuminated equally (then the length of the day in both hemispheres is the same).
When the Earth faces the Sun with its North Pole, it illuminates and heats the Northern Hemisphere more. The days are getting longer than the nights. The warm season is coming - summer. At the pole and in the subpolar part, the Sun shines around the clock and does not set beyond the horizon (Night does not fall). This phenomenon is called polar day. At the pole it lasts 180 days (six months), but the further you go south, the duration decreases to a day at parallel 66.5 0 mon. w. This parallel is called the Arctic Circle. To the south of this line, the Sun descends below the horizon and the change of day and night occurs in the order familiar to us - every day. June 22 - The sun's rays will fall vertically (at the greatest angle - 90 0) to parallel 23.5 mon. w. This day will be the longest and the shortest night of the year. This parallel is called the Northern Tropics, and June 22 is the summer solstice.
Currently, the South Pole is distracted from the Sun and it illuminates and heats the Southern Hemisphere less. It's winter there. During the day, the sun's rays do not reach the pole and subpolar part at all. The sun does not appear over the horizon and the day does not come. This phenomenon is called polar night. At the pole itself it lasts 180 days, and the further north you go, the shorter it becomes, up to one day at parallel 66.5 0 S. w. This parallel is called the Antarctic Circle. To the north of it, the Sun appears on the horizon and the change of day and night occurs every day. June 22nd will be the shortest day of the year. For the Southern Hemisphere it will be the winter solstice.
Three months later, on September 23, the Earth will take a position relative to the Sun when the sun's rays equally illuminate both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The sun's rays fall vertically at the equator. On the entire Earth, except for the poles, day is equal to night (12 hours each). This day is called the autumn equinox.
In another three months, on December 22, the Southern Hemisphere will return to the Sun. Summer will come there. This day will be the longest, and the night will be the shortest. There will be a polar day in the subpolar region. The rays of the Sun fall vertically on the parallel 23.5 0 south. w. But in the Northern Hemisphere it will be winter. This day will be the shortest, and the night will be the longest. Parallel 23.5 0 S. w. is called the Tropic of the South, and December 22 is the winter solstice.
In another three months, on March 21, again both hemispheres will be illuminated equally, day will be equal to night. The sun's rays fall vertically on the equator. This day is called the spring equinox.
In Ukraine, the highest height of the Sun at noon is 61-69 0 (June 22), the lowest is 14-22 0 (December 22).
The sun is the main source of heat and light on Earth. This huge ball of gas, with a surface temperature of about 6000 ° C, emits a large amount of energy, which is called solar radiation. It heats our Earth, moves the air, forms the water cycle, and creates conditions for the life of plants and animals.
Passing through the atmosphere, part of solar radiation is absorbed, while part is scattered and reflected. Therefore, the flow of solar radiation, coming to the surface of the Earth, gradually weakens.
Solar radiation reaches the Earth's surface directly and diffusely. Direct radiation is a stream of parallel rays coming directly from the disk of the Sun. Scattered radiation comes from all over the sky. It is believed that the heat received from the Sun per 1 hectare of Earth is equivalent to the combustion of almost 143 thousand tons of coal.
The sun's rays passing through the atmosphere heat it up little. The atmosphere is heated by the Earth's surface, which absorbs solar energy and converts it into heat. Air particles coming into contact with a heated surface receive heat and carry it into the atmosphere. This heats up the lower layers of the atmosphere. Obviously, the more solar radiation the Earth's surface receives, the more it heats up, and the more the air heats up from it.
Air temperature is measured with thermometers (mercury and alcohol). Alcohol thermometers are used when the air temperature is below - 38 ° C. At meteorological stations, thermometers are placed in a special booth, built from separate plates (blinds) located at a certain angle, between which air circulates freely. Direct sunlight does not reach the thermometers, so the air temperature is measured in the shade. The booth itself is located at a height of 2 m from the earth's surface.
Numerous observations of air temperature showed that the highest temperature was observed in Tripoli (Africa) (+ 58°C), the lowest at Vostok station in Antarctica (-87.4°C).
The influx of solar heat and the distribution of air temperature depend on the latitude of the place. The tropical region receives more heat from the Sun than temperate and polar latitudes. The equatorial regions receive the most heat. The Sun is the star of the solar system, which is a source of enormous amounts of heat and dazzling light for planet Earth. Despite the fact that the Sun is located at a considerable distance from us and only a small part of its radiation reaches us, this is quite enough for the development of life on Earth. Our planet revolves around the Sun in an orbit. If you observe the Earth from a spaceship throughout the year, you will notice that the Sun always illuminates only one half of the Earth, therefore, there will be day there, and on the opposite half at this time there will be night. The earth's surface receives heat only during the day.
Our Earth is heating unevenly. The uneven heating of the Earth is explained by its spherical shape, so the angle of incidence of the sun's ray in different areas is different, which means that different parts of the Earth receive different amounts of heat. At the equator, the sun's rays fall vertically, and they greatly heat the Earth. The further from the equator, the smaller the angle of incidence of the beam becomes, and therefore the less heat these territories receive. A beam of solar radiation of the same power heats a much smaller area at the equator, since it falls vertically. In addition, rays falling at a smaller angle than at the equator, penetrating the atmosphere, travel a longer path through it, as a result of which some of the sun's rays are scattered in the troposphere and do not reach the earth's surface. All this indicates that with distance from the equator to the north or south, the air temperature decreases, as the angle of incidence of the sun's ray decreases.
The distribution of precipitation around the globe depends on how many clouds containing moisture form over a given area or how many of them the wind can bring. Air temperature is very important, because intense evaporation of moisture occurs at high temperatures. The moisture evaporates, rises and clouds form at a certain altitude.
Air temperature decreases from the equator to the poles, therefore, the amount of precipitation is maximum at equatorial latitudes and decreases towards the poles. However, on land, the distribution of precipitation depends on a number of additional factors.
There is a lot of precipitation over coastal areas, and as you move away from the oceans, their amount decreases. There is more precipitation on the windward slopes of mountain ranges and significantly less on the leeward ones. For example, on the Atlantic coast of Norway in Bergen, 1730 mm of precipitation falls per year, and in Oslo (beyond the ridge - approx. site), there is an average of more than 11,000 mm of precipitation per year. Such an abundance of moisture brings to these places the humid summer southwest monsoon, which rises along the steep slopes of the mountains, cools and pours down with heavy rain.
The oceans, whose water temperature changes much more slowly than the temperature of the earth's surface or air, have a strong moderating effect on the climate. At night and in winter, air over the oceans cools much more slowly than over land, and if oceanic air masses move over continents, this leads to warming. Conversely, during the day and summer the sea breeze cools the land.
The distribution of moisture on the earth's surface is determined by the water cycle in nature. Every second, huge amounts of water evaporate into the atmosphere, mainly from the surface of the oceans. Moist oceanic air, sweeping over the continents, cools. The moisture then condenses and returns to the earth's surface in the form of rain or snow. Partially it is stored in snow cover, rivers and lakes, and partially returns to the ocean, where evaporation occurs again. This completes the hydrological cycle.
The distribution of precipitation is also influenced by the currents of the World Ocean. Over areas near which warm currents pass, the amount of precipitation increases, since the warm water masses heat the air, it rises and clouds with sufficient water content form. Over areas near which cold currents pass, the air cools and sinks, clouds do not form, and much less precipitation falls.
Since water plays a significant role in erosion processes, it thereby affects the movements of the earth's crust. And any redistribution of masses caused by such movements under the conditions of the Earth rotating around its axis can, in turn, contribute to a change in the position of the Earth’s axis. During ice ages, sea levels drop as water accumulates in glaciers. This, in turn, leads to the expansion of continents and increased climatic contrasts. Reduced river flows and lower sea levels prevent warm ocean currents from reaching cold regions, leading to further climate change.
How does the height of the Sun above the horizon change throughout the year? To find out, recall the results of your observations of the length of the shadow cast by a gnomon (1 m long pole) at noon. In September the shadow was the same length, in October it became longer, in November it was even longer, and on the 20th of December it was the longest. From the end of December the shadow decreases again. The change in the length of the shadow of the gno-mon shows that throughout the year the Sun at noon is at different heights above the horizon (Fig. 88). The higher the Sun is above the horizon, the shorter the shadow. The lower the Sun is above the horizon, the longer the shadow. The Sun rises highest in the Northern Hemisphere on June 22 (on the day of the summer solstice), and its lowest position is on December 22 (on the day of the winter solstice).
Why does surface heating depend on the height of the Sun? From Fig. 89 it is clear that the same amount of light and heat coming from the Sun, when it is high, falls on a smaller area, and when it is low, on a larger one. Which area will heat up more? Of course, smaller, since the rays are concentrated there.
Consequently, the higher the Sun is above the horizon, the more rectilinearly its rays fall, the more the earth’s surface, and from it the air, heats up. Then summer comes (Fig. 90). The lower the Sun is above the horizon, the smaller the angle of incidence of the rays, and the less the surface heats up. Winter is coming.
The greater the angle of incidence of the sun's rays on the earth's surface, the more it is illuminated and heated.
How the Earth's surface heats up. The sun's rays fall on the surface of the spherical Earth at different angles. The greatest angle of incidence of rays is at the equator. Towards the poles it decreases (Fig. 91).
At the greatest angle, almost vertically, the sun's rays fall at the equator. The earth's surface there receives the most solar heat, so it is hot at the equator all year round and there is no change of seasons.
The further you go north or south from the equator, the smaller the angle of incidence of the sun's rays. As a result, the surface and air heat up less. It becomes cooler than at the equator. The seasons appear: winter, spring, summer, autumn.
In winter, the sun's rays do not reach the poles and subpolar regions at all. The sun does not appear above the horizon for several months, and the day does not come. This phenomenon is called polar night . The surface and air are greatly cooled, so winters there are very harsh. In the same summer, the Sun does not set beyond the horizon for months and shines around the clock (night does not fall) - this polar day . It would seem that if summer lasts so long, then the surface should also heat up. But the Sun is low above the horizon, its rays only glide over the surface of the Earth and almost do not heat it. Therefore, summers near the poles are cold.
Lighting and heating of the surface depend on its location on Earth: the closer to the equator, the greater the angle of incidence of the sun's rays, the more the surface heats up. As we move away from the equator to the poles, the angle of incidence of the rays decreases, and accordingly the surface heats up less and becomes colder.Material from the site
 |
| In spring, plants begin to grow rapidly |
The importance of light and heat for living nature. Sunlight and warmth are necessary for all living things. In spring and summer, when there is a lot of light and warmth, plants are in bloom. With the arrival of autumn, when the Sun drops above the horizon and the supply of light and heat decreases, plants shed their leaves. With the onset of winter, when the day length is short, nature is at rest, some animals (bears, badgers) even hibernate. When spring arrives and the Sun rises higher, plants begin to actively grow again, and the animal world comes to life. And all this thanks to the Sun.
Ornamental plants such as monstera, ficus, asparagus, if gradually turned towards the light, grow evenly in all directions. But flowering plants do not tolerate such a rearrangement. Azalea, camellia, geranium, fuchsia, and begonia almost immediately shed their buds and even leaves. Therefore, it is better not to rearrange “sensitive” plants during flowering.
Didn't find what you were looking for? Use the search
On this page there is material on the following topics:
- briefly the distribution of light and heat on the globe
Read also:
Reducing everything to abstractions and quantity |
1 polar belts
2 temperate zones
3 geographical zone
Tropical zone
136The lithosphere is the upper shell of the Earth and the upper part mantle.
The earth's crust beneath the continents consists of
Sedimentary rocks
2 igneous
3 volcanic
4 metamorphic
Granita
Basalt
The earth's crust is thicker underneath
continents
2 oceans
3 lakes
4 plains
139The inner shells of the Earth include:
Core
2 lithosphere
3 platform
Mantle
5 earth's crust
Establish the sequence of arrangement of the Earth's shells in the order of their distance from the center.
3: asthenosphere
4: earth's crust
141 Exogenous processes include:
Erosion
2 volcanism
Aeolian processes
4 magmatism
5 earthquake
142 Endogenous processes include:
Tectonic movements
Volcanism
3 weathering
Metamorphism
5 accumulation
6 aeolian processes
143 Establish a correspondence between the sources of external and internal forces of the Earth.
1: external forces
2: internal forces
A) Sun
B) decay of radioactive elements in rocks
B) the earth's crust
D) weathering
144By origin, mountains are:
Tectonic
2 folded
Volcanic
Erosive
6 young
145 Plains are:
Lowlands
Hills
4 depressions
Plateau
146Plains of continent Eurasia:
West Siberian
2 La Platskaya
Caspian
4Amazonian
5 Central North American
Indicate a method for determining the absolute height of a place on a map
1 depth scale
Height scale
3 scale
4 degree grid
The hydrosphere includes:
Waters of the World Ocean
water sushi
The groundwater
4water in living organisms
5water in the bowels of the Earth
6atmospheric water
Sequence the oceans in order of decreasing maximum depth.
2: Atlantic
3: Indian
4: Arctic
150.Property of water that ensures its circulation in nature:
1 fluidity
2 solvent
3 heat capacity
Free transition from one physical state to another
151 An inland sea is:
1 Beringovo
2 Karaskoye
Black
4 Barentsevo
152A continental shelf or shelf is a shallow part bordering a continent with depth:
From 0 to 200 m
2 from 0 to 2500 m
3 from 0 to 1000 m
4 from 0 to 6000 m
153 The temperature of surface waters in the ocean decreases from:
Equator to poles
2 poles to the equator
3 prime meridian to the west
4Greenland to the equator
154 The supply of fresh water on Earth is:
Read in the same book: Geographical longitude is measured from ...
| Any point on mainland Australia has... | Spirals | Geysers | The main property of the biosphere | Dubrava | Selects forms and methods of development and education of schoolchildren using natural science |mybiblioteka.su - 2015-2018.
Angles of incidence of sunlight
The altitude of the sun significantly affects the flow of solar radiation. When the angle of incidence of the sun's rays is small, the rays must travel through the atmosphere.
Solar radiation is partially absorbed, some of the rays are reflected from particles suspended in the air and reach the earth's surface in the form of scattered radiation.
The height of the sun changes continuously as we move from winter to summer, as does the change of day.
The angle of incidence of the sun's rays reaches its greatest value at 12:00 pm (solar time). It is commonly said that at this moment in time the sun is at its zenith. At noon, the radiation intensity also reaches its maximum value. The minimum radiation intensity values are reached in the morning and evening, when the sun is low above the horizon, also in winter. True, in winter a little more direct sunlight falls on the ground.
This is due to the fact that the absolute humidity of winter air is lower and therefore absorbs less solar radiation.
In Fig. Figure 37 shows how high the intensity of radiation reaches on a perpendicular surface oriented towards the sun, despite the fact that the acute angle of incidence of the sun's rays changes.
The initial part of this curve fairly accurately reflects the situation on a clear March day. The sun rises at 6:00 am in the east and slightly illuminates the eastern façade wall (only in the form of radiation reflected by the atmosphere).
Topic: Distribution of sunlight heat on earth
As the angle of incidence of the sun's rays increases, the intensity of solar radiation incident on the surface of the façade wall increases rapidly.
At approximately 8 o'clock the intensity of solar radiation is already about 500 W/m2, and it reaches a maximum value of approximately 700 W/m2 on the southern facade wall of the building a little earlier than noon.
Enlarge picture
When the globe rotates around its axis in one day, i.e.
That is, with the apparent movement of the sun around the globe, the angle of incidence of the sun's rays changes not only in the vertical, but also in the horizontal direction. This angle in the horizontal plane is called the azimuthal angle. It shows how many degrees the angle of incidence of the sun's rays deviates from the north direction if the full circle is 360°.
The vertical and horizontal angles are related to each other in such a way that when the seasons change, always twice a year the angle of height of the sun in the sky turns out to be the same with the same values of the azimuthal angle.
In Fig. Figure 39 shows the trajectories of the sun during its apparent movement around the globe in winter and summer on the days of the spring and autumn equinox.
By projecting these trajectories onto a horizontal plane, a planar image is obtained, with the help of which it is possible to accurately describe the position of the sun on the globe. Such a map of the solar trajectory is called a solar diagram or simply a solar map. Since the trajectory of the sun changes when moving from the south (from the equator) to the north, each latitude has its own characteristic solar map.
Page 1 of 4
DISTRIBUTION OF HEAT AND LIGHT ON EARTH
The Sun is a star in the solar system, which is a source of enormous amounts of heat and dazzling light for planet Earth. Despite the fact that the Sun is located at a considerable distance from us and only a small part of its radiation reaches us, this is quite enough for the development of life on Earth. Our planet revolves around the Sun in an orbit.
If you observe the Earth from a spaceship throughout the year, you will notice that the Sun always illuminates only one half of the Earth, therefore, there will be day there, and on the opposite half at this time there will be night. The earth's surface receives heat only during the day.
Our Earth is heating unevenly.
Distribution of sunlight and heat on Earth, heat zones, seasons
The uneven heating of the Earth is explained by its spherical shape, so the angle of incidence of the sun's ray in different areas is different, which means that different parts of the Earth receive different amounts of heat.
At the equator, the sun's rays fall vertically, and they greatly heat the Earth. The further from the equator, the smaller the angle of incidence of the beam becomes, and therefore the less heat these areas receive. A beam of solar radiation of the same power heats a much smaller area at the equator, since it falls vertically. In addition, rays falling at a smaller angle than at the equator, penetrating the atmosphere, travel a longer path through it, as a result of which some of the sun's rays are scattered in the troposphere and do not reach the earth's surface.
All this indicates that with distance from the equator to the north or south, the air temperature decreases, as the angle of incidence of the sun's ray decreases.
23 4 Next >To the end >>
How many different lighting? 5 Pillars Belt for Dogs...
how many different lighting?
- 5pol
- Belts Belts of illumination of lighting - the surfaces of parts of the Earth limited by the tropics, polar circles and various lighting conditions.
It is located between the tropics in the tropical zone, where twice a year (and once a year in the tropics) you can see the midday sun at its zenith. From the Arctic Circle to the Pole there is a polar zone in each hemisphere, here there is a polar day and a polar night.
Distribution of sunlight and heat on Earth
In temperate regions located in the northern and southern hemispheres of the earth during the tropical and polar circles, the sun does not occur at its zenith, and there is no polar day or polar night.
Tj emit zone 5 illumination: -north and south polarity, receiving only a little light and heat. Tropical zone with hot climatic zones and southern temperate zones, which receive light and more heat than the polar ones, but are less tropical.
Attention, TODAY only!
Posted by administrator on January 1, 0001. This entry was posted in Homework. Bookmark Permanent link.
§ 30. Distribution of sunlight and heat on Earth (textbook)
§ 30. Distribution of sunlight and heat on Earth
1. Remember why there is a change of day and night and seasons on Earth.
2. What is the Earth's orbit called?
Change in the height of the Sun above the horizon throughout the year. To understand why the Sun is at different heights above the horizon at noon throughout the year, remember from your natural history lessons the features of the Earth’s movement around the Sun.
The globe shows that the earth's axis is tilted.
As the Earth moves around the Sun, the angle of inclination does not change. Thanks to this, the Earth returns to the Sun more in either the Northern or Southern hemisphere. This changes the angle of incidence of the sun's rays on the earth's surface. And accordingly, first one hemisphere, then the other, becomes more illuminated and warms up.
If the earth's axis were not inclined, perpendicular to the plane of the earth's orbit, then the amount of solar heat at each parallel during the year would not change.
Then, in your observations of the height of the midday Sun, you would record the same length of the gnomon's shadow for a whole year. This would indicate that throughout the year the length of day is always equal to night.
Then the earth's surface would heat up equally throughout the year and the weather would not exist.
Lighting and heating of the Earth's surface throughout the year. Solar heat and light are distributed unevenly over the surface of the spherical Earth.
This is explained by the fact that the angle of incidence of the rays varies in different latitudes.
You already know that the earth's axis is inclined to the orbital plane at an angle. Its northern end is directed towards the North Star. The Sun always illuminates half of the Earth.
At the same time, either the Northern hemisphere is more illuminated (and the day there lasts longer than in the other hemisphere), or, on the contrary, the Southern. Twice a year, both hemispheres are illuminated equally (then the length of the day is the same in both hemispheres).
When the Earth faces the Sun with its North Pole, it illuminates and heats the Northern Hemisphere more.
The days are becoming longer than the nights. The warm season is coming - summer.
Distribution of heat and light on Earth
At the pole and in the subpolar part, the Sun shines around the clock and does not set beyond the horizon (Night does not fall). This phenomenon is called polar day. At the pole it lasts 180 days (six months), but the further you go south, the shorter its duration decreases to a day at parallel 66.50 bp. w. This parallel is called Arctic Circle.
South of this line, the Sun descends below the horizon and the change of day and night occurs in the order familiar to us - every day. June 22 - The sun's rays will fall vertically (at the greatest angle - 900) Parallel to 23.5 mon. w. This day will be the longest and the shortest night of the year. This parallel is called Northtropical, And the day is June 22 - summer solstice.
Currently, the South Pole, distracted from the Sun, provides less illumination and heats the Southern Hemisphere.
It's winter there. During the day, the sun's rays do not reach the pole and subpolar part at all. The sun does not appear from the horizon and the day does not come. This phenomenon is called polar night. At the pole itself it lasts 180 days, and the further north you go, the shorter it becomes, up to one day at parallel 66.50 south. w. This parallel is called Southern Arctic Circle. To the north of it, the Sun appears on the horizon and the change of day and night occurs every day.
Three months later, on September 23, the Earth will take a position relative to the Sun when the sun's rays equally illuminate both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
The sun's rays fall vertically on the equator. On the entire Earth, except for the poles, day is equal to night (12 hours each). This day is called autumn equinox.
In another three months, on December 22, the Southern Hemisphere will return to the Sun. Summer will come there. This day will be the longest, and the night will be the shortest.
There will be a polar day in the subpolar region. The rays of the Sun fall vertically onto the parallel 23.50 south. w. But in the Northern Hemisphere there will be winter. This day will be the shortest and the night will be long. Parallel 23.50 south. sh.called Southerntropical, and the day is December 22nd - winter solstice.
In another three months, on March 21, both hemispheres will again be illuminated equally, day will be equal to night.
The sun's rays fall vertically on the equator. This day is called spring equinox.
In Ukraine, the highest height of the Sun at noon is 61–690 (June 22), the lowest is 14–220 (December 22).
Interesting geography
Words’ Slavic god of the Sun
The ancient Slavs called the god of light and the Sun Dazhbog.
In the famous literary work “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” our ancestors, the Russians, are called the grandchildren of Dazhdbog. Along with other gods installed by Prince Vladimir in Kyiv, Dazhbog stood. According to ancient myths, three solar brothers accompany him in the sky: Yarilo- God of the vernal equinox, Semiyarilo— God of the summer solstice and Kolyada- God of the winter solstice.
The day of the winter solstice was considered the birthday of the young Sun. God was considered the guardian of this luminous trio Trojan- Lord of heaven, earth and the otherworldly kingdom.
Rice.
The annual motion of the Earth around the Sun
Thermal zones of the Earth. Uneven heating of the earth's surface causes different air temperatures at different latitudes. Latitudinal bands with certain air temperatures are called thermal belts. The belts differ from each other in the amount of heat coming from the Sun. Their extent depending on the temperature distribution is well illustrated isotherms(From the Greek “iso” - Same, “therma” - Heat).
These are lines on a map that connect points with the same temperature.
Hot belt located along the equator, between the Northern and Southern tropics. It is limited on both sides of the 20 0C isotherms. It is interesting that the boundaries of the belt coincide with the boundaries of the distribution of palm trees on land and corals in the ocean.
Here the earth's surface receives the most solar heat. Twice a year (December 22 and June 22) at noon the sun's rays fall almost vertically (at an angle of 900). The air from the surface becomes very hot.
That's why it's hot there throughout the year.
Temperate zones(In both hemispheres) adjacent to the hot zone. They stretch in both hemispheres between the Arctic Circle and the Tropics. The sun's rays fall on the earth's surface with some inclination. Moreover, the further north, the darker the slope.
Therefore, the sun's rays heat the surface less. As a result, the air heats up less. That's why it's colder in temperate zones than in hot regions. The sun is never at its zenith there. Clearly defined seasons: winter, spring, summer, autumn.
Moreover, the closer to the Arctic Circle, the longer and colder the winter. The closer to the tropics, the longer and warmer the summer. Temperate zones on the polar side are limited by the warm month isotherm of 10 0C. It is the limit of forest distribution.
Cold belts The (northern and southern) hemispheres lie between the 10 0C and 0 0C isotherms of the warmest month. The sun there in winter does not appear above the horizon for several months.
And in summer, although it does not go beyond the horizon for months, it stands very low above the horizon. Its rays glide across the surface of the Earth and heat it weakly. The Earth's surface not only heats, but also cools the air. Therefore, the air temperatures there are low. Winters are cold and harsh, and summers are short and cool.
Two eternal cold(northern and southern) are contoured by an isotherm with temperatures of all months below 0 0C. This is the realm of eternal snigives and ice.
So, the heating and lighting of each area depends on the position in the thermal zone, that is, on the geographic latitude.
The closer to the equator, the greater the angle of incidence of the sun's rays, the more the surface heats up and the higher the air temperature. And vice versa, with distance from the equator to the poles, the angle of incidence of the rays decreases, and accordingly the air temperature decreases.
It is important to remember that the lines of the tropics and polar circles outside the thermal zones are taken conditionally. Because in reality, the air temperature is also determined by a number of other conditions.
Rice.
Thermal zones of the Earth
Questions and tasks
1.Why does the height of the Sun change throughout the year?
2.Which hemisphere will the Earth face towards the Sun when in Ukraine: a) in the north on June 22; b) noon on December 22?
3.Where will the average annual air temperature be higher: in Singapore or Paris?
4.Why do average annual temperatures decrease from the equator to the poles?
5. In what thermal zones are the continents of Africa, Australia, Antarctica, North America, and Eurasia located?
6. In what thermal zone is the territory of Ukraine located?
7. Find a city on the map of the hemispheres if you know that it is located at 430zx.
Topic: DISTRIBUTION OF SUN LIGHT HEAT ON EARTH.
Lesson objectives:- form an idea of the Sun as the main source of energy that determines processes in the atmosphere; about the peculiarities of illumination of the Earth's belts.
- identify the causes of the uneven distribution of sunlight and heat on Earth.
Develop skills in working with cartographic sources
Cultivating tolerance among students
Equipment: globe, climate map, physical world map, atlases, outline maps
During the classes:
I.Organizing students for class.
II. Checking homework ( fill out the table).
Similarities | Differences |
|
Weather | Climate |
|
General indicators: temperature, atmospheric pressure, precipitation | The indicators are different every time | Average long-term indicators |
Spatial certainty(specific territory) | Very changeable | Relatively stable |
Have an impact on a person | Affects other features of nature |
III. Learning new material.
To explain new material, the teacher uses a globe and a table lamp, which will be the “Sun”.
The lower the Sun is above the horizon, the lower the air temperature.
The Sun occupies its highest position in the sky of the Northern Hemisphere in June, and at this time it is the height of summer there. The lowest is in December, and at this time it is winter there, most of our country is covered with snow.
The change of seasons occurs because the Earth moves around the Sun and the Earth's axis is inclined to the plane of the Earth's orbit, as a result of which the globe faces the Sun more either by the Northern or the Southern hemisphere. The sun above the horizon is at different heights. In the warm season it is high above the horizon and the Earth receives a lot of heat. During the cold season, the Sun is low above the horizon, and the Earth receives less heat.
The Earth makes one revolution around the Sun per year, and while moving around it, the tilt of the Earth's axis remains unchanged.
(The teacher turns on the table lamp and moves the globe around it, keeping the tilt of its axis constant.)
Some people incorrectly believe that the change of seasons occurs because the Sun is closer in summer and further from the Earth in winter.
The distance from the Earth to the Sun at the change of seasons is notinfluences.
At that moment when the Earth seemed to “turn” towards the Sun with its Northern lolus, and with its Southern lolus it “turned away” from it, it was summer in the Northern Hemisphere. The sun stands high above the horizon at and around the North Pole, and does not set below the horizon 24 hours a day. It's a polar day. South of parallel 66.5° N. w. (Arctic Circle) the merging of day and night occurs every day. The opposite picture is observed in the Southern Hemisphere. When the globe moves, fix the students' attention on four positions of the Earth:December 22, March 21, June 22 and September 21. At the same time, show the boundaries of light and shadow, the angle of sunlight on the parallels marked with flags. Analysis of pictures in the text of the paragraph.
North hemisphere | Southern Hemisphere |
|
22 June | 1) there is more light; 2) the day is longer than the night; 3) the entire circumpolar part is illuminated during the day to the parallel of 66.50 s. w. (polar day); 4) the rays of the Sun fall vertically not 23.50 With. w. (summer solstice) | 1) less light; 2) the day is shorter than the night; 3) the entire circumpolar part during the day in the shadow to the parallel of 66.50 south. w. (polar night) (winter solstice) |
1) both hemispheres are illuminated equally, day is equal to night (12 h); 2) the rays of the Sun fall vertically at the equator; (autumn equinox) (spring equinox) |
||
1) less light; 2) the day is shorter than the night; 3) the entire circumpolar part during the day - in the shade up to 66.50 s . w. (polar night) (winter solstice) | 1) there is more light; 2) the day is longer than the night; 3) the entire circumpolar part is illuminated up to 66.5° S during the day. w. (polar day); 4) the rays of the Sun fall vertically at 23.50 south. w. (summer solstice) |
|
1) both hemispheres are illuminated equally, day is equal to night (12 hours each); 2) the rays of the Sun fall vertically at the equator; (spring equinox) (autumn equinox) |
||
Light belts.
The tropics and polar circles divide the earth's surface into zones of illumination.
1. Polar zones: northern and southern.
2. Tropical zone.
3. Temperate zone: northern and southern.
Polar circles.
Parallels 66.50 s. W and 66.50 S. sh called polar circles. They are the boundaries of areas where there are polar days and polar nights. At latitude 66.50, people on the days of the summer solstice see the Sun above the horizon for a full day, that is, all 24 hours. Six months later - all 24 hours of the polar night.
From the polar circles towards the poles, the duration of polar days and nights increases. So, at latitude 66.50 it is equal to 1 day, at latitude 80° - 134 days, at latitude 90° (at the poles) - approximately six months.
Throughout the entire space between the polar circles there is a change of day and night (show the Northern and Southern polar circles on the globe and a map of the hemispheres and the space where polar days and nights occur).
Tropics . Parallels 23.5° N. w. and 23.5° S. w. are called tropical circles or just the tropics. Above each of them, once a year, the midday Sun is at its zenith; those solar rays fall vertically.
Fizminutka
III. Fixing the material.
Practical work:“Designation of light zones on contour maps of the hemispheres and Russia.”
IV. Homework:Ш § 43; assignments in the text of the textbook.
V. Additional material (if there is time left in the lesson)
Seasons in poetry. N. Nekrasov
Winter.
It is not the wind that rages over the forest.
Streams did not run from the mountains,
Moroz the voivode on patrol
Walks around his possessions.
Looks to see if the snowstorm is good
The forest paths have been taken over,
And are there any cracks, crevices,
And is there any bare ground somewhere?A. Pushkin
Spring.
Driven by spring rays, .- "
There is already snow from the surrounding mountains
Escaped through muddy streams
To the flooded meadows.
Nature's clear smile
Through a dream he greets the morning of the year...
A. Maikov
The smell of hay over the meadows...
The song cheers the soul,
Women with rakes in rows
They walk, stirring the hay...A. Pushkin