2 sentences with a compound nominal predicate. Compound nominal predicate in Russian

Among predicates in the Russian language, three types (or types) are usually distinguished. These are simple verb, compound verb and compound nominal predicates. In this article we will talk about the latter.

Features of a compound nominal predicate

As the name suggests, this predicate is compound, that is, it consists of several parts. One of them plays a primarily or even exclusively grammatical role, while the second expresses the main meaning of the predicate. It is not difficult to guess that it is usually expressed by some nominal part of speech, that is, one whose name contains the word “name”: a noun, an adjective, a numeral. However, everything is not so simple.

Ways of expressing grammatical parts

The grammatical part of a compound nominal predicate is the linking verb “to be.” The same role can be played by some other verbs, “semi-links”: seem, become, etc.

The verb “to be” is in the required grammatical form. For example, He it will be fun, He was cheerful. It is not customary to write in the present tense in Russian "he is cheerful". The zero copula is used. In Romano-Germanic languages, the copula is preserved. Compare: He's cheerful. – He is merry (English)

The verb “to be” can be not only a connective, but also an independent simple verbal predicate (for example, I will soon have a bicycle.). It is not difficult to distinguish them; it is enough to put the sentence in the present tense, because the connective “to be” is not used in the present tense, but the verb, naturally, remains in the predicate position. Compare:

Ways to Express the Nominal Part

The nominal part of the predicate can be expressed in different parts speech, and not just names. The table below shows examples of compound nominal predicates expressed in different ways.

Syntactically indivisible combinations are one long predicate, since not a single word can be torn away from them without loss of meaning. Let's say, in our last example, it cannot be said that “the young man was tall” - this is meaningless.

Please note that the same word can perform different functions in different sentences. For example, the word "funny" in our example the predicate, and in the sentence “We liked the funny clown." - definition.

In this article we will talk about the types of predicates, dwell in detail on the compound nominal and its connectives, and give examples.

As you know, the predicate and subject are the main members. The predicate usually agrees in person, gender and number with the subject. It expresses the grammatical meaning of the indicative, imperative or conditional mood.

Main types of predicates:

1) simple verb;

2) compound verb;

3) compound nominal predicate(see examples below).

Two principles for identifying types of predicates

They are divided according to two principles. The types of predicates are classified as follows:

1) by composition;

2) by their morphological nature.

In the first case, types such as simple and compound are distinguished. The latter includes compound nominal and verbal predicates. Based on the second principle, nominal and verbal are distinguished. The nominal part of a compound predicate can be expressed as an adjective, noun and adverb. These divisions intersect. Thus, a verbal predicate can be compound or simple, but a nominal predicate is always compound.

Simple verb predicate

The definition of which, as you will see, has some nuances, expresses the verb in conjugated form, that is, used in the form of the mood (indicative, conditional or imperative). It also includes those options that do not have a formal indicator of tense, mood and subordination to the subject. These are truncated ones (grab, push, bam, etc.), as well as the infinitive used in the indicative mood. In addition, a simple verbal predicate can also be represented by the conjugated form of the verb + (come on, yes, let, let, as if, it was, as if, exactly, as if, just, etc.)

Compound nominal predicate

As already mentioned, the nominal type is always compound, including those cases when it is represented by only one word form. Despite the fact that there is only one word expressing it, such sentences contain a compound nominal predicate. We give the following examples: “He is young. He is worried about his work and worries.”

Such predicates always have two components. The first is a copula that expresses predicative categories of time and modality. The second is the connecting part, it indicates the real main content of this type of predicate.

Copula in a compound nominal predicate

The doctrine of the copula in the Russian science of syntax has been developed in detail. The peculiarity of the traditional approach is that this term is understood broadly. Firstly, the copula is the word “to be”, the only meaning of which is an indication of tense and modality. Secondly, it refers to verbs with a modified and weakened meaning to one degree or another, which express not only predicative categories, but also put material content into such a predicate.

Compare examples: he was sad - he seemed (became) sad - he came back sad.

In the first sentence, the connective “to be” is abstract, it is a function word, a formant, which has grammatical forms of tense and mood, which is characteristic of a verb. However, it is not a verb, since it does not have a procedural action or attribute, as well as the category of aspect that any of them possesses.

Notable and semi-nominal connectives

Other examples present connectives of a different type - denominative and semi-nominal. The latter introduce the meaning of the emergence of a feature (to become/become), its preservation (to remain/to remain), external detection (to appear/to seem), the inclusion of an external carrier (to be known/to be known, to be called, to be considered) into a compound nominal predicate.

The following examples can be given: he became smart - he remained smart - he seemed smart - he was known as smart.

Significant connectives are verbs with a definite, specific meaning (mostly denoting movement or being in a particular state). They are able to attach to themselves either a noun in the etc. with the meaning of a qualitative characteristic, or an adjective in the form T.p. or I.p.

Sentences with a compound nominal predicate with significant connectives can be given as examples:

1. He came hungry (hungry).

2. The boys remained tomboys.

Connection "to be"

The connective “to be,” being abstract, does not have a present tense form in the indicative mood, therefore its expression in this mood is the very absence of the connective. Such sentences, oddly enough, also have a compound nominal predicate. Examples:

1. It's in vain.

2. The evening is wonderful.

3. The road is good.

The verb “to be”, which has two meanings, should be distinguished from the copula:

1. To be present (We were in the theater. There were many performances at that time).

2. Have (my sister had a doll).

Connections "essence" and "is"

The words "essence" and "is", which go back to the third person present tense forms of the verb "to be", in modern language are considered service words, namely particles.

The absence of a connective is called its zero form. This definition was formulated by A. M. Peshkovsky; it was the first attempt to study syntactic phenomena in a paradigmatic aspect. The introduction of this concept means that a syntactic construction (that is, the predicative basis of a certain nominal is studied not as such separately, but in a certain series. This is illustrated by the following examples:

1. The street will (was) crowded.

2. The street would be crowded.

3. The street is crowded.

Compound verb predicate

We looked at such types of predicates as simple verb and compound nominal. Let us now dwell in more detail on the compound verbal predicate. It includes two components - the infinitive and the conjugated verb form. The last one grammatical form and by lexical meaning expresses the temporal, modal and aspectual characteristics of some action, which is indicated by the infinitive. The infinitive can be attached to verbs belonging to several semantic groups (wanted to work, started working, came to work, forced to work).

Rules for determining a compound verbal predicate

Compound predicate, according to grammatical tradition, is not any connection with the infinitive of the conjugated form. In order to be able to talk about it, two requirements must be met:

1. The infinitive in such a predicate does not denote any action, but only a certain substance, the same as the conjugated verbal form, that is, some object called the subject.

The following examples can be given. On the one hand, he wanted to work, he started working, he can work, he knows how to work. On the other hand, his parents forced him to work, everyone asked the girl to sing, the boss ordered him to complete the task. In the first case, in which compound verbal predicates are presented, the infinitive is usually called subjective, since it denotes the action of some substance, the same as the conjugated verbal form. In the second case, there is an objective infinitive, which is traditionally not included in the compound predicate, but is spoken of as a secondary member.

2. When determining the boundaries of a compound predicate, one should take into account the nature of the semantic relationship between the infinitive and the conjugated verbal form. The infinitive with the meaning of purpose is not included in it. It has this meaning with various verbs of motion: I came to work, I came to chat, I came running to find out, I was sent to find out. The infinitive of the goal (which can be, as is clear from the examples, both objective and subjective) is minor member. Only compounds of the infinitive with verbs that are the most abstract in meaning (with modal and phase verbs) should be considered compound predicates.

The compound verbal predicate is thus understood as a designation of an action, some procedural feature, which is characterized in aspectual (started to work) or modal (wanted to work) terms, or simultaneously in both of them (wanted to start working).

We examined the main types of predicates, dwelling in detail on the compound nominal and the various connectives that are present in it. It's just short review this topic, more detailed information can be found in any grammar textbook in the section on syntax.

Compound nominal predicate (grade 8), along with the subject, is one of the main members of the sentence. As you know, there are three types of predicates: simple verbal predicate, compound verbal predicate, compound nominal predicate. A simple verb is expressed by one full-valued word or related phrase. A compound verbal predicate includes two parts: an infinitive and a verb. What is a compound nominal predicate? To begin with, we note that it is studied in the 8th grade and consists of two parts: the connective and the nominal part.

Compound nominal predicate (8th grade)

Copula in a compound nominal predicate

The copula expresses modality and tense category. The following verbs can most often act as connectives:

• The verb to be in all tense categories. Do not forget that this verb in the present tense form turns into a zero copula;
• verbs become, appear, become, etc.;
• verbs with the categorical meaning of an action or process: arrive, return, stand, leave, get there, swim, fly away, come, etc.;

• Katerina is excited and nervous due to unforeseen circumstances that arose on her way home. I will be first just to be better than you. You will become good boy, maybe I'll take you to the circus with me.
• It was getting cool outside, so we returned to the house. You turned out to be a two-faced person, because you wanted to quarrel with everyone. It becomes fun from those memories of days gone by.
• I wish I could leave this doctor healthy. My husband will arrive tomorrow by plane via Moscow on a direct flight.

Types of ligaments

A compound nominal predicate has several types of ligaments, noticeably different from each other:

In the past and future forms, the verb to be expresses clearly. The same context: she was a doctor with a lot of experience, but little ambition, and she will be a doctor with a lot of experience, but little ambition. In the sentences, compound nominal predicates with the abstract connective be are highlighted.

A few words about the form of the subjunctive mood; when used, a particle would be added to the abstract connective be. Suggestion: She would be a doctor with a lot of experience but little ambition.

• The connection is semi-abstract, is represented by the verbs appear, appear, appear, appear, become, etc. The peculiarity of semi-nominal connectives is that they carry not only a grammatical component, but also help in expressing the meaning of the nominal part of the predicate. Suggestion: she turned out to be a doctor with a lot of experience but little ambition.
• Significant connection, expressed in words of action, movement, any process. For example, we include such verbs as sit, lie, hear, think, read, walk, breathe, run, swim, wash, undress, talk, etc. These connectives express specific lexical and grammatical meanings. Sentences: The geese walked around in the yard, as if they were the owners of the entire farmstead. He served as an ensign on the border for many years.

The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate

The role of the nominal part is:

• Summer days become shorter. Today you look better than yesterday. I'll be back later, you don't have to wait for me for dinner. (adjective in comparative degree).
• She is the decoration of this evening (noun in the instrumental case).
• Aunt Masha seemed very sad to me. This year's summer was unusually cold. The flowers you gave for the holiday were very beautiful. (adjective in the positive degree).
• This child is sometimes completely unbearable. The man living on the floor above is extremely rich. Honey collected from your own apiary is so sweet. (adjective in short form).
• All mistakes made when writing the dictation were mine (possessive pronoun).
• I suddenly felt scared. It was quite strange (adverb).

Sentences with a compound nominal predicate

Thus, the compound nominal predicate is studied in grade 8, along with other types of predicate: simple verb and compound verb. Its peculiarity is the presence of two parts: connectives and nominal parts. The problem of modern school education is that sometimes students do not have time in class to fully understand the essence of the types of predicates, as a result of which it is impossible to find and define one of the main members of a sentence. You can deal with this problem in different ways, for example, work with a tutor or watch accessible and simple video tutorials on the Internet.

In this chapter:

§1. The main parts of a sentence are the subject and the predicate.

Subject

The subject is the main member of the sentence, independent of other members of the sentence. The subject answers the questions of the IP: who? What?

The subject of a sentence is expressed in different ways.

What is the subject expressed by?

The subject can be a word or phrase.

Most often the subject is expressed:

1) noun: mother, laughter, love;
2) words that have the function of a noun: nouns derived from adjectives or participles: patient, manager, greeter, ice cream, dining room;
3) pronouns: we, no one, anything;
4) numerals: three, five;
5) indefinite form of the verb: Smoking is harmful to health;
6) a phrase, if it has the meaning:
a) togetherness: husband and wife, duck and ducklings, me and my friend;
b) uncertainty or generality: Something unfamiliar appeared in the distance. One of the guests closed the window;
c) quantities: 2 million people live in the city;
d) selectivity: Any of them could become the first. Most students passed the test;
e) phraseological unit: The white nights have come.

Predicate

Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, denoting what is said about the subject, which is the subject. The predicate depends on the subject and agrees with it. It answers various questions: what does the object do? what's happening to him? what is he like? who is he? what it is? what is the subject? All these questions are variations of the question: what is being said about the subject? The choice of a specific question depends on the structure of the sentence.

The predicate contains the most important grammatical characteristic of a sentence: its grammatical meaning.

Grammatical meaning- this is the generalized meaning of a sentence, which characterizes its content in terms of two parameters:

• reality-irreality,
• time.

Reality-irreality expressed by the mood of the verb.

• Verbs in the indicative mood are characteristic of statements that reflect the real situation: It’s raining, It’s getting light.
• Verbs in the imperative and conditional moods are characteristic of sentences that reflect not a real, but a desirable situation. Don't forget your umbrella! I wish it didn't rain today!

Time- an indicator of the correlation of the situation with the moment of speech. Time is expressed by verb forms of present, past and future tense.

Simple and compound predicate

The predicate in two-part sentences can be simple or compound. Compounds are divided into compound verbal and compound nominal.

Simple predicate- this is a type of predicate whose lexical and grammatical meanings expressed in one word. A simple predicate is always a verb. It is expressed by a verb in the form of one of the moods. In the indicative mood, verbs can be in one of three tenses: present - past - future.

He knows poetry by heart.

indicative mood, present time

He knew the poems by heart.

indicative mood, past time

He will learn poetry by heart.

indicative mood, bud. time

You will learn these verses by heart.

imperative mood

In a circle you would learn poetry by heart.

conditional mood

Compound predicate- this is a type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.
If in a simple verbal predicate the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word, then in a compound predicate they are expressed in different words. For example:

Suddenly the baby stopped singing and started laughing.

He stopped singing and started laughing - compound predicates. The words sing, laugh call the action, while expressing lexical meaning. The grammatical meaning is expressed by the words: stopped, started

Compound predicates are verbal and nominal.

Compound verb predicate

A compound verbal predicate is a predicate consisting of an auxiliary word and an indefinite form of the verb. Examples:

He finished working.

I want to help you.

Auxiliary words are divided into two groups:

1) verbs with the meaning of the beginning-continuation-end of an action, for example: start, finish, continue, stop, stop;

2) verbs and short adjectives with the meaning of possibility, desirability, necessity: be able, able, want, want, wish, strive, try; glad, ready, must, obliged, intends.

In a compound verbal predicate, auxiliary words express the grammatical meaning, and the indefinite form of the verb expresses the lexical meaning of the predicate.

In the event that the auxiliary word is short adjective, then it is used with a copula. The connective is the verb to be. Here are relevant examples with the copula in the past tense:

I was so glad to meet you!

In the present tense the word is is not used, it is omitted: the connective is zero, for example:

I'm so glad to meet you!

In the future tense, the connective be is put in the future tense. Example:

I'll be glad to meet you.

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal is a predicate consisting of a linking verb and a nominal part. Linking verbs express the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and the nominal part expresses its lexical meaning.

1. The linking verb to be expresses only grammatical meaning. Yesterday she was beautiful. In the present tense the copula is zero: She is beautiful.

2. Linking verbs become, become, become, appear, be considered, appear, be called, introduce themselves: The house from afar seemed like a dot.

3. Linking verbs with the meaning of movement or location in space: come, arrive, sit, lie, stand: The mother returned from work tired. The mother sat thoughtful, sad.

In all these cases, linking verbs can be replaced by the verb to be. The sentences will be synonymous, for example:

The mother sat thoughtful, sad. Synonymous: The mother was thoughtful, sad.

He was considered the most talented of us. Synonymous: He was the most talented of us.

With such a replacement, of course, all the nuances of meaning are not conveyed. Therefore, the language offers various linking verbs that emphasize various shades values.

Combinations of linking verbs with auxiliary words are possible: She dreamed of becoming an actress.

The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate

The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is expressed in Russian in different ways, and, paradoxically, not only by names. Although the most common and characteristic is the use of names as the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: nouns, adjectives, numerals. Naturally, names can be replaced by pronouns. And since the role of adjectives and participles is similar, participles can also appear along with adjectives. Adverbs and adverbial combinations are also possible in the nominal part. Examples:

1) noun: Mother is a doctor., Anastasia will be an actress.,

2) adjective: He grew up strong and handsome.,

3) numeral: Twice two is four.,

4) pronoun: You will be mine., Who was nobody will become everything (“International”),

5) participle: The essay turned out to be lost., The daughter was completely cured.,

6) adverb and adverbial combination: The shoes were just right. The trousers were just right.

The nominal part can contain not only individual words, but also syntactically indivisible phrases. Examples:

She ran into the room with a cheerful face.
She sat with thoughtful eyes.

It is impossible to say: She ran in with a face., She sat with eyes., because the phrases with a cheerful face and with thoughtful eyes are syntactically indivisible - this is the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.

Test of strength

Find out your understanding of this chapter.

Final test

1. Which parts of the sentence are considered the main ones?

   • subject and object
   • definition, circumstance and addition
   • subject and predicate

2. Can the subject be expressed by words derived from adjectives or participles: manager, sick, in love?

3. Can the subject be expressed in phrases, for example: we are with friends?

4. What is the subject in the sentence: Any of you can prepare for the Unified State Exam and pass it successfully.?

   • any
   • any of you

5. What characteristics are included in the grammatical meaning of a sentence?

   • reality - unreality and time
   • type and time

6. Is it true that a simple verbal predicate is a predicate whose lexical and grammatical meaning is expressed by one verb?

7. Is it true that a compound predicate is a special type of predicate whose lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words?

8. I can't help you.?

   • simple verb
   • compound verb
   • compound nominal

9. What is the predicate in the sentence: He was always considered serious.?

   • simple verb
   • compound verb
   • compound nominal

10. What is the predicate in the sentence: Two by two is four.?

    • simple verb
    • compound verb
    • compound nominal

A compound predicate consists of two parts: ligaments and the verbal or nominal part.

Compound verb predicate

A compound verbal predicate consists of a copular part and an indefinite form of the verb. Answers questions: What does it do? what to do? what did you do? The ligamentous part can be:

phase verb (start, continue, become, quit):

I began/continued/finishedread this book.

modal in a word (to be able, to be able, to want, to desire, to try, to intend, to dare, to refuse, to think, to prefer, to get used to, to love, to hate, to beware):

He wants to enroll in the Institute. I'm long could not with them meet.

Some linguists distinguish a separate group of connectives called emotional connectives.

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal predicate is a predicate that consists of noun part and a linking verb.

The most commonly used is the linking verb be. Less commonly used, but other linking verbs are possible.

The connective in the sentence may be omitted.

The nominal part of a compound predicate is expressed in different ways:

adjective: weather was good;

noun: book - true Friend;

comparative degree adjective: he has character harder become;

short form of the passive participles: grass beveled;

short adjective: evening quiet;

adverb: error was obvious;

numeral name: two by two - four;

pronoun: this notebook my;

phraseological combination: He sat in a puddle;

idiom: He wasthe talk of the town .

Secondary members of the sentence

Definition

Definition(or attribute ) - V syntaxRussian language secondary sentence member, denoting a sign, quality, property of an object. Usually expressed adjective or communion. Answers the questions which?, which?, which?, which?, which?, whose?, whose?, whose?, whose?. When parsing a sentence, it is underlined with a wavy line.

Classification

Definitions can be associated with nouns way coordination(agreed definitions) and methods of control and connection ( inconsistent definitions).

Agreed Definitions

Consistent with the defined term in the form ( case, number and gender in units. h.), are expressed by adjectives, participles, ordinal numerals,pronouns.

« Large trees grow near paternal house"

"IN our no class lagging behind students"

"He decides this task second hour"

In modern Russian language the agreed definition in a sentence most often precedes the defined name (see examples above). The reverse order (the agreed definition follows the defined name) is acceptable, but is used, as a rule, in special cases:

in traditionally established proper names and special terms: “Petropavlovsk- Kamchatsky", "Ivan Great", "Name noun", "heather ordinary»;

in poetic works, the order of words of which is influenced by the requirements of form ( size,rhyme and so on.):

Baron in monasterysad However, he was pleased with fate, Pastor flatteryfuneral , Coat of Arms tombsfeudal AND epitaphbad .

- A. S. Pushkin. Message to Delvig

Inconsistent definitions

They do not agree with the word being defined and are expressed by nouns in indirect cases, comparative degrees of adjectives, adverbs, infinitives, subordinate clause.

"The leaves rustled birch trees»

"He liked the evenings at grandma's house»

"Choose your fabric more fun with a picture»

“They gave me eggs for breakfast. soft-boiled»

“They were united by desire see you»

"House where I live»

In Russian, inconsistent definitions in a sentence almost always follow the name being defined; exceptions occur only in poetic works:

Yes, I remembered, although not without sin, From the Aeneid two verses. He rummage didn't have hunting In the chronological dust of the Genesis of the earth: But days gone by jokes From Romulus to the present day He kept in his memory.

Circumstance

Circumstance V syntaxRussian language secondary sentence member, depending on predicate and denoting a sign of action or a sign of another sign. Usually circumstances are expressed by nouns in the forms of indirect cases or adverbs, although some groups of circumstances can be expressed participial turnover. They can also be expressed by an infinitive, a noun in the indirect case with or without a preposition, and even some phraseological units.

According to the meaning, which is clarified by questions, circumstances are divided into the following main types:

ApplicationApplication- This definition, expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in case, for example: A golden cloud spent the night on the chest of a cliff -giant . Applications can indicate various qualities of an item, indicate age, nationality, profession and other characteristics, for example:

Grandmother- old lady looks out of the window.

River Don spilled

It is emphasized, like the definition, with a wavy line.

A proper name, when combined with a common noun, can be an appendix when it does not name a person. For example, in the sentence

The Uralmash district is located in the north of Yekaterinburg.

the application will be the word "Uralmash". If a proper name refers to a person:

Cosmonaut Tereshkova went into space

that proper noun is the subject with which the predicate agrees (in the feminine gender), and the common noun astronaut is an application.

If next to the application - a common noun there is a defined word, which is also a common noun, they are usually combined with a hyphen: Magic carpet,ascetic monk.

When a common noun is followed by a proper noun, there is no hyphen ( boxer Ivanov), but there are combinations in which the common noun follows the proper noun, then there is a hyphen between them: Mother Volga,Moscow River,Ivan the Fool,Nightingale the Robber.

The application, as a rule, is case coordinated with the word being defined. There are exceptions in which the application can be placed in a case different from the word being defined: these are names - proper names and nicknames.

If the application before the main word can be replaced with a single-root adjective, then a hyphen is not placed after the application. For example: “old man watchman” (application - old man, the main word is watchman, old man can be replaced with “old” - old watchman), and watchman-old man (a hyphen is placed because the application and the main word are common nouns).