Lost Myth: Ancient Hyperborea turned out to be a legend. Tula arctida Hyperborea arctida
UDC (551.4.07+551.242.2+572.4): 551.794(985)
Yu.I. Loskutov
Based on the study of published geological, geophysical and other materials, it is proved that up to the Holocene inclusive, large islands existed in the Arctic Ocean in the area of the North Pole. On these islands and the now flooded shelf lived the proto-ancestors of the Indo-Europeans, and, possibly, of all humanity.
Keywords: Arctic, Hyperborea, Arctic Ocean, Hyperborean platform, geomorphology, Aryans, Slavs, Indo-Europeans.
Introduction
In recent years, publications about Hyperborea have appeared in the media. It would seem, what do Israel and Hyperborea have in common? Nevertheless, in the newspaper “Zavtra” (2006, No. 39), the public was presented with an article by V. Shtepa “Israel and Hyperborea”! In it, the author outlines the global project of a “new Northern civilization,” which could be a unifying idea for the peoples of Russia, similar to the “Promised Land” of the Jews. Thus, the “problem of Hyperborea” becomes a political problem.
At present, Russia, if it wants to be a Great Empire again, must return to the Arctic, which has become the center of military-strategic, resource and economic interests of many great and small powers. Some steps have been taken in this direction: in September 2008, the Security Council of the Russian Federation adopted the “Fundamentals of the state policy of the Russian Federation in the Arctic for the period up to 2020 and beyond,” which provide, in particular, for the creation of an Arctic group of forces and the revitalization of the Northern Sea ways.
To make it clear what we are talking about, we will make some explanations. In the USSR, the state border in the Arctic Ocean (hereinafter referred to as the Arctic Ocean) was in the form of a sector (“Polar Sector of the USSR”), limited by meridional lines stretching in the east from the Bering Strait, and in the west from the Kola Peninsula near the border with Norway (32004 ?35?E and 167049?30?W). These lines converged at the North Pole. In 1990, E. Shevardnadze (USSR) and D. Baker (USA) entered into an agreement according to which the northern border of the USSR should be drawn in accordance with Article 76 of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. On November 30, 1995, the President of the Russian Federation signed the Law on the Continental Shelf of the Russian Federation, and in 1997 Russia ratified this Convention. As a result, the USSR lost 50 thousand square kilometers of its territorial waters and the huge mineral resources concentrated in them (mainly oil and gas). The fact is that, according to the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, a coastal state has the right to an exclusive economic zone of 200 nautical miles and can still claim 150 miles if it proves that the seabed is a continuation of the continental shelf of this state. Russia has been trying to prove its rights for ten years now. However, the United States, which initiated the conclusion of the Convention, has not yet ratified this agreement. Moreover, they and a number of other states claim recognition of special rights in relation to the Arctic shelf. And in January 2009, NATO stated that the Far North is of strategic interest to the alliance.
Unfortunately, Russia continues to lose its position in the Arctic. For forty years, our diplomats struggled over a more advantageous division of the disputed waters, and on September 15, 2010, Russian President D. Medvedev and Norwegian Prime Minister J. Stoltenberg, having met in Murmansk, agreed, and the foreign ministers of Russia and Norway signed the Sea Delimitation Treaty spaces and cooperation in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean and its Appendix. This is an unfavorable agreement for Russia, according to which it loses about 240 thousand km2 of water area, including the most valuable section of the Barents Sea in the Spitsbergen area (Soviet Russia, 2011, No. 31). As J. Stoltenberg stated, “the most promising deposits (of hydrocarbons - L.Yu.) turned out to be in the Norwegian part of the water area.” And the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Norway believes that Norway’s priority extends towards the Arctic Ocean and, in general, to the entire Arctic. Let us remember that Norway is a member of NATO. More detailed information about this problem is presented in a detailed article by V. Zilanov “Shall we surrender the Barents Sea?” in the newspaper “Zavtra” (2010, No. 50). One thing is clear that Norway will become even richer from this agreement (by any calculation method). The Treaty has already been ratified on February 8, 2011 by the Norwegian Parliament (Storting). And on March 25, the State Duma, represented by the United Russia faction, which has the majority, obediently voted for the ratification of the Treaty, regardless of the opinion of the public, the military and the Fishermen's Union, acting on the principle of the cat from the fable of I. A. Krylov: “And Vaska listens Yes, there is".
But it’s not only military and economic interests that should attract us to the Arctic. Russia must prove that it is the successor to the legendary Hyperborean (Northern, Arctic) civilization. This is the global project of the “new Northern civilization” that V. Shtepa writes about.
I first read about Hyperborea from Herodotus in the early 60s, but it did not attract my attention, since it is known that the ancient Greeks were great dreamers.
In the early 90s, when the “taboo” on publications on Aryan topics was lifted, a lot of books and articles appeared in print about the ancestral homeland of the Aryan tribes, Slavs, Hyperborea, etc. After reading these materials, I believed in Hyperborea, but I had a question - what do geologists say about the existence of Hyperborea, what was the climate at that time and is it possible for the existence of a continent in the North Pole region from the point of view of modern tectonic knowledge? To my surprise, I did not find any professional articles by geologists about the Hyperborean civilization. Then I became interested in this and began to collect information. As a result, starting from 2003, several articles by me (and my co-authors) on Hyperborean topics appeared, a brief overview of which, with the addition of new data, I offer to the attention of interested readers.
History of research
It is believed that we first learned about the existence of an ancient civilization in the North in written sources from the “father of history” Herodotus ( 484-425 BC BC) in his IV book “Melpomene”. This country was called “Hyperborea”, and its inhabitants were called “Hyperboreans”, i.e. living “beyond Boreas”, “beyond the North Wind”. Although Herodotus stated: “I don’t believe in the existence of Hyperboreans at all” (p. 196), the majority of the ancient Greeks did not support him, and Pliny the Elder(79-24 BC) in “Natural History” (IV, 26) directly wrote - “one cannot doubt the existence of this people.”
We find indirect confirmation of the existence of Hyperborea in the mythological sources of Ireland, which tell about the tribe of the goddess Danu (the legendary Tuatta de Dannan), who sailed to Ireland from across the sea, from the north, from four cities (or islands).
In 1569 and 1595, maps of the famous cartographer were published G. Mercator, compiled by him on the basis of some sources unknown to us from much more ancient times. In the center of the maps around the North Pole, the legendary Arctida (Hyperborea) is depicted as a continent consisting of four huge islands, separated by mighty rivers flowing from the North Pole, where a “black rock” is shown - apparently the sacred Mount Meru (Fig. 1) .
For comparison, look at the paleogeography of the Arctic at the beginning of the newest stage (end of the Oligocene - beginning of the Neogene) (Fig. 2).
You see the underwater ridges of Gakkel, Lomonosov and Mendeleev. The currently submerged shelf is shown in dark green.
Then they forgot about Hyperborea for many hundreds of years, and only in the 18th century did a French scientist J.S. Bailly(1736-1793) returned to this problem again. In 1775, he published the first volume of the History of Astronomy, which was negatively received by the French scientific community, and in subsequent years he outlined his views on the origin of humanity in the form of Letters to Voltaire. The Russian translation of these letters was initiated by a great enthusiast of the Hyperborean problem, Doctor of Philosophy V.N. Demin, who emphasized the priority of Zh.S. Bailly in the development of the polar concept of the origin of world culture and civilization and showed the significance and relevance of his ideas.
And again, humanity forgot about Hyperborea for a hundred years, until in 1885 a book by the rector of Boston University, Dr. W.F. Warren“Paradise Found at the North Pole” (Russian translation from English made by Doctor of Historical Sciences N.R. Guseva and published in 2003).
W.F. Warren formulated the problem this way: was there a single center of expansion of the human race at the very beginning and, if so, where was it located? The author hypothesized that “the cradle of humanity, the Eden of the original tradition, was located at the North Pole, in an area flooded during the Great Flood” (p. 51). To prove this hypothesis, he analyzed the ideas about his origin preserved in the memory of mankind in the form of myths and religions, first of all, the memory of paradise. And what is surprising is that all peoples, regardless of where they now live, pointed to the north, to the ancient subpolar continent, where there once was “paradise life.” W.F. Warren found confirmation of his hypothesis in the evidence of various sciences - geography, astronomy, geology, climatology, botany, zoology, anthropology, ethnography and comparative mythology. This listing alone speaks to the fundamental nature of the author’s evidence. N.R. Guseva emphasizes that Warren has collected “evidence of the preservation in the memory of people not just of faith, but knowledge(emphasis added - L.Yu.) about the origin of humanity in the North Pole region" (p. 56).
Interestingly, the memory of the northern ancestral home was reflected in such a seemingly completely steppe people as the Kalmyks in their folk epic “Dzhangar”. The heroes of the Dzhangariada operate in the fabulous country of Bumba, located within the ocean. But the top of the dome is also called “bumba”. What is the “top of the dome” in relation to the Earth? This is the North Pole! R.N. Dugarov reports that according to the epic tradition of the Golok-Mongols, “Bumba is a country of eternal youth and immortality with a history of 100 thousand years.”
Irrefutable evidence in favor of the Arctic ancestral home of the Indo-Iranians (“Aryans”) was given in his books by the famous Indian scientist, an expert in Vedic Sanskrit B.G. Tilak(1856-1920): “Orion, or studies of the antiquity of the Vedas” (1893) and “The Arctic homeland in the Vedas”. Based on the analysis of Vedic myths, religious rituals, astronomical and geophysical realities discovered by him in the texts of the Vedas and Avesta, and a comparison of this information with the geological data of B.G. Tilak came to the following conclusions:
The Vedas were created no later than 4500 BC. (previously considered no later than 2400 BC);
There was a continent around the North Pole that went under water during the last glaciation;
The ancient Aryans lived at the North Pole and in the circumpolar regions not in the post-glacial period, but in the interglacial period, approximately 30-40 thousand years ago (in the modern stratigraphic scale this corresponds to the Kargin horizon, formed in the time interval 24 - 57 thousand years ago . on the oxygen-isotope scale. - L.Yu.) The climate of that time was favorable and resembled “eternal spring”;
The Arctic lands were inhabited not only by Aryans, but also by other peoples;
Arctic civilization was quite high in level, not corresponding to the Stone Age;
As a result of a sudden cold snap, the ancestral home of the Aryans was destroyed, and they rushed south in two streams - through the European north of Russia and through Siberia.
After the publication of books by B.G. Tilak about the polar hypothesis of the origin of the Indo-Europeans should only be spoken of as theories- says the famous Indologist N.R. Gusev - the analysis of Vedic literature by this unsurpassed expert on the Vedas is so deep and reliable.
However, some researchers still disagree with him. They believe that the Vedas, Mahabharata and other sources reflect the mythological views of the Indo-Aryans, which do not correspond to reality. In their denial of obvious facts, some of them came to a paradoxical conclusion: “The very content of the “polar” epic cycle of the Scythians, ancient Indians and Iranians testifies against the theory of the Arctic homeland of the Aryans”?!
Another approach to ancient myths and legends is more productive: to consider them as documentary sources, presented in a unique language. This approach was brilliantly demonstrated by W.F. Warren.
In Russia, on the publication of works by W.F. Warren and B.G. A biologist of Serbian origin responded to Tilak E. Jelacic, having published the book “The Far North as the Homeland of Humanity” in St. Petersburg in 1910, in which he supported the above-mentioned authors and provided a number of new evidence based on his research.
The hypothesis about the northern ancestral home of humanity will not seem too fantastic if we take into account the discovery by the Prilenskaya archaeological expedition of the Yakut scientific center of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, led by Yu.A. Mochanov ancient Paleolithic Deering on the banks of the river. Lena in Yakutia in 1982. A comprehensive study of this site showed that people already lived at 61°N. presumably 3.2-1.8 million years ago. The inhabitants of the site were older contemporaries of the Olduvai culture (“Pebble culture”) of “Handy Man.” “This sensational discovery actually destroyed all hypotheses about the only “African” center of origin of “homo sapiens”, and for this reason alone caused sharp rejection in the world scientific community.”
As is known, within the framework of official scientific ideas, it was believed that the history of modern humanity began approximately 40-50 thousand years ago with the appearance on Earth of a person of a modern physical type - Cro-Magnons (homo sapiens sapiens). However, now this time limit has moved back into the depths of centuries - from 100-150 to 200 thousand years, and maybe up to 2 million years ago. There are two main points of view on the ancestral home of man: first- a person of a modern physical type was formed in one place. The vast majority of researchers believe that this originated in Africa (from “black-skinned Eve”). However, not everyone agrees with this. So, Yu.D. Petukhov calls the Middle East and Mesopotamia the primary homeland of the Cro-Magnons (“Proto-Russians”), and W. Warren and other researchers consider the territory near the North Pole to be the “cradle of humanity.” Second view reflects the view of "multi-regional" human evolution. Research by A.P. Derevianko (Novosibirsk) and his colleagues testify that the process of formation of modern humanity, in their opinion, took place not only in Africa, but throughout Eurasia. Discovery of Yu.A. Mochanov brilliantly confirmed this.
I would also like to draw your attention to the following fact published by Ilya Glazunov: Russian scientist V.M. Florinsky, in his work “Primitive Slavs according to the monuments of their prehistoric life,” published in Tomsk in 1894 and never published again, convincingly proved that the ancient population of Siberia, and the Adriatic and Baltic Veneti are different branches "a single powerful Aryan people - the Proto-Slavs". Therefore, it was not surprising when the Hindu Durga Prasad Shastri (historian, linguist, Sanskritologist) was amazed to discover that the modern Northern Russian dialect turned out to be almost identical to the ancient form of Sanskrit: “You are speaking here in some ancient form of Sanskrit, and much of it is clear to me without translation.” , “not only the syntax and word order are similar, the very expressiveness and spirit are preserved in these languages in an unchanged initial form.”
A. Vinogradov and S. Zharnikova determine the ancestral homeland of the Indo-Europeans in the European part of Russia. They analyzed the descriptions in the Mahabharata (book Lesnaya) of sacred springs - rivers and lakes of the country of the ancient Aryans, the names of ancient cities and compared them with preserved toponyms in the European part of Russia. So, in their opinion, Volga = Ranha (Ra) = Ganga, Sindhu is Don, etc. Without denying the conclusions made by the above authors, we note the following: the events described in the Mahabharata, in their opinion, took place in the period from 10,000 to 3,000 BC. The exodus of the ancient Aryans from their ancestral home was approximately 23,000 years ago, and the rivers described in the Rig Veda are the rivers of their ancestral home in the circumpolar region. Migrating south, the ancestors of the Indo-Europeans stayed for a long time in Eastern Europe and gave names to the rivers existing there by analogy with their ancestral home. They did the same thing in their subsequent millennia-long movement south all the way to India.
V.N. did a lot in popularizing and implementing the theory of the Arctic ancestral home of humanity in Russia. Demin (1942-2006), who, in addition to numerous monographs and articles, organized several expeditions to the Kola Peninsula. The Russian Geographical Society did not remain aloof from this problem: the Commission for Scientific Tourism was actively engaged in the search for ancient civilizations in the North, which created for these purposes in 1991 the Integrated Northern Exploration Expedition (KSPE).
N.R. also made a great contribution to the study of this problem. Guseva, A. Asov, N.S. Novgorodov and others.
N.R. Guseva, when translating B.G. Tilak’s monograph “The Arctic Homeland in the Vedas,” for the first time discovered data that made it possible to clearly determine the northern latitude in the Arctic Ocean, where the compilers of the Vedas lived - 82.60 pp. w. . Later, in a newspaper publication, she changed these numbers to 780 pp. w. According to our data, the northern latitude is 77.40 north latitude.
Initial data for calculations from N.R. Guseva is that the maximum “eternal night” in the Rig Veda lasted 100 days. Now at the North Pole (900 N latitude) the polar night lasts 176 days, and in the city of Murmansk, located at 690 N latitude. - 40 days. By direct interpolation of N.R. Guseva determined that the polar night, 100 days long, will be observed at 78.20 s. w. . But the use of direct interpolation over such a large distance (almost 200) leads to errors - this is clearly seen from the table compiled by N.P. Erpylev. According to him, at 760 s. w. The polar night lasts 99 days, and at 780 s. w. - 111 days. From here it is easy to calculate that for 100 days the night will last 76.20 seconds. w.
The above calculations will be true if three conditions are maintained: firstly, the North Geographic Pole has not significantly changed its position over the past 40 thousand years; secondly, the continents were located at that time in the same place as now; thirdly, the angle of inclination of the earth's axis did not change. Previously, we showed that in Vedic times the North Pole and the continents were located approximately in the same place where they are now, and the northern border of the habitat of the creators of the Vedas, due to a change in the angle of inclination of the earth’s axis, ran along the northern latitude of 76.20 + 1.20 = 77.40. This latitude crosses the southern tip of Spitsbergen and the northern part of the Taimyr Peninsula, that is, it is located mainly within the flooded shelf of the Arctic Ocean.
Moreover, B.G. Tilak cites data in his book indicating that the ancient Indo-Iranians lived directly in the area near the North Pole. Thus, in Indian literature, he writes, the assertion that “the day and night of the gods” last for 6 months is extremely widespread. And we know that one day and one night for 6 months can only be at the pole. In fact, the ancient Aryans knew about the polar night, which lasted from 2 to 6 months. B.G. Tilak also notes that the tradition speaking of day and night for 6 months is found not only in Vedic or Iranian literature, but also in Greek and Norwegian. In the ancient homeland of the Aryans, the sun was above the horizon for 7 to 10 months. The seven-month period of sunlight is also indicated by the dawn, which lasts 30 days. And “a dawn that lasts continuously for thirty days is possible only a few degrees from the North Pole point.”
Almost all books of the Indian epic Mahabharata mention Mount Meru. Judging by its characteristics, there is no doubt that it is at the North Pole: “At its rising and at its setting the Sun made a circle of pradakshina ( walking from left to right) around the King of the mountains, the great golden mountain Meru." It is significant that the “World Mountain” (“Weltberg”), similar to Mer, is in the myths of other peoples of the world, and it is also located at the North Pole. Among the Egyptians it is the Mountain of the Gods Sar, among the Akkadians, Assyrians and Babylonians it is Kharsak Kura, among the Iranians it is Khara Berezaite, etc. And quite rightly W.F. Warren supports the conclusion of previous researchers that the idea of the original high central mountain belonged to to undivided humanity(emphasis added - L.Yu.).
But what about the continent around the North Pole? Only geology and geophysics can give a reasoned answer to this.
Geological and geomorphological structure of the Arctic Ocean bottom
The Arctic Ocean is the smallest ocean on Earth in area, which is 14.8 million km2. Its greatest depth is 5527 m in the Litke depression, the average depth is 1225 m. The Arctic Ocean as an independent ocean was first identified in 1650 by the Dutch geographer B. Varenius under the name “Hyperborean Ocean”. In 1845 London Geographer. the society approved the name “Arctic Ocean”, which in the USSR was officially adopted by the resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR dated June 27, 1935. The Hellenes called this ocean “Kronid Sea”, “Scythian Ocean”, and the ancient Slavs and Pomors - “Milk, or White, or The Cold Ocean." The Arctic Ocean is distinguished by an abundance of islands and a highly developed continental shelf (shelf) up to 1300 km wide and mostly 200 m deep. The shelf occupies almost half of the entire area of the Arctic Ocean.
The large monograph “Russian Arctic” presents data from geophysical and geological studies of the Arctic Ocean bed.
On the Map of the Anomalous Magnetic Field of the Arctic Ocean (Fig. 3), the eastern part is clearly distinguished, where the earth’s crust is mainly continental in nature, and the western part, where the crust is oceanic. Parallel magnetic anomalies are clearly visible, which are typical signs of spreading.
In Fig. 4- Map of gravity anomalies in reduction in free air. The Lomonosov and Gakkel ridges and the rift underwater valley within the latter are clearly visible.
The Arctic Ocean consists of three orographic provinces: the Eurasian and Amerasian (the Canadian Basin itself) subbasins and the Central Arctic Region of Oceanic Highs (CAOOR) separating them, comparable in area to the first two (Fig. 5).
Eurasian province characterized by oceanic-type crust with a thickness of 5-15 km, while the other two are dominated by continental-type crust with a thickness of 15-40 km. It is believed that the Arctic Ocean is the youngest ocean on Earth and its age is determined as Late Jurassic-Cenozoic. However, according to I.S. Gramberg, the age of the Arctic Ocean is Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic, which is reliably established by the beginning of the formation of deep-sea depressions and linear magnetic anomalies of the ocean floor. The spreading nature of the Eurasian deep-sea basin is clearly recorded by the morphology of the ocean floor - the middle ridge (Gakkel Ridge) with a rift valley in the axial part (more than 5200 m deep, which is 1-2 km below the level of the ridge crests framing it) and two oceanic basins (Amundsen and Nansen), which this ridge separates. Magnetic anomalies symmetrical with respect to the ridge and its rift valley, writes I.S. Gramberg, complement the classic image of the oceanic crust with a spreading structure. The formation of deep-sea depressions, which belongs to the stage of rifting transformations, occurred mainly in the Late Cretaceous - Eocene. The appearance of magnetic anomalies, which record the initial stage of expansion of the ocean floor (spreading), dates back to the late Oligocene - the beginning of the Neogene. The Knipovich Ridge (on the continuation of the Gakkel Ridge) is younger - late Miocene-early Pliocene.
Some researchers the formation time Amerasian The oceanic basin is defined as Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous. And moreover, V.A. Zakharov et al., based on a study of the marine biota of the Arctic basin, prove that the ocean has been in the Arctic since the Triassic: this is the South Anyui oceanic basin (within the Canadian Basin), which existed in the Triassic and Jurassic. Earlier this point of view was expressed by L.P. Zonenshain et al. Thus, without going to extremes, we can assume that the modern Arctic Ocean formed, starting in the Late Jurassic, during the process of the collapse of the Pangea continent, when rifting destruction of the continental crust occurred.
Geological and geophysical arguments in favor of the existence of the Hyperborean platform are also discussed in articles by other researchers,
After the publication in 1995 of the Orographic Map of the Arctic Basin on a scale of 1:5,000,000, and in 1999 - the Relief Map of the Arctic Ocean bottom of the same scale, it became possible to significantly clarify the geomorphological features of the Arctic Basin. A joint analysis of these maps carried out by I.S. Gramberg and G.D. Naryshkin, showed that ridges and uplifts Central Arctic region of oceanic rises are the remnants of the Precambrian Hyperborean platform and were formed as a result of its catastrophic subsidence to the bottom of the Arctic Ocean; they are a natural continuation of the continental margins into the Arctic Basin.
In our opinion, the CAOO is the legendary Hyperborean continent. The CAOO is a highly dissected mountainous country with ancient planation levels, bounded on the west and east by seas and including the submeridional ridges of Lomonosov, Alpha (the latter in the south is replaced by the Mendeleev Rise), the Chukotka Plateau, the Nordwind Rise, as well as inland seas - the Makarov depression, Podvodnikov and others.
Rice. 6. Orographic map of the Arctic basin (abbreviated)
Elementary surfaces:
1 – flat-topped mountain regions and hilly mountains,
2 – terraced slopes,
3 – terraced bathyal plains,
4 - terraced abyssal plains,
5 – local depression plains (intermontane),
6 – plains of bathyal basins,
7 – plains of abyssal basins,
8 – gentle slopes (until 00:20?),
9 – slopes of medium steepness (from 00 20? to 40),
10 – steep slopes (more than 40). Landforms:
11 – peaks of seamounts,
12 – local uplifts,
13 – underwater ridges,
14 – local depressions,
15 – bathyal valleys,
16 – troughs, gutters,
17 – underwater canyons,
18 – rift valleys,
19 – transform troughs and gutters. Other designations:
20 – shelf edge,
21 – ridge lines,
22 – keel lines,
23 – lines of convex inflection of the profile,
24 – lines of concave inflection of the profile,
25 – borders of forms,
26 – continental shelf,
27 – area outside this study.
The key structure in the CAOO is the Lomonosov Ridge, which extends submeridionally across the North Pole for 1800 km and separates the Eurasian sub-basin from the CAOO. Chr. Lomonosov has a width from 70 (in the circumpolar region) to more than 200 km, its slopes are steep (from 5 to 200) with a height of up to 3000-3200 m, dissected by a dense network of canyons. One of the features of the hr. Lomonosov - spurs represented by a network of high-amplitude ridges and mountains, subparallel to the ridge. The bathymetric position of the summit surface of the ridge ranges from 400 m (near Greenland) to 1400 m, so the range of relief of the upland part of the ridge is 1000 m. Along the strike of the ridge. Lomonosov is a system of blocks raised and lowered along faults.
By analyzing the hymns of the Rig Veda, one can get an idea of the relief of the territory in which the compilers of the Vedas lived, and compare it with a map of the modern underwater relief of the Arctic Ocean. It was a mountainous country with high snow-capped rocky peaks, with numerous stormy rocky rivers flowing from these mountains and most often flowing into the ocean, less often into the sea. There are “lowlands” (through which rivers flow), swamps and deserts in this territory.
The Vishnu Puranas give such a detailed and realistic description of the mountainous terrain in the North Pole region (all ridges and mountains have their own names) that this suggests the existence of real prototypes of these “mythical” mountains and ridges that can be identified in the CAOO , having a larger-scale relief map of the Arctic Ocean bottom.
In recent years, the study of the Arctic Ocean by Russian and foreign scientists has intensified. Unique results were obtained during drilling in 2004 on the ridge. Lomonosov expedition ACEX-302, conducted jointly by Norway, Sweden and Russia. On hr. Lomonosov in four sections between 870 and 880 s. w. near the North Pole, 5 wells were drilled along the line of seismic profile AW 91090 across the ridge (Fig. 7).
The most productive were wells M0002A and M0004A, located on the watershed surface of the ridge and its slope. Currently, the sea depth is about well. М0002А about 1400 m. The combined section of these wells (up to a depth of 428 m) revealed an acoustic foundation through Campanian deposits.
Based on the analysis of seismic materials B.I. Kim installed the xr in the section of the cover. Lomonosov has seven seismic complexes, of which the top five are Cenozoic. It turned out that the reflecting horizons record the main unconformities in the stratigraphic section, which was confirmed during drilling. It is noteworthy that the Cenozoic seismic complexes clearly correspond to the number of transgressions established in Cenozoic sections on the periphery of the Arctic Ocean, and the unconformities between them correspond to regressions.
To solve the problem of Hyperborea, it is important for us to know when hr. Lomonosov and other elevations of the Central Administrative District were dry land. To do this, we will use the conclusions of B.I. Kim and Z.I. Glezer about the main stages of the Cenozoic history of the Arctic Ocean, established by them from the sections of the coastal framing and the section of the ridge. Lomonosov.
Chr. Lomonosov in Late Campanian - early Paleocene was land, and its relief was subject to denudation and leveling.
IN early Paleocene During the era of tectonic stability, leveling of the relief and formation of chemical weathering crusts took place on the continents (their maximum thickness on the Laptev Sea shelf was 23 m). On the border Paleocene/Eocene there was a short regressive phase, indicating erosion and loss of part of the section. The polar part of the ridge. Lomonosova at that time was above sea level. On the border Eocene/Oligocene- the second regressive phase, clearly expressed by angular and stratigraphic unconformity. At this time, the islands of Spitsbergen, Franz Josef Land, and Severnaya Zemlya rose above the surface of the Arctic Ocean. IN late Oligocene-early Miocene- a new stage of tectonic stabilization, leveling of the relief and formation of chemical weathering crusts (thickness from 8 to 40 m). Chr. Lomonosov in the polar part was above sea level and was subject to leveling. This period corresponds to the largest global sea level decline in history. A new global regression (“Messinian”) occurred in the end of the Late Miocene.
IN Pliocene-Quaternary stage, the most extensive continuous-intermittent transgression in the Arctic began, on the ridge. Lomonosov, marine Pliocene-Holocene sediments were formed (75 m thick in well M0002A), which correspond to the LR7 seismic complex. J. Bakkman during the stratigraphic breakdown of the LR7 seismic complex in well. M0002A identified two sub-complexes in the interval 0-17.38 m below the seafloor, the age of which he determined to be Holocene (0-2.58 m) and late Pleistocene (2.58-17.38 m). The only break in this seismic complex is established in some elevated blocks of the ridge. Lomonosov, where the Pliocene completely falls out of the section. It can be assumed that the Eopleistocene is also absent here, since in the cover on the shelf of the Laptev Sea there is a pronounced unconformity associated with the Eopleistocene regression of the sea. The smallest thickness of the upper sedimentary sequence (N2-Q), known to us, uncovered on the ridge. Lomonosov soil pipes is 10 m. And moreover, in some of the studied cores of soil pipes with hr. Lomonosov generally lacks young late Quaternary sediments of the paleomagnetic Brunhes era. This means that there was dry land here at that time.
Let us present two more interesting facts obtained from studying the core of these two wells: 1) at the end of the Paleocene - beginning of the Eocene in the polar part of the ridge. Lomonosov had a subtropical climate with an average annual temperature of surface waters in the basin of the order of plus 200C; 2) in the early Eocene, two short-term episodes of water desalination above the ridge are noted. At this time (approximately 49 million years ago) there was a sharp drop in relative sea level.
Thus, hr. Lomonosov in the polar part between 870 - 880 N. (the current depth of the upland part of the ridge here is 1200-1400 m), starting from the late Campanian - early Paleocene and up to the Holocene, it was at least 5 times higher than sea level. And even more so, the end of the ridge near Greenland, whose height was 1000 m higher, was dry land.
So, it can be considered proven that in the late Neopleistocene in the Arctic Ocean there were large islands within the Central Arctic Ocean, which can be identified with Hyperborea. When did these islands finally sink to the bottom of the Arctic Ocean? The question can be formulated differently: what was the tectonic activity of the Arctic Ocean in the Late Cenozoic?
G.P. Avetisov et al. carried out seismic zoning of the Arctic and found that the zone of the highest seismotectonic potential of the region is the area of mid-ocean rifting: ridge. Knipovich, Spitsbergen fault zone, ridge. Gakkel and the northern part of the Laptev Sea (Fig. 8).
The epicenters of the most powerful earthquakes (up to 5-8 points) are concentrated in this zone. For the first time, they identified zones of possible earthquakes over the ridge. Lomonosov in the polar part. The tectonic activity of the Eurasian subbasin is also evidenced by alkali-basaltic volcanism of predominantly post-Miocene age. Thus, the height of the volcanic cones on Spitsbergen reaches 506 m (Sverre volcano), and the diameter of the craters is up to 300 m. There are facts indicating volcanic eruptions directly during the time of the Cro-Magnons: in the lake sediments of the caldera of Lake. In Elgygytgyn (Chukotka), horizons of volcanic ash were discovered, the age of which is 40-60 and 160-180 thousand years ago. .
So, the tectonic life of the Arctic in the Neogene-Quaternary times allows us to assert that the Hyperborean continent could have sank to the bottom of the Arctic Ocean at any period of this time. The process of subsidence of the CAOO blocks to oceanic depths in the neotectonic stage began at the end of the Early Miocene approximately 20 million years ago. This was the first sub-stage. The second substage covers the Pliocene-Pleistocene time. According to various researchers, the final disappearance of the Hyperborean islands in the center of the Arctic Ocean could have occurred in the period from 18 to 2.5-3 thousand years ago. Thus, samples of bottom soil taken from the ridge. Mendeleev, turned out to be of surface continental origin. Their age is determined to be 9300 ± 180 years. According to the famous polar explorer Ya.Ya. Gakkel, the New Siberian Islands and Wrangel Island are the remains of land that went under water 5 thousand years ago.
A. Asov, analyzing the Slavic Vedas, established that the exodus of the Aryans from the north began approximately 20 thousand years ago. so-called, and the second outcome was 9 thousand l. so-called
The question arises: how could ancient peoples live in Hyperborea and even grow grapes if, according to climatology, the climate is 30-40 thousand years ago? n. was it harsh enough? Note that our knowledge of the climate of the past is incomplete. So, D.Yu. Bolshiyanov in his doctoral dissertation cites a paradoxical fact: on the Arctic islands, in the interval of 9-10 thousand years, the so-called. typical or southern tundras dominated, while arctic tundras were located further south. And recently, Arctic experts found that 450-800 thousand liters. n. in the south of Greenland, now covered by a 2-kilometer thick layer of ice, mixed forests grew, and the air temperature ranged from minus 170 C in winter to plus 100 in summer. And quite recently it was believed that mixed forests grew here for 2.4 million years. n. .
Currently, non-freezing polynyas are known in the Arctic Ocean, which have a warming effect of 3-50. There are 7 such polynyas along the Asian coast of Russia. They are controlled by rift systems, and the melting of polar ice occurs, according to V.L. Syvorotkin, due to the release of deep gases through rift zones. This is confirmed by scientists from the California Institute of Oceanology: as a result of volcanic activity, methane was released from the thickness of the ocean floor and, as a result, the temperature of ocean water increased by 6-80.
Apparently, the warm climate in the Arctic Ocean during the existence of Hyperborea should be associated with the influence of warm currents of the Gulf Stream and, possibly, the Kuroshivo. In this regard, a new model of periodic glaciations in the North Atlantic due to the desalination of Arctic Ocean waters mainly by the runoff of the large Siberian rivers Ob, Yenisei, Anabar, Olenka, and Lena is of great interest. Within the framework of this model, the change from a warm interglacial climate to a cold climate during glaciations should occur quite quickly. This was confirmed after analyzing the results of ice drilling in Greenland in 1992-1993: it was found that climate change occurred very quickly (over several years), and the process itself had a threshold trigger nature.
A sudden and sharp cold snap is spoken of in both the Vedas and the Avesta as the reason that forced the ancient Aryans to rush south. The same thing is said in the Russian spiritual verse about the end of the world: “Come a fierce winter, kill the all-green grapes...”. Note that the ancient Aryans were warned about the onset of cold weather, as reported in the Zend-Avesta.
CONCLUSION
Let us formulate the main conclusions from the article:
In the circumpolar region there was a continent or an archipelago of large islands (Arctida), where in ancient times (according to various authors, from 40 thousand years ago to 2 million years ago) lived the “first ancestors” of peoples whose language belongs to Indo-European group (“Indo-Europeans”), and, possibly, all of the “undivided humanity” (the undivided “proto-Aryans” and “proto-Slavs” were called “Indo-slavs”). This indisputably follows from the analysis of epic, mythological, literary, religious sources from India, Iran, Greece, Russia, Scandinavia and other countries;
Geological and geophysical studies in recent years have proven that the ridges and uplifts of the CAOO are the remnants of the Precambrian Hyperborean platform, which is a continental continuation of the Siberian shelf. The Lomonosov Ridge in the polar part (870 - 880 N), starting from the late Campanian - early Paleocene (approximately 65 million years ago) and up to the Holocene inclusive, was at least five times higher than sea level;
Climatic theories allow the possibility of the existence on the Hyperborean platform of a climate favorable for the existence of our proto-ancestors;
Hyperborea included not only the mainland (or archipelago of islands) around the North Pole and the now submerged shelf, but also the circumpolar territory of today's Russia and the Scandinavian countries, which is why they are the modern heirs of the Hyperborean (polar, northern) civilization, that is, they are autochthons ( indigenous people).
But how to explain the maps of G. Mercator? In my opinion, the archipelago of four islands around the North Pole is a cartographic expression of the mythical ideas of ancient peoples (primarily Indo-Europeans) about the structure of the Earth and the memory that they once lived there.
1. How did “homo sapiens” appear on Earth: in the process of evolution or as a result of genetic experiments of the Anunnaki aliens from the planet Nibiru? . If in the process of evolution, then what geographical and climatic conditions contributed to the emergence of intelligence in ancient apes - mountains or plains? The harsh frosty northern continent or the mild hot climate of Africa?
2. Is Hyperborea (Arctida) the ancestral home of only the Indo-Europeans (Indo-Aryans, Indo-Slavs) or all of humanity?
3. Is our civilization primary, or during the development of the Earth, civilizations periodically arose and died. Numerous “artifacts” are known that cannot be explained from the perspective of modern science.
4. Is humanity one species or does it consist of several different species, including “predatory” ones? Maybe it would be more correct to talk about racial differences between people, rather than species? .
In general, the solution to the problem of Hyperborea is possible only through the joint efforts of scientists from different specialties and will be of epochal importance for all mankind.
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LOSKUTOV Yuri Ivanovich
FSUE "SNIIGGiMS", Novosibirsk, head of laboratory,
Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences and Doctor of Geographical Sciences
TULA-ARCTIDA
(Legacy of Hyperborea)
Meadow Vran
Hyperborean theme
This question is one of those eternal mysteries that always excite minds, and to which people never tire of turning their thoughts. SubjectHyperboreansstands on a par with the themes of other disappeared continents and lost civilizations, such asAtlantis, Lemuria or Pacifida...
And we know something about this. Firstly, at the bottom of each ocean there is a so-called central oceanic ridge, or rather a colossal array of mountain ranges. The peaks of the highest mountains of these ranges almost reach the surface of the water (sea level), and in many cases even reach the surface, representing archipelagos in the central waters of the oceans. Secondly, geologists know that in many cases land and sea changed places, perhaps more than once. Thus, the Caspian Sea is a geological relic of a huge ocean that once occupied most of central Eurasia. The mountains that exist today were once the bottom of the sea, and the seabed was once dry land. Many cities have been found at the bottom of the seas and oceans, and even the ruins of human buildings (and seaports!) high in the mountains. Thirdly, we know many myths that claim the existence in the distant past of great countries and entire continents in the center of all current oceans, where the surface of the sea is now. So, in the Arctic Ocean there was Arctida-Hyperborea-Tula. In the Indian Ocean - Lemuria... In the Pacific Ocean - Pacifida, named after the ocean - the Pacific Ocean . The Atlantic Ocean itself is named after the sunken country - Atlantis, the homeland of the Atlanteans described by Plato in the dialogues “Timaeus” and “Critias”... And on each sunken island (mainland) people not only lived, but, according to these myths, there existed a highly developed civilization , who died in a diving disaster (in a flood!).
Maybe our planet is just breathes, and the rhythm of it breathing unimaginably great for the sense of the human race? It’s just that from time to time the land and sea change places, mountain systems (folds of the earth’s crust) with their mass press down the crust beneath them and force it to sag, and the sinking spaces around the mountain systems are naturally filled with the waters of the World Ocean. The mountains themselves may remain above sea level in the form of islands, but they may also disappear under water. If the earth's crust sinks under the weight of mountain systems, then this explains the natural existencecentraloceanic underwater ridges. In this case, the new ocean arises precisely around the submerged mountainous country!
The collective memory of humanity probably knows only one such, last, cycle. At the same time, the civilization that tragically died as a result of the disaster will certainly remain in the memories of the survivors as the crown of high development! And it is mainly the mountaineers, shepherds and fishermen on the periphery of the mother culture who survive such cataclysms...
However, modern history as a science (or rather, modern historians, bound by all sorts of group interests to such an extent that they simply do not reach the very process of cognition) is not inclined to pay attention to such trifles - after all, they do not lie in the plane of narrow pseudoscientific concepts. Let us remember how at one time academicians of the French Academy of Sciences said that meteorites do not exist and cannot exist, because there are no stones in the sky, and according to elementary everyday experience, all stones live (quite the contrary!) on earth.
In light of all that has been said, I consider it useful to still look at this topic, albeit contrary to the authoritative pressure of the opinion of the board of Normanists. I am convinced that humanity (I deliberately avoid the word “historians” here) really preserves much more information on this topic than some would like strictly ideologists from science.
So, I leave the topic of the other three lost civilizations and turn to Hyperborea. I see the meaning of the scattered sketches below in the presentation of a whole new worldview, different from the traditional Normanist one.
Hyperborean roots of Hellas
Hyperborea- this is the Hellenic name of the great northern country, known under other names:Thule, Tula(Secret, Hidden, Hidden on day; tlo- “bottom, foundation”, the expression “burn to the ground”),Arctida...
The common symbol or totem of Hyperborea was the Swan. In the image of the Swan, the Hellenes sometimes depicted the solar god Apollo, emphasizing his Hyperborean origin. In the form of the Swan, Zeus united with the Hyperborean princess Ice having swan wings (Swan Princess) [This isIcyprincessRussian myths. Mythical Hyperborean image of a princessIce(ancient Hellas) and Russian imageIce Swan Princess was subsequently transformed into a completely fabulous image of the RussianSnow Maidens and European Snow White (Snow- White)] . From the union of Zeus the Swan with Leda the Ice Swan was bornElena the beautiful , known from the history of the Trojan War. The name itself Elena Means " Deer", or " Doe" - from the ancient totem of the Hellenes, the Deer.
Ancient Greeks - Hellenes, originating from Ellina-Olen. Olen-Stag (Doe) - probably originates from the northern tree "Spruce". Deer is an ancient totem of the “deer people” - the ancestors of the Hellenes who came from Tula-Hyperborea (where they still live deer People). Even their oldest warships were decorated by the Hellenes not with some sea or water emblems, but with deer antlers (see picture).
The oldest known Hellenic ship. Reconstruction based on the image on a vase from Teben (9-8 centuries BC) in Crete.
Deer antlers are clearly visible, symbolizing the totem of the Hellenic people. Actually, Cretan ships were decorated with tentacles
mythical creature Gorgon (snakes of the Indo-Aryans) - see the text "Sarmatia".
Hellenic gods: brother and sister,Apollo And Artemis- Hyperboreans, which is reflected in their epithets (Apollo and ArtemiYes Hyperborean). They were the children of the goddess Latony (Russian Summer). Their oldest sanctuary is on Delos, the sacred island of Apollo and Artemis. The largest temple of these Hyperborean gods was Delphi (Delta).
[ Apollo, Apollo ("The Destroyer", Phoebus - "Shine?") - Sun god, Apollo Hyperborean, Silver-bowed, Smintheus (Smintheus ) - the cult nickname of Apollo ("Connected with the field mice"). In Scythian Apollo - Goytosir (Goy-theo-sura , "living, or mighty, sun god"). Sun GodDel (Bel), by nickname Destroyer (Apollo), captured the area Pito (Pitho ), killed the local serpentine god Python (Python), from the root "pit" "(life, food, supply; bread- lively- from “life”; in Arabic pita- “bread, flatbread, zhito”, in Italian pizza, pitta- "flatbread". Name Pete, Pete-ar, Peter, father -father - as “life-giving”, “life-giving”). After this, the sacred city of Pito became a city named after the new god Del. Delta (Delphi ). The largest sanctuary of this god, the pan-Greek center of his cult, was founded in the Delta; in the sanctuary of Python, his oracle became the oracle of Dela Apollo, and there the prophetess Python continued to speak from the tripod - pitia - pythia (from Pito-Pitho). The second important center of the cult of Dela Apollo was the sacred island Ortygia , also received a new name - Business with . In the Delta, in addition to the new (aristocratic) cult of Apollo, the more ancient (folk) cult was always very strongDionysus. This gives reason to assume that Dionysus is Python (or Python is the hypostasis of the god Nysa), and the prophetess drinking- his prophetess. Sacred festivals of Apollo on Delos - Delhi , occurred in August once every four years.
Artemis, Arctemis (" Ursa", from arctos- "bear", among the Romans Diana ) - ancient Minoan goddess - mistress of animals; sister of Apollo of Hyperborean;Artemis Queen(Thracian goddess);Artemis Virgo(Scythian or Taurian goddess); Artemis Orthia (or Orthosia - “Mistress”) - a Spartan goddess, in front of whose idol boys were flogged.]
Raven is the sacred bird of Apollo (the sun godBel, Del), as well as Meadows, Celtic Sun God (Celts, in Slavic " stabbed", fromcolo-"Sun"). Throughout the North, solar cults of the sacred and mysterious Raven, which have immeasurably ancient roots, are known.
According to Herodotus, the Hyperboreans sent two of their girls, named Hyperoche and Laodice, to Delos with gifts. 5 Hyperborean men were sent for their safety. The girls brought sacred gifts wrapped in wheat straw, as Thracian and Paeonian women have since done with gifts to Artemis the Queen.
“In honor of these Hyperborean girls who died on Delos, girls and boys there cut their hair. So, before the wedding, girls cut off a lock of hair, wrap it around a spindle and then lay it on the grave of the Hyperboreans (this grave is located in the sanctuary of Artemis at the entrance on the left side; there is an olive tree near the grave. The young men wrap their hair around a green branch and also place it on the grave. The inhabitants of Delos pay such honors to these Hyperborean girls.
According to the stories of the Delians, even before Laodice and Hyperoche, two young women, Arga and Opis, arrived from the country of the Hyperboreans past the same peoples to Delos. They carried sacred gifts to Ilithyia, promised for a quick and easy birth. As they say, Arga and Opis arrived from the Hyperborean country along with the deities themselves [Apollo and Artemis], and the Delians also pay homage to them. In their honor, Delian women collect gifts. In a hymn composed by the Lycian Olenus, women call upon them by name. ...This Olen came to Delos from Lycia and also composed other ancient hymns that are sung in Delos. They scatter the ashes from the thighs of sacrificial animals burned on the altar on the grave of Opis and Argi. Their grave is located behind the sanctuary of Artemis on the eastern side in close proximity to the feast hall of the Keosites."(Herodotus. History. Book four. Melpomene).
Olen, mentioned by Herodotus, was a Hyperborean, but he got to Delos not directly, but in a roundabout way, with an intermediate stop in Lycia. Therefore, Herodotus here calls Olena a Lycian. Olenus laid the foundations of the Delian solar cult and was the author of all the most ancient hymns. Probably this Deer was one of the ancestors of the “deer people” of the Hellenes.
Abaris was also a Hyperborean. He wandered all over the earth with an arrow in his hand (another symbol of Apollo the arrow-maker in the image of the Sun, throwing arrows of rays).
The name Abaris is associated with the origin of the Aparns-Abarns, an ancient nomadic tribe of Altai, from which the Abars then descended. This mythologized form may reflect the memory of the ancient genetic connections of Altai with Hyperborea.
Stages of Thule civilization
The contacts of Ancient Hellas with Hyperborea, described by Herodotus and many other ancient authors, date back to the era when Hyperborea itself had long ago perished in the abyss, thousands of years ago.Dairyocean, as the Arctic Ocean used to be called. According to geologists, Arctida sank into the ocean approximately 20-10 thousand years ago. The distant descendants of the Hyperboreans, who settled in the adjacent territories and still retained some kind of historical memory of the disappeared great homeland, must have been in contact with the Aegean world. Their culture and knowledge, of course, did not reflect the full significance of the lost civilization and were the result of inevitable degeneration and deep decline. But it was precisely this endangered culture of the descendants of Arctida-Tula, living no longer on an island in the ocean, but on the mainland itself, that the Hellenes called Hyperborea. And this mainland Hyperborea, which retained only something of the heritage of Tula (Thule), shone for Hellas with the reflected light of the great culture of true, oceanic Hyperborea.
I consider it useful, when dealing with historical objects separated in time over many millennia, to assign separate terms to them. So I will call the most ancient Hyperborea, located on a huge island in the very center of the Arctic (and then warm Mediterranean) oceanArctida. And the secondary country in relation to the drowned Arctida on the Eurasian coasts of the Milky Ocean is actuallyHyperborea. In this case, it is necessary to distinguish three time layers of continental Hyperborea. This is sequential: Hyperborea First , Second And Third.
Let us call the entire great culture of an immeasurably ancient civilizationTula, or Thule.
Arctida
Arctida was located in the center of the Milky (Arctic) Ocean. In that era, as far as geologists can judge, the Earth's axis of rotation was tilted differently, therefore, although the North Pole was located in the same place as now, the climate in the Northern Ocean was warm, comparable to the climate of the Mediterranean of our time. At the same time, glaciers existed in the depths of the Eurasian continent.
Nowadays, many, many researchers of the Arctic Ocean and its bottom (Soviet, American, and Canadian) agree that powerful mountain formations (Mendeleev and Lomonosov ridges) rose above the surface of the water quite recently from a geological point of view - 10-20 thousands of years ago. And the Marine Arctic Complex Expedition (headed by P.V. Boyarsky) is developing the concept of the now disappeared Grumantsky bridge, which connected together the islands and archipelagos of the Arctic Ocean.
The presence in the relatively recent past of a large landmass in the Northern Ocean is also confirmed by the seasonal migrations of countless species of birds, literally clinging to the ocean coast and to rare islands. In this case, we are not talking about seabirds looking for food in the sea. We are talking about purely terrestrial birds, feeding on land and, obviously, still hoping to find shelter where there has been none for a long time. And the incomprehensible mass suicides of migrating lemmings, rushing into the sea in myriads - they also receive an explanation. Animals are guided by instinct, and he claims that there must be reliable land here.
Map of Arctida (Hyperborea) by Gerardus Mercator, published by his son Rudolf in 1595.
Compiled on the basis of information from that time and information
which reached Mercator through unknown routes from much more ancient eras.
Arctida was a huge island with a warm climate and fertile soil. In the center of the island, on the veryLyusya, there was a high sacred mountain Meru (Sumeru), which seems to have been the object of cult worship, if not by the inhabitants of the island themselves, then by their distant descendants on the mainland. Mount Meru, or “World Mountain” (otherwise “Axis Mundi”) rose in the middle of a large lake that occupied the central part of Arctida. Four large rivers emerged from this lake, flowing across the plains of the island and flowing into the Ocean of Milk in branched deltas. Actually, this picture is very reminiscent of a paradise country Eden, or in Russian Eden described in the Bible. And the very presence of a large lake around Mountains draws our attention to the process of immersion of the Axis Mundi under water that had already begun.
Continental Hyperborea
Arctida did not sink completely. According to Gerardus Mercator's map of Hyperborea-Arctida, published by his son Rudolf in 1595, Novaya Zemlya was once not an archipelago of two large islands (as it is now), but a peninsula of Eurasia; and Severnaya Zemlya, directly adjacent to the Taimyr Peninsula, was part of the Arctida bedrock. According to the same map, the New Siberian Islands, which are now an archipelago, were during the existence of Arctida an integral peninsula of Eurasia, in close proximity to Arctida.
From the lost Arctida, people retreated to the mainland and gathered on the part of Asia closest to Tula and most protruding to the north - the Taimyr Peninsula, where they settled around Lake Taimyr. On Taimyr, rich in herbs, many people lived for a long time (at least several thousand years), and in this area, according to many researchers, the so-called boreal, or Nostratic linguistic and racial unity. This era, according to linguists dating back approximately 12 thousand years ago, corresponded, so to speak, to “continental Hyperborea,” or First Hyperborea, a distant predecessor of that Third Hyperborea, about which Herodotus wrote about the contacts of the Hellenes.
Isn't the word connected? Taimyr(Tai-Myr) with the name of the sacred Mount Meru in Arctida? Are they not the same word that has been preserved in the Russian language - “mir” (Mountain of Peace)?
On Taimyr, according to the reviews of modern geologists and according to the reports of Arab (!) travelers that have reached us, there are an abundance of Cyclopean stone structures, including huge walls. Unfortunately, for the last century this region has been a closed military zone.
In addition to Taimyr, another region inevitably had to become a center for the long-term preservation of the cultural traditions of the Arctic civilization - the area covering the lower reaches of the Yana, Indigirka and Kolyma. This entire region, lying south of the present-day New Siberian Islands, was directly adjacent to it during the time of the oceanic Arctida. It, like Taimyr, due to its low-lying terrain, was convenient for living in a warm climate.
“Behind these (Rhipaean) mountains, on the other side of Aquilon, a happy people (if you can believe this), which are called Hyperboreans, reach very advanced years and are glorified by wonderful legends. They believe that there are the loops of the world and the extreme limits of the revolution of the luminaries. The sun shines there for half a year, and this is only one day, when the sun does not hide (as the ignorant would think) from the spring equinox to the autumn one, the luminaries there rise only once a year at the summer solstice, and set only at the winter solstice. in the sun, with a fertile climate and devoid of any harmful wind. The homes for these inhabitants are groves, forests; the cult of the Gods is carried out by individuals and the entire society; strife and all kinds of diseases are unknown there. Death comes there only from satiety with life.<...>There is no doubt about the existence of this people."(Pliny the Elder, “Natural History”, 4, 26. 1st century AD).
The Continental First Heperborea, which equally included Taimyr and the Yana-Kolyma region, became that original proto-civilization (SunflowerkingdomRussian myths) in which almost all the great civilizations of Eurasia originate, including Sumer in Mesopotamia, and Phenicia, and the Cretan-Mycenaean cultures of the Aegean, and Etruria, and so on.
For a long time, historians have been arguing about the ancient ancestral home of the Sumerians. Since the cult of the sacred mountain occupies a special place in the Sumerian religion, researchers decided that the ancestors of the Sumerians came to Mesopotamia from the highlands. This Sumerian ancestral home is sought in the Caucasus, the Pamirs, the Himalayas, the Carpathians, the Pyrenees, the Alps and, for some reason, even on the Persian Gulf islands (according to the Sumerian myths about Horus on his home island). Meanwhile, a direct indication of the origins of the Sumerian civilization is contained in their name (Sumer), and it is not even encrypted in any way. The sacred center of the ancient ocean Arctida-Hyperborea was a high mountain located exactly at the geographic pole of the planet, and which was a visual expression of the World Axis. Nothing could be more sacred than the Axis Mundi itself in the flesh. This Mountain was called:Meru, Sumeru, Sumeri, Sumer, Sumer. This There are some vague indications from Soviet oceanographic expeditions that there is a high underwater mountain right at the Pole, its peak almost reaching the ice shell. All such research was carried out with the aim of ensuring the operation of nuclear submarines, and therefore is still tightly closed.
Mount Meru-Sumeru is known to many peoples and is mentioned in myths and folklore. Let's say, according to the myths of Buryat shamans, the grandson of the supreme deity of Heaven, Khormusta, who was born on the shores of sacred Baikal, used the following spell: "My mother is the Ocean of Milk, my father is Sumeri Mountain".
By the way, sacred Baikal itself, which, according to a number of geologists, is a kind of embryo future great ocean (despite the fact that the Caspian, say, is a geological relic former ocean), according to some hydrographers, biologists and all researchers of myths, has a difficult to explain, but direct connection with the Arctic Ocean. They are even discussing the possibility of some kind of underground tunnel (or network of tunnels, or even an entire underground sea) connecting Baikal with the Arctic Ocean.
Great Northern Exodus
As a result of a sharp cooling around 8 or 10 thousand years BC, people began to leave their previously favorable Arctic homeland. The era of the fertile First Hyperborea ended, the era of the Second Hyperborea began, which was characterized by the mass migration of people to warmer climes. The movement of fugitives from the Cold to the south probably occurred in many impulses, perhaps occurring over many centuries. Veles's book speaks about this: “After another darkness there was a great cold, and we set out at noon, because there are fertile places there.”
The physical map makes it possible to quite clearly see the main possible routes of departure of the Nostratic population from Taimyr (relocation to the south directly from the eastern Yana-Kolyma region is geographically difficult). This is low-lying Western Siberia with the extensive Ob river system. It was convenient to move along a flat river with a smooth current in boats, even against the current (which cannot be said about the fast rivers of Eastern Siberia, rushing towards the Arctic Ocean among the mountains). It was no less convenient to move along the low banks of the Ob by dry route. The Great Ob, flowing along a flat plain, became a natural corridor for population migration from the Taimyr grassy steppes to the Great Steppe through the difficult taiga massifs. It was, in every sense of the word, the Great Northern Exodus.
Eastern Siberia with the Yenisei could only become an additional route for migration to the south. Someone, although in relatively small numbers, could still get straight along the Yenisei to Altai in this more difficult way.
After the completion of the migration to the south of most of the population of the Second Hyperborea, Third Hyperborea remained on the northern shores of the continent, still retaining in its culture some faint reflection of the great Thule civilization. The people who, after all the exodus, thousands of years later, in spite of everything, still remained in the Taimyr homeland, most likely were the same ones Hyperboreans, Hellenic contacts with which Herodotus described.
Nodal points of Eurasia
Having reached the Irtysh, the settlers had to stop in front of the expanses of the Steppe that opened up to them. The cessation of large human masses lasted for several centuries. Some may have gone further to the south, while others were just approaching from the north at that time. This grandiose kaleidoscope rotated in Siberia and was imprinted on its land and memory. Thus, in this region, the most important for the history of all Eurasia arose.Siberiancenter (along the Ob and Irtysh). If desired, within the framework of the terminological apparatus used here, we can call this Great Siberian CauldronFourthHyperborea. It seems that large-scale excavations of some huge objects are currently being actively carried out in this territory. proto-cities. In the zone of the ancient Siberian Cauldron flows the Om River (a tributary of the Irtysh), on which the city of Omsk now stands. The name of the river embodies the sacred of the sacred words of the Tula civilization - Mind (Ohm-Aum), meaning the spiritual fundamental principle of the Universe, those indescribable vibrations that were the instruments of Creation. The word itself Siberia, originating from one of the Proto-Bulgarian peoples - Sabir, it is no coincidence that it means strength, power. And to this day, within the framework of Russian civilization, out of habit (going back to the abyss of millennia), we consider Siberians to be strong, powerful, and somehow especially healthy. Legends do not invent anything; they express in a simple and ingenuous form what a person feels intuitively, but cannot express scientifically. The earth itself here radiates this power, filling people with ancient power. We say: "Siberia is a healthy land." This is indeed one of the most important nodal points of Eurasia, a kind of top of its crystalline lattice.
The peoples who followed the path of the Great Exodus preserved the memory of the ancient northern ancestral home, in particular, in their funeral rites. This is how the custom of burial mounds arose. The mound, poured over the grave of the deceased, symbolized the sacred World Mountain, the Axis Mundi. Thus, the deceased was, as it were, placed in the sacred center of the Universe, and thereby emphasized his human qualities and important role in the affairs of the world (both past and future). The deceased seemed to be returning along a mystical path to the most ancient sources, to Mount Meru (Sumeru).
Unlike Taimyr, Siberia opened all paths to those who wanted it. And migration flows poured from Siberia in all directions. At a short distance from the Siberian cauldron, along its periphery, several important secondary centers formed:
1.Altai, or rather, Sayan-Altai outbreakancient cultures. Among the peoples who created empires and were born here, we name the Xiongnu, Abars (?) and Turkuts (Turks). The ancient Altai culture still amazes archaeologists. Many myths, legends and tales connect Altai directly with some ancient and great civilization, telling about unheard-of mystical secrets and treasures of the mind. Altai’s connections with the lost Hyperborea are confirmed archaeologically. Thus, in the Fifth Pazyryk Mound, perfectly preserved (in local lenses of permafrost formed in ancient burials due to the peculiarities of the local climate) ritual felt figurines of swans were placed (the swan is the totem of Hyperborea);
2.a focus that covers the geographically unified space of the Southern Urals, the Northern Aral and Caspian regions, and the Southern Volga region - let’s call itYuzhnouralsky, or Sarmatian, hearth . Here the Cimmerians, Scythians, Sarmatians, Khazars, Bulgars, Magyars, Pechenegs (Kangars), Guzes, Polovtsians, Tatars and so on arose. On a silver mirror from the Kelermes mound in the Kuban, the Swan Princess is depicted - a characteristic Hyperborean symbol (see picture);
3.Central Asian , or Pamir-Semirechensky hearth, including the Pamirs and Semirechye (Zhetysu), to which there is a fairly short and direct route from Siberia, and which, like the previous two, became an important generator of crops for the entire adjacent region. From here the most distant ancestors of the Scythians began their movement to the West (according to one version). Sakas, Bactrians, Sogdians, Karluks, Hephthalites, Turgeshs, Usuns, Kipchaks...
The powerful flow of the Great Northern Exodus, which occurred in many impulses over a long time (centuries, or even millennia), overwhelmed the nodal points of a kind of crystalline lattice of Eurasia (Altai, Pamir, Southern Urals), activated them, and connected the grandiose energies raging in the depths planets and refracted by the continent, to the processes of ethnogenesis and cultural genesis. Since then, the process of generating ethnic groups and cultures in these key points has not stopped.
Hyperborean symbolism: the Swan Princess (the swan is the totem of Hyperborea).
Reverse side of the silver mirror. Detail. Kelermes mound. Kuban.
The Swan Princess holds two leopard-like animals by the paws. At the same time, leopards clearly do not like this. The swan is not playing with them at all, that’s absolutely certain. The animals turn their heads away from her, tuck their tails between their legs, and openly try to break free, to free themselves. What we have here is a masterful depiction of violence. Here we demonstrate the triumph of the Hyperborean symbol - Swans over unknown symbols of some other peoples or civilizations - Leopards. We are talking about the victory of the Hyperboreans, unknown to us, over some traditional strong enemies, whose symbol was a Leopard, or two Leopards. And this victory was considered by the people of that time as historical, leading to a change of eras, from Leopard to Swan.
The depicted scene has a clearly expressed heraldic character and is very similar to the characteristic Scythian (Sokolot) image of the Falcon (the Iranian symbol-totem of the Sokolot-Scythians) tormenting the Serpent (the Indo-Aryan symbol of the Cimmerians).
Then the Snake Age gave way to the Falcon Age.
About runes
The Abarns in Altai knew ancient runes - perhaps a relic of the unknown writing of Hyperborea. Altai runes were used by many peoples, including the Xiongnu and Turks. The common writing system of the Khazar (Bulgar) Kaganate was Sarmatian runes, very close to Altai (Turkic), but still not deciphered.
But the runes got to Europe via a longer, roundabout route through the Black Sea region, which took much longer. Therefore, the memory of the meaning of the runes brought to Europe was lost. They were probably used as decoration for a long time.
Nordic legend directly connects secondary the discovery of runes with the name of Odin, who subjected himself to self-torture and hung on a tree for 9 days.
The Norwegian poem "Speech of the High One" (stanzas 138 and 139) says this:
I know, I hung in the branches in the wind for nine long nights,
pierced by a spear, dedicated to Odin as a sacrifice to himself
on that tree whose roots are hidden in the depths of the unknown.
No one fed me, no one gave me water, I looked at the ground,
I picked up the runes, groaning, picked them up, and fell from the tree.
(translation by A. Korsun)
One discovered for the second time the purpose of runic signs for writing, but he could not recall the meaning of each of them. Therefore, he built his new writing system (Elder Futhark), consisting of ancient Hyperborean signs with a forgotten meaning, according to the general semantic principle of the Mediterranean alphabets, known by that time in the North. This fact gave modern researchers some reason to derive all the runic systems of the North from the Phoenician and Etruscan alphabets. And this is a clear misconception. Nigel Pennick specifically states an undeniable fact for him: "The coincidence of some of the signs of ancient European rock inscriptions with the letters of the Mediterranean alphabets clearly indicates that many runes originate from two main sources. This was accomplished through a deep understanding that made it possible to get to the common, deep level underlying the two systems, which previously existed separately."(Magic alphabets. 1996. Chapter 3, Runes, pp. 110 - 111).
And there further: "Unlike other alphabets, which were originally derivatives of the Phoenician script, in the runic alphabet the letters are arranged differently: F, U, Th, A, R, K . Therefore, runic alphabets are often called Futharks.".
Ancient Europeans did not remember the meaning of the Hyperborean runes. This forgotten meaning became a secret to them, perhaps a sacred secret. Therefore, the ancient word itself, which has a Hyperborean, Nostratic origin, acquired the meaning of a certain mystery. This conceptual shift affected almost all European languages. Germanic word "rune"associated with Gothic"runa" - "secret" and the Old German verb "runen" - "whisper, speak secretly." Middle Welsh "rhin", Old English"rown"and modern German"raunen" - means secret or whispering. Nigel Pennick pointed out the parallels of the word " rune"and Old Celtic"run" (meaning "to whisper"), and the present Irish " run " - "mystery, secret, solution."
And only the Slavic language, which has more connections than any other European language with the ancient parent mass of the common proto-language (Boreal, Nostratic), has retained an understanding of the true meaning of the word “rune”. In Slavic rune- “carved sign”, and this word comes from something common with the word wound the root "rune", meaning "to wound, dig, cut". The word comes from the same root defense, meaning “protection from rune wounds”. The Slavs often called runes cuts. For the Slavs in a word rune there was no secret. The meaning of the word was completely clear - carved signs to capture thoughts, and not a secret at all.
Anton Platov and Alex van Dart write in the book “A Practical Course in Runic Art” for 1999 (Topic 7. Slavic Runes, p. 65): "... I was struck by the existence of many Slavic rivers bearing a mysterious name Rune. ...According to Zhunkovich, the same root contains the verb Ruthie- "cut" and noun rune, meaning “cut”, “furrow”, ... cut. It's interesting that the basis run/ran with the meaning “to cut, to wound” was also known to the ancient Germans - and it’s surprising why researchers don’t pay attention to this fact! Thus, the famous spearhead from Damsdorf, dating back to the first half of the 1st millennium, bears a runic inscriptionRANJA, translated as “Piercing”, “Wounding”, “Wounding”.
The Slavs retained an understanding of the meaning of the word rune, but did they lose the meaning of the runes themselves? Did the secondary discovery of runes by Odin affect the Slavic runes?
Slavic runic systems are not Futhark, their basis is different. To visualize this, consider the sound series of Slavic runes:
M, C/H, A, R, N, G/K, T, S, V, B, U, L, B/X, O, D, P, E, I.
For comparison, the sound range of the Elder Futhark:
F, U, Th, A, R, K, G, W, H, N, I, J, E, P, Z, S, T, B, E, M, L, Ng, O, D.
It is very likely that Sumerian cuneiform is directly derived from lost forms of the earliest Hyperborean runes. Only due to the lack of stone in Mesopotamia on which to carve them, the Sumerians used clay on which they extruded their signs.
Inscriptions in Sarmatian (Bulgar) runes on the edges of one block of the Mayatsk fortress. Field sketches by archaeologist S. A. Pletneva.
Prorisi were made by the researcher of Sarmatian writing in its “Kuban” and “Don” versions I. L. Kyzlasov
Slavic runes on the Valaam stone.
Nordic tradition
The Nordic tradition of the European North is not an independent cultural tradition; it is a faint reflection of the bright light of the great civilization of Tula (Arctida and Hyperborea). The role of Ice as an independent element in the Nordic tradition is very great. In Futhark there are already two runes corresponding to it:Hagal And Isa. However, this role cannot be explained by any geographical and climatic realities of Scandinavia, warm from the Gulf Stream. Even Greenland, discovered by the Norwegian Vikings in the 10th century, received the name Green Earth - so it struck the imagination of the sailors with the abundance of vegetation. There were even wild grapes growing there, and one of the banks was named Vinland. In the European North there was no such cold and such ice for this reality to form the basis of the Nordic spontaneous concept of Ice (cf.: Stone).
This Nordic tradition of considering Ice as one of the world's elements could only have been brought by settlers from the Siberian Cauldron, who over many generations reached Europe and preserved the memory of the fierce cold of the distant North, from which their no less distant ancestors fled.
In the familiar Zodiac, which comes from Ancient Egypt and further into the past - from Atlantis itself (according to the Egyptian priests, according to Plato), only four elements are recognized: Water, Air, Fire, Earth.
The Chinese know five elements: Water, Air, Fire, Earth, Metal.
And then suddenly - Ice. It looks like ordinary water, only frozen. However, the Nordic (read: Hyperborean) tradition comes from something else.
The main meaning of Ice is freezing, binding, stagnation. But Ice is, along with Fire, one of the creative primordial elements, the unity and opposition of which gives birth to the whole World. Ice is the essence Real estate, first principle, Power-at-Rest, potentiality, movement in stillness. Ice cannot be simplistically understood as simply frozen water. Ice is a combination of Water and Frost. Ice is Death, the end of one cycle of the world and the beginning of another. Ice is Life. Ice is hard like rock, but flexible like clay and capable of flowing like water, but in a different time dimension. “This is a crust of water, and a roof for the waves, and a danger for the dying.”(Icelandic rune poem). "Ice is a wide bridge; a blind man needs a guide"(Norwegian rune poem).
Such a Nordic tradition has always lived in Russia, which is reflected in “Eugene Onegin”, where A. S. Pushkin quite naturally gives a comparative description of his heroes: "Water and Stone, Ice and Fire...".
This tradition of understanding Ice as one of the main elements of the Universe has been preserved in the Far North, among the peoples inhabiting the territories of extinct Hyperborea.
So, for example, among the Nganasans inhabiting Taimyr, the pantheon is represented by female deities, reduced to two triads.
First: Mou-Nyamy (Earth-Mother), Syrda-Nyamy (Ice-Mother), Kou-Nyamy (Sun-Mother).
The first triad is considered the main one.
Second: Kicheda-Nyamy (Moon-Mother), Tu-Nyamy (Fire-Mother), Bida-Nyamy (Water-Mother).
In other words, in the cosmography of the Nganasans, the element of Ice is higher than the element of Water!
Scheme of settlement of the Hyperborean-Aryans from Taimyr to the Siberian Cauldron and beyond - to all ends
Eurasia, Africa and America. Main migration routes
Hyperborean origin of peoples
This text has already spoken about the Hyperborean origin of Hellas, Northern Europe, the Slavs and the Sumerians. However, almost all of Eurasia (except for its most remote parts) is inhabited by peoples with obvious Hyperborean roots. These are all Indo-Europeans, Uralians (Ugric-Finns), northern peoples, Turks, Semites, as well as Hamites (Berbers and Tuaregs living in North Africa).
It does not at all follow from this that before the arrival of settlers from the North, all of Eurasia was not inhabited. Peoples of diverse origins lived everywhere even before the Great Northern Exodus. But migrants from Hyperborea, as it were, flooded all of Eurasia along with its autochthons, superimposed their relatively higher culture on the basic culture of the colonized territories. They clearly outnumbered the local population in military strength. Throughout Eurasia, states of various branches of the Hyperboreans were created: first, the Sumerians (who conquered the Dravidians of Mesopotamia); then the Semites (who conquered the Dravidians almost throughout the Middle East) and the Hamites (who exterminated the Negroid population of the Maghreb, or pushed the Negroids deep into the Black Continent, but also there conquered the aborigines to the region of Niger and Chad - like the Fulani, for example); then the Indo-Europeans (who conquered the Dravidian Dasas in the Indus Valley and in the depths of Hindustan; the Dravidian-Mitannians in Transcaucasia and the indigenous proto-Chinese population on the Yellow River).
Everywhere, northern peoples layered on some other population and mixed with it. Where the traditions of the pre-Hyperborean population were strong enough to give support to the spirit of belligerence, autochthonous centers could fight off northern onslaught In the Middle East, Elam is thus preserved, the only relic of the Dravidian heritage of Lemuria in the region. Elam shone with such belligerence that it became a serious problem not only for Sumer, but also for the subsequent powerful Semitic states (famous Akkad and Babylon).
Sumerian culture became a fusion of aristocratic Hyperborean cults and residual secret knowledge of the Lemurian tradition, preserved by outwardly obedient priests in temples. Egypt also found the strength to recover from the aggressive invasion of the northerners, overcome its consequences by assimilating the conquerors, and preserve in temples for thousands of years the remnants of the cultural heritage of its origins - Atlantis.
The white-skinned and fair-haired Semites in Mesopotamia quickly mixed with the dark-skinned descendants of the light-skinned Sumerians and black Dravidians and almost completely borrowed the Sumerian culture, which was a product of a mixture of northern and southern elements. According to archaeological data, the Sumerians belonged to a pronounced dolichocranial type (with a long skull), however, in the visual arts that inherited pre-Sumerian traditions, they clearly depicted themselves as brachycranial!
The earliest layers of Egyptian history include bronze swords of the northern type and skulls unusual for the previous Proto-Egyptian eras of elongated shape, found in the burials of the nobility. The drawings found there clearly depict the owners of the burials: fair-skinned and light-eyed blonds.
In the tombs of the Egyptian pharaohs, as well as in the burial chambers of the Sumerian kings, images of sacred sleighs (!) were discovered, on which the ark with the sarcophagus of the deceased was carried on its final journey. The sleigh, which the ancestors of the Sumerians and Egyptians rode in a distant cold country, became an object of cult and acquired a sacred character. Indeed, in everyday life, this kind of wheelless carriage cannot be used in a snowless country - which means that it is on the sacred (for this reason sacred) sleigh that every descendant of the northern people must one day make his great transition to the Other Side, similar to the Great Northern Exodus of his ancestors.
The cult of the earth's axis, the sacred Mount Sumeru (Meru), was expressed in the funeral rites of many peoples of Eurasia - in the form of burial mounds. In Egypt, the same cult found expression in the image of the famous pyramids of early Egypt. In Sumer, the cult of the World Axis (the center of the World) is expressed in the equally famous pyramids - ziggurats. Probably, the majestic stone pyramids of the Mayans and Aztecs in Central America are of the same Hyperborean origin. Indian stupas, according to the author, express the same meaning ( mortar- “crown, or top of the earth”).
The statement about the origin of the Indo-Europeans, Semites - and all the other peoples listed above - from the Hyperborean root, despite the apparent impudence, does not raise objections even among previous generations of ethnographers and linguists. So the classical scheme of linguistics says: most of the languages of Eurasia (and some in North Africa) originated from the Nostratic linguistic unity. The latter gave rise to linguistic branches (macrofamilies): Japhetic (split into Afroasiatic and Indo-European families), Paleo-Asian (Palaeo-Siberian), Altai, etc. Then, for example, the Afroasiatic macrofamily split into families: Semitic, Egyptian, Berber-Libyan, Chadian, Cushitic, Omotian. And the Altai, say, includes: Turkic, Mongolian, Tungus-Manchu families and, possibly, Japanese and Korean languages. Some languages of the American Indians also originate from Paleo-Asian, whose ancestors moved from present-day Chukotka to present-day Alaska along the hypothetical Bering Bridge (or simply swam across the strait). From the same root - the Eskimo and Aleut languages.
There are many schemes for the origin of different languages, almost as many as there are researchers. But the very genetic connection of all these languages is recognized as indisputable.
On the heritage of cultures of "proto-civilizations"
In terms of preserving the cultural elements of these people who perished in ancient times supercenters we can observe an interesting and surprising phenomenon at first glance. Ancient Egypt retained some remnants of the cultural tradition of Atlantis. Ancient Sumer and Babylon preserved some of the heritage of Lemuria. In both cases, this “something” has partially survived even to our time. In any case, we have an idea that it (the legacy of Atlantis and Lemuria) did exist. And we have no idea about the heritage of Hyperborea! Why? After all, the Hyperborean heritage should have much greater significance for all (or almost all) cultures of Eurasia, if, of course, everything said here is true. But the fact of the matter is that precisely this picture is logical and the only possible one. Let's simulate the situation: when distant descendants of Hyperborean settlers conquered the ancient Praegypt, they populated the Nile Valley, layering on the Proto-Egyptian autochthons. The Hyperboreans created their own state in Egypt, based on traditions transferred from the distant North. The entire life of the new country was built according to the principles of the conquerors. And only in closed temples are the priests underground workers could have preserved some elements of the residual culture of Atlantis. They preserved them - as a kind of exhibit in a museum. But that is precisely why these “museum exhibits” were able to reach our time, because they were kept by priests in their temple-museums! But no one kept the Hyperborean tradition, they lived it, they breathed it, they considered it theirs. And it was like everyday routine, constantly changing - like all living things change during the course of life's changes.
It was the same with the Lemurian heritage in Sumer. Its elements were preserved by the priests in their temple-museums, preserved unofficially, underground, and therefore secretly! After all, the new countries (both Egypt and Sumer) were headed by kings and an aristocracy from among the Hyperborean conquerors. And the new rulers could hardly look favorably on the demonstrative adherence of their subjects to the hostile cultural traditions and ideology of the conquered population. The conquered must be submissive to the new government. And the authorities always treat this very jealously.
We are all, in a certain sense, heirs of Hyperborea. We all came from this root. Therefore, our ancestors treated with lively curiosity such amusing customs of the conquered southerners, to everything Lemurian And Atlantean.
Such a reality inevitably had to give rise in the priestly environment of temples, fenced off from secular power, to traditions of stubborn opposition in the underground to triumphant officialdom, traditions of consistent denial of everything alien, traditions of carefully preserving certain secrets in closed societies. In the future, thousands of years later, these traditions served as the basis for the formation of various philosophical schools of Satanism (to use the modern term). Sami with catch: Satanism And Satan- come from the name of the ancient Egyptian deity Seth. Set was initially conceptualized as the deity of the South, of the southern countries, that is, he was a kind of symbol of everything opposite to the northern traditions of the Hyperboreans. And the name Seth meant “South, southern.” And in modern European languages this ancient root with the same meaning of “south” is still preserved: set-syut-syut-zuyd (see, for example, Set Korea- in Romance languages).
Growing Satanism was born and developed precisely in the areas of greatest contact with the cultry traditions of the ancients supercivilizations, at the junctions of their spheres of influence, in Egypt and Mesopotamia. And all subsequent secret societies were based on thousand-year-old temple traditions of maintaining secrets true cults:
"The religious rites which you observe may take place in the presence of your disciple, but a stranger who is not one of the initiates of the oracle must not see them; otherwise the number of his days will be shortened. An initiate can reveal himself only to an initiate. He who is not initiated into the mysteries is shouldn't know about them"(the solemn formula of the Babylonian priesthood - based on the book by Erich Tseren “Biblical Hills”, 1986).
APPLICATION
Grandmother Varvara's Tale about Tsar Svarog
(Recorded by Yu. P. Mirolyubov. Comments in italics by D. M. Dudko)
When the Land of Oiraz was perishing in fire and water, snow and ice, Tsar Svarog with the twelve Svarozhich kings saved everyone who listened. The disobedient ones all died.
The Oyraz sailed into a storm on the sea and sailed, as King Svarog showed with his Trident, all the way to noon and to noon. They took with them only a few cows, horses and sheep, and birds, chickens, geese, and ducks. They sailed for more than a day or two until they found the mountains and the Green Land. And when they set sail, already in the morning they saw fog and clouds in the place where the Oiraz Land used to be. Birds flew above those fog and clouds.
The Oyraz sailed to solid ground, and Tsar Svarog turned back, wanting to save whoever he could. However, when they sailed to the place where the Oiraz Land used to be, they found nothing. Only corpses, boards, and various household items were still floating in the water. The Oyraz cried and turned back.
Tsar Svarog appointed Tsar Ventyr over our Ancestors, and he himself with twelve younger kings sailed even further at noon, to look for the Egyptian land [ Ventyr - Indra (?). Svarog appears as the king of Egypt and a cultural hero in a chronicle article of 1114 and in the Slavic translation of the chronicle of John Malala]. He returned soon, but did not find Egypt.
Tsar Svarog began to organize the land, resettle people, raise cows. Forbidden me to eat meat for three years.
Said again at noon to look for Egypt. That time I found it and taught people for thirty years how to sow wheat, how to plow, how to forge chablis.
Meanwhile, the Russians settled down on the new Earth. Thirty Rodovik kings were above them. The eldest king, Ventyr, was in charge over them.<...>
When King Svarog sailed for the first time to look for Egypt, he ordered his commander Janosh to sew clothes from leather, onto which he sewed cut hooves. When the royal boat entered a large river, the king ordered Janos to go into the water and throw a rope on the stake to moor it. The people of that land, seeing Janos, recognized him and shouted: “Janos! Janos!” Meanwhile, while Janos came out of the water, water flowed from him, and he was like a fish [ Janos - Oannes (Ea, Enki), Mesopotamian god of water, depicted as a fish man].
LEGEND
In fact, until the very end of the 20th century, even for intellectual scientists, this word meant only a certain mysterious northern country from Hellenic mythology.
No more.
True, a century earlier, the success of the archeology enthusiast Heinrich Schliemann forced almost all scientists, even those extremely skeptical of “various myths and fairy tales,” to treat with the utmost respect everything that was reported by the ancient myths of Hellas.
In relation to Hyperborea, this convincing archaeological and mythological success of Schliemann, unfortunately, meant little.
You will ask why?
Because the territory in which, according to all mythological signs, Hyperborea should be sought and found, was reliably hidden from researchers by its remoteness, the severity of the climate, border, military and other restricted zones, which were arranged in abundance in these places in the former USSR.
In historical science, the myth of the Hyperboreans is considered a special case of utopian ideas about marginal peoples characteristic of a variety of cultures, devoid of a specific historical basis.
According to the descriptions of the same ancient Greek chroniclers, Arctida allegedly had a favorable climate, where 4 large rivers flowed out of the central sea (lake) and flowed into the ocean, thanks to which on the map Arctida looks like a “round shield with a cross.” The Hyperboreans, the inhabitants of Arctida, which was ideal in its structure, were especially loved by the god Apollo (his priests and servants existed in Arctida).
According to some ancient schedule, Apollo appeared in these lands every time exactly 19 years. In general, the Hyperboreans were no less, and perhaps more, close to the gods than the “God-loved” Ethiopians, Phaeacians and Lotophagi.
By the way, many Greek gods, the same Apollo, the also well-known Hercules, Perseus and other less famous heroes had one epithet - Hyperborean...
Perhaps this is also why life in happy Arctida, along with reverent prayers, was accompanied by songs, dances, feasts and general never-ending fun.
In Arctida, even death occurred only from fatigue and satiety with life, more precisely from suicide - having experienced all types of pleasure and tired of life, the old Hyperboreans usually threw themselves into the sea.
The wise Hyperboreans possessed a huge amount of knowledge, the most advanced at that time.
It was the people from these places, the Apollonian sages Abaris and Aristaeus (considered both servants and a hypostasis of Apollo), who taught the Greeks to compose poems and hymns, and for the first time discovered the basic wisdom, music, and philosophy.
Under their leadership, the famous Delphic Temple was built...
These teachers, as the chronicles reported, also owned symbols of the god Apollo, including an arrow, a raven, and a laurel with miraculous powers.
The following legend has been preserved about Arctida: once its inhabitants presented the first harvest grown in these places to Apollo himself on Delos.
But the girls sent with gifts were forcibly left on Delos, and some were even raped.
After this, faced with the savagery of other peoples, the cultured Hyperboreans no longer went far from their land for the purpose of sacrifice, but deposited gifts on the border with a neighboring country, and then before Apollo the gifts were carried by other peoples for a fee.
The historian of the Ancient World Pliny the Elder took the description of an unknown country very seriously. From his records the location of the little-known country is almost unambiguously traced.
Getting to Arctida, according to Pliny, was difficult (for people, but not for the Hyperboreans, who could fly), but not so impossible, you just had to jump over some northern Hyperborean mountains: -
- “Behind these mountains, on the other side of Aquilon, a happy people... who are called Hyperboreans, reach very advanced years and are glorified by wonderful legends...
The Sun shines there for six months, and this is only one day when the Sun does not hide... from the spring equinox to the autumn one, the luminaries there rise only once a year at the summer solstice, and set only at the winter solstice...
This country is located entirely in the sun, with a favorable climate and devoid of any harmful wind. The homes for these residents are groves and forests; the cult of the Gods is carried out by individuals and the whole society; Discord and all sorts of diseases are unknown there. Death comes there only from satiety with life... One cannot doubt the existence of this people..."
EVIDENCE OF HYPERBOREA
There is another indirect evidence of the former existence of a highly developed polar civilization.
Seven years before Magellan's first circumnavigation of the world, the Turk Piri Reis drew up a map of the world, which indicated not only America and the Strait of Magellan, but also Antarctica, which Russian navigators were to discover only 300 years later...
The coastline and some details of the relief are presented on it with such precision that can only be achieved with aerial photography, or even shooting from space.
The southernmost continent of the planet on the Piri Reis map is devoid of ice cover! It has rivers and mountains. The distances between the continents have been slightly changed, which confirms the fact of their drift.
A short entry in the diaries of Piri Reis suggests that he compiled his map based on materials from the era of Alexander the Great. How did they know about Antarctica in the 4th century BC?
By the way, in the 1970s, a Soviet Antarctic expedition established that the ice shell covering the continent is at least 20 thousand years old, which means that the age of the real primary source of information is at least 200 centuries.
And if so, then it turns out that when the map was compiled, perhaps there was a developed civilization on Earth that, in such ancient times, was able to achieve such colossal successes in cartography?
The best contender for the best cartographers of that time could be the Hyperboreans, fortunately they also lived at the pole, only not at the south, but at the north, which, let us recall, were both free from ice and cold at that time.
The ability to fly that the Hyperboreans had made it possible to fly from pole to pole. Perhaps this explains the mystery of why the original map was drawn up as if the observer were in Earth orbit...
But soon, as we already know, the polar cartographers died or disappeared, and the polar regions were covered with ice...
Where do their next tracks lead?
It is believed that the highly developed civilization of Hyperborea, which perished as a result of a climate cataclysm, left behind descendants in the form of the Aryans, and they, in turn, the Slavs and Russians...
The search for Hyperborea is akin to the search for the lost Atlantis, with the only difference that a part of the land still remains from the sunken Hyperborea - this is the north of present-day Russia.
However, unclear interpretations (this is our own private opinion) allow us to say that Atlantis and Hyperborea could actually be one and the same continent...
Whether this is true or not - to some extent, future expeditions should approach the solution to the great mystery. In the north of Russia, numerous geological parties have repeatedly encountered traces of the activity of the ancients, however, none of them purposefully set as their goal the search for the Hyperboreans.
In 1922, in the area of Seydozero and Lovozero in the Murmansk region, an expedition led by Barchenko and Kondiaina took place, which was engaged in ethnographic, psychophysical and simply geographical research. By chance or not, the search engines came across a strange manhole going underground.
The scientists were unable to penetrate inside - a strange, unaccountable fear, an almost tangible horror, literally bursting out from the black throat, was in the way.
One local resident said that “it felt like you were being skinned alive!”
A collective photograph has been preserved [published in NG-nauka, October 1997], in which 13 members of the expedition were photographed next to the mystical hole. After returning to Moscow, the materials of the expedition were very carefully studied, including at Lubyanka.
It’s hard to believe, but A. Barchenko’s expedition was personally supported by Felix DZERDZHINSKY even at the preparation stage.
And this was during the most hungry years for Soviet Russia, immediately after the end of the civil war! Which indirectly suggests that not all the goals of the expedition are known to us reliably.
It is now difficult to figure out exactly what Barchenko went to Seydozero for; the leader was repressed and shot, and the materials he obtained were never published.
In the 1990s, Doctor of Philosophy Valery Nikitich DEMIN drew attention to the very scant memories that have reached us about Barchenko’s finds, and when he studied local legends in detail and compared them with Greek ones, he came to the conclusion that we must look here!
ancient buildings on Mount Ninchurt - Kola Peninsula 
SEYDOZERO - KOYVA
The places are truly amazing; Seydozero still evokes awe or at least respect among local residents. Just a century or two ago, its southern shore was the most honorable place for burial in a stone grave for shamans and other respected members of the Sami people.
For them, the name Seydozer and the afterlife paradise were simply one and the same. Here, even fishing was allowed only one day a year...
In Soviet times, the area north of the lake was considered a strategic raw material base; large reserves of rare earth metals were discovered here.
Now Seydozero and Lovozero are famous for the frequent occurrence of various anomalous phenomena, and even... a small tribe of snow people who have become extremely rampant in the local taiga...
In 1997-1999, in the same place, under the leadership of V. Demin, searches were again undertaken, only this time for the remains of the ancient civilization of Arctida.
And the news was not long in coming.
So far, during the expeditions "Hyperborea-97" and "Hyperborea-98" the following were found: several destroyed ancient buildings, including a stone "observatory" on Mount Ninchurt, a stone "road", "staircase", "Etruscan anchor", a well under Mount Kuamdespahk; some artificial ancient products were selected (for example, a repairman from Revda, Alexander FEDOTOV, found a strange metal “matryoshka doll” in the Chivruay gorge); Several images of the “trident”, “lotus” were studied, as well as the giant (70 m) rock cross-shaped image of a man known to all local old-timers, “old man Koivu” (according to legends, the defeated “alien” Swedish god was defeated and embedded in the rock south of Karnasurta).. .
As it turned out, “old man Koivu” is formed by blackened stones, along which water has been oozing from the rock for centuries.
With other finds, things are not so simple either. Professional geologists and archaeologists are skeptical about the above finds, considering all of them to be nothing more than a play of nature, constructions of the Sami up to several centuries ago, and remnants of the activities of Soviet geologists in the 1920-30s.
megaliths on Seydozero 
However, when studying the arguments for and against, one cannot ignore the fact that it is always easier to criticize than to obtain evidence.
There have been many cases in the history of science when researchers who were criticized to smithereens eventually got their way
A classic example is the “non-professional” Heinrich SCHLIEMANN, who discovered Troy where it “should not be.” To repeat such success, you need to at least be passionate. All of Professor Demin’s opponents call him “over-enthusiastic.”
So, we can say that there is some hope for the success of the search.
It is necessary to search, since we are talking not just about the traces of one of the ancient peoples, but about a very highly developed civilization, perhaps, as V. Demin believes, the ancestral home of the Aryan, Slavic people, the place “where the peoples came from.”
Could this actually happen in our inhospitably cold, mosquito-ridden North?
Don’t rush to answer; once upon a time the climate of the current Russian North was much more favorable.
As Lomonosov wrote, “in the northern regions in ancient times there were great heatwaves, where elephants could be born and reproduce... it was possible.”
Perhaps the sharp cooling occurred as a result of some kind of cataclysm or as a result of a slight displacement of the earth's axis (according to the calculations of ancient Babylonian astronomers and Egyptian priests, this happened 399 thousand years ago).
However, the option with turning the axis does not work - after all, according to the ancient Greek chronicles, a highly developed civilization lived in Hyperborea only a few thousand years ago and precisely at or near the NORTH POLE (this is clearly seen from the descriptions, and these descriptions can be trusted, because it is impossible to invent and describe “out of your head” the polar day as it is seen at the pole and nowhere else).
Where this could be is unclear; at first glance, there are not even islands near the North Pole. But... there is a powerful underwater ridge, named after the discoverer, the Lomonosov Ridge, and nearby is the Mendeleev Ridge.
They really went to the bottom of the ocean relatively recently - according to geological concepts.
If so, then the possible inhabitants of this hypothetical "Arctida", at least some of them, would have had time to move to the current continent in the area of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago or on the Kola, Taimyr Peninsulas, and most likely in Russia east of the Lena delta (exactly where the ancients advised looking for the famous "Golden Woman")!
If Arctida-Hyperborea is not a myth, then what then maintained the warm climate in the large circumpolar territory?
Powerful geothermal heat? A small country may well be warmed by the warmth of gushing geysers (like Iceland), but this will not save it from the onset of winter. And in the messages of the ancient Greeks there is no mention of thick plumes of steam (it was impossible not to notice them).
And this is a completely good hypothesis: volcanoes and geysers warmed Hyperborea, and then one fine day they destroyed it...
Hypothesis two: -
Perhaps the reason for the warmth is the warm Gulf Stream current?
But now its heat is not enough to heat a large area (as any resident of the Murmansk region, where the “warm” Gulf Stream ends its course, will tell you).
Maybe the current was more powerful before? It may well be.
Otherwise, we will be forced to assume that the heat in Hyperborea was generally of artificial origin!
If, according to the same Greek historians, there, in this heavenly place of God, the problems of longevity, rational land use, free flight in the atmosphere and many others were solved, then why shouldn’t the Hyperboreans “at the same time” solve the problem of climate control!?
HYPOTHESES ABOUT HYPERBOREA - ARCTIS
ARCTIC HYPOTHESIS
The Arctic hypothesis is a pseudoscientific hypothesis that suggests the location of the ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans (or Aryans) in the northern regions of Eurasia (Kola Peninsula, Karelia, White Sea region, Taimyr).
It was formulated in 1903 by the famous Indian politician B. G. Tilak in the book “The Arctic Homeland in the Vedas.”
The hypothesis is non-academic. Currently, some Indian researchers are supporters of the hypothesis, but in Russia it is widespread mainly in pseudo-scientific and nationalist circles.
Historical and climatic situation
Apparently, man appeared in the north of Eurasia quite early, back in the Paleolithic era. This is, for example, evidenced by the finds of the Diring culture (Yakutia).
However, this culture is dated differently by different researchers, and the spread in dating reaches impressive proportions: in different sources, the age of the Diring finds is estimated at figures from 1.8 million to 250 thousand years. The possible excessive antiquity of the dating of this culture gives rise to speculation about the extratropical origin of man.
In the second half of the Paleolithic, the northern half of Eurasia was covered by a glacier.
At the very end of the Paleolithic, he began to retreat, and with him, accordingly, large game animals (mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, cave bear, etc.), and after them, in turn, people began to migrate north. World warming began back in the 12th millennium BC. e. and lasted until the 10th-9th millennium BC. e. So, by the beginning of the Mesolithic, people settled throughout Eurasia until shores of the Arctic Ocean .
Then, for 2 thousand years, the climate was slightly cooler. After this, a period of intense and very significant warming began - the boreal (7.5 - 5.4 thousand BC).
During this period, the boundaries of the forest zone reached the shores of the Arctic Ocean. Therefore, at this time there were quite favorable conditions for the development of culture.
megaliths near Lake Ladoga 
Literary arguments
Indian nationalist B. G. Tilak in his book “The Arctic Homeland in the Vedas” (1903) tries to prove that the texts of the Vedas and Upanishads testify to the Arctic ancestral home of the Aryans. He's writing:
In the Rig Veda (X.89.2-4), the god Indra “supports heaven and earth, like the wheel of a cart is supported by an axle” and rotates “the distant sphere like the wheels of a cart.” If we combine these two indications that the sky is supported on an axis and moves like a wheel, we clearly see that the described movement corresponds only to that celestial hemisphere that can only be observed at the North Pole. In the Rig Veda (I.24.10), the constellation Ursa Major is described as high-standing, indicating a position visible only in the circumpolar region.
The statement that the day and night of the gods last 6 months is extremely widespread in ancient Indian literature.
“On Meru, the gods see the sun after its one-time rise throughout its path, equal to half its revolution around the earth.”
In Taittiriya Brahmana (III, 9, 22.1) and Avesta (Vendidad, Fargard II) a year is compared to one day, since the sun sets and rises only once a year.
A large number of Rigveda hymns are dedicated to the goddess of the dawn - Ushas. Moreover, it is said that the dawn lasts a very long time, that there are a lot of dawns and they move along the horizon, which may indicate circumpolar regions.
megaliths similar to the northern ones - Mountain Shoria, Eastern Sayan 
Criticism of the hypothesis
With the exception of some Indian researchers, the Arctic hypothesis has practically no supporters in modern science, due to the fact that it is generally outdated.
The weak point of this hypothesis is the almost complete lack of possibility to connect it with any archaeological culture.
Many researchers (for example, G. M. Bongard-Levin and E. A. Grantovsky) note that mythologies associated with the north, the northern country, most likely appeared among the Aryans in their ancestral homeland during contacts with their northern neighbors.
Linguistic evidence for the hypothesis is untenable, since, as I.M. Dyakonov writes, the words “cold”, “snow”, etc. existed even among the peoples of ancient Mesopotamia.
S. V. Zharnikova’s “decoding” of the names of rivers and reservoirs of the Russian North through Sanskrit is purely amateurish and does not stand up to any criticism. She “deciphered through Sanskrit” hydronyms not only of unclear origin, but also quite transparent ones, the Baltic-Finnish or Sami etymology of which had long been established by specialists. For example, Gangozero - cf. Karelian. hoanga "fork" or hanhi "goose"; Sagarev stream - from the Karelians. and Veps. sagaru "otter".
Proponents of the hypothesis
B. G. Tilak - Indian nationalist, one of the leaders of the independence movement;
N. R. Guseva - Indologist and ethnographer, Doctor of Historical Sciences, laureate of the International Prize named after. Jawaharlal Nehru, author of over 150 scientific works on the culture and ancient forms of religion of the Indians;
V. N. Demin - writer, Doctor of Philosophy, member of the Russian Writers' Union, organizer of amateur expeditions to the Kola Peninsula, author of more than 100 works of scientific, artistic and fiction content, including 20 books;
S. V. Zharnikova - historian, ethnographer, candidate of historical sciences, member of the International Club of Scientists;
G. N. Bazlov - historian, ethnologist, candidate of historical sciences, member of the board of the Russian Folklore Union.
HYPOTHESIS - SANNIKOV LAND
Sannikov Land - a ghost island in Arctic Ocean, which was allegedly seen by some explorers north of the New Siberian Islands.
It was first reported in 1810 by the fur merchant Yakov Sannikov, an experienced polar traveler who had previously discovered the islands of Stolbovoy and Faddeevsky, who was mining arctic foxes and mammoth ivory on the northern shores of the New Siberian Islands.
He expressed the opinion of the existence of a “vast land” north of Kotelny Island. According to the hunter, “high stone mountains” rose above the sea.
Another evidence in favor of the existence of vast lands in the north was numerous observations of migratory birds - polar geese and others, flying further north in the spring and returning with their offspring in the fall. Since birds could not live in the icy desert, it was suggested that Sannikov Land, located in the north, is relatively warm and fertile, and birds fly there. However, an obvious question arose: how could fertile lands be located north of the desert coast of Eurasia?
Confirming or refuting the existence of Sannikov Land was fraught with significant difficulties. The New Siberian Islands are located near the very border of the permanent northern ice cap: even in warm years, the ocean in the vicinity of the islands is accessible for navigation two to three months a year, in late summer and early autumn; in cold years, the islands may remain frozen all summer. A hypothetical new land several hundred kilometers from the New Siberian Islands could be covered in ice continuously for decades. The polar night, which lasted about four months in these latitudes, excluded any possibility of research from November to March.
At one of the releases of the Naval Corps, Emperor Alexander III said that: “Whoever discovers this invisible land will belong to him. Go for it, midshipman!
Most of the expeditions that explored the region in the 19th century were made by dog sled during the spring months; attempts to reach Sannikov Land by dog sled (including by Sannikov in 1810-1811 and Anzhu in 1824) were often interrupted by hummocks and ice holes.
It was the search for Sannikov Land that was aimed at by the Arctic expeditions of Baron E.V. Toll, who was convinced of the existence of Arctida - the northern polar continent, the coast of which, in his opinion, was observed by Yakov Sannikov. On August 13, 1886, Toll recorded in his diary:
The horizon is completely clear. In the direction to the northeast, the contours of four mesas were clearly visible, which connected to the low-lying land in the east. Thus, Sannikov’s message was completely confirmed. We have the right, therefore, to draw a dotted line in the appropriate place on the map and write on it: “Sannikov Land”...
megaliths in Karelia - Vottovaara island 
In 1893, Toll again visually recorded a strip of mountains on the horizon, which he identified with Sannikov Land.
In the same year, Fridtjof Nansen sailed on his ship Fram past the New Siberian Islands and reached 79 degrees north latitude, but did not find any traces of Sannikov Land. In his two-volume description of the trip to the Fram, Nansen wrote:
We were located significantly north of the place where, according to Toll, the southern coast of Sannikov Land should lie, but at approximately the same longitude. In all likelihood, this land is only a small island, and in any case it cannot go far to the north.
In 1902, during the Russian polar expedition on the schooner Zarya, one of the goals of which was to search for Sannikov Land, Toll died.
In 1937, the Soviet icebreaker Sadko, during its drift, passed near the supposed island from the south, east, and north, but did not find anything except ocean ice.
At the request of Academician V.A. Obruchev, Arctic aviation aircraft were sent to the same area. However, despite all efforts, these searches also yielded a negative result: it was established that Sannikov Land does not exist.
According to a number of researchers, Sannikov Land, like many Arctic islands, including most of the Novosibirsk ones, was composed not of rocks, but of fossil ice (permafrost), on top of which a layer of soil was applied.
Over time, the ice melted, and Sannikov Land disappeared like some other islands composed of fossil ice - Mercury, Diomede, Vasilyevsky and Semyonovsky.
Researchers discovered only an underwater bank, which was called the Sannikov bank.
mysterious White Sea megaliths 
ANCIENT ARIES – POLAR HYPOTHESIS
If we carefully study the epic poems of India, the fascinating stories of its sacred legends, we will encounter very interesting, but at first glance strange and inexplicable information.
It describes phenomena that are characteristic of the Arctic regions and completely unusual and unusual for the regions of South Asia.
These are ideas about the fixed Polar Star, about a cold and long night that lasts six months, and a day that also lasts a whole half a year.
Ancient storytellers sang about a country where the sun rises only once a year, where there are six months of day and six months of night.
The singers of the epic more than once mention the sacred bird Garuda, who, before carrying the hermit Galava on her wings in search of eight hundred moon-white horses, told him about the four countries of the world, including the fact that in the north are the Seven Rishis, the goddess Arundhati and Swati constantly move around the Pole Star (Dhruva) fixed in the sky. “Seven Rishis” - seven large stars of the Ursa Major constellation (“rishis” - sages, ascetics, holy men, divine celestial beings); Arundhati - constellation Cassiopeia; Swati is a bright star in the constellation Bootes or the constellation Perseus.
Seeing these stars high above the horizon is possible only in northern latitudes. In areas no further south than 55–56°N. w. In winter, during one night, the named constellations, without going beyond the horizon, seem to describe a circle, the center of which can be roughly considered the North Star.
Anyone who has been to India knows that only in the northern regions of the country can the Big Dipper be seen low above the horizon, while in the south it is generally hidden behind it; Meanwhile, ancient Indian sacred texts more than once say that the Big Dipper is “ascended”, “located high in the sky.”
According to epic works, the place where the great creator god Brahma “strengthened” Dhruva - the North Star, is located in the center of the universe, the heavens. Such a phenomenon, as is known, is characteristic only of the northern, polar regions (at the North Pole, the North Star stands directly at the zenith).
There, in those fabulous northern countries where these stars are visible high in the sky, “ten apsaras live,” called “those descended from the rainbow.” Apsaras are brilliant waterwomen, and these ten, born of the rainbow, shining with its colors, can be a poetic image of the northern lights. The creators of Indian legends recalled “captive waters,” “falling waters taking on beautiful forms.” These are obviously frozen waters. In the Mahabharata they are mentioned precisely when describing the country where the sun rises for six months.
Such evidence from Indian literature has led some scholars to the conclusion that the original homeland of the Indians was supposedly located beyond the Arctic Circle. Sometimes the position of this “homeland” was determined more precisely - on the shores of the cold White Sea or in Siberia, etc. Some too bold heads even placed it at the very point of the North Pole.
One of the main creators of the “polar theory” of the origin of Indians was the famous Indian political figure Bal Gangadhar Tilak (1856–1920). His book “Orion” was published in Bombay in 1893, and ten years later his extensive monograph “The Arctic Homeland in the Vedas” was published. In many of his works, Tilak dealt with the problem of Indian culture, including the most ancient stages of the country's history. Being an active opponent of English rule in India and speaking out against the provisions of English colonial historiography, which belittled the cultural heritage of Indians, Tilak tried to prove the originality and exceptional antiquity of Indian civilization. The works of Tilak and his associates were of great importance for the development of the national consciousness of the Indian people and the progress of Indian science.
At the same time, in the works of those years there were many exaggerations, inaccuracies, errors and provisions, which now, due to the successes of modern science, have to be abandoned.
Eighty years have passed since the publication of Tilak’s book “The Arctic Homeland in the Vedas”. But even today, among Indian scientists, the theory of the Arctic origin of Indians meets with convinced defenders and followers.
Even now, at serious scientific congresses, one often hears statements that the ancestors of Indians came from beyond the Arctic Circle.
Putting forward the Arctic theory, Tilak was based on some conclusions of contemporary natural sciences (geology, paleontology, astronomy) that climatic and natural conditions, the outlines of the continents underwent significant changes during various eras of the Earth's history.
According to this point of view, in the pre-glacial and interglacial periods, the climate of the Arctic regions was warm and accessible to other flora and fauna, to man and the development of his civilization. Tilak also proceeded from the then fashionable theory of the American professor Warren about the original homeland of man in the Arctic zone.
From these positions, Tilak analyzed the data of ancient Indian literature, primarily the Vedas - the most ancient sacred monument of the Indians. On their basis, he argued that the ancestors of the Indians in the pre-glacial and interglacial periods lived in the Arctic regions, and then, about ten to eight thousand years ago - at this time Tilak dated the last ice age - moved under the influence of the onset of cold weather to the south.
These conclusions were made more than half a century ago. Are they possible now? Is this how we should treat Tilak’s theory now, when the natural and exact sciences have other materials and give other dates?
The point here is not only about what time to classify the pre-glacial and interglacial periods, how to understand changes in climatic conditions in certain areas of the globe, how to evaluate from the point of view of modern knowledge the information of Indians about the position and movement of the stars at the dawn of their history - questions , to which both natural and exact sciences give contradictory answers. The main thing is the conclusions reached by such sciences as history, archeology, comparative linguistics, and historical ethnography.
Of course, here too there remains a lot of unclear, hypothetical, and contradictory things.
With the help of certain scientific facts, one can seriously argue about the specific areas of the original habitat of the ancestors of the Indians, about the time of their formation and resettlement.
But it is absolutely clear that now we cannot talk about either the polar regions or such a distant time as the ice ages.
Currently, many of the data from the Vedic and epic literature of India, which Tilak considered as direct evidence of Indian habitation in the Arctic, are understood differently.
MYTH OR REALITY – THE VEDIC HOMELAND
And yet, there remain in ancient Indian literature such indications that it is difficult to evaluate otherwise, as a reflection of some ideas about the Arctic regions.
This is, for example, the already mentioned information about the polar night and polar day. How to explain, in particular, the presence of these ideas not only in later astronomical and other scientific treatises, which could still be conventionally understood as the result of theoretical speculative constructions of scientists of that time, but also in much more ancient monuments of India? Let's look at just some reports from Indian sources. The medieval scientist Bhaskara Acharya wrote in his astronomical treatise that in the areas near the North Pole “for half a year there is constant day, for half a year there is constant night.”
In another, earlier astronomical work, the Surya Siddhanta, it is reported that in the same areas “the gods see the sun after one sunrise during half of its circular rotation.”
Similar data is contained in many other Indian scientific treatises and religious texts of the period of late antiquity and the early Middle Ages. It is interesting that this information was discussed in detail in a special section of the fundamental work “India” by the great Central Asian thinker and scientist, a native of Khorezm, Biruni (973–1048).
Biruni was keenly interested in a wide variety of sciences; he authored many works on mathematics, history, geography, mineralogy, physics, and astronomy, which were a synthesis of the achievements of contemporary science.
Brought up in the traditions of Muslim education of that time, he at the same time showed exceptional interest in countries of a different cultural circle, especially in India.
Biruni studied Sanskrit, thoroughly familiarized himself with many Indian scientific and religious-philosophical works, and consulted with pandits - experts in Indian cultural traditions.
Biruni's encyclopedic work on India (its full title is “Explanation of Indian teachings, acceptable or rejected by reason”) actually introduced scientists of the Near and Middle East to the outstanding achievements of Indian civilization, for which the great Khorezmian had deep respect.
exploration of the underwater ridges of the Arctic Ocean 
Biruni's knowledge of numerous Indian sources is striking. He repeatedly quotes the treatise of one of the greatest mathematicians of ancient India, Brahmagupta (beginning of the 7th century), “Brahma-siddhanta”. Biruni quotes the following words of this scientist about the region near the North Pole: -
“The day of the angels who live there seems to last six months, and their night also lasts six months.” Biruni also quotes an excerpt from the work of the famous ancient Indian astronomer Aryabhata (5th century), according to which this region - the kingdom of angels - “is located in the cold zone,” “north of any place on earth.” Both Brahmagupta and Aryabhata could proceed from the theory of the sphericity of the Earth, placing the region where day and night last for six months in the region of the North Pole.
But Indian scientists, who held different opinions about the shape of the earth and even believed that “the earth is flat,” also wrote about the same northern region.
However, both Brahmagupta and Aryabhata’s information about phenomena that we could call “polar night” and “polar day” appears primarily as a tribute to ideas about the country in the far north that are firmly rooted in Indian literature.
It is not for nothing that both scientists call it the kingdom of angels and include the words “as if” in the text of their reasoning. This is rather a traditional concept or an accepted symbol, which Biruni already drew attention to.
In the chapter “On the different types of day and day and night,” he outlines Indian ideas about the “human day” (consisting of an ordinary day and an ordinary night), the “day of the ancestors” and the “day of the devas” (i.e., the gods).
The “day of the gods” lasts a whole year and is made up of day and night, lasting half the solar year. Aryabhata and other Indian scientists wrote about the “day of the gods”. Bhaskara-acharya, speaking about the northern region, “where there is constant day for half the year, constant night for half the year,” calls such a day “the day of the gods.”
There, he says, the sacred beings see the sun for six months, when it moves within the northern sphere; Therefore, the path of the sun during this period is called “uttarayana” - “northern path”.
In a number of Indian sources, “devayana” - “the path of the gods” is used as a synonym for the term “uttarayana”. These ideas go back to a much earlier time, before the heyday of ancient Indian mathematics and astronomy.
Moreover, one can try to find such information in the oldest monument of Indian literature - the collection of sacred hymns "Rigveda", compiled no later than the 10th century. BC.
One must, of course, take into account the nature of this collection of religious texts. They have a very specific goal - to give praise to the gods and call on them for help in order to receive certain benefits from them: wealth, health, strength, protection from enemies.
In addition, the meaning of many passages of the hymns of the Rig Veda still remains not entirely clear; scientists also differ in their understanding of a number of hymns as a whole.
And we cannot say with confidence that when the Rig Veda speaks of the end of the period of darkness and the beginning of the “path of the gods” (devayana), i.e. daylight, or about the “approaching of the path of the gods” with the appearance of dawn, then here we are talking specifically about that “path of the gods” when the sun does not set for six months.
But the same concepts are found in subsequent Vedic literature - the Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanishads, dating back to the middle of the 1st millennium BC.
In them we find more specific messages: day is the “path of the gods”, night is the “path of the ancestors”; “when the sun, turning to the north, is in the northern sphere, it is among the gods; when it turns to the south and is in the southern sphere, it is among the ancestors”; The “path of the gods” (devayana), or the “northern path” (uttarayana), begins with the spring equinox.
And an even more specific indication: “a year is one day of the gods,” consisting of day and night. What is meant by such definitions can be seen from the following passage from the Laws of Manu: “For the gods, day and night are a year divided in two: day is the period of movement of the sun to the north, night is the period of movement to the south.” “The Laws of Manu” is a set of ethical and legal norms compiled in the 2nd century. BC. - I century AD; their purpose is to carefully regulate the private and public life of the Indian. And yet, this curious evidence is found in it too.
We also find similar information in epic poems, but here they form an integral part of the legendary stories about heroes, events, and countries.
Here is one of the stories about a fabulous country in the far north, where “those knights contemplated the entry into darkness and the exit from there, the rising and setting of the radiant sun, the expulsion of darkness, day and night were equal to a year for them.”
In this country, where the heroes of the Mahabharata found themselves, one could see how high the Ursa Major (“Seven Divine Rishis led by Vasishta1”) rises in the sky, how it, together with other constellations, circles around the Polar Star fixed in the sky.
And here is another story about the same mysterious country. Here “the golden-haired sun rises every half year” and “the still waters take the form of beautiful decorations.”
So, what we have before us is not random and fragmentary information, but a strong and long-lasting tradition of transmitting a certain cycle of ideas. But one cannot help but notice that for the creators of sacred texts, for epic storytellers in India, these ideas no longer had a real basis.
They appear to us primarily as elements of myth and are associated with other mythical images and plots. “Polar” details are usually given in connection with stories about gods, legendary heroes, and their immortality.
The question involuntarily arises: aren’t these “polar” ideas just as imaginary as gods, mythical characters, and otherworldly life?
Is there a criterion that allows us to separate the fantastic from the real in myths, the purely fabulous from the possible? Here we are faced with an interesting and complex problem that researchers so often have to face - the problem of the relationship between myth and reality, fairy tales and reality.
In the remote northern region, high on the peaks of Meru and on its slopes, off the coast of the Milky Northern Ocean, there was the abode of the gods and the country of the “blessed people.”
Only selected righteous people could get here from the earthly world, and then only after the end of their lives. There was the paradise of the god Indra: “Having gone there, they do not come to this world again.” As the ancient Indians believed, only a few famous heroes or the wisest rishis could ascend to that country alive.
But they got here miraculously, by divine permission, only on the wings of the sacred bird Garuda. Otherwise, none of the people could get to that distant country. “No one except birds ever goes to the Northern Ocean”, “it is not accessible to anyone except birds” - is repeated more than once in the ancient Indian epic.
Even the most famous heroes could not get to where the happy northern people live.
The path to the borders of the northern country was long and difficult, and everyone who tried to penetrate its borders died at the foot of the Great Mountains.
It is in the “polar” country, where Ursa Major, the constellations Cassiopeia and Bootes circle around the North Star fixed in the sky, namely:
Thousands of longed-for pleasures beckon there, Galava,
But as soon as a person penetrates further,
Every time, the best of the twice-born, he dies, Galava!
And no one else has passed here before, O bull among the Brahmanas.
This is how the bird Garuda tells the hermit Galava about the country in the far north.
In the tale “On the Conquest of the World,” the Mahabharata tells of the exploits of the Pandavas in various countries of the world. The best of the brothers, the warrior Arjuna, sent his troops to the north.
Having crossed the Himalayas, he conquered one after another the northern peoples and kingdoms, fabulous tribes and countries of fantastic creatures. Finally he approached the land of the happy northern people. But here “guards with huge bodies, endowed with great valor and strength... approached him and said these words:
- “Oh Arjuna!.. Come back from here...
The person who enters this country will definitely die... there can be no fighting here. And even if you enter, you will not see anything, for here nothing can be seen with the human eye.”
Then the mighty warrior said: -
- “I will not enter your country if it is forbidden to people.” And Arjuna returned to India.
Ancient legends warned those who tried to violate this prohibition: on the approaches to the country, near the Meru Mountains, lies a desert, an area of darkness, where terrible monsters live: pishachis - evil ghoul creatures, vriddhikas - cannibalistic women, evil monstrous rakshasas ("evil rakshasas kill all living things”, “whoever is daring and follows that highest path is killed by rakshasas with darts and other weapons”)
LEGENDS OF SCYTHIA
Let us return, however, to Scythia. According to its inhabitants, Herodotus writes, beyond the far northern regions “one cannot look ahead or go further.” Pomponius Mela reports that on the approaches to the Ripaean Mountains, “constantly falling snow makes these areas so impassable that you can’t even see further, no matter how hard you strain your eyes.” These areas, fanned by the chilling breath of Boreas, are “severe” and “deserted”, “a real desert”, “shrouded in thick darkness” (Herodotus, Mela, Pliny, etc.). They are “immersed in eternal darkness,” writes Solin, “everything there is owned by vultures, ferocious and reaching extreme rage... who tear to pieces everyone they see...”.
According to Pomponius Mela, the country in front of the Rhipaean Mountains “is uninhabited, because vultures, fierce and stubborn animals, are very fond of and jealously guard... gold and attack anyone who touches it.”
And one of the fathers of the Christian church, Jerome (348–420 AD), repeated stories about the golden mountains in the north, which are inaccessible to man “because of vultures, dragons and monsters with huge bodies.”
This is, of course, late evidence. But already in the VII-IV centuries. BC, when the Hellenes received information from Scythia, Greek authors wrote that far beyond Scythia, near the northern mountains, predatory vultures jealously guarding gold, one-eyed Arimaspian heroes, people with goat legs, cannibals and monstrous fierce maidens.
Greek poets identified them with the characters of Hellenic myths - the daughters of the titan Phorcys (“Phorkids”) - the Grays and Gorgons, who were also known as cannibals and bloodsuckers1.
Aeschylus placed them next to the vultures and Arimaspians, drawing in the words of Prometheus the dangers on the path of the unfortunate Io, pursued by the wife of Zeus, the great goddess Hera:
Fields... you will meet gorgonins,
And three Forkids, gray-haired girls,
They look like swans. They have one eye
And one tooth. The beam has not yet penetrated to them
Day sun and night moon.
And next door are three winged sisters
They live. Gorgons, snakes in their braids, poison in their hearts.
Whoever looks into their eyes will see their life cool down.
I’m telling you to warn you.
Listen to the path of the sad one.
Fear the sharp-beaked vultures... the one-eyed army of the Arimaspians...
Don't go near them!
All these fantastic creatures were “located” near the northern mountains, in front of the “land of the blessed” - the Hyperboreans. The poet Pindar also settled there.
“Next,” he writes, “live the people of the Hyperboreans; no mortal, either by sea or by land, can find a wonderful road to their dwellings.”
So, again, Scythian “motifs” turn out to be similar to Indian stories about distant northern countries.
Getting acquainted with these stories, we most often turned to the Mahabharata - the richest collection of ancient legends and tales passed down for many centuries from generation to generation.
But legends about the northern countries were preserved in many other works of ancient Indian literature. They formed the basis, for example, of one of the colorful stories of the second great epic of India - the Ramayana (somewhat later in time than the Mahabharata).
After many unsuccessful attempts to find Sita, who had been kidnapped by the demon Ravan, her husband Rama turned to his ally Sugriva for help. He sent armies of monkeys to all parts of the world in search of Sita. He gave his instructions to the leader of each army. To the leader of the army sent to the north, Sugriva told about the difficulties that would have to be overcome on this long journey.
It was necessary to reach and cross the Himalayas and move further north, pass through deserts, and overcome other mountain ranges.
To the north of these countries, according to Sugriva, there was a region of darkness and terrifying darkness; death awaits everyone who approaches there. But further, as Sugriva said, lies the happy abode of light, where celestial maidens and sacred munis live. There fruits grow everywhere, golden flowers, rivers flow in golden beds; there is the Eternal Ocean and a golden mountain, the peaks of which touch the sky.
And here is another colorful description of this fabulous mountain, which Ugrashravas talks about in the Mahabharata, telling the most ancient legends about the origin of the gods and the creation of the earth:-
“There is the incomparable Mount Meru, sparkling, rich in splendor. With its peaks, burning with gold, it reflects the brilliance of the sun. Wonderful in a golden headdress, she is visited by gods and gandharvas. Immeasurable, it is inaccessible to people burdened with sins. Terrible animals roam around it, wonderful herbs bloom on it. This great mountain stands, covering the sky with its height. She is unattainable even in the thoughts of others. It is covered with rivers and trees and resounds with flocks of various birds that delight the heart. On its high, shining peak, studded with many precious stones, which has existed for an infinite number of millennia, all the powerful gods living in the sky once ascended and sat down on it.
Being in repentance and vow, they gathered there and began to confer on how to obtain amrita” (amrita is the drink of immortality).
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SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTO:
Team Nomads
Soviet Arctic. Seas and islands of the Arctic Ocean / Ed. Ya. Ya. Gakkel, L. S. Govorukha. - M.: Nauka, 1970. - 526 p. - (AS USSR. Institute of Geography. Natural conditions and natural resources of the USSR).
Govorukha L.S. What is Arctida? // Earth and the Universe: Magazine. - M.: Nauka, 1984. - No. 1.
Paintings by Vsevolod Ivanov.
Kondratov. A. M. There was a land called Arctida. - Magadan: Magadan Book Publishing House, 1983. - 200 p.
http://www.yperboreia.org/
http://gruzdoff.ru/
http://www.admw.ru/books/_Ot-Skifii-do-Indii/
Tilak B. G. Arctic homeland in the Vedas / Trans. from English N. R. Guseva. M.: Fair-Press, 2001. 525 p.
Guseva N. R. Russians through the millennia. Arctic theory. M.: White Alva, 1998. 160 p.
Zharnikova S. Who are we in this old Europe? // Science and life. 1997. No. 5.
History of geographical discoveries. Arctic Ocean
http://www.vokrugsveta.ru/
http://www.photosight.ru/
http://igo.3dn.ru/load/severnyj_ledovityj_okean/
Arctida (Hyperborea) - a hypothetical ancient continent or large island that existed in the north
Earth, in the region of the North Pole and inhabited by a once powerful civilization. The name is derived precisely from the location, Hyperborea is what is located in the far north, “beyond the north wind Boreas,” in the Arctic. Until now, the fact of the existence of Arctida-Hyperborea had no confirmation, except for ancient Greek legends and the image of this landmass in old engravings, for example, on the map of Gerardus Mercator, published by his son Rudolf in 1595. This map depicts the legendary continent of Arctida in the center, surrounded by the coast of the Northern Ocean with easily recognizable modern islands and rivers.
By the way, this map itself raised many questions among researchers. For example, on this map, in the area near the mouth of the Ob, the inscription “Golden Woman” is placed. Is this really the same legendary miraculous statue, a symbol of knowledge and power that has been sought throughout Siberia for centuries? Its exact reference to the area is also given here - go and find it!
According to the descriptions of the same ancient Greek chroniclers, Arctida allegedly had auspicious
climate, there 4 large rivers flowed out of the central sea (lake) and flowed into the ocean, thanks to which on the map Arctida looks like a “round shield with a cross.” The Hyperboreans, the inhabitants of Arctida, which was ideal in its structure, were especially loved by the god Apollo (his priests and servants existed in Arctida). According to some ancient schedule, Apollo appeared in these lands every time exactly 19 years. In general, the Hyperboreans were no less, and perhaps more, close to the gods than the “God-loved” Ethiopians, Phaeacians and Lotophagi. By the way, many Greek gods, the same Apollo, the also well-known Hercules, Perseus and other less famous heroes had one epithet - Hyperborean...
Perhaps this is also why life in happy Arctida, along with reverent prayers, was accompanied by songs, dances, feasts and general never-ending fun. In Arctida, even death occurred only from fatigue and satiety with life, more precisely from suicide - having experienced all types of pleasure and tired of life, the old Hyperboreans usually threw themselves into the sea.
The wise Hyperboreans possessed a huge amount of knowledge, the most advanced at that time. It was the people from these places, the Apollonian sages Abaris and Aristaeus (considered both servants and a hypostasis of Apollo), who taught the Greeks to compose poems and hymns, and for the first time discovered the basic wisdom, music, and philosophy. Under their leadership, the famous Delphic Temple was built... These teachers, as the chronicles reported, also owned the symbols of the god Apollo, including the arrow, raven, and laurel with miraculous powers.
The following legend has been preserved about Arctida: once its inhabitants presented the first harvest grown in these places to Apollo himself on Delos. But the girls sent with gifts were forcibly left on Delos, and some were even raped. After this, faced with the savagery of other peoples, the cultured Hyperboreans no longer went far from their land for the purpose of sacrifice, but deposited gifts on the border with a neighboring country, and then before Apollo the gifts were carried by other peoples for a fee.
The historian of the Ancient World Pliny the Elder took the description of an unknown country very seriously. From his records the location of the little-known country is almost unambiguously traced. Getting to Arctida, according to Pliny, was difficult (for people, but not for the Hyperboreans, who could fly), but not so impossible, you just had to jump over some northern Hyperborean mountains: “Behind these mountains, on the other side of Aquilon, a happy people... who are called Hyperboreans, reach very advanced years and are glorified by wonderful legends... The Sun shines there for six months, and this is only one day when the Sun does not hide... from the spring equinox to the autumn, the luminaries rise there only once a year at the summer solstice , but they come only during winter... This country is entirely in the sun, has a favorable climate and is devoid of any harmful wind. The homes for these residents are groves and forests; the cult of the Gods is carried out by individuals and the whole society; Discord and all sorts of diseases are unknown there. Death comes there only from satiety with life... One cannot doubt the existence of this people..."
There is another indirect evidence of the former existence of a highly developed polar civilization. Seven years before Magellan's first circumnavigation of the world, the Turk Piri Reis drew up a map of the world, which indicated not only America and the Strait of Magellan, but also Antarctica, which Russian navigators were to discover only 300 years later... The coastline and some details of the relief are presented on it with such accuracy that can only be achieved with aerial photography, or even shooting from space. The southernmost continent of the planet on the Piri Reis map is devoid of ice cover! It has rivers and mountains. The distances between the continents have been slightly changed, which confirms the fact of their drift. A short entry in the diaries of Piri Reis suggests that he compiled his map based on materials from the era of Alexander the Great. How did they know about Antarctica in the 4th century BC? By the way, in the 1970s, a Soviet Antarctic expedition established that the ice shell covering the continent is at least 20 thousand years old, which means that the age of the real primary source of information is at least 200 centuries. And if so, then it turns out that when the map was compiled, perhaps there was a developed civilization on Earth that, in such ancient times, was able to achieve such colossal successes in cartography? The best contender for the best cartographers of that time could be the Hyperboreans, fortunately they also lived at the pole, only not at the south, but at the north, which, let us recall, were both free from ice and cold at that time. The ability to fly that the Hyperboreans had made it possible to fly from pole to pole. Perhaps this explains the mystery of why the original map was drawn up as if the observer were in Earth orbit...
But, soon, as we already know, the polar cartographers died or disappeared, and the polar regions were covered with ice... Where do their further traces lead? It is believed that the highly developed civilization of Hyperborea, which perished as a result of a climate cataclysm, left behind descendants in the form of the Aryans, and they, in turn, the Slavs and Russians...
The search for Hyperborea is akin to the search for the lost Atlantis, with the only difference that a part of the land still remains from the sunken Hyperborea - this is the north of present-day Russia. However, unclear interpretations (this is our own private opinion) allow us to say that Atlantis and Hyperborea could actually be one and the same continent... Whether this is true or not, to some extent future expeditions should approach the solution to the great mystery. In the north of Russia, numerous geological parties have repeatedly encountered traces of the activity of the ancients, however, none of them purposefully set as their goal the search for the Hyperboreans.
In 1922, an expedition led by
Barchenko and Kondiaina, who was engaged in ethnographic, psychophysical and simply geographical research. By chance or not, the search engines came across a strange manhole going underground. The scientists were unable to penetrate inside - a strange, unaccountable fear, an almost tangible horror, literally bursting out from the black throat, prevented it. One local resident said that “it felt like you were being skinned alive!” A collective photograph has been preserved, in which 13 members of the expedition were photographed next to the mystical hole. After returning to Moscow, the materials of the expedition were very carefully studied, including at Lubyanka. It’s hard to believe, but A. Barchenko’s expedition was personally supported by Felix Dzerdzhinsky at the preparation stage. And this was during the most hungry years for Soviet Russia, immediately after the end of the civil war! Which indirectly suggests that not all the goals of the expedition are known to us reliably. It is now difficult to figure out exactly what Barchenko went to Seydozero for; the leader was repressed and shot, and the materials he obtained were never published.
>In the 1990s, Doctor of Philosophy Valery Nikitich Demin drew attention to the very scant memories that have reached us about Barchenko’s finds, and when he studied local legends in detail and compared them with Greek ones, he came to the conclusion that we must look here!
The places are truly amazing; Seydozero still evokes awe or at least respect among local residents. Just a century or two ago, its southern shore was the most honorable place for burial in a stone grave for shamans and other respected members of the Sami people. For them, the name Seydozer and the afterlife paradise were simply one and the same. Even fishing here was only allowed one day a year... In Soviet times, the area north of the lake was considered a strategic raw material base; large reserves of rare earth metals were discovered here. Now Seydozero and Lovozero are famous for the frequent occurrence of various anomalous phenomena, and even... a small tribe of snow people who have become extremely rampant in the local taiga...
In 1997-1999, in the same place, under the leadership of V. Demin, searches were again undertaken, only this time for the remains of the ancient civilization of Arctida. And the news was not long in coming. So far, during the expeditions "Hyperborea-97" and "Hyperborea-98" the following were found: several destroyed ancient buildings, including a stone "observatory" on Mount Ninchurt, a stone "road", "staircase", "Etruscan anchor", a well under Mount Kuamdespahk; some artificial ancient products were selected (for example, a repairman from Revda, Alexander Fedotov, found a strange metal “matryoshka doll” in the Chivruay gorge); Several images of the “trident”, “lotus” were studied, as well as the giant (70 m) rock cross-shaped image of a man known to all local old-timers, “old man Koivu” (according to legends, the “alien” Swedish god was defeated and embedded in the rock south of Karnasurta)...
As it turned out, “old man Koivu” is formed by blackened stones, along which water has been oozing from the rock for centuries. With other finds, things are not so simple either. Professional geologists and archaeologists are skeptical about the above finds, considering all of them to be nothing more than a play of nature, constructions of the Sami up to several centuries ago, and remnants of the activities of Soviet geologists in the 1920-30s.
However, when studying the arguments for and against, one cannot fail to take into account the fact that it is always easier to criticize than to obtain evidence. There have been many cases in the history of science when researchers who were criticized to smithereens eventually got their way. A classic example is the “non-professional” Heinrich Schliemann, who discovered Troy where it “should not be.” To repeat such success, you need to at least be passionate. All of Professor Demin’s opponents call him “over-enthusiastic.” So, we can say that there is some hope for the success of the search.
It is necessary to search, since we are talking not just about the traces of one of the ancient peoples, but about a very highly developed civilization, perhaps, as V. Demin believes, the ancestral homeland of the Aryan, Slavic people, the place “where the peoples came from.” Could this actually happen in our inhospitably cold, mosquito-ridden North? Don’t rush to answer, once upon a time the climate of the current Russian North was much more
favorable. As Lomonosov wrote, “in the northern regions in ancient times there were great heatwaves, where elephants could be born and reproduce... it was possible.”
Perhaps the sharp cooling occurred as a result of some kind of cataclysm or as a result of a slight displacement of the earth's axis (according to the calculations of ancient Babylonian astronomers and Egyptian priests, this happened 399 thousand years ago). However, the option of turning the axis does not work - after all, according to the ancient Greek chronicles, a highly developed civilization lived in Hyperborea just a few thousand years ago and precisely at or near the north pole (this is clearly seen from the descriptions, and these descriptions can be trusted, because it is impossible to invent and describe “out of your head” the polar day as it is seen at the pole and nowhere else).
Where this could be is unclear; at first glance, there are not even islands near the North Pole. But... there is a powerful underwater ridge, named after the discoverer, the Lomonosov Ridge, and nearby is the Mendeleev Ridge. They really sank to the bottom of the ocean relatively recently - in geological terms. If so, then the possible inhabitants of this hypothetical “Arctida”, at least some of them, would have had time to move to the current continent in the area of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago or on the Kola, Taimyr Peninsulas, and most likely in Russia east of the Lena Delta (exactly where the ancients advised looking for the famous “Golden Woman”)!
If Arctida-Hyperborea is not a myth, then what then maintained the warm climate in the large circumpolar territory? Powerful geothermal heat? A small country may well be warmed by the warmth of gushing geysers (like Iceland), but this will not save it from the onset of winter. And in the messages of the ancient Greeks there is no mention of thick plumes of steam (it was impossible not to notice them). And this is a completely good hypothesis: volcanoes and geysers warmed Hyperborea, and then one fine day they destroyed it... Hypothesis two: perhaps the cause of the heat is the warm Gulf Stream current? But now its heat is not enough to heat a large area (as any resident of the Murmansk region, where the “warm” Gulf Stream ends its course, will tell you). Maybe the current was more powerful before? It may well be. Otherwise, we will be forced to assume that the heat in Hyperborea was generally of artificial origin! If, according to the same Greek historians, there, in this heavenly place of God, the problems of longevity, rational land use, free flight in the atmosphere and many others were solved, then why shouldn’t the Hyperboreans “at the same time” solve the problem of climate control!?
The earliest mentions of the mysterious country called Hyperborea go back centuries. Back in the 7th century BC, the ancient Greek poet Hesiod, the founder of didactic poetry, talks about it in the poem “Theogony” (“Genealogy of the Gods”). The historian Herodotus also does not pass over this mysterious land in silence; Homer sings odes to her. The Roman poet Ovid is not far behind them.
These respected masters of the ancient world describe Hyperborea as a northern country inhabited by intelligent and hardworking people. The diligence, peacefulness, and purity of thoughts of these people were noticed by the gods. Apollo himself drew attention to the northerners, called them Hyperboreans and began to provide them with all kinds of protection.
The Hyperboreans, by nature, were talented people with a very well-developed artistic taste. This was basically what attracted the powerful celestial. Every winter, Apollo left his native Delphi and appeared in their lands to take a break from worries and labors in the circle of poets, artists, singers and simply refined natures with a lively mind and refined speech.
Judging by ancient sources, at that time, a subtropical climate reigned in the northern latitudes, so it is not surprising that people of art settled this fertile region in all respects. Abaris, the soothsayer and priest of Apollo, was born here. Gaia and Uranus conceived Aristeas, the ancient Greek hero, on these lands.
The warm breath of the ocean contributed to the birth of not only highly artistic people, but also people with an extraordinary technical mind. Proof of this is the many architectural masterpieces in the lands of Ancient Greece. A striking example is the Temple of Apollo at Delphi. It was built by the Hyperboreans in honor of the victory of the son of Zeus over the monster Python. The oracle at this luxurious temple was in charge of the Pythia - a Hyperborean.
The celestials loved the northern people so much that they even named the sea washing their lands Kronidsky - in honor of the father of Zeus, the god Kron. Such an arrangement is expensive and requires a lot. The Hyperboreans honored the trust of the gods with honor, without giving any cause for discontent in word or deed. Their life was an example of the highest spirituality and purity for all peoples of the Ancient World.
Odes in honor of Hyperborea can, quite naturally, cause skepticism in modern people. After all, the poetic natures who praised the amazing land are completely devoid of objectivity and a rational view of things. But it is impossible to ignore the opinion of Pliny the Elder, the greatest ancient Roman scientist.
This amazing man created the world's first encyclopedia - “Natural History”. In it, he talks about Hyperborea as a country located beyond the Riphean Mountains, on the other side of Aquilon. In other words, these are lands “beyond Boreas” or “beyond the north.”
On the Riphean Mountains (according to ancient Greek mythology) lived the north wind Boreas. Aquilon is already the ancient Roman name for the northeastern or northern wind, its divine essence corresponds to the ancient Greek Boreas.
Pliny the Elder argued that in those places there are loops of the world and the extreme limits of the circulation of the stars. Daylight hours last for six months, and human life is very long and happy. Death is a rare guest there and comes only to those who are tired of happiness and fed up with earthly goods.
But Hyperborea was known not only to the omnipresent Romans. The amazing northern land is mentioned in the Indian Rig Veda and the Iranian Avesta. Chinese historical chronicles talk about it. The German epic and Scandinavian saga also tell a lot about harsh nature with months-long nights and days of the same length.
A detailed description of the northern lights by peoples living much further south finally eliminates all doubts that as a result of a natural cataclysm that led to a sharp cooling in the lands of Hyperborea, the ethnic group living there was forced to leave the once fertile continent and migrate to others, more suitable for life of the region.
An important proof of the existence of this mysterious land is the Atlas published in 1595 by the Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator (1512-1594). It was published by his son Rudolf immediately after his father's death.
The Atlas consists of a set of maps and descriptions of European states. The work is unique. Even today it is of great interest to a narrow circle of specialist cartographers. The general public, which is little interested in cartographic projections, is attracted by only one map.
Map
Hyperboreans
(Arctida)
It depicts a continent surrounded along its entire perimeter by a mountain range. In the center there is a huge lake, with four deep rivers flowing from it. Rivers divide the earth into four approximately equal parts. In the very center of the lake there is an island. Mount Meru rises on it. According to ancient legends, this is the universal mountain of the ancestors of the Indo-European peoples.
The mysterious continent on the map is called Arctida, it is washed by the sea, and behind it there is land. All the curves of its coastlines are painfully familiar to every modern person. These are the northern borders of Eurasia and America. Greenland and Iceland lie in the palm of your hand. They are surrounded by green forests. There is not even a hint of eternal ice and permafrost.
Gerard Mercator lived a long life and traveled a lot. Based on some secret knowledge, he created this document and included it in his Atlas. The loving son published his father’s works, unwittingly making him involved in the northern land, glorified in ancient poems.
Searches for Hyperborea
Everything romantic and incomprehensible always arouses great interest among people. For the last three hundred years, Arctida has been bearing the mysterious aura of an ancient civilization. This question could not be ignored by any person who had heard this word at least once. Naturally, first of all, everyone was worried about where the mysterious land was located.
The ruins of powerful ancient structures aroused great interest: fortress walls, towers, found in Northern Scotland, on the Orkney and Shetland Islands. They are much older than Roman and Norman fortifications. There is no doubt that a powerful and highly developed civilization once existed here, but is it Hyperborea?
Why shouldn’t she end up in Greenland, on the Kola Peninsula, on Taimyr, or drown in the waters of the Arctic Ocean. For example, the underwater Lomonosov and Mendeleev ridges, which are located just near the North Pole, could well have been fertile lands in the distant past where the favorites of the gods lived.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, the opinion became stronger among Russian researchers that Arctida was located on the Kola Peninsula. This was facilitated by expeditions of individual enthusiasts who became acquainted with the Lapps - the people who inhabited this inhospitable land with a cold climate.
There was talk about sacred three-dimensional images carved on granite rocks. They could only be approached through secret clearings buried in virgin, impenetrable forests. They said that those who mastered the secret of the ancient people became equal to the gods in power and authority over people.
A serious scientific expedition to the Kola Peninsula was needed. This was prevented by the First World War. Then the granule revolution, and the question of searching for Arctida (Hyperborea) was postponed indefinitely.
Only in the early twenties did they return to this topic. Moreover, the initiator was none other than one of the leaders of the Bolshevik government, the head of the Cheka, Mr. Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky.
Where, when, under what circumstances he learned about Arctida is unknown. Most likely, at one time I read popular science literature about a fabulous ancient country and stored the information received in my memory.
The man who was ready to carry out an expedition into the depths of the Kola Peninsula turned out to be Alexander Vasilyevich Barchenko (1881-1937). In the early twenties, he worked at the institute of Professor Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev (1857-1927).
The venerable scientist became interested in a strange disease that was widespread among the northern peoples. It was called measuring (Arctic hysteria), it arose spontaneously, for no apparent reason, and was a repetition of movements of nearby people, and the unquestioning execution of any commands. The attacks lasted for two to three hours, and the duration of the illness itself was several days.
In 1920, Barchenko, as part of a small expedition, went to the Kola Peninsula, to the area of Lake Lovozero. This is almost the very center of the peninsula. The climate around is very harsh: tundra, impenetrable taiga, hills. The frosty and dark polar night gives way to a gloomy and cold summer.
Here he meets the Lapps, learns from them local legends, traditions, and beliefs that point to the mystical aura of these places. Barchenko himself was at one time interested in palmistry, the occult, and paranormal phenomena, so all this information finds a lively response in his soul.
In 1922, he, at the head of a group of six people, swam across Lovozero and set off towards Seydozero, which was considered sacred by the local people.
Image
"Old Man"
on the rock
As a result of this expedition, the researchers discovered two massive rectangular granite stones, oriented with their faces to the cardinal points, a stone pyramid; colossal in size, the image of the human figure of the “Old Man” on the rock.
According to the legend told by the Lapps, the Chud tribes came to these lands a long time ago. They wanted to conquer the local inhabitants, but in a fierce battle they were defeated and fled. The two main leaders of the unlucky conquerors rushed on fast horses to the water to avoid capture. The speed of the animals was so enormous that they did not have time to slow down at the lake and crashed into the coastal rock. The bodies of the invaders are forever imprinted on the gray stone in the form of a human outline resembling an old man.
On the ground of Rogovsky Island, located in the very middle of Seydozero, several holes were found in the ground, clearly made by human hands and filled with stones. When approaching these holes, members of the expedition began to experience terrible headaches, depression and morbid horror.
All these finds directly indicated the presence of some ancient civilization in these lands. After returning to Moscow, Barchenko gives a presentation at the Bekhterev Institute. His report makes a splash in the scientific community. People are beginning to talk about the Kola Peninsula as the land that is the ancestor of the entire human race, that is, it is assumed that it is that very mysterious Hyperborea or Arctida.
The further course of events causes alarming bewilderment. Barchenko meets with Dzerzhinsky and talks with him for a very long time; the content of their conversation is unknown. But already in 1923, another expedition was sent to the area of Seydozero and Lovozero.
It is headed by Arnold Kolbanovsky. His team includes observers from the local administration and Barchenko’s expedition guide, Mikhail Rasputin. They go all the way that Barchenko and his people went before them, a year ago.
Kolbanovsky’s report completely refutes the report that caused so much noise in the scientific world. According to him: the image of the “Old Man” is dark layers created by the wind in a steep rock; pyramid - a natural swelling of rocky soil on a mountain peak; mysterious holes leading deep underground do not exist.
The Polar Star newspaper writes a devastating article about Barchenko’s expedition. He is accused of hoaxes and manipulation of facts. It would seem that after this you can safely give up your scientific career. But nothing like that. “The Hoaxer” continues to work and enjoys well-deserved respect among his fellow scientists.
Very soon, strange things begin to happen to the members of Barchenko’s expedition. In 1924, Mikhail Rasputin died tragically. In 1926, reporter Semyonov drowns. In 1927, astronomer Alexander Kondiaini ended up in the camps, where he ended his days in the early thirties. Barchenko's student and his secretary, who were also members of this ill-fated expedition, die from an unknown infection in 1928.
Alexander Vasilyevich himself was repressed in 1937 along with his wife. That same year they were both shot. No one is left alive who could tell about the true finds discovered in the inaccessible lands of the Kola Peninsula.
The conclusion naturally suggests itself: Barchenko and his people found something in the area of Seydozero and Lovozero that ran counter to the official Bolshevik doctrine of a materialistic perception of the world. The ruling regime in the country at that time cut off all the loose ends, naively believing that mystical secrets would never become the property of humanity.
So did Hyperborea or Arctida exist? This mystery has not yet been solved. But people at all times have sought to satisfy their curiosity. There will be more than one expedition to the cold northern lands, there will be new discoveries, and, in the end, we will learn everything about the mysterious land, which is considered the ancestral home of all humanity.
The article was written by ridar-shakin