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Diagnosed in older people. Peculiarities of psychological diagnostics of the elderly. Missed or delayed diagnosis

1.1 Basic approaches to psychodiagnostics

The word "psychodiagnostics" literally means "making a psychological diagnosis", or making a qualified decision about the current psychological state of a person as a whole or about any individual psychological property.

The term under discussion is ambiguous, and two understandings of it have developed in psychology. One of the definitions of the concept of "psychodiagnostics" refers it to a special area of psychological knowledge concerning the development and use in practice of various psychodiagnostic tools.

The second definition of the term "psychodiagnostics" indicates a specific field of activity of a psychologist associated with the practical formulation of a psychological diagnosis. Here, not so much theoretical as purely practical issues related to the organization and conduct of psychodiagnostics are solved.

In psychological diagnostics, there are mainly two approaches to recognizing, and then to measuring individual psychological characteristics of a person: nomothetic and ideographic. The nomothetic approach is focused on the discovery of general laws that are valid for any particular case. It involves the identification of individual characteristics and their correlation with the norm. The ideographic approach is based on the recognition of the individual characteristics of a person and their description. It is focused on the description of a complex whole - a specific person. An ideogram is nothing more than a written sign meaning a whole concept, and not a letter of a language.

The nomothetic method is criticized, since general laws do not give a complete picture of a person and do not allow predicting his behavior due to the uniqueness of each. The ideographic method is also criticized, first of all, for not meeting the standards of objectivity (the results obtained largely depend on the conceptual orientations of the researcher and his experience).

From a methodological point of view, the integration of these two approaches allows us to formulate an objective psychological diagnosis.

In modern psychology, several complementary approaches to understanding the essence of psychodiagnostics have developed, which, with a certain degree of conventionality, can be designated as instrumental, constructive, gnostic, helping, practice-oriented, and integral.

The instrumental approach considers psychodiagnostics as a set of methods and means for measuring mental states and properties, as a process of identifying and measuring individual psychological characteristics of a person using special methods.

The main task of psychological diagnostics is reduced to the selection and direct application of diagnostic tools to identify the individual uniqueness of a particular person when establishing differences in the mental organization of different groups of people.

The instrumental role of psychodiagnostics is of great importance in the activity of a practical psychologist, which is polyproblematic and involves the simultaneous testing of a large number of diagnostic hypotheses. However, the reduction of psychological diagnostics only to methods and means, the identification of mental phenomena significantly limits its capabilities as a scientific discipline, narrows the diagnostic thinking of a psychologist to a solution of a predominantly pragmatic question of which method to use.

The so-called design direction is quite closely adjacent to the instrumental direction, the purpose of which is the development of methods for identifying and studying individual psychological and psychophysiological characteristics of a person. From the standpoint of this approach, the most important tasks of psychodiagnostics are to design new psychodiagnostic tools and modify existing ones; in the development of methods for predicting mental development and behavior depending on various natural and social factors and conditions of existence, in the development of psychodiagnostic technologies. However, psychodiagnostics cannot be reduced only to the development or modification and adaptation of tools.

Recognition of the ability of psychodiagnostics to recognize psychic reality underlies an approach that can conditionally be called gnostic. Its peculiarity lies in the fact that the emphasis is on revealing the individual originality and uniqueness of the inner world of each person. The use of techniques or their complexes ceases to be an end in itself, the attention of a diagnostic psychologist is drawn to the uniqueness of a person's mental make-up.

The main tasks of the gnostic approach to psychodiagnostics are: determination of the general patterns of formation and development of mental formations; establishing a connection between individual manifestations of a mental phenomenon and knowledge of its essence; recognition of individual characteristics in the general manifestations of the human psyche; correlation of an individual picture of the behavior or state of a particular person with known types and previously established average statistical norms.

The helping approach considers psychodiagnostics as one of the types of psychological assistance. Many psychodiagnostic procedures contain therapeutic potential. The use of drawing techniques, filling out questionnaires, which require a person to concentrate on their experiences, is often accompanied by a calming effect.

The helping function of psychodiagnostics especially increases at the final stage. At the same time, a psychodiagnostic examination can cause a negative reaction in the subject, so the helping effect of psychodiagnostics has certain limitations.

The emergence of a practice-oriented approach to understanding the essence of diagnostics is explained by the intensive penetration of practical psychology into solving personal and professional problems of a person. This allows us to consider psychodiagnostics as a special area of practice aimed at identifying various qualities, mental and psychophysiological characteristics, personality traits, which helps to solve life problems.

The integral approach links together theoretical and practical psychology. In relation to the methods of psychological research, it acts as a common basis that unites all areas of their practical implementation. In this regard, psychological diagnostics is a specific scientific direction based on its own methodological and methodological principles and dealing with theoretical and practical problems of psychological diagnosis. The basis of the integral direction is the idea of the integrity of the phenomena of experience, behavior and activity of the individual.

Thus, at present in psychological science there is no single point of view on the essence of psychological diagnostics. The diversity of opinions is explained both by the multidimensionality of the content and areas of professional activity of a psychologist, in which different facets of psychological diagnostics can be realized, and by the large, but insufficiently fully disclosed theoretical and practical possibilities of this discipline.

1.2 General characteristics of psychodiagnostic methods

In modern psychology, many different methods of psychodiagnostics are used, but not all of them can be called scientifically based. In addition, among them there are research and proper psychodiagnostic methods. The last name refers only to that group of methods that are used for evaluation purposes, that is, they allow obtaining accurate quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the studied psychological properties. Methods that do not pursue this goal and are intended only for studying the psychological processes, properties and states of a person are called research methods. They are usually used in empirical and experimental scientific research, the main purpose of which is to obtain reliable knowledge.

There are more than a thousand methods of psychodiagnostics in the world, and it is almost impossible to understand them without some scheme as a guide. Such, the most general, classification scheme for psychodiagnostic methods can be proposed, and it looks like this:

· Methods of psychodiagnostics based on observation.

· Interrogative psychodiagnostic methods.

· Objective psychodiagnostic methods, including accounting and analysis of human behavioral reactions and products of his work.

· Experimental methods of psychodiagnostics.

The first group of methods - observation-based diagnostics - necessarily involves the introduction of observation and the predominant use of its results for psychodiagnostic conclusions. In this case, standard schemes and conditions are introduced into the observation procedure, which determine exactly what to observe, how to observe, how to record the results of observation, how to evaluate them, interpret them, and draw conclusions based on them. An observation that meets all the listed psychodiagnostic requirements is called a standardized observation.

Methods of psychodiagnostics through the survey procedure are based on the assumption that the necessary information about the psychological characteristics of a person can be obtained by analyzing written or oral answers to a series of standard, specially selected questions.

There are several varieties of this group of methods: questionnaire, questionnaire, interview. A questionnaire is a method in which the subject not only answers a series of questions, but also reports some socio-demographic data about himself, for example, his age, profession, level of education, place of work, position, marital status, etc. Questionnaire called a method in which the subject is asked a series of written questions. Such questions are usually of two types: closed and open. Closed questions are questions that require a standardized answer or a series of such answers, from which the subject must choose the one that best suits him and corresponds to his opinion. Examples of similar responses to standard questions: "yes", "no", "don't know", "agree", "disagree", "difficult to say".

Open-ended questions are those that require an answer given in a relatively free form, chosen arbitrarily by the subject himself. The answers to such questions, unlike closed ones, are usually subjected to qualitative rather than quantitative analysis. The questions of the psychodiagnostic questionnaire, in addition, can be direct and indirect. Direct questions are such questions, answering which the subject himself characterizes and directly evaluates the presence, absence or degree of expression of one or another psychological quality. Indirect questions are called questions, the answers to which do not contain direct assessments by the subject of the studied property, but by which, nevertheless, one can indirectly judge the level of his psychological development.

In addition to the written surveys discussed above, there are oral surveys. One of them is called an interview. The psychologist himself asks the subject questions and writes down the answers to them. These questions are predetermined and can be of the same types as in a written survey.

One of the methods of psychodiagnostics through the analysis of the results of activities is content analysis, in which the written texts of the subject, his works, letters, products of activity are subjected to meaningful analysis according to a predetermined scheme. The task of content analysis is to identify and evaluate the psychological characteristics of a person, which are manifested in what he does, in particular, in the products of his written work.

The peculiarity of the experiment as a method of psychodiagnostics lies in the fact that in order to assess any property of the subject, a special psychodiagnostic experiment is set up and carried out. The procedure of such an experiment includes the creation of some artificial situation that stimulates the manifestation of the quality under study in the subject, as well as a standard method for fixing and assessing the degree of development of this quality. As a result of the organization and conduct of a psychodiagnostic experiment, the researcher receives the assessments of interest to him through a specially organized observation of the behavior of the subject in the experimental situation.

Suppose that the researcher is interested in assessing such a personality trait as "anxiety". A diagnostic experiment aimed at an accurate, vitally real assessment of this quality could look like this. The subject is placed in a situation associated with passing examination tests or with the need to perform some difficult work in conditions of time pressure and a strict assessment of its results.

While the subject will perform the task, he can be observed and recorded various signs of highly anxious behavior. If there are quite a lot of such signs, then it will be possible to conclude that the studied personality trait is developed quite strongly in this subject. If there are no such signs at all, then it will be possible to conclude that the subject has no anxiety. If, finally, there is a moderate amount of such signs, then it will be possible to conclude that the quality of "anxiety" in this person is average.

1.3 Features of methods of psychodiagnostics of the elderly

The current socio-demographic trend towards an increase in the number of elderly people in the total population of the country gives rise to the need for the systematic work of social services with this category of citizens.

The termination or restriction of labor activity for a retired person seriously changes his value priorities, lifestyle and communication, and often causes psychological problems that are specific to older people.

On the other hand, this is a very diverse category of the population, because older people differ both in character traits and in status and condition: they can be single people and living in families, with various chronic diseases and practically healthy, leading an active lifestyle and sedentary, interested in what is happening in the outside world and immersed in themselves.

For successful work with the named category of the population, it is important for a social worker to be aware not only of the socio-economic situation, but also to have an idea about the characteristics of the character, the state of the person, in order to confidently build a support program in each case.

The complex of psychodiagnostic methods for social work opens up wide diagnostic possibilities for the subsequent organization of assistance to the elderly. One of the main diagnostic tools are complementary methods that determine the level of social isolation and frustration of the individual.

Social isolation is a forced long stay of a person in conditions of limited or even lack of social contacts. With social isolation, the meaning of life is lost, which, in turn, can be the cause of personality degradation and inappropriate behavior. The high level of social frustration is due to the impossibility of meeting the needs in various spheres of relations in society. Accordingly, the identification of a critical level according to the two named parameters aims at work that helps to overcome the social stereotypes of old age, which orient a person to inactivity, break contacts and cause distress, and with it a decline in vitality.

No less significant are studies of the subjective well-being of older people in combination with the study of personality characteristics and manifestations of various conditions. The level of subjective well-being is influenced by two factors: internal, associated with personality traits, and external conditions: income, health problems, the presence or absence of work, relationships in society, leisure, living conditions, and more. As a rule, internal factors often have a greater influence on the feeling of subjective well-being than external ones, so it is important not only to determine the level of subjective well-being, but also to explore personality structures that can create negative attitudes and interfere with a meaningful attitude towards life. So with the help of the Cattell questionnaire, you can focus on data on the emotional and volitional manifestations of the personality, as well as on the features of interpersonal interaction. Among other significant factors, tendencies to depression, uncontrollable behavior, etc. can be identified.

Equally important diagnostic data that help to make a complete personal analysis is obtained using methods that study the state and individual emotional manifestations (Luscher color test, SAN, Spielberger-Khanin anxiety scale, etc.)

In particular, when diagnosing the elderly, it is necessary to have an idea of the manifestations of anxiety. Personal anxiety largely determines a person’s behavior and his tendency to perceive most situations as threatening, if, at the same time, strategies for overcoming stressful situations are not constructive, then there is a huge likelihood of emotional and neurotic breakdowns, as well as psychosomatic diseases.

Diagnostics of the mental and social status of elderly and senile people is most often carried out according to the following methods:

American experts R. Allen and S. Lindy have developed a very simple test to determine the probable life expectancy. In order to check your prospects, you need to add (or subtract from it) the corresponding number of years to the initial figures (70 for men, 78 for women), answering a series of questions.

2. Scale of self-esteem and anxiety assessment (C. Spielberger) - this technique will be discussed in more detail in the second chapter.

3. Affiliation Motivation Methodology (A. Megrabyan and M. Sh. Magomed-Eminov).

Method (test) A. Mekhrabian modified by M. Sh. Magomed-Eminov. Designed to diagnose two generalized stable motivators that are part of the affiliation motivation structure - the desire for acceptance (AS) and the fear of rejection (SO). The test consists of two scales, respectively: SP and SO.

If the sum of points on the SP scale is greater than that on the SD scale, then the subject has a desire for affiliation, if the sum of points is less, then the subject has a “fear of rejection” motive. If the total scores on both scales are equal, it should be taken into account at what level (high or low) it manifests itself. If the levels of desire for acceptance and fear of rejection are high, this may indicate that the subject has internal discomfort, tension, since the fear of rejection prevents the satisfaction of the need to be in the company of other people.

1. Test "Egocentric associations"

Purpose: to determine the level of egocentric orientation of the personality of an elderly person. The test consists of 40 unfinished sentences.

The purpose of processing and analysis is to obtain an index of egocentrism, which can be used to judge the egocentric or non-egocentric orientation of the subject's personality. It makes sense to process the results when the subject has fully completed the task. Therefore, during the testing process, it is important to ensure that all proposals are completed. In the case when more than ten sentences are not completed, it is not advisable to process the test form. The index of egocentrism is determined by the number of sentences that contain the pronoun of the first person singular, possessive and proper pronouns derived from it (“I”, “me”, “my”, “mine”, “me”, etc.) . Also taken into account are continued, but not completed by the subject sentences containing pronouns, and sentences in which there is a first person singular verb.

2. Methodology "Tendency to loneliness"

This technique is a fragment of the test of A.E. Lichko She measures the tendency to loneliness.

The tendency to loneliness is understood as the desire to avoid communication and be outside the social communities of people.

The text of the questionnaire consists of 10 statements. The subject must mark on the answer sheet whether he agrees or not with this or that provision.

The greater the positive sum of points, the more expressed the desire for loneliness. With a negative sum of points, he does not have such a desire.

3. The study of wisdom (P. Baltes and others)

Paul Baltes demonstrated the limits of the reserve abilities of older people. In his study, older and younger people with a similar level of education were asked to memorize a long list of words, such as 30 nouns, arranged in a specific order.

In order to assess the amount of knowledge associated with wisdom, P. Baltes asked the participants in the experiment to resolve dilemmas like this one: “A fifteen-year-old girl wants to get married immediately. What should she do? Paul Baltes asked study participants to think the problem out loud. The thoughts of the subjects were recorded on a cassette, transcribed and evaluated on the basis of how much they contained the five main criteria of knowledge associated with wisdom: factual (real) knowledge, methodological knowledge, life contextualism, value relativism (relativity of values), as well as an element of doubt and methods resolution of uncertainty. The participants' responses were then ranked according to the amount and type of wisdom-related knowledge.

Determining problem areas with the help of psychodiagnostics is just the first step in building a strategy for helping the elderly. Even if the diagnosis gives an optimistic forecast and adaptive indicators: maintaining social contacts, low levels of frustration, optimism, and more, the social support system should include developmental methods to solve potential problem situations.

Conclusions on Chapter I

Thus, psychodiagnostics is not only a direction in practical psychodiagnostics, but also a theoretical discipline.

Psychodiagnostics in a practical sense can be defined as the establishment of a psychodiagnostic diagnosis - a description of the state of objects, which can be an individual, group or organization.

Psychodiagnostics is carried out on the basis of special methods. It can be an integral part of the experiment or act independently, as a research method or as a field of activity of a practical psychologist, while being directed to the examination, and not to the study.

Psychodiagnostics is understood in two ways:

In a broad sense, it approaches the psychodiagnostic dimension in general and can refer to any object that lends itself to psychodiagnostic analysis, acting as the identification and measurement of its properties;

In a narrow sense, more common - the measurement of individually - psychodiagnostic personality traits.

In a psychodiagnostic examination, 3 main stages can be distinguished:

· Data collection.

· Data processing and interpretation.

Making a decision - psychodiagnostic diagnosis and prognosis.

Psychodiagnostics as a science is defined as a field of psychology that develops methods for identifying and measuring the individual psychological characteristics of a person.

Currently, many psychodiagnostic methods have been created and are being used in practice.

The most general classification scheme for psychodiagnostic methods can be represented as the following scheme:

psychodiagnostic

research

Based

observations

Objective psychodiagnostics. methods

Experiment.methods

questionnaires

questionnaire

interview

indirect

Rice. 1. Classification of psychodiagnostic methods

The following methods of psychodiagnostics of elderly people are most often used:

1. Test "Life expectancy" (R. Alen. S. Lindy)

2. Scale of self-esteem and anxiety assessment (C. Spielberger)

3. Affiliation Motivation Methodology (A. Megrabyan and M.Sh. Magomed-Eminov).

4. Test "Egocentric associations"

5. Method "Tendency to loneliness"

6. The study of wisdom (P. Baltes and others)

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INTRODUCTION

Conclusions on Chapter I

Conclusions on Chapter II

CONCLUSION

Appendix

psychodiagnostics elderly people

INTRODUCTION

The famous American psychologist E. Erickson considered old age to be a stage of personality development, at which it is possible either to acquire such a quality as integrativity - the integrity of the personality, or to experience despair from the fact that life is almost over, but it was not lived the way it was wanted and planned.

The main task of old age is the achievement of value, awareness and acceptance of the life lived and the people with whom she brought herself together, as internally necessary and the only possible one. Integrity is based on the understanding that life has taken place and nothing can be changed in it. Wisdom consists in accepting one's own life as a whole, with all its ups and downs, in the absence of bitterness about a life lived wrongly and the opportunity to start it over again. The aging process in each person proceeds individually. The main thing is not to apply the same criterion to everyone. At the same time, it is important to realize that older people are an age group that has socially specific features and needs. A healthy old person should develop, in accordance with his interests, affections and needs, a wide range of different forms of activity: cultural, professional, social, artistic, sports. The environment should help him in this, not create barriers between him and himself. Old age should by no means be a passive vegetation, it should become a further stage in the realization of a person’s aspirations, in satisfying his need to be significant and independent. The wide inclusion of old people in the life of society would allow the young to free themselves from the fear of old age and see in it the natural form of their future life.

In this regard, the questions of how older people fit into the context of modern reality, to what extent their life ideas are consistent with existing social norms, to what extent they have managed to perceive and adapt to social changes taking place at the macro and micro levels, are of particular relevance. To get an answer to the questions posed, it is necessary to develop the most optimal methods of psychodiagnostics of the elderly.

The purpose of this study is to consider the features of psychodiagnostics of the elderly.

The object of the study is the elderly, as an age category.

The subject of the study is the methods of psychodiagnostics of the elderly.

Hypothesis: the diagnosis of older people has specific features: there is a need to assess emotional and neurotic breakdowns, psychological diseases; identification of problem areas (adaptive indicator); the study of wisdom.

To achieve this goal and prove the hypothesis, we have identified the following research objectives:

Consider the age characteristics of older people;

To analyze the features of methods of psychodiagnostics of the elderly;

select and test a psychodiagnostic set of methods for working with older people;

The choice of qualitative methods (conversation, interview and psychodiagnostics) in the study is not accidental. Qualitative methods are aimed at revealing cause-and-effect relationships, analyzing the procedural characteristics of the phenomenon under study and do not aim to trace quantitative patterns. It is the disclosure of the most complete phenomenological picture that is one of the conditions that makes it possible to analyze the internal structure and relationships of this phenomenon, to reach a deeper level of understanding of the problems of old age.

The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of applying the results obtained in the activities of social institutions when working with the elderly.

The research base is the Center for Social Services in the city of Narimanov.

CHAPTER I. ANALYSIS OF THE THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF PSYCHODIAGNOSIS OF ELDERLY PEOPLE

1.1 Basic approaches to psychodiagnostics

From a methodological point of view, the integration of these two approaches allows us to formulate an objective psychological diagnosis.

1.2 General characteristics of psychodiagnostic methods

· Methods of psychodiagnostics based on observation.

· Interrogative psychodiagnostic methods.

· Objective psychodiagnostic methods, including accounting and analysis of human behavioral reactions and products of his work.

· Experimental methods of psychodiagnostics.

1.3 Features of methods of psychodiagnostics of the elderly

Diagnostics of the mental and social status of elderly and senile people is most often carried out according to the following methods:

2. Scale of self-esteem and anxiety assessment (C. Spielberger) - this technique will be discussed in more detail in the second chapter.

3. Affiliation Motivation Methodology (A. Megrabyan and M. Sh. Magomed-Eminov).

Method (test) A. Mekhrabian modified by M. Sh. Magomed-Eminov. Designed to diagnose two generalized stable motivators that are part of the structure of affiliation motivation - the desire for acceptance (SA) and the fear of rejection (SO). The test consists of two scales, respectively: SP and SO.

1. Test "Egocentric associations"

Purpose: to determine the level of egocentric orientation of the personality of an elderly person. The test consists of 40 unfinished sentences.

2. Methodology "Tendency to loneliness"

This technique is a fragment of the test of A.E. Lichko She measures the tendency to loneliness.

The tendency to loneliness is understood as the desire to avoid communication and be outside the social communities of people.

The text of the questionnaire consists of 10 statements. The subject must mark on the answer sheet whether he agrees or not with this or that provision.

The greater the positive sum of points, the more expressed the desire for loneliness. With a negative sum of points, he does not have such a desire.

3. The study of wisdom (P. Baltes and others)

Conclusions on Chapter I

Thus, psychodiagnostics is not only a direction in practical psychodiagnostics, but also a theoretical discipline.

Psychodiagnostics in a practical sense can be defined as the establishment of a psychodiagnostic diagnosis - a description of the state of objects, which can be an individual, group or organization.

Psychodiagnostics is understood in two ways:

In a narrow sense, more common - the measurement of individual - psychodiagnostic properties of a person.

In a psychodiagnostic examination, 3 main stages can be distinguished:

· Data collection.

· Data processing and interpretation.

· Making a decision - psychodiagnostic diagnosis and prognosis.

Psychodiagnostics as a science is defined as a field of psychology that develops methods for identifying and measuring the individual psychological characteristics of a person.

Currently, many psychodiagnostic methods have been created and are being used in practice.

The most general classification scheme for psychodiagnostic methods can be represented as the following scheme:

Rice. 1. Classification of psychodiagnostic methods

The following methods of psychodiagnostics of elderly people are most often used:

1. Test "Life expectancy" (R. Alen. S. Lindy)

2. Scale of self-esteem and anxiety assessment (C. Spielberger)

3. Affiliation Motivation Methodology (A. Megrabyan and M.Sh. Magomed-Eminov).

4. Test "Egocentric associations"

5. Method "Tendency to loneliness"

6. The study of wisdom (P. Baltes and others)

CHAPTER II. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE PSYCHODIAGNOSIS OF THE ELDERLY PEOPLE ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE CSO G. NARIMANOV

2.1 Organization of a psychodiagnostic study on the basis of the CSO in Narimanov

The purpose of the activities of the Center for Social Services for the Population of Narimanov is to provide social services to low-income citizens, improve their socio-economic living conditions, and provide social assistance to vulnerable citizens who find themselves in a difficult life situation.

Citizens (adults and children) who are disabled;

participants of the Great Patriotic War and persons equated to them, home front workers, widows of the mothers of dead servicemen, former underage prisoners of fascist camps;

lone elderly people and families consisting of pensioners;

· persons subjected to political repressions and rehabilitated;

· Registered refugees, internally displaced persons;

persons exposed to radiation contamination;

• orphans and those left without parental care;

· graduates of orphanages and boarding schools, living independently;

children from families of the "risk group";

unemployed adults and adolescents;

· persons who have returned from places of deprivation of liberty or specialized educational institutions;

Persons without a fixed place of residence and occupation;

persons who have undergone treatment for alcoholism, drug addiction, substance abuse;

low-income incomplete and large families;

pregnant women, nursing mothers, who are on maternity leave;

· young families;

Families and individual citizens who find themselves in an extreme situation.

The main tasks of the Center for Social Services for the Population of the City of Narimanov are:

· Implementation of programs, schedules and other measures for social support of the population;

Identification of citizens in need of social services in conjunction with the health authorities, education, migration service, the Novosibirsk Regional Committee of the Red Cross Society, veteran organizations, disabled people's societies, religious organizations and associations, etc.;

introduction of new forms of social services into practice;

· providing citizens with social, social, medical, socio-psychological, socio-pedagogical, legal, health services, material and in-kind assistance of a one-time and periodic nature, subject to the principles of humanity, targeting, confidentiality of provision;

· social patronage of the family and individual citizens in need of social assistance, rehabilitation and support;

participation in the work on the prevention of neglect of minors;

· Implementation of measures to improve the professional level of employees of the “Center for Social Services for the Population of the City of Narimanov”.

On the basis of the “Center for Social Services for the Population of the City of Narimanov”, we conducted a psychodiagnostic study of elderly people using the “Scale of self-assessment and anxiety assessment (Ch. Spielberger)” methodology.

This method is expressed as a test.

The proposed test is a reliable and informative way to self-assess the level of anxiety at the moment (reactive anxiety as a state) and personal anxiety (as a stable characteristic of a person).

Personal anxiety characterizes a stable tendency to perceive a wide range of situations as threatening, reacting with a state of anxiety. Reactive anxiety is characterized by tension, anxiety, nervousness. Very high reactive anxiety causes impaired attention, sometimes fine coordination. Very high personal anxiety directly correlates with the presence of neurotic conflict, emotional, neurotic breakdowns and psychosomatic diseases.

However, anxiety is not inherently a negative phenomenon. A certain level of anxiety is a natural and obligatory feature of an active personality. At the same time, there is an optimal individual level of “useful anxiety”.

The self-assessment scale consists of two parts, separately evaluating reactive (RT, statements No. 1-20 - Appendix No. 1) and personal (LT, statements No. 21-40 - Appendix No. 2) anxiety.

Personal anxiety is relatively stable and is not related to the situation, since it is a property of the individual. Reactive anxiety, on the contrary, is caused by a specific situation.

The indicators of RT and LT are calculated according to the formulas:

PT=?1 -?2 + 50,

where? 1 - the sum of the crossed out numbers on the form for items 3, 4, 6, 7 9, 13, 14, 17, 18; ?2 - the sum of the remaining crossed out figures (points 1, 2, 5, 8, 10, 11, 15, 19, 20);

LT \u003d? 1 -? 2 + 35,

where? 1 is the sum of the crossed out numbers on the form for items 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 37, 38, 40; ?2 - the sum of the remaining crossed out figures (points 21, 26, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39).

When interpreting the result can be assessed as follows: up to 30 - low anxiety; 31-45 - moderate anxiety; 46 and more - high anxiety.

Significant deviations from the level of moderate anxiety require special attention; high anxiety implies a tendency to the appearance of a state of anxiety in a person in situations of assessing his competence. In this case, the subjective significance of the situation and tasks should be reduced and the emphasis should be shifted to comprehension of activities and the formation of a sense of confidence in success.

Low anxiety, on the contrary, requires increased attention to the motives of activity and increased sense of responsibility. But sometimes very low anxiety in test scores is the result of a person's active displacement of high anxiety in order to show himself in a “better light”.

The scale can be successfully used for the purpose of self-regulation, guidance and psycho-corrective work.

2.2 Analysis of the results of the psychodiagnostics of the elderly in the CSO in Narimanov

35 people - visitors to the CSO in Narimanov participated in the survey and further conduct of the psychodiagnostic test: 11 men and 24 women. All visitors are pensioners due to age or health reasons. 7 (20%) of the respondents belong to the late senile age (up to 85 years), 17 (48%) people of senile age, 11 of the presenile period (31%), there are almost no visitors at the age of decrepitude. 96% of CSO visitors are group II disabled. 54% of older people are single, 46% have close relatives (children, spouses). 31% of visitors have a lower secondary education (grades 3-8), 48% have a secondary or specialized secondary education, and 18% have a higher education.

The results obtained using the methodology "Scale of self-assessment and anxiety assessment" can be presented in the form of table 2. 1.

Table 2.1 Results of a psychodiagnostic study in the CSO in Narimanov

Anxiety scale	Anxiety level

General anxiety
situational anxiety
Personal anxiety

Let's present the obtained data in the form of a diagram.

Rice. 2. 1. The results of the psychodiagnostic study in the CSO in Narimanov

Individuals classified as highly anxious tend to perceive a threat to their self-esteem and life in a wide range of situations and respond with a very pronounced state of anxiety. If a psychological test expresses a high indicator of personal anxiety in a subject, then this gives reason to assume that he has a state of anxiety in a variety of situations, especially when they relate to assessing his competence and prestige.

Individuals with a high anxiety score should develop a sense of confidence and success. They need to shift the focus from external exactingness, categoricalness, and high significance in setting goals to a meaningful understanding of activities and specific planning for subtasks. For low-anxious people, on the contrary, it is required to awaken activity, emphasize the motivational components of activity, arouse interest, highlight a sense of responsibility in solving certain problems.

The problem of aging has occupied man since ancient times.

Comparison of various age classifications gives an extremely varied picture in determining the boundaries of old age, which range widely from 45 to 70 years. It is characteristic that in almost all age classifications of old age one can see a tendency towards its differentiation into sub-periods. At the same time, it should be taken into account that the aging process does not end with its onset, it continues, and there are big differences between aging people.

The solution to the problem of the socio-cultural development of the elderly in the modern social context must be sought in the field of leisure. This is due to the fact that in old age, in most cases, the structure of life activity changes. Due to the early termination of labor activity, the educational and professional-labor spheres can completely fall out of it, and the domestic sphere can be significantly reduced due to progress in medical and consumer services. All this leads to a significant increase in the amount of free time.

The change in psychosocial status in old age differs from previous ones in this narrowing of the range of possibilities, both physical and social; and consists of several stages: the onset of old age, retirement, widowhood. Satisfaction with life and the success of adaptation to the onset of old age depend primarily on health. The negative effect of poor health can be mitigated through the mechanisms of social comparison and social inclusion. Also an important role is played by the financial situation, orientation to the other, acceptance of change. The reaction to retirement depends on the desire to leave the job, health, financial situation, the attitude of colleagues, as well as the degree of planned retirement. Widowhood tends to bring loneliness and unwanted independence. At the same time, it can give a person new opportunities for personal growth. At the same time, the meaning invested in the events that take place by a person is often more important than the events themselves.

The psychological changes that occur in the process of aging make it a priority to study their dynamics and the characteristics of the social behavior of the elderly. Since one of the leading mechanisms that ensure the integrity of the individual and the predictability of his activity is social adaptation, this problem comes to the center of research interests.

There are many conflicting opinions on the issue of changing the personality of old people. They reflect the different views of researchers on the essence of the life of aging and on the interpretation of the concept of "personality". Some authors deny any significant personality changes in old age. Others consider all somatic and mental changes, and indeed old age itself, to be a disease (Parchen and others). They explain this by the fact that old age is almost always accompanied by various ailments and always ends in death. This is an extreme point of view, there are many more options.

The noted changes are not equally characteristic of all people in old age. It is well known that many people retain their personal characteristics and creative abilities until old age. Everything petty, unimportant disappears, a certain “enlightenment of the spirit” sets in, they become wise.

The personality of a person changes as he ages, but aging proceeds in different ways, depending on a number of factors, both biological (constitutional personality type, temperament, physical health) and socio-psychological (lifestyle, family status, presence of spiritual interests, creative activity).

An important place in the study of the influence of the aging process on mental processes is given to memory. The weakening of the basic functions of memory does not occur evenly. Mostly memory for recent events suffers. Memory for the past decreases only in extreme old age.

To study the degree of adaptation in old age, you can use the method of diagnosing socio-psychological adaptation by K. Rogers and R. Diamond. This technique belongs to the class of questionnaires. The questionnaire contains statements about a person, about his way of life: experiences, thoughts, habits, style of behavior.

After reading or listening to the next statement of the questionnaire, the subject must assess to what extent this statement can be attributed to him on a six-point scale. Based on the analysis of the results, three experimental groups of subjects are distinguished:

1. Pensioners with a high level of adaptation (group A)

2. Pensioners with an average level of adaptation (group B)

3. Pensioners with a low level of adaptation (group C)

To study self-awareness:

Methodology "Personal differential" (PD) (adapted at the V.M. Bekhterev Research Institute)

The LD methodology was developed on the basis of the modern Russian language and reflects the idea of the personality structure formed in our culture.

21 personality traits were selected in the LD. Subjects are asked to evaluate themselves according to selected personality traits. The selected features characterize the poles of the three classical factors of the semantic differential to the greatest extent: Evaluation, Strength, Activity.

The data obtained with the help of the personal differential reflect the subjective emotional and semantic representations of a person about himself.

To study the motivational-need component of personality, one can apply the technique of unfinished sentences. The subjects are asked to complete the sentences. These proposals can be divided into groups that characterize to some extent the system of relations of the subject to the future, to the past, to retirement, to old age, to relatives.

For each group of sentences, a characteristic is displayed that defines the given system of relations as: positive, negative, indifferent.

To study the affiliation motive, you can use the “Acceptance of others” scale of the SPA methodology. According to this scale, the indicator "Acceptance of others" is calculated.

When studying the emotional sphere of a person, the following methods can be used:

Scale "Emotional comfort" of the questionnaire of K. Rogers and R. Diamond.

The “emotional comfort” indicator is calculated, which includes the results on two scales: emotional comfort, emotional discomfort.

Based on the analysis of this indicator, 3 degrees of emotional comfort are distinguished: high, medium, low.

The data obtained in the course of the research make it possible to identify the characteristics of the personality of an elderly person that ensure successful adaptation in the post-labor period (features of self-awareness, motivational-need and emotional spheres of the personality).

Conclusions on Chapter II

Thus, on the basis of the “Center for Social Services for the Population of the City of Narimanov”, a psychodiagnostic study was carried out according to the methodology “Scale of self-esteem and anxiety assessment (Ch. Spielberger)”.

The experiment involved 35 elderly people visiting the "Center for Social Services for the Population of Narimanov".

As a result, on all scales of anxiety, the highest indicators are the average level of anxiety (from 61.5 to 88%).

To study the personality traits of the subjects of the experimental groups in the Narimanov CSO, the following methods can be used:

Technique "Personal differential" (PD) (adapted at the Research Institute named after V.M. Bekhterev)

· Scale "Emotional comfort" questionnaire K. Rogers and R. Diamond.

CONCLUSION

In world psychology, there are several main areas of study of adults and the elderly.

The main direction is connected with the development of experimental studies, which aim to understand how and what develops in the human psyche in the late period of his life. At the same time, the efforts of researchers are aimed at measuring the social intelligence and wisdom of people of this age stage. This approach is essentially psychometric, carried out using a battery (complex) of standardized tests; the procedure is carried out under strict control and is aimed at identifying individual differences, levels of performance of cognitive stimulus material. In essence, these studies are longitudinal and have implications for gaining knowledge about the "intelligence" of older people; about the role of social knowledge and skills, as well as their connection with real life. Knowledge about the patterns of development and personality structure serves as a starting point in the design and application of psychodiagnostic methods, as well as in the interpretation of psychodiagnostic information.

A psychodiagnostic study conducted on the basis of the Population Service Center using the “Scale of Self-Assessment and Anxiety Assessment (Ch. Spielberger)” method showed that only 4% of the respondents had a high level of general anxiety. This indicator is quite positive for the elderly.

For each subject, a conclusion was written, which included an assessment of the level of anxiety and, if necessary, recommendations for its correction. So, people with a high anxiety score should develop a sense of confidence and success. They need to shift the focus from external exactingness, categoricalness, and high significance in setting goals to a meaningful understanding of activities and specific planning for subtasks. For low-anxious people, on the contrary, it is required to awaken activity, emphasize the motivational components of activity, arouse interest, highlight a sense of responsibility in solving certain problems.

In this paper, an analysis of the literature on the problem of psychodiagnostics of the elderly was carried out, and an attempt was made to study the characteristics of the personality of the elderly.

In the course of the study, the goal was achieved, tasks were solved, and the hypothesis was confirmed.

Taking into account the results obtained, recommendations were developed aimed at improving the psychodiagnostic studies conducted on the basis of the study.

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

1. Aleksandrova M.D. Domestic research of social aspects of aging // Psychology of old age and aging: Reader / Comp. O.V. Krasnova, A.G. Leaders. - M.: Academy, 2007. - 416 p.

2. Bodalev A.A., Stolin V.V., Avanesov V.S. General psychodiagnostics. - St. Petersburg: Speech, 2006. - 440 p.

3. Galaganov V.P. Organization of work of social security bodies. - M.: Academy, 2005. - 140 p.

4. Glukhanyuk N.S., Gershkovich T.B. Mechanisms of formation of tolerance to aging in the conditions of modern Russia. Yekaterinburg: UrGU, 2002. - 164 p.

5. Kozlov A.A. Theories and traditions of Western social gerontology // Psychology of old age and aging: Reader / Comp. O.V. Krasnova, A.G. Leaders. - M.: Academy, 2007. - 416 p.

6. Krasnova O.V. Memories of old people: storytelling, biography and life review therapy // Psychology of maturity and aging. 2002. No. 1. - S. 5-9.

7. Krasnova O.V. Workshop on working with the elderly: the experience of Russia and the UK. - Obninsk: Printer, 2010. - 231 p.

8. Krasnova O.V., Leaders A.G. Social psychology of old age: Proc. allowance. - M.: Academy, 2008. - 288 p.

9. Lieberman Ya.L., Lieberman M.Ya. Progressive methods of motivating vital activity in the period of late adulthood. - Ekaterinburg: Bank cult. inform., 2006. - 102 p.

10. Maksimova S.G. Socio-psychological adaptation: features of formation and development in elderly and senile people. - Barnaul: Alt. un-ta, 2009. - 145 p.

11. Maksimova S.G. Socio-psychological features of the personality of late age. - Barnaul: Alt. un-ta, 2008. - 99 p.

12. Malkina-Pykh I.G. Crises of old age. - M.: Eksmo, 2005. - 368 p.

13. Mardakhaev L.V. Social Pedagogy: Textbook. - M.: Gardariki, 2006. - 269.

14. Nikishina V.B., Vasilenko T.D. Psychodiagnostics in the system of social work: Textbook for universities. - M.: Vlados, 2004. - 208 p.

15. Pisarev A.V. Elderly people in the social structure of modern Russia. - M.: TsSP, 2007. 246 p.

16. Workshop on developmental psychology / Ed. L.A. Golovei, E.F. Rybalko. - M.: Speech, 2008. - 704 p.

17. Problems of old age: spiritual, medical and social aspects: Sat. Proceedings / Ed. A.V. Flint. - M.: St. Demetrius School of Sisters of Mercy, 2007. - 256 p.

18. Human psychology from birth to death / Ed. A.A. Rean. - M.: Prime-Eurosign, 2010. - 656 p.

19. Social gerontology: modern research. - M.: RAN, 2008. - 259 p.

20. Social gerontology: Proc. allowance. - Saratov: SGTU, 2010. - 346 p.

21. Social work: theory and practice / Ed. ed. d.p.n. E.I. Kholostov. - M.: INFRA, 2006. - 264 p.

22. Strashnikova K.A., Tulchinsky M.M. Socio-psychological assistance and support for the elderly in a cultural environment - M .: Academy, 2005. - 281 p.

23. Stuart-Hamilton Ya. Psychology of aging: Per. from English .. - 3rd intern. ed. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2005. - 256 p.

24. Kholostova E.I. Social work with the elderly: Proc. allowance. - 2nd ed. - M.: Dashkov i K, 2008. - 295 p.

25. Khukhlaeva O.V. Developmental psychology: youth, maturity, old age: Proc. allowance. - M.: Academy, 2005. - 208 p.

26. Khukhlaeva O.V. Developmental psychology: youth, maturity, old age: Proc. allowance for students. higher textbook establishments. - M.: Academy, 2002. - 354 p.

27. Yatsemirskaya R.S., Belenkaya I.G. Social gerontology: Proc. allowance. - M.: Vlados, 2009. - 224 p.

Featured on Allbest

Psychodiagnostics is a branch of psychology that studies methods for determining the psychological characteristics of a person in order to most fully

Psychodiagnostics is a branch of psychology,
studying methods for determining psychological
human characteristics with the aim of the most complete
revealing his inner potential in all
areas of life.

The role of psychodiagnostics in the study of older people

Feature
and personality
elderly
human
Study of
degree
adaptation
and in
elderly
age
Grade
age
changes
And
age
differences.
Role
psychodiagnostics in
research
old people
Revealing
violations
mental
processes
Revealing
relations
elderly
person to
given
period
own life

Difficulties in diagnosing the elderly.

– diagnosis of the elderly,
when age changes
health and mental health
approach pathological;
- illiteracy and low
education;
- perception by older people
research as a formal
exam or as a visit to the doctor;
– features of the behavior strategy
older people in a situation
diagnostics.

Older people often have sensory deficits, which entails two problems:

– diagnostic situation
requires a good
ability to see and
hear, therefore
encourage older people
use glasses and
hearing aids,
if necessary.
- very few tests
specially designed
for late people
age who have
visual and hearing impairments.

To old people
more needed
time for
adaptation to
interview situations
or testing.
Such an adaptation
necessary for
order to
interviewee
human
felt like
calm and
laid-back.
Poll situation
requires
atmosphere
mutual trust and
cooperation,
so the elderly

Psychodiagnostics of elderly people is most often carried out according to the following methods:

Methodology for diagnosing socio-psychological adaptation
K. Rogers and R. Diamond
Self-esteem and anxiety scale (C. Spielberger)
Affiliation Motivation Methodology (A. Mehrabian and M. Sh.
Magomed-Eminov).
Test "Egocentric associations"
Methodology "Tendency to loneliness"
The study of wisdom (P. Baltes and others)

Methodology for diagnosing socio-psychological adaptation by K. Rogers and R. Diamond

Methodology for diagnosing socio-psychological adaptation by K. Rogers and
R. Diamond
Methodology
determines the level
formation
socio-psychological
personality adaptation.
In the questionnaire
contained
statements about
man - his
feelings, thoughts,
habits, style
behavior. All these
statements
the subject can
relate to

Self-esteem and anxiety scale (C. Spielberger)

The test is reliable and
informative
level self-assessment
anxiety in this
moment (reactive
anxiety as a condition
and personal anxiety
(as stable
characteristics of a person).
Personal anxiety
characterizes sustainable
tendency to perceive
a wide range of situations
threatening, respond to
such situations
anxiety. Reactive
anxiety
characterized

Affiliation Motivation Methodology (A. Mekhrabian and M. Sh. Magomed-Eminov).

Affiliation Motivation Methodology
(A. Mehrabian and M. Sh. MagomedEminov).
Intended for
diagnostics of two
generalized
sustainable
motivators
included in
structure
motivation
affiliations,
striving for
acceptance (SP) and
fear of rejection
(CO).

Test "Egocentric associations"

The test determines the level
egocentric orientation
the personality of an older person.
Index is determined
egocentrism, which
judge egocentric or
non-egocentric
personality orientation
subject.
The index of egocentrism is determined
by the number of proposals
which have a pronoun
first person singular
numbers, possessive and
proper pronouns,
formed from him ("I", "me",
"mine", "mine", "me", etc.).

Methodology "Tendency to loneliness"

under the inclination to
loneliness is understood
desire to avoid
communication and being outside
social communities
of people.
The text of the questionnaire is
out of 10 statements.
The more
positive sum
points, the more
expressed a desire to
loneliness. At
negative amount
points such a desire
he is missing.

The study of wisdom (P. Baltes and others)

In order to evaluate
body of knowledge related to
wisdom, P. Baltes
suggested to the elderly
resolve dilemmas.
Reflections
write down
decipher and
evaluated based on
how much they
contained five main
knowledge criteria,
related to wisdom
actual (real)
knowledge, methodological
knowledge, life
contextualism,
value relativism
(relativity
values) and

The causes and manifestations of depressive disorders differ in the variety of symptoms. The sooner depression is diagnosed and its symptoms differentiated, the more effective treatment will be.

According to WHO statistics, 400 million people in the world suffer from depression. Residents of large cities are susceptible to the disease: a high rhythm of life, constant stress, poor environmental conditions depress the psyche, lead to persistent nervous breakdown and concomitant diseases.

In the absence of proper treatment, the disease can become chronic, and in some cases lead to death. Therefore, it is very important to make a correct diagnosis in time and start appropriate treatment.

The Importance of Correctly Diagnosing Depression

The importance of timely detection of depression is due to the fact that the disease progresses rapidly and:

contributes to the development of somatic diseases or worsens the course of existing ones;
reduces adaptive capacity and quality of life;
contributes to the development of suicidal tendencies.

Diagnosis is based on the identification of patient complaints, the collection of an anamnesis of life and diseases. An objective diagnosis allows you to determine the nature of the disorder and choose the right complex treatment for the disease.

The diagnosis begins with asking the patient about complaints not only of the mental plane, but also of the physical manifestations of the disease. Usually, a person complains of depression, anxiety, fatigue, irritability, sleep disturbance.

For an express assessment of the degree of a mental disorder, and in the future the effectiveness of prescriptions, a psychiatrist most often uses the Beck or Tsung scale. To exclude physical causes in the development of the disease, consultations of other specialists may be needed: a neurologist, therapist, endocrinologist, psychologist.

Recognition criteria and their evaluation

In the elderly

In older people, nervous disorders acquire an “age-related” coloration. Along with the characteristic features, there are hypochondriacal and delusional syndromes.

Manifestations of excessive anxiety can reach a high degree of excitement (groans, monotonous lamentations, repetition of short remarks: “everything is lost”, “I am dying”, etc., wringing of the hands). Increased motor activity may alternate with complete stupor.

Treatment of the elderly requires special attention:

Patients are not recommended to change their home environment, if possible, they should be kept active and communicate as much as possible.
When selecting medications, the state of the cardiovascular system and cerebral vessels is taken into account.
Proper nutrition, the use of vitamins and personal hygiene are very important.
In combination with drug treatment, psychotherapy is carried out with the involvement of family members.

In children and adolescents

Signs of depression at a young age are mainly manifested by changes in behavior and activity. Children become touchy, irritable, withdrawn. Interest in games and activities decreases, study fades into the background.

Adolescents show aggressiveness and a tendency to inappropriate actions. Young people may have complexes about their appearance, accuse themselves of being useless and narrow-minded.

Often, the search for the meaning of life begins, bordering on a phobia and the inability to receive positive emotions from communicating with friends, playing sports or watching a movie.

It should be noted that depression often visits capable, talented children, with a fine mental organization and a heightened sense of justice. In these cases, it is impossible to do without medical help, and therefore, having noticed some oddities in the behavior of the child, it is necessary to visit a specialist.

postpartum depression

The depressed mood that occurs in the postpartum period occurs in 15% of the fair sex. A risk factor is women who have previously had depressive symptoms, as well as women who experience domestic violence.

Postpartum stress is clinically manifested by standard symptoms:

apathy;
loss of appetite;
increased levels of anxiety;
lack of interest in the newborn.

In this case, there is a standard set of studies to make a diagnosis, but the main symptom is the development of depression within 6 to 7 weeks after birth. Effective treatment consists of a combination of psychotherapeutic methods and appropriate drug therapy.

physical signs

An integral part of the manifestation of depressive states are somatic disorders.

Respiratory and cardiovascular instability. Patients complain of weakness and profuse sweating, severe headaches, burning sensations in the region of the heart. Periodically, tachycardia, respiratory rhythm disturbances may appear.
Pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract. Depression can provoke gastritis, biliary dyskinesia, colitis. An important symptom is irritable bowel syndrome.
Various disorders of the genitourinary system. Patients experience frequent urination, decreased libido, or no desire for the opposite sex at all.
Depression can be manifested by allergic reactions: neurodermatitis, urticaria, bronchial asthma.
Neural variant. Very often you can observe complaints of pain of various localization:

toothache;
neuralgia;
back pain.
muscle twitches, various tics and spasms.

A combination of signs of physical disorders may indicate the presence of a disease and the need to contact a specialist.

Techniques

laboratory

In the treatment of depression, laboratory tests are of great importance, which complement psychiatric and instrumental examinations.

During a clinical examination, general and biochemical blood and urine tests are prescribed, sometimes an examination of the cerebrospinal fluid. Immunological and hormonal statuses are also examined.

Analyzes allow assessing the state of the systems and organs of the patient and are used by the doctor to monitor the patient's condition and the effectiveness of the treatment.

differential

Differential diagnosis is used for non-pathological cases of the disease in a mentally healthy person and is carried out to rule out serious somatic disorders and collect anamnesis.

For this, special questionnaires are used, the so-called Zung and Beck scales, which allow assessing the degree of pathology and monitoring the treatment process.

Testing identifies two dozen factors that determine the level of depression. The high sensitivity of the questionnaires makes it possible to avoid wasting time; taking into account other diagnostic methods, make a correct diagnosis and prescribe adequate therapy.

Help a specialist in identifying depressive conditions

If you have signs of depression, you should definitely consult a doctor. Otherwise, the disease can develop into a stable form and serve as a catalyst for the exacerbation of other health problems.

The participation of the patient in the diagnosis - a detailed description of his condition, will help the doctor to correctly and promptly select the treatment. Keep a diary and record the slightest changes in mood and well-being.

Only close contact between the doctor and the patient will speed up the exit from the oppressive state. It is necessary to take an active part in the treatment process. Playing sports, a healthy lifestyle, a balanced diet and following the recommendations of a specialist will help you get out of the swamp of depression in a short time.

Video: An effective treatment method

INTRODUCTION

GENERAL VIEW OF PSYCHODIAGNOSIS

1 Concept and tasks of psychodiagnostics

2 The concept and tasks of psychodiagnostics

PSYCHODIAGNOSTICS OF THE ELDERLY PEOPLE

1 Work of a psychologist with the elderly in a social service center

2 Psychological status of an elderly person as a component of complex rehabilitation

CONCLUSION

LIST OF USED LITERATURE

INTRODUCTION

Relevance of the topic. In the population of not only our country, but throughout the world, the proportion of older people has been increasing over the past decades. This demographic process, characteristic of industrialized countries, has profound social and economic consequences. The socialization of a person in any society takes place in conditions that are characterized by the presence of numerous dangers that have a negative impact on the development of the individual. Therefore, objectively, part of the population becomes or may become a victim of unfavorable conditions of socialization.

In old age, the psychological characteristics of a person's personality are formed, which must be taken into account when developing and implementing individual rehabilitation programs. At this age, a rigid internal order of the personality structure is formed, and people react differently to their internal difficulties. Some older people, denying the existence of problems, suppress their desires that cause them discomfort and dismiss them as unrealistic and impossible. Adaptation in this case is achieved due to the position of the level of claims. The negative side is the denial of what requires effort. An older person can gradually become accustomed to this orientation, really give up the necessary and act as if the need did not exist.

From the point of view of humanistic psychology, the most important condition for self-realization (at any age), personal growth and mental health is a person's positive acceptance of himself, which is possible only with unconditional positive acceptance from significant others. Apparently, for older people, self-acceptance is associated with an unconditional positive acceptance of their life path (family, profession, leisure, life values, etc.). For the majority of the elderly, the possibilities of any serious changes in life are practically exhausted. But an elderly person can endlessly work on himself in an ideal way, internally. It is in this that he needs psychological help, his leading activity is the inner work to accept his life path. We must not forget that older people are "keepers of the fire", bearers of moral norms and values of society. It is not for nothing that support and respect for the elderly prevailed in advanced cultures.

Psychological processes, although they differ in old age by some rigidity and are slightly slower than in adulthood, still provide the necessary level of vital activity. The mental capacity of older people is much higher than is commonly believed. In everyday terms, older people with favorable aging are able to find solutions to conflict and difficult life situations.

In order to find out the needs for psychological assistance and the availability of psychological resources in older people, various studies are being conducted.

Practical psychodiagnostics is a very complex and responsible area of professional activity for psychologists. It requires appropriate education, professional skills and can affect the fate of people.

The development of the theme. This topic is not well developed in the works of domestic scientists and researchers. The study of the mechanisms of mental life in old age is just beginning in full, but already the first works show that this way will not only help to better understand the causes of deviations, but also help in their correction, accelerate and optimize the adaptation of older people to a new age period, as well as at least partially overcome those negative factors that are associated with a negative assessment of one's life path.

The purpose of the course work- Consider the psychodiagnostics of the elderly.

Based on the given goal, the following tasks:

to study the concept and tasks of psychodiagnostics;

consider methods of psychodiagnostics;

on the example of a geriatric center to reveal the psychological status of an elderly patient as a component of complex rehabilitation;

to analyze the work of a psychologist with the elderly in a social service center.

The object of the course work -general psychology

Subject -psychodiagnostics of the elderly.

When writing the term paper, authors' monographs, textbooks and teaching aids, materials from the periodicals "Psychology of Maturity and Aging", "Psychological Issues", "Psychological Journal", "Social Service Worker", Social Services ", etc. were used.

Course work consists of introduction, two chapters, conclusion. At the end of the work is a list of used literature.

1. GENERAL VIEW OF PSYCHODIAGNOSIS

The question of “who is who” is the first question that a psychologist asks himself when starting to work with a client. One of the areas of psychological science - psychodiagnostics - will help to understand and determine the unique personal characteristics of the client, his abilities, motives for actions.

The word "psychodiagnostics" literally means "making a psychological diagnosis", or making a qualified decision about the current state of a person as a whole or about any given psychological property.

The term under discussion is ambiguous, and in psychology, there are two understandings of it. One of the definitions of the concept of "psychodiagnostics" refers it to a special area of psychological knowledge concerning the development and use in practice of various psychodiagnostic tools. Psychodiagnostics in this sense is a science in line with which the following general questions are posed:

.What is the nature of psychological phenomena and the fundamental possibility of their scientific evaluation?

.What are the current general scientific grounds for the fundamental cognizability and quantitative assessment of psychological phenomena?

.To what extent do currently used means of psychodiagnostics correspond to accepted general scientific, methodological requirements?

.What are the main methodological requirements for various means of psychodiagnostics?

.What are the grounds for the reliability of the results of practical psychodiagnostics, including the requirements for various conditions for conducting psychodiagnostics, means for processing the results obtained and methods for their interpretation?

.What are the main procedures for constructing and testing scientific methods of psychodiagnostics, including tests?

.Definition of professional requirements for a psychologist as a psychodiagnostician.

.Establishing a list of knowledge, skills and abilities that he must possess in order to successfully cope with his work.

.Finding out the minimum practical conditions, the observance of which is a guarantee that the psychologist has really successfully and professionally mastered one or another method of psychodiagnostics.

.Development of programs, tools and methods for the practical training of a psychologist in the field of psychodiagnostics, as well as assessing his competence in this area.

Both sets of questions - theoretical and practical - are closely interconnected.

In practice, psychodiagnostics is used in a variety of areas of a psychologist: both when he acts as an author or participant in applied psychological and pedagogical experiments, and when he is engaged in psychological counseling or psychological correction. But most often, at least in the work of a practical psychologist, psychodiagnostics appears as a separate, completely independent field of activity. ITS goal is to make a psychological diagnosis, i. assessment of the psychological state of a person.

Accurate psychodiagnostics in any psychological and pedagogical scientific experiment involves a qualified assessment of the degree of development of psychological properties.

A specialist engaged in psychological counseling, before giving any advice to a client, must make a correct diagnosis, assess the essence of the psychological problem that worries the client. At the same time, he relies on the results of individual conversations with the client and observation of him. If psychological counseling is not a one-time act, but a series of meetings and conversations between a psychologist and a client, helping him to solve his problems and at the same time controlling the results of his work, then the additional task arises of implementing “input” and “output” psychodiagnostics, i.e. ascertaining the state of affairs at the beginning of the consultation and at the end of work with the client.

Even more urgent than in the process of counseling, psychodiagnostics is in practical psychocorrectional work. The fact is that in this case, not only the psychologist or the experimenter, but also the client himself should be convinced of the effectiveness of the psycho-correctional measures taken. The latter needs to have evidence that, as a result of the work carried out jointly with the psychologist, important positive changes have indeed taken place in his own psychology and behavior. This must be done not only in order to assure the client that he did not waste his time (and money, if the work is paid), but also in order to enhance the psycho-corrective effect of the impact.

Scientific and practical psychology solves a number of tasks typical of it. These include the following:

.Establishing the presence of a particular psychological property or behavior in a person.

.Determination of the degree of development of this property, its expression in certain quantitative and qualitative indicators.

.Description of the diagnosed psychological and behavioral characteristics of a person in cases where this is necessary.

.Comparison of the degree of development of the studied properties in different people.

All four of the listed tasks in practical psychodiagnostics are solved either individually or in a complex, depending on the objectives of the survey. Moreover, in almost all cases, with the exception of a qualitative description of the results, knowledge of the methods of quantitative analysis is required.

Practical psychodiagnostics is a very complex and responsible area of professional activity for psychologists. It requires appropriate education and professional skills. The work of a psychologist-diagnostician should be based on the principle “Do no harm!”.

Thus, psychodiagnostics is a rather complex area of professional activity of a psychologist, requiring special training. The totality of all the knowledge, skills and abilities that a diagnostic psychologist should have is so extensive, and the knowledge, skills and abilities themselves are so complex that psychodiagnostics is considered as a special specialization in the work of a professional psychologist.

1.2 The concept and tasks of psychodiagnostics

In psychology, there are many classifications of psychodiagnostic methods. The most famous of them can be cited as examples.

Classification S.L. Rubinstein (1945)

Main research methods:

.Direct observation (of a person), indirect (of the products of human activity), external (objective).

.Laboratory experiment (simulated); natural (during professional activity); auxiliary (questionnaire, conversation); for training.

Special research methods:

.Genetic (comparison between different age groups).

.Comparative (between norm and pathology).

Classification B.G. Ananyeva (1977)

Organizational Methods:

.Comparative method (comparison of differences within the same age).

.Longitudinal (comparison of differences in any one feature within a fairly large period of time).

.A complex method (the equality or subordination of individual personality traits is determined, the situation is predicted).

Empirical methods:

.Observational - methods of observation and self-observation.

.Experimental - laboratory, natural, teaching, field.

.Praximetric - analysis of activity and its products.

.Modeling (mathematical, cybernetic).

Tests.

.Biographical (analysis of facts and events of life).

Experimental data processing methods:

Quantitative.

quality

Interpretation methods:

.Genetic - determination of patterns of changes.

.Structural - the study of the relationship between personality traits.

Psychodiagnostic methods are divided into:

according to the form of the answer - on oral and written;

by the number of subjects - individual, group;

in terms of homogeneity (heterogeneity) of tasks - into homogeneous and heterogeneous;

by orientation - for speed, for power, for diagnosing interpersonal relationships;

by competence - for single and test batteries;

by appointment - for general diagnostic, professional suitability;

by the influence of the diagnostician on the results obtained - on objective and subjective.

Let us dwell in more detail on the last classification.

All existing methods can be divided into objective and subjective. In objective methods, the influence of the diagnostician on the results is minimal, and in subjective methods, the result directly depends on the experience and intuition of the psychologist.

Objective methods include:

Instrumental, psychophysiological, in which devices determine breathing, pulse, brain biocurrents.

Considering psychophysiological methods of diagnostics, it must be said that this direction arose in our country and has not yet fully entered the world practice of psychodiagnostics. The basis of these methods was the branch in psychophysiology, which studies the features of the course of mental processes in humans. These features are expressed in performance, noise immunity, switchability and other indicators of the course of mental processes.

This type of method differs from others in that it does not contain estimates, since it cannot be said that some properties of the nervous system are better and others are worse.

Apparatus behavioral, registering the speed of reaction, accuracy, coordination.

They are the most reliable. But due to their complexity and cumbersomeness, they are most often used in research work and to prove the accuracy of blank methods.

.Questionnaire tests in which the answer is selected from the proposed options, describing the individual abilities or preferences of the individual.

.Methods of self-assessment, in which the subject himself evaluates any objects (himself, his life in the past, in the future, acquaintances, the world around him).

Among the subjective methods are:

.Observation, survey. They allow you to get extensive information about a person, about interpersonal relationships in the family, at work. Despite their apparent simplicity, these diagnostic methods require special art.

.Analysis of the products of human activity (personal letters, essays, diaries, photographic documents, tools). One way to study such sources is content analysis (content analysis).

.Role-playing games. During the game, a person shows his personal qualities. This gives grounds for a diagnosis.

.Projective methods. They are distinguished from others by the non-standard procedure for conducting and interpreting. In order to work well with projective methods, a practicing psychologist, in addition to a high professional classification, needs to think creatively, have a special approach to each case, and intuition.

The most common method of psychodiagnostics today is tests. But before proceeding to its description, I would like to say a few words about the method of observation.

In appearance, behavior, a lot of what is happening inside him is manifested. Behind the barely noticeable movements of the hands, eyes, body, the psychologist-diagnostician must see the character, mood, aspiration of the subject. Clothing, manner of speaking, construction of phrases can also say a lot about a person. The task of the observer is precisely to see and generalize this much.

Tests are the most reliable method in psychodiagnostics. Test - a test, a test, a standardized study of various, primarily personal characteristics of a person, involving the performance of certain tasks by him.

According to the form of conducting tests are individual and group; oral and written; blank, hardware and computer; verbal and non-verbal. Any test consists of several parts. It includes instructions, a test book with tasks, stimulus material (if necessary), a form, a template for data processing.

The test results are compared with the norms, which, in turn, are determined empirically. The norm is considered the level of a statistically average person. The results, compared with the norms, are called low, medium or high.

The quality of the test is determined by such characteristics as reliability, validity, reliability.

Thus, psychodiagnostics is a section of psychological knowledge and psychological practice, which is being formed at the junction of fundamental branches of psychology with the practical demands of life.

In the most general sense, psychodiagnostics is the science and practice of making a psychological diagnosis, which means recognizing deviations from normal mental functioning and development, as well as determining the mental state of either a specific object (individual, family, small group), or a particular mental function or process for a particular person.

2. PSYCHODIAGNOSIS OF ELDERLY PEOPLE

.1 The work of a psychologist with the elderly in a social service center

In order for an elderly person to feel like a full-fledged member of society, it is necessary for him to participate in public life, maintain individual, family and other ties. It is believed that two areas are most important for a person: communication and daily activities. Unfortunately, many older people, for various reasons, are deprived of this. As a result, there is psychological discomfort, and a feeling of disorientation in the conditions of modern life. Therefore, to solve the psychological problems and age-related difficulties of the elderly, psychological services are organized in social service centers. The work of a psychologist today is mainly carried out with this category of citizens.

Awareness of a new life status on the eve of old age, understanding the meaning of one's new life, state, largely determines the structure of the emotional experiences of older people. This implies the tasks that a psychologist working with elderly and elderly people in a social service center should solve:

increase in the general background of mood;

increased self-esteem;

the formation of a positive image of old age as a time for inner peace, development, awareness of the importance of the life lived;

discussion of all the good things that are available in the current life situation.

The help of a psychologist involves both individual and group work.

A psychologist, in the course of individual counseling for older people who seek help from the center, reveals to them the concept of life satisfaction in old age, the conditions for achieving it, as well as the conventionality of the concept of “happy old age”; he explains to the elderly man that there is another concept - "successful aging". It involves a constant effort to cope with the loss or lack of manifestations of many aspects of life inherent in the aging process. The psychologist encourages constant and reasonable activity, adequate physical and mental exercises, which provide an elderly person with the necessary skills to deal with illnesses, contribute to solving the main tasks of age-related development and are accompanied by an experience of satisfaction with life at this age.

There are cases when an elderly person needs psychological help, but he does not dare to come to a psychologist due to some internal reasons, barriers. He feels much more confident at home. In this case, the effectiveness of psychological counseling at home will be much higher.

The procedure of age-related psychological counseling is built taking into account the characteristics of the client's personality and his strategy for adapting to age-related changes. In order to take into account all the features, a testing procedure is necessary. Another problem may arise here. During the practice of working with the elderly, it turned out that people over 65-68 years of age have certain difficulties. This includes increased psychological fatigue, slowness of perception, reaction and thinking, and weak motivation for activity. All this affects the test data. Changes are also noticeable in the emotional sphere: focus on one's own interests, suspicion, as a result of which the results are not always reliable. Therefore, this method of diagnosing personality is extremely rare. From experience, it became clear that it is much more effective to use a psychodiagnostic conversation with older people. The main thing is to direct it very delicately in the right direction, and we can learn a lot about a person.

A feature of working with the elderly is the principle of activation and reactivation of the client's resources, as unclaimed functions fade away. In this case, the psychologist of the center emotionally influences his clients, saying that every person, despite seeming weakness, has a huge potential, and he is able to solve his problems even, even in hopeless situations. In this case, certain techniques of psychotherapy also help.

The main type of psychotherapy for older people is communication with them. This method of work is universal and is used in almost all cases of contact with customers. Any elderly person needs an interlocutor, he is waiting for sympathy, kind words, encouragement, attention and a desire to listen to him. Therefore, you must always find time for communication, inspire hope and faith, the desire for life.

Psychotherapy can be rational, using the method of persuasion. In this case, the work of the psychologist of the center is reduced to conversations with sick and elderly people, during which the cause of the disease and the nature of the existing disorders are explained. The psychologist urges the elderly person to change their attitude to exciting events in the environment, to stop fixing their attention on the existing psychological symptoms. The advantage of this method lies in the fact that the elderly person actively participates in a process that strengthens his intellect, opens up the opportunity to change his views and attitudes. As practice has shown, this method is quite effective in working with elderly people who have recently retired, that is, between the ages of 55 and 65 years.

Another, no less effective technique in the practice of a psychodiagnostic can be working with memories. For people who have entered the aging period, this method is the most effective way to individually motivate vital activity and form a tolerant attitude towards aging and the inevitability of death. This method is also universal and suitable for working with completely different older people. It can be quite active clients, as well as bedridden patients. This technique has an undoubted communicative, diagnostic and corrective value and is aimed at enabling a person to realize how his past has determined his present and continues to influence him.

In working with memories, as work with older people shows, it is very important to return, and repeatedly, to positive memories of events in which strong integrity of personality, self-esteem and psychological health appeared.

One of the biggest problems of older people is the loss of meaning in life. The result is depression, aggressive attitude and other behavioral deviations. In this case, logotherapy is used. This technique does not suggest or “prescribe” meanings. It is important to make it clear to the client that it is not a person who raises a question about the meaning of life - life itself raises a question for him, and a person has to constantly answer it, not with words, but with actions.

The training work with the elderly has a very positive effect.

It's no secret that many people still have a very vague idea of what exactly a psychologist does. People do not always know what a psychological problem is and in what cases the help of a professional is simply necessary. But even when a person has a certain idea of the need for psychological assistance, there are many subjective factors that block the need to turn to a psychologist. In order for psychological service to be in demand, it is necessary that people, including the elderly, know not only about its existence, but also about the very essence of the services that it provides. Without dissemination of this knowledge, its effectiveness will decline.

Thus, the task of a psychologist in working with older people is not to perceive them in isolation, outside their life path, but on the contrary, to understand that their current state is a reflection of a multifaceted, multilayered and phased, ongoing process of personality formation. The most important thing is that every elderly person is a person and, as a person, has a value in itself. It is important to convey this to an elderly person so that he understands that the intrinsic value of a person must be fully preserved and he has a chance to regain the lost harmony, and at a higher level.

2.2 The psychological status of an elderly person as a component of complex rehabilitation

The formation of sufficient mental flexibility in the elderly on the basis of an assessment of the psychological status allows you to correctly understand yourself and others, and contributes to adaptation to change. Of particular importance is the mechanism of compensation, primarily compensation for their losses - strength, health, status, support groups. At the same time, rigidity and switching difficulties, which increase at this age, prevent the development of normal compensation. The obstacle is the narrowing of the circle of contacts, the workload of other family members, others, which also does not allow the full implementation of this mechanism. In this case, the dominance of any one of these mechanisms is implied, which begins to manifest itself in all situations, even those that are inadequate for it. So, there is a reluctance to make new contacts, even a fear of them, a desire to isolate oneself from everyone, including close people, emotional coldness, sometimes hostility towards them. This is connected with resentment, conflict, the desire to insist on one's own both in small and in big things. Alienation, withdrawal and aggression, often already manifested as destructiveness (for example, participation in rallies, demonstrations), are an important indicator of emotional and personal instability, which led to fixation on one of the unproductive mechanisms of mental functioning.

In this course work, psychodiagnostics of elderly patients of the gerontological center "Uyut" will be considered.

To study the psychological defenses of elderly patients of the geriatric center, the Plutchik-Kellerman-Conte questionnaire "Life Style Index" (Life Style Index, LSI) was chosen.

psychodiagnostics elderly rehabilitation social

Table 1 - Characteristics of psychological defenses of elderly patients

Psychological defenses% Projection 42.18 Denial 26.64 Rationalization 17.76 Overcompensation 13.32 Substitution 4.44 Repression 4.44 Regression 2.22 Compensation 2.22

From Table 1 it follows that the largest number of examined patients have a leading psychological defense according to the projection principle (42.18%). Its essence lies in the fact that a person alienates unacceptable feelings, desires, and even some aspects of the personality from himself and ascribes to someone else. Projection is the tendency of a person to attribute responsibility to the environment for what originates in himself. People resort to projection when they encounter an inability to accept some of their needs and feelings, and therefore attribute them to objects in the world around them. A person establishes certain relations with the world, characterized by increased tension (anger, irritation, fear, interest, admiration, etc.).

In old age, projection often manifests itself as an attribution to others of negative emotions or character traits that cannot be recognized in oneself, that is, a person, a person who himself has pathological character traits (for example, irritability and resentment), notices them in others.

A projection can be regarded as pathological only if it becomes systematic, if it manifests itself as a permanent and stereotyped defense mechanism and occurs independently of the actual behavior of other people at a given moment in time. However, a healthy projection is necessary: it is she who will help to establish contact and understand the other person. To imagine what another feels is possible only by standing in his place. Projects for the future are projections of one's own fantasies.

Denial (it is resorted to by 26.64% of those participating in the study) is a form of psychological defense that is characterized by a refusal to be aware of certain events, experiences and sensations that would be painful if they were realized, often by fleeing into dreams, fantasies. Often such a mechanism occurs in relation to some chronic or "terrible" diseases. It is easier and less painful to convince yourself that you are not sick than to accept the fact of having a disease and make efforts to treat it, to worry, to be afraid of not recovering. In this regard, older people do not pay enough attention to the recommendations of doctors.

The mechanisms of rationalization, hypercompensation and substitution prevail much less frequently. Rationalization (predominant in 17.76% of the surveyed) is a form of psychological defense, characterized by a rational explanation by a person of his desires and actions, which in reality are due to irrational drives that are socially or personally unacceptable. An example of rationalization can be an exaggeration of existing values in order to discredit an unattainable desire - "a bird in the hand is better than a crane in the sky." At the early stages of personality development, rationalization is an effective defense mechanism, but in an elderly person, excessively active use of this mechanism can lead to inadequate control of behavior, to a lack of a correct understanding of oneself in the world.

Hypercompensation is designated by A. Adler as a special compensation, the implementation of which not only gets rid of the feeling of inferiority, but also achieves some kind of result that allows you to take a dominant position in relation to others, that is, if it is impossible, for example, to independently perform hard work on home, but with the preservation of fine motor skills, some pensioners begin to engage in some kind of needlework, reaching a high level of skill. Thus, 13.32 of the surveyed have predominantly this protection.

The remaining psychological defenses - substitution, repression, regression and compensation - are the least common among older people.

To study the leading strategy for exiting the conflict, the methodology "Strategy for exiting the conflict" is used.

Table 2 - Characteristic "Conflict exit strategy" in patients of the geriatric center

Strategy%Compromise28.86Avoidance28.86Accommodation13.32Rivalry11.1Cooperation4.44

Of all the examined patients, 28.9% each chose the strategy of "compromise" and the strategy of "avoidance" as the leading strategy for behavior in conflict. A compromise strategy of behavior is characterized by a balance of interests of the conflicting parties at the middle level. Otherwise, it can be called a strategy of mutual concession. It not only does not spoil interpersonal relationships, but also contributes to their positive development. Compromise can exhaust the conflict situation when the circumstances that cause tension change.

The exit strategy (avoidance) is characterized by the desire to get away from the conflict. It is characterized by a low level of focus on personal interests and the interests of the opponent and is mutual. In fact, it is a mutual concession. The strategy is applicable when the conflict is not significant for any of the subjects and is adequately reflected in the images of the conflict situation, or when the subject of the dispute is significant for none of the subjects and is adequately reflected in the images of the conflict situation, or when the subject of the dispute is essential for one or both sides, but the subjects of conflict interaction perceive the subject of the conflict as insignificant. Interpersonal relationships do not undergo major changes when choosing this strategy.

Both of these strategies do not lead to conflict resolution and are productive only in certain situations. However, this study shows that the majority of respondents (57%) choose these two strategies as the most typical strategies of behavior in conflict situations.

Both types of response in a conflict are quite “economical” in terms of emotional “costs”. Their predominance can be explained by the high value of established social ties in old age and the weakening of the emotional-volitional component of the personality - there is not always enough willpower to achieve the desired goal, so older people resort to strategies that are the least painful and lead to the fastest way out of the conflict.

Adaptation as a way to resolve the conflict is preferred by 13.32%. A person who adheres to this strategy also seeks to get away from the conflict. But the reasons for "leaving" in this case are different. The focus on personal interests is low here, and the assessment of the opponent's interests is high, that is, the person who adopts the concession strategy sacrifices personal interests in favor of the interests of the opponent. In this strategy, priority is given to interpersonal relationships.

Sometimes such a strategy reflects the tactics of a decisive struggle for victory. A concession here may turn out to be only a tactical step towards achieving the main strategic goal. A concession can cause an inadequate assessment of the subject of the conflict (understatement of its value for oneself). In this case, the adopted strategy is self-deception and does not lead to conflict resolution. This strategy is typical for a conformist personality.

A detailed analysis of the data for each elderly person showed that the avoidance strategy is typical for those who are dominated by "repression" and "denial". The majority of the surveyed - 61.52% with this leading strategy have a pronounced mechanism of "crowding out"; 30.79% - "denial" and 7.69% - regression. Compromise as a way of conflict behavior is typical for people with the psychological defense of "rationalization", in 90% of the surveyed leading is this psychological defense.

Another component of psychodiagnostics is the level of hope. Hope is considered as a disposition of a person, that is, as a readiness to assess the possible, arising when a person expects some important and hard-to-reach good, as well as a readiness for a consistent behavioral act in order to achieve this good.

When analyzing the choice of a strategy of behavior in a conflict and the level of hope, there is also a connection - older people who are inclined to achieve what they want most often resort to the strategies of "compromise" (47.74%) and rivalry (21.7%). With the "avoidance" strategy and with the "accommodation" strategy 13.02% each, with the "cooperation" strategy 4.34%. Those who are equally prone to planning and achieving their goals more often choose the adaptation strategy - 47.87%, compromise - 28.58%, cooperation and avoidance by 14.29%. Rivalry is not the leading strategy of behavior in conflict for any of those who plan and achieve their goals to the same extent.

Thus, from the obtained diagnostic data, the following conclusions can be drawn:

the leading strategies of behavior in a conflict situation for older people are the strategies of "avoidance" and "compromise";

the most pronounced among the majority of respondents are the destructive psychological defenses “projection” and “denial”;

constructive psychological defenses (“rationalization”, “compensation”, “hypercompensation”) are present only in 38%;

Elderly people, who prefer not only to plan, but also to achieve their goals, choose the “compromise” strategy as the main strategy for responding to a conflict;

older people, equally prone to planning and achieving goals more often, choose the “adaptation” strategy (47.87%)

To conduct a more complete and detailed analysis of the situation and to identify the links between the strategy of behavior in conflict and the leading psychological defense, additional diagnostic data and observations are required. However, already from the data obtained, it can be concluded that the majority of older people have insufficiently developed compensatory mechanisms, and therefore are prone to depression, unmotivated aggression, illness, and low social activity. For a normal aging process, first of all, an adequate and complete type of compensation should dominate, that is, this mechanism should function in such a way that the elderly person does not go into imaginary compensation (usually into his illness).

From this point of view, the importance of learning new activities, the development of creativity, the emergence of a new hobby and any form of creativity becomes clear, so with their help, full compensation develops.

CONCLUSION

Thus, as a certain system of applied knowledge, psychodiagnostics allows a practicing psychologist to improve his work with older people, to effectively solve his professional problems.

Psychodiagnostics can be used and is used in various areas of social practice in the course of counseling and psychotherapeutic assistance, to predict the psychological consequences of a change in a person's environment, in the implementation of various types of social work, etc. In each of the areas of social practice where psychodiagnostics is carried out, there are specific conditions for the use of psychodiagnostic means, specific psychodiagnostic tasks are set, specific methods are used that are the subject of private or special psychodiagnostics. However, the foundation of any special psychodiagnostics forms solutions to more general, in its own way, universal questions that are the subject of general psychodiagnostics.

These issues include the identification of methodological, theoretical and specific methodological principles for constructing psychodiagnostic tools and principles for formulating psychodiagnostic conclusions; development of methods and specific techniques for psychodiagnostics of the most universal objects, such as personality traits, abilities, motives, consciousness and self-awareness, interpersonal relationships; problem resolution.

One of the most important methodological principles on which psychodiagnostics is built and which distinguishes it from scientific research is as follows. The psychologist-researcher is focused on the search for not yet established, "unknown patterns" and uses for them "known subjects" that are predetermined by some sign, deliberately neglecting their individual differences and empirical integrity. For a psychodiagnostic, on the contrary, it is these individual differences and empirical integrity that are objects of interest and identification; in the process of psychodiagnostics, he is focused on searching for already established, “known patterns” in “unknown subjects”.

The main requirements for psychodiagnostic tools, for the techniques and methods used for psychodiagnostics can be formulated as follows: the methods used should allow collecting diagnostic information in a relatively short time compared to the process of its “natural” receipt; this information should be purposeful and reflect as fully as possible the well-defined properties of the diagnosed object (an elderly person), one or another of its features; information should be presented in a way that allows a clear and unambiguous quantitative and qualitative comparison of the individual with other similar objects. Psychodiagnostic information should be useful in terms of both building a development prognosis, the dynamics of a state or situation, and choosing the means of intervention and correction.

Practical psychodiagnostics also involves taking into account the motivation of the subject and knowing how to maintain it; the psychodiagnostician must be able to assess the state of the individual at the time of psychodiagnostics, must have the skills to communicate information to the individual being examined.

In the context of social work, psychodiagnostics is used to identify the psychological characteristics and conditions of social service clients. At the same time, psychodiagnostics is aimed at allowing intervention in the client's social situation in the most useful way for him, taking into account the results of psychodiagnostics.

Psychodiagnostics as a process includes certain steels. At the first stage, he analyzes and, as a rule, reformulates the request received by him. The psychologist, as it were, makes a kind of translation of the problem declared by the client from the language of everyday, everyday ideas into his own special professional language and makes a psychological diagnosis.

At the second stage, the psychologist formulates the goals and objectives of psychodiagnostics, evaluates and selects methods, techniques, conditions and means of influencing an elderly person, and if necessary and possible, then the social situation.

At the third stage, the psychologist carries out the intended impact, which can take place in various forms: conversation, consultation, game, training, etc.

In this course work, the objects of psychodiagnostics were the elderly.

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Methodology for diagnosing socio-psychological adaptation by K. Rogers and R. Diamond

Self-esteem and anxiety scale (C. Spielberger)

Affiliation Motivation Methodology (A. Mekhrabian and M. Sh. Magomed-Eminov).

Test "Egocentric associations"

Methodology "Tendency to loneliness"

The study of wisdom (P. Baltes and others)

The Importance of Correctly Diagnosing Depression

Recognition criteria and their evaluation

In the elderly

In children and adolescents

postpartum depression

physical signs

Techniques

laboratory

differential

Help a specialist in identifying depressive conditions

Video: An effective treatment method

Tutoring

What else to read

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