Expressiveness of speech. Expressiveness and imagery of speech as qualities of communicatively perfect speech Expressiveness of speech is given by the use of

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Nowadays, in order to write correctly, you can rely on autocorrect on your phone. In order to speak correctly, you still have to read books and study Russian. Sometimes a phrase you hear seems quite simple right up to the moment when you need to write it.

Editorial website fights for the purity of the Russian language and therefore has collected phrases that we often pronounce with errors.

1. “I’m eating”

Modern norms of the Russian language determine the use of the word “eat” only in relation to children or women.

The use of the verb “eat” in men’s speech about themselves (I want to eat, I eat, I didn’t eat) contradicts the stylistic norm of the Russian language. This phrase gives mannerism to speech and qualifies as a manifestation of philistinism in speech. In other words, you need to treat yourself more simply and say simply: “I eat,” “I ate.”

2. “Upon arrival”

As Russian language teachers say: “If everyone says ‘upon arrival’, this does not mean that it is correct.” The preposition “by” (meaning “after something”) is used with nouns in the prepositional case. Therefore - “on arrival”, “on arrival”, “on completion”.

3. “In general”

There are so many variations in the spelling of these two words that we find in our time. It is worth remembering only these two, because only they are correct. And don’t blame it on T9 and autocorrect in your phone.

4. “Silently”

The expression “quietly” meaning “sneakily, slowly, unnoticed, leisurely” originally meant “to secretly undermine, dig a secret tunnel”: sapa is a trench or ditch for approaching a fortress.

The reflexive suffix “-sya” or “-sya” denotes an action directed at oneself. I wash myself, I wash myself, I dress, I dress myself. It turns out that when I apologize, I apologize to myself. Also, modern dictionaries classify this form as colloquial. It is better to use the forms “sorry” and “I beg your pardon.”

6. “More or less”

Currently, the correct ways of writing, and therefore pronunciating, are “more or less” and “more or less.” The formal option (as well as stylistically neutral) is considered to be the first option of writing a phrase - in 3 words. Hyphenated - mostly used as a colloquial form.

7. “Variing my heart”

And without “reluctantly.”

“Hardening” is the same as “strengthening.” The heart is not creaked - it is held together. Synonyms for this phrase: “against your will”, “against your convictions”, “not at the call of your heart”. This expression is associated with the movement of grabbing your heart with your hand when you are very excited, that is, it literally means “to make the heart strong.”

8. “It takes place”

“... the genitive case, which in Russian means a wish, traditionally used precisely as a farewell: “Have a nice journey!”, “Good luck!”, “Happiness to you!”, etc. (with the omitted verb “I wish”). The greeting is expressed in a different case (“Good afternoon!”, “Bread and salt!”!).”

“... “Good day!” is becoming increasingly common on the Internet, emphasizing the fact that an email can be received at any time.

“The Russian language is on the verge of a nervous breakdown”, M. A. Krongauz

Do you get upset when you open a letter or message at night that starts with “Good afternoon!”? Maybe it’s worth fighting for the beauty and purity of the “great and mighty”, giving up trying to come up with something new, and using the universal “Hello!” and in emails too?

10. “Sink into oblivion”

The expressiveness of speech can be safely equated with its richness, the beauty of a person’s inner world. After all, the breadth of his knowledge is represented precisely by his vocabulary and how skillfully he uses various stable combinations, stylistic figures, etc. in his speeches.

Basic means of expressive speech

In order to make speech colorful, bright, lively, and more expressive, the following methods are used:

1. Synonyms. Everyone knows that they are words that are close in meaning (for example, interlocutor - conversationalist). What should they be used for? First of all, so that the story does not resemble something like “butter.” Synonyms help avoid tautology in the narrative, thereby giving something a more accurate description.
2. Homonyms. A girl's braid and a scythe used to mow the grass. Here are vivid examples of what homonyms are (words that differ in meaning, but are identical in spelling).
3. Antonyms. They are used in case of oppositions: cold - hot, anger - joy. Thanks to them, contradictions are better depicted.
4. Archaisms. In order to give your speech a certain solemnity and peculiarity, phrases or words that have long gone out of use are used (to be angry - to be angry, little shoes - shoes).
5. Neologism. They are the opposite of the previous concept. This innovation not only adds expressiveness to speech, but also makes it clear to the interlocutor that the narrator keeps up with the times (for example, a brand, a device).
6. Phraseologisms. They are expressions that are stable in their composition. They cannot change the word order or try to change the grammatical structure. They are used as a means of expressing thoughts (for example, “it’s hit or miss”).
7. Metaphor. This is a type of trope that is a secret comparison with something or someone (iron nerves, a flighty person).
8. Personification. This method of expressiveness of speech also gives it additional imagery. Here inanimate objects turn into living beings (the wind howls, the clouds float).
9. Hyperbola. Deliberate exaggeration of the meaning of something, beauty or even size (not seeing each other for a hundred years, an ocean of tears).
10. Irony. Where would our life be without irony, one of the main techniques of expressive speech? In order not to offend the interlocutor, but at the same time to show one’s attitude towards what was heard and seen, this hidden ridicule is used. A striking example of this is M. Zhvanetsky’s phrase “The doctors fought so hard for her life that, alas, she was able to survive.”

Intonation expressiveness of speech

It manifests itself in the pace of what is said, which is classified into fast, medium and slow. Also in vocal strength, speech coloring, rhythm and logical stress of the whole sentence.

Useful tips

There are sometimes questions for which there is no need to seek answers, since such questions are asked, as a rule, with special goals.

In order to be able to adequately respond to various not entirely standard turns of phrase in our speech, it is necessary to clarify what it is - a rhetorical question and For what purpose is it usually used?

Essentially speaking, a rhetorical question is nothing more than turn of phrase in human speech, which is usually not even a question, so it is, as a rule, doesn't pretend to have any answer.

It turns out that a rhetorical question is essentially a question to which an answer is simply not needed, because it is simply obvious to others. In fact, a rhetorical question is an ordinary statement that is stated in a questioning manner. For example, here is a turn of phrase:

“How long can this injustice continue?”

No answer is needed here, but rather, it emphasizes that injustice continues to exist. There is a hint that the time has come to stop tolerating her.

Examples of rhetorical questions

Rhetorical questions in lliterature:

Why are such questions usually required?

In most cases, this question is asked in order to make speech more expressive some specific phrase. The main factor in these phrases is the intonation of the question itself and its convention, in other words, the use of a grammatical expression.

There are special figures in conversation, which include bothrhetorical questions, so rhetorical appeals with rhetorical exclamations. These are also the kind of turns that maximize its expressiveness.

These phrases are distinguished by their certain convention, that is, where the use of some kind of exclamatory / interrogative intonation is allowed when they are absolutely not required. It is because of them that any replica in which these figures are usually used begins to receive completely a special pronounced color, maximally intensifying its expressiveness.

And since a rhetorical question, as a rule, is an ordinary statement posed in a questioning tone, the answer, as a rule, is already known in advance.

Rhetorical exclamation has the same conditional character, where the interrogative manner does not emerge from the sentence or from the content of the word itself, but is usually given to it in a free manner, thereby showing a direct reference to this event.

Example of a rhetorical exclamation:

What a summer, what a summer! Yes, this is just witchcraft!

Rhetorical appeal is also a kind of conditional appeal to those objects that essentially cannot be addressed. The very structure of this appeal is the same as in a rhetorical exclamation, as well as in a rhetorical question.

Example of a rhetorical appeal:

" Here it is, stupid happiness with white windows to the garden ."

From which it follows that all of the above rhetorical figures are ordinary syntactic constructions, which are capable of conveying the pathetic nature of the narrative and its certain elation.

Such phrases that masquerade as questioning sentences came to us from distant ancient times, inherited from the ancient orators.

The masters of eloquence of those times brought their speeches to complete perfection. In their speech, they successfully used various verbal expressions and constructions, which were capable of giving it some special expressiveness and emotionality. And their list also included rhetorical questions.

An interesting fact is that the speakers themselves of those times considered these revolutions to be some deviations, which differ significantly from simple speech. They considered it a kind of unique decoration. Nowadays, the situation has completely changed and such phrases have become a widely used part of speech.

These questions may have both positive and negative connotations. In the positive, they talk about support, about some kind of empathy, and in the negative, as a rule, cynicism, anger and sarcasm.

Why are such questions needed?

Without such questions that do not require an answer, it is usually difficult to imagine any political statements or articles on social issues. They often find their use both in fiction and in various debates.

And in everyday life, people, without realizing it or noticing it, constantly use the heritage of the orators of ancient times. These ancient techniques are usually used to:

• The audience was able to do certain conclusions.
• To give your speech significant coloration.
• Make the conversation more significant and bright.
• Attract interest to your statement and directly to your person.
• Be able to make smooth transitions from one topic to another, where a rhetorical question will serve as a connecting link.
• Force your opponents start taking action.
• Try to switch to those details that should be perceived automatically.
• To have a possibility add a plus to everything on the experience of some celebrities or famous personalities.
• Force your interlocutors join the dialogue.
• These revolutions are very often used in advertising.
• Also, this figure, used in speech, is sometimes needed in order to put your interlocutor in an awkward position and force him to react with some specific actions in response.
• These speech patterns can also help out, when there is a void in the dialogue, which urgently needs to be filled with something.

Proper use of rhetorical questions

1. The most important thing is to formulate the question correctly. It should be simple, without adding confusing terms.

2. It is necessary to completely eliminate any ambiguity from speech and any misunderstanding. First of all, there should always be clarity, structure and complete clarity of what is happening.

3. These questions are categorically understood require completely clear pronunciation, which is desirable to be accompanied by certain gestures and facial expressions.

4. Should always think in advance what effect should occur from one or another rhetorical question.

5. It is best if this effect is applicable at the very beginning of the speech, then it will be possible to attract attention and awaken the audience.

6. If you want to make some kind of well-remembered outcome, then try to ask your rhetorical question directly at the end of the speech. In this case, it will be a very effective finishing point.

Conclusion:

It must be remembered that such speech patterns are what It is recommended to use it very competently and in doses. First of all, this applies to communication with little kids, since they can come to terms with the fact that they are always asked conditional interrogative sentences and they can begin to accept other sentences accordingly, and then the necessary answer will be needed.

Although such speech patterns and make speech more accessible for greater understanding, after all don't use it very often, since there is a possibility that they will all eventually turn into quite hackneyed phrases and annoying cliches.

The expressiveness (beauty) of speech is a very multifaceted concept; it is a set of speech features that maintain the attention and interest of listeners. Expressiveness is based on richness and is achieved by using expressions in speech that avoid everyday life and unexpected turns.

We can say that expressive speech is emotional speech. The speaker must influence not only the mind, but also the feelings and imagination of the listeners. The imagery and emotionality of speech enhance its effectiveness, contribute to its better perception, understanding and memorization, and provide aesthetic pleasure. But this statement can be refuted - unemotional speech can also be expressive, and a speaker who speaks in an even voice, without betraying his emotions, can make a greater impression than a joker and joker.

The expressiveness of speech, as well as its richness, is the fruit of a lot of work. Gustave Flaubert ensured that he did not repeat the same word even on adjacent pages, for this he rewrote each page 5-7 times. Only an impromptu that is carefully prepared is successful.

The expressiveness of speech is supported by special linguistic and speech means of expression, which include tropes and rhetorical figures. The purpose of these linguistic means is to make the thought more vivid, accurate, and memorable. It is known that a catchy phrase has a stronger effect on the listener than a deep thought. For example, the words of the poet N.A. are widely known. Nekrasova: “Follow the rule stubbornly: so that words are cramped, thoughts are spacious.” It’s beautifully said, but if you think about it carefully, this advice will seem strange: it’s cramped when there’s too much of something, but it’s spacious when there’s too little of something, i.e. It is recommended to write in such a way that there are fewer thoughts and more words.

The expressiveness of speech is understood as such features of its structure that make it possible to enhance the impression of what is said (written), to arouse and maintain the attention and interest of the addressee, to influence not only his mind, but also his feelings and imagination.

The expressiveness of speech depends on many reasons and conditions - strictly linguistic and extralinguistic.

One of the main conditions for expressiveness is the independence of thinking of the author of the speech, which presupposes a deep and comprehensive knowledge and understanding of the subject of the message. Knowledge extracted from any sources must be mastered, processed, and deeply comprehended. This gives the speaker (writer) confidence, makes his speech convincing and effective. If the author does not properly think through the content of his statement, does not comprehend the issues that he will present, his thinking cannot be independent, and his speech cannot be expressive.

To a large extent, the expressiveness of speech depends on the attitude of the author to the content of the statement. The inner conviction of the speaker (writer) in the significance of the statement, interest, and concern for its content gives speech (especially oral) an emotional coloring. An indifferent attitude to the content of the statement leads to a dispassionate presentation of the truth, which cannot influence the feelings of the addressee.

In direct communication, the relationship between the speaker and the listener is also important, the psychological contact between them, which arises primarily on the basis of joint mental activity: the addresser and the addressee must solve the same problems, discuss the same issues: the first - by presenting the topic of his message, the second - by following for the development of his thoughts. In establishing psychological contact, what is important is the attitude of both the speaker and the listener to the subject of speech, their interest, and indifference to the content of the statement.

In addition to deep knowledge of the subject of the message, expressive speech also presupposes the ability to convey knowledge to the addressee and arouse his interest and attention. This is achieved by careful and skillful selection of linguistic means, taking into account the conditions and tasks of communication, which in turn requires a good knowledge of the language, its expressive capabilities and features of functional styles.

One of the prerequisites for verbal expressiveness is skills that allow you to easily select the language means needed in a particular act of communication. Such skills are developed through systematic and deliberate training. The means of training speech skills is careful reading of exemplary texts (fiction, journalistic, scientific), close interest in their language and style, attentive attention to the speech of people who can speak expressively, as well as self-control (the ability to control and analyze one’s speech from the point of view of its expressiveness ).

The verbal expressiveness of an individual also depends on the conscious intention to achieve it, on the author’s target setting for it.

The expressive means of language usually include tropes (figurative use of linguistic units) and stylistic figures, calling them figurative and expressive means. However, the expressive capabilities of language are not limited to this; in speech, any unit of language at all levels (even a single sound), as well as non-verbal means (gestures, facial expressions, pantomime) can become a means of expressiveness.

Tropes are words and expressions used not in their usual, literal meaning, but in a figurative sense. The trope is based on a comparison of phenomena that are similar in some way or are in some way connected or correlated with each other. The tropes include: metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, allegory, comparisons, epithets.

Metaphors are based on the transfer of names by similarity. They are formed according to the principle of personification (water runs), reification (nerves of steel), distraction (field of activity), etc. Quite often, metaphors are used in everyday speech. We often hear and say: it is raining, steel watches, iron character, warm relationships, sharp vision. However, these metaphors have lost their imagery and are of an everyday nature.

The use of metaphors does not always make speech artistic. Sometimes speakers get carried away with metaphors. “An overly brilliant style,” wrote Aristotle, “makes both characters and thoughts invisible.”

The variety of metaphors distracts listeners from the content of the speech; the audience’s attention is concentrated on the form of presentation, and not on the content.

Metonymy, unlike metaphor, is based on contiguity. If with a metaphor two identically named objects or phenomena must be somewhat similar to each other, then with metonymy two objects or phenomena that have received the same name must be adjacent. The word adjacent in this case should be understood not just as neighboring, but somewhat more broadly - closely related to each other. Examples of metonymy are the use of the words class, school, auditorium, apartment, house, factory to refer to people.

Synecdoche is a trope, the essence of which is that a part is called instead of a whole, a singular number is used instead of a plural, or, conversely, a whole is used instead of a part, a plural is used instead of a singular.

An example of synecdoche is the emotional, figurative, deep in content words of M.A. Sholokhov about the character of the Russian person. By using the word man and his own name Ivan, the writer means the whole people:

The symbolic Russian Ivan is this: a man dressed in a gray overcoat, who without hesitation gave the last piece of bread and thirty grams of front-line sugar to a child orphaned during the terrible days of the war, a man who selflessly covered his comrade with his body, saving him from inevitable death, a man who, gritting his teeth, endured and will endure all hardships and hardships, going to great deeds in the name of the Motherland. Good name Ivan!

Allegory is an allegorical depiction of an abstract concept using a specific life image. This technique is especially actively used in fables and fairy tales. With the help of animal images, various human vices (greed, cowardice, cunning, stupidity, ignorance) are ridiculed, goodness, courage, and justice are glorified. So, in folk tales, the fox is an allegory of cunning, the hare - cowardice, the donkey - stubbornness, etc. An allegory allows you to better understand this or that idea of ​​the speaker, delve into the essence of the statement, and more clearly present the subject of the conversation.

Quite often, geographical names are used in metonymic meaning. For example, the names of capitals are used to mean “the government of the country”, “ruling circles”: Negotiations between London and Washington, Paris is worried, Warsaw has made a decision, etc. Geographical names also denote people living in a given territory. Thus, the name Belarus is synonymous with the combination Belarusian people, Ukraine - Ukrainian people.

Comparison is a figurative expression based on the comparison of two objects or states that have a common feature. Comparison presupposes the presence of three data: firstly, object 1, which is compared with object 2, secondly, object 2, with which object 1 is compared, and, thirdly, a sign on the basis of which the two objects are compared. With the help of comparison, the speaker identifies, emphasizes an object or phenomenon, and pays special attention to it. Comparison will be effective only when the eye is organically connected with the content, when it does not obscure the thought, but explains it, makes it simpler. The power of comparison lies in its originality, unusualness, and this is achieved by bringing together objects, phenomena or actions that would seem , have nothing in common with each other.

Vivid, expressive comparisons give speech a special poetry. A completely different impression is produced by comparisons, which, as a result of their frequent use, have lost their imagery and turned into speech cliches. It is unlikely that such common expressions will evoke positive emotions in anyone: brave as hell, cowardly as a hare, reflected as in a mirror, pass like a red thread, etc.

The disadvantage is the use of comparison for the sake of comparison. Then the speech becomes florid, artificial, drawn out.

Epithets are artistic definitions. They allow you to more clearly characterize the properties, qualities of an object or phenomenon and thereby enrich the content of the statement. Please note what expressive epithets A.E. finds. Fersman to describe the beauty and splendor of green stones:

A brightly colorful emerald, sometimes thick, almost dark, cut with cracks, sometimes sparkling with bright dazzling green, comparable only to the stones of Colombia; bright golden “peridot” of the Urals, that beautiful sparkling demantoid stone that was so valued abroad - traces of which were found in ancient excavations in Ecbatana and Persia. A whole range of tones connects faintly greenish or bluish beryls with the densely green dark aquamarines of the Ilmen mines, and no matter how rare these stones are, their beauty is unparalleled.

In order to attract the attention of the listener or reader to one or another member of the sentence, a variety of permutations are used, up to placing the predicate in a narrative sentence at the very beginning of the phrase, and the subject at the end. For example: We honored the hero of the day with the whole team; No matter how difficult it may be, we must do it.

Often, to enhance the statement, give the speech dynamism, a certain rhythm, they resort to such a stylistic figure as repetition. Repetitions come in many different forms. Sometimes they begin several sentences with the same word or group of words. This repetition is called anaphora, which translated from Greek means unity of beginning.

Sometimes entire sentences are repeated several times in order to emphasize, highlight, and make the core idea contained in them more clear.

There are also repetitions at the end of a phrase. As at the beginning of a sentence, individual words, phrases, and speech structures can be repeated. This stylistic figure is called epiphora.

To know the expressive means of a language, to be able to use its stylistic and semantic riches in all their structural diversity - every native speaker should strive for this.

3. Find (find) a common language - achieve, achieve complete mutual understanding, understand each other. For example, a mother says to her son: “Well done, son, you get along well with your peers!”

Give free rein to your tongue - chatter, allow yourself to say unnecessary things. As an example, we can imagine a situation where, while at a gala event, a woman says to her husband: “Dear, in my opinion you have given free rein to your tongue, behave decently!”

Speaking different languages ​​means not understanding each other, understanding the essence of the conversation subjectively, in your own way, differently than the other interlocutor. For example, when people quarrel, they say: “You and I speak different languages!”

Aesopian language is an allegory, figurative language, allegorical, allegorical language that requires decoding due to many hints and omissions. On behalf of the legendary fabulist Aesop (c. VI century BC), who was first a slave and then a freedman. Aesop in his fables resorted to numerous allegories and allegorical depictions of reality. The very concept and techniques of Aesopian (Aesopian) language were introduced into wide use by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, who also called allegorical presentation a “slave” manner, necessary under the conditions of tsarist censorship. Here is a situation that can be characterized by the techniques of “Aesopian language” - the boss says to his subordinate: “Igor, this year you worked like an ant, so I think you deserve a promotion!” Here, as a technique of “Aesopian language”, Igor is compared to an ant, meaning that he worked as hard, as hard-working as an ant, and you and I know that ants are considered the most hardworking insects.

The concept of expressiveness of speech

Expressiveness of speech is given by various units of language at all levels.

Sound expressiveness in speech lies in its harmonious euphony, in the use of rhythm and rhyme. Alliteration and assonance also add expressiveness.

Definition 2

Alliteration consists in repeating the same or similar consonant sounds.

Definition 3

Assonance- This is the repetition of vowel sounds.

The main source of expressiveness of speech is vocabulary and phraseology, which give speech a special expressive flavor.

Expressiveness in speech means expressiveness.

To add expressiveness to the usual meaning of a word, special stylistic assessments are added that enhance its expressiveness. For example, to give expressiveness to the word good, more expressive adjectives are used, such as beautiful, delightful and others. In this case, the lexical meaning of the word is further complicated by expression. One neutral word can have several expressive synonyms, which differ in the degree of expressive tension.

Expressive coloring is layered on the emotional-evaluative meaning of the word. At the same time, some words have a predominant expression, while others, on the contrary, have an emotional connotation.

Ways to make speech expressive

Expressive vocabulary is classified into the following groups:

• words that express a positive assessment of concepts;
• words that express a negative assessment of concepts.

The first group includes sublime, humorous, affectionate words, and the second group includes ironic, abusive, disapproving words.

We use words in our speech, subject to the conditions of communication, trying to influence the interlocutor, while taking into account his social status, the nature of the relationship and the content of the conversation. All this tells us what words need to be used in speech: elevated, depressed, solemn, playful. Accordingly, our speech acquires a certain stylistic coloring. Sometimes, it is possible to combine in speech stylistically heterogeneous and contrasting linguistic means in emotional and expressive coloring.

Used to create contrast antonyms. They serve as the basis of a stylistic figure, which is built on the opposition of words with opposite meanings. For example, the phrase “...Know where the light is, you will understand where the darkness is...”.

Definition 4

The opposition of antonyms is called antithesis.

In antithesis Concepts that are not antonyms outside the general context can be compared. For example, lines from a famous poem: “...We will not drink from the same glass, neither water nor sweet wine...”

Combinations of antonyms form a stylistic figure - oxymoron, which consists in attributing to a concept a feature that is incompatible with the given concept, while at the same time combining concepts that are opposite in meaning. Vivid examples of an oxymoron are the expressions: “living corpse” or “hurry slowly.” An oxymoron makes it possible to use minimal linguistic means to characterize the complexity and internal inconsistency of an object or phenomenon.

They have great expressiveness paronymous words. They add humor, satire, and shades of irony to speech. For example, the expression: “more beauty than beauty.”

Lexical repetitions also enhance the expressiveness of our speech. They help highlight important concepts in the text, make it possible to delve deeper into the content, and give speech a special emotional and expressive coloring.

The source of expressive speech is phraseological combinations. They are characterized by imagery, emotionality and expressiveness. Phraseologisms allow you not just to name an object or phenomenon, but to express a certain attitude towards it. An example is the phrase: “Poverty is not a vice, but a big disgusting thing.” Phraseologisms can enter into synonymous relationships with each other.

Another catalyst for speech expressiveness is trails.

Main trails

Definition 5

Trope- this is a transfer of name, the use of individual words and their combinations to name another object in a certain speech situation.

The trails include:

• metaphor,
• metonymy,
• synecdoche,
• personification,
• comparison,
• allegory,
• epithet,
• hyperbola,
• litotes,
• antonomasia,
• paraphrase.

Metaphor- this is the use of a word in a figurative meaning, when comparing objects.

A type of metaphor - metaphorical epithet, which is an artistic definition to emphasize the essential property or quality of an object or phenomenon. For example: “...How greedily the world of the night soul listens to the story of its beloved...”

Very similar to a metaphor - comparison. Comparison is a comparison of phenomena to explain one of them with the help of another.

Often, to give speech expressiveness, human properties are transferred to animals, objects or inanimate phenomena. This technique is called personification. For example: it is raining, the birches are crying.

Metonymy- this is the transfer of the meaning of a word by contiguity or contiguity. For example, expressions: ate two plates, the whole city slept.

Synecdoche- a type of metonymy. Synecdoche is the replacement of the plural by the singular, the use of the name of a part instead of the whole, and the particular instead of the general.

Expressive speech is impossible without the use of hyperbole. Hyperbola- figurative exaggeration of the meaning of something. Examples of hyperbole: “...And the cannonballs were prevented from flying by a mountain of bloody bodies...”

The inverse concept of hyperbole is litotes. Litotes- this is a figurative understatement of the significance of a phenomenon.

Periphrase used instead of any phrase or word. For example: the author of “Fathers and Sons” or “king of beasts”. In the first case, a logical paraphrase is used, and in the second, a figurative one.

Tropes include irony. Irony- this is the special use of words, phrases or sentences and pieces of text in the opposite sense to the literal one. You can understand the ironic tone of the text through knowledge of the situation, cultural traditions, as well as through intonation or other ways the narrator emphasizes the opposite meaning of the statement.

Allegory represents the expression of abstract concepts in concrete images. For example, a fox is cunning, and a snake is cunning.

Another trope that adds brightness to our speech is antonomasia. When proper names are used in the meaning of a common noun.