State security agencies of the USSR and Russia: from the Cheka to the FSB (7 photos). The last chairman of the KGB of the USSR Directorate and Service

The Federal Security Service (FSB) of Russia is celebrating its 20th anniversary. April 3, 1995 Russian President Boris Yeltsin signed the law "On Federal Security Service Bodies in the Russian Federation". In accordance with the document, the Federal Counterintelligence Service (FSK) was transformed into the Federal Security Service.

In 2014, terrorist crimes were committed 2.6 times less than in 2013. Last year, the Service stopped the activities of 52 cadres and 290 agents of foreign intelligence services, in the same period it was possible to prevent damage to the state from corruption in the amount of about 142 billion rubles

AiF.ru tells about the FSB and its predecessors, who stood guard over the state interests of the USSR.

Cheka (1917-1922)

The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VChK) was established on December 7, 1917 as an organ of the "dictatorship of the proletariat". The main task of the commission was the fight against counter-revolution and sabotage. The body also performed the functions of intelligence, counterintelligence and political search. Since 1921, the tasks of the Cheka included the elimination of homelessness and neglect among children.

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR Vladimir Lenin called the Cheka "a smashing weapon against countless conspiracies, countless attempts on Soviet power by people who were infinitely stronger than us."

The people called the commission "extraordinary", and its employees - "chekists". Headed the first Soviet state security agency Felix Dzerzhinsky. The building of the former mayor of Petrograd, located at Gorokhovaya, 2, was assigned to the new structure.

In February 1918, employees of the Cheka received the right to shoot criminals on the spot without trial or investigation in accordance with the decree "The Fatherland is in danger!".

The death penalty was allowed to apply to "enemy agents, speculators, thugs, hooligans, counter-revolutionary agitators, German spies", and later "all persons involved in White Guard organizations, conspiracies and rebellions."

The end of the civil war and the decline of the wave of peasant uprisings made the continued existence of the expanded repressive apparatus, whose activities had practically no legal restrictions, meaningless. Therefore, by 1921, the party faced the question of reforming the organization.

OGPU (1923-1934)

On February 6, 1922, the Cheka was finally abolished, and its powers were transferred to the State Political Administration, which later became known as the United (OGPU). As Lenin emphasized: "... the abolition of the Cheka and the creation of the GPU does not simply mean a change in the name of the bodies, but consists in changing the nature of all the activities of the body during the period of peaceful state building in a new situation ...".

Until July 20, 1926, Felix Dzerzhinsky was the chairman of the department, after his death this post was taken by the former people's commissar of finance Vyacheslav Menzhinsky.

The main task of the new body was still the same fight against counter-revolution in all its manifestations. Subordinate to the OGPU were special units of the troops necessary to suppress public unrest and combat banditry.

In addition, the following functions were assigned to the department:

• protection of railway and waterways;
• combating smuggling and border crossing by Soviet citizens);
• fulfillment of special instructions of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars.

On May 9, 1924, the powers of the OGPU were significantly expanded. The department began to obey the police and the criminal investigation department. Thus began the process of merging the state security agencies with the internal affairs agencies.

NKVD (1934-1943)

On July 10, 1934, the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR (NKVD) was formed. The People's Commissariat was all-Union, and the OGPU was included in it as a structural unit called the Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB). The fundamental innovation was that the judicial board of the OGPU was abolished: the new department was not supposed to have judicial functions. The new People's Commissariat headed Heinrich Yagoda.

The NKVD was responsible for political investigation and the right to extrajudicial sentencing, the penal system, foreign intelligence, border troops, and counterintelligence in the army. In 1935, traffic control (GAI) was assigned to the functions of the NKVD, and in 1937 NKVD departments for transport were created, including sea and river ports.

On March 28, 1937, Yagoda was arrested by the NKVD, during a search of his house, according to the protocol, pornographic photographs, Trotskyist literature and a rubber dildo were found. In view of the "anti-state" activities, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks expelled Yagoda from the party. The new head of the NKVD was appointed Nikolay Yezhov.

In 1937, the "troikas" of the NKVD appeared. A commission of three people delivered thousands of sentences in absentia to "enemies of the people", based on the materials of the authorities, and sometimes simply according to the lists. A feature of this process was the absence of protocols and the minimum number of documents on the basis of which a decision was made on the guilt of the defendant. The verdict of the Troika was not subject to appeal.

During the year of work by the "troikas" 767,397 people were convicted, of which 386,798 people were sentenced to death. The victims most often became kulaks - wealthy peasants who did not want to voluntarily give their property to the collective farm.

April 10, 1939 Yezhov was arrested in the office George Malenkov. Subsequently, the former head of the NKVD confessed to being homosexual and preparing a coup d'état. The third people's commissar of internal affairs was Lavrenty Beria.

NKGB - MGB (1943-1954)

On February 3, 1941, the NKVD was divided into two people's commissariats - the People's Commissariat for State Security (NKGB) and the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD).

This was done in order to improve the intelligence and operational work of the state security agencies and the distribution of the increased workload of the NKVD of the USSR.

The tasks assigned to the NKGB were:

• conducting intelligence work abroad;
• combating the subversive, espionage, and terrorist activities of foreign intelligence services within the USSR;
• operational development and liquidation of the remnants of anti-Soviet parties and counter-revolutionary formations among various sections of the population of the USSR, in the system of industry, transport, communications, and agriculture;
• protection of party and government leaders.

The tasks of ensuring state security were assigned to the NKVD. The military and prison units, the police, and the fire brigade remained under the jurisdiction of this department.

On July 4, 1941, in connection with the outbreak of war, it was decided to merge the NKGB and the NKVD into one department in order to reduce the bureaucracy.

The re-creation of the NKGB of the USSR took place in April 1943. The main task of the committee was reconnaissance and sabotage activities in the rear of the German troops. As we moved west, the importance of work in the countries of Eastern Europe, where the NKGB was engaged in the "liquidation of anti-Soviet elements", increased.

In 1946, all people's commissariats were renamed into ministries, respectively, the NKGB became the Ministry of State Security of the USSR. At the same time, he became Minister of State Security Viktor Abakumov. With his arrival, the transition of the functions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs to the jurisdiction of the MGB began. In 1947-1952, internal troops, police, border troops and other units were transferred to the department (the camp and construction departments, fire protection, escort troops, courier communications remained in the Ministry of Internal Affairs).

After death Stalin in 1953 Nikita Khrushchev displaced Beria and organized a campaign against the illegal repressions of the NKVD. Subsequently, several thousand unjustly convicted were rehabilitated.

KGB (1954-1991)

On March 13, 1954, the State Security Committee (KGB) was created by separating from the MGB departments, services and departments that were related to issues of ensuring state security. Compared to its predecessors, the new body had a lower status: it was not a ministry within the government, but a committee under the government. The chairman of the KGB was a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU, but he was not a member of the highest authority - the Politburo. This was explained by the fact that the party elite wanted to protect themselves from the emergence of a new Beria - a man who could remove her from power for the sake of implementing their own political projects.

The area of ​​responsibility of the new body included: foreign intelligence, counterintelligence, operational-search activities, protection of the state border of the USSR, protection of the leaders of the CPSU and the government, organization and provision of government communications, as well as the fight against nationalism, dissent, crime and anti-Soviet activities.

Almost immediately after its formation, the KGB carried out a large-scale staff reduction in connection with the beginning of the process of de-Stalinization of society and the state. From 1953 to 1955, the state security agencies were reduced by 52%.

In the 1970s, the KGB intensified its fight against dissent and the dissident movement. However, the department's actions have become more subtle and disguised. Such means of psychological pressure as surveillance, public condemnation, undermining a professional career, preventive talks, coercion to travel abroad, forced confinement to psychiatric clinics, political trials, slander, lies and compromising evidence, various provocations and intimidation were actively used. At the same time, there were also lists of "not allowed to travel abroad" - those who were denied permission to travel abroad.

A new "invention" of the special services was the so-called "exile beyond the 101st kilometer": politically unreliable citizens were evicted outside of Moscow and St. Petersburg. Under the close attention of the KGB during this period were, first of all, representatives of the creative intelligentsia - figures of literature, art and science - who, due to their social status and international authority, could cause the most extensive damage to the reputation of the Soviet state and the Communist Party.

In the 90s, changes in society and the system of state administration of the USSR, caused by the processes of perestroika and glasnost, led to the need to revise the foundations and principles of the activities of state security agencies.

From 1954 to 1958, the leadership of the KGB was carried out I. A. Serov.

From 1958 to 1961 - A. N. Shelepin.

From 1961 to 1967 - V. E. Semichastny.

From 1967 to 1982 - Yu. V. Andropov.

From May to December 1982 - V. V. Fedorchuk.

From 1982 to 1988 - V. M. Chebrikov.

From August to November 1991 - V.V. Bakatin.

December 3, 1991 President of the USSR Mikhail Gorbachev signed the law "On the reorganization of state security agencies". On the basis of the document, the KGB of the USSR was abolished and, for the transitional period, the Inter-Republican Security Service and the Central Intelligence Service of the USSR (currently the Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation) were created on its basis.

FSB

After the abolition of the KGB, the process of creating new state security agencies took about three years. During this time, departments of the disbanded committee were transferred from one department to another.

December 21, 1993 Boris Yeltsin signed a decree establishing the Federal Counterintelligence Service of the Russian Federation (FSK). The director of the new body from December 1993 to March 1994 was Nikolay Golushko, and from March 1994 to June 1995 this post was held by Sergei Stepashin.

Currently, the FSB cooperates with 142 special services, law enforcement agencies and border structures of 86 states. Offices of official representatives of the bodies of the Service are functioning in 45 countries.

In general, the activities of the FSB bodies are carried out in the following main areas:

• counterintelligence activities;
• fight against terrorism;
• protection of the constitutional order;
• combating particularly dangerous forms of crime;
• intelligence activities;
• border activities;
• ensuring information security; fight against corruption.

The FSB was headed by:

in 1995-1996 M. I. Barsukov;

in 1996-1998 N. D. Kovalev;

in 1998-1999 V. V. Putin;

in 1999- 2008 N. P. Patrushev;

since May 2008 - A. V. Bortnikov.

The structure of the FSB of Russia:

• Office of the National Anti-Terrorism Committee;
• Counterintelligence Service;
• Service for the Protection of the Constitutional System and the Fight against Terrorism;
• Economic Security Service;
• Operational Information and International Relations Service;
• Service of organizational and personnel work;
• Activity Support Service;
• Border Service;
• Scientific and technical service;
• control service;
• Investigation Department;
• Centers, departments;
• departments (departments) of the FSB of Russia for individual regions and constituent entities of the Russian Federation (territorial security agencies);
• border departments (departments, detachments) of the FSB of Russia (border agencies);
• other directorates (departments) of the FSB of Russia exercising certain powers of this body or ensuring the activities of the FSB bodies (other security bodies);
• aviation, railway, motor transport units, special training centers, special purpose units, enterprises, educational institutions, research, expert, forensic, military medical and military construction units, sanatoriums and other institutions and units designed to ensure activities federal security service.

VChK under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (1917 1922) GPU under the NKVD of the RSFSR (1922 1923) OGPU under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (1923 1934) ... Wikipedia

Toxicological laboratory of the NKVD NKGB MGB KGB is a special secret scientific research unit in the structure of the state security bodies of the USSR, engaged in research in the field of toxic substances and poisons. It was included in ... ... Wikipedia

Soviet Union / USSR / Union SSR Union State ← ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see the State Security Committee. "KGB" request redirects here; see also other meanings. Check neutrality. The talk page should ... Wikipedia

Beria, Lavrenty Pavlovich Lavrenty Pavlovich Beria cargo. ლავრენტი პავლეს ძე ბერია ... Wikipedia

Andropov, Yuri Vladimirovich "Andropov" redirects here; see also other meanings. Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov ... Wikipedia

The NKGB MGB is a special secret scientific research unit within the structure of the state security agencies of the USSR, engaged in research in the field of toxic substances and poisons. It was part of the Department of Operational Equipment of the NKVD NKGB ... ... Wikipedia

"Andropov" redirects here. See also other meanings. Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov ... Wikipedia

The central apparatus of the "Committee" included more than twenty departments and departments, which were located not only in several buildings on Dzerzhinsky Square (now Lubyanka), but also in various parts of Moscow. So, from the mid-seventies of the last century, the First Main Directorate (foreign intelligence) occupied a complex of buildings on the southwestern outskirts of Moscow - in Yasenevo.

Moscow, Lubyanskaya Square. The building of the State Security Committee (KGB). 1991

THE FIRST MAIN DEPARTMENT OF THE KGB OF THE USSR - foreign intelligence (created on March 18, 1954). The detailed structure of this division is given below.

SECOND MAIN DEPARTMENT OF THE KGB OF THE USSR - internal security and counterintelligence (created on March 18, 1954, by 1980 there were 17 departments in its structure):

Management "A" (analytical);

Office "P" (from September 1980 to October 25, 1982) - "protection of the interests of the defense capability and economic development of the USSR";

Department "T" - ensuring security in transport - (created in September 1973) operational support for MGTS, the Ministry of Communications, the Ministry of Marine Fleet, the Ministry of Fisheries, the Ministry of River Fleet, the Ministry of Civil Aviation (MGA), the central office of DOSAAF and their facilities; organization of counterintelligence work on railways, in the line of international, air, sea and road transportation, ensuring special and especially important transportation.

Independent departments that are part of the structure of the central apparatus of the Second Main Directorate of the KGB of the USSR:

1st division (USA and Latin America);
2nd Division (Great Britain and countries of the British Commonwealth);
3rd department (Germany, Austria and Scandinavian countries);
4th department (France and the rest of Europe);
5th Division (Japan, Australia);
6th division (developing countries);
7th department (tourists);
8th department (other foreigners);
9th department (students);
10th department (journalists, customs security service);
Department for Combating Terrorism.

THIRD MAIN DEPARTMENT OF THE KGB OF THE USSR - military counterintelligence (created on March 18, 1954, from February 1960 to June 1982 - the Third Directorate). The Glavka was subordinate to the Special Departments of the military districts deployed on the territory of Eastern Europe groups of troops, as well as special departments of certain types of ground forces and the Navy. Even the military security officers were engaged in counterintelligence support of the internal troops of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs.

Special departments in the military districts of the Soviet Union:

Red Banner Belarusian Military District (Belarus);

Red Banner Far Eastern Military District (Amur, Kamchatka, Sakhalin Regions, Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories);

Order of Lenin Trans-Baikal Military District (Irkutsk, Chita regions, Buryat, Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics, as well as troops stationed in Mongolia);

Red Banner Transcaucasian Military District (Azerbaijan, Armyansk, Georgian SSR);

Red Banner Kyiv Military District (Voroshilovograd, Dnepropetrovsk, Donetsk, Kyiv, Kirovograd, Poltava, Sumy, Kharkov, Cherkasy, Chernihiv regions of the Ukrainian SSR);

Order of Lenin Leningrad Military District (Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Leningrad, Murmansk, Novogorodsk, Pskov regions, Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic);

Orders of Lenin Moscow Military District (Belgorod, Bryansk, Vladimir, Voronezh, Gorky, Ivanovo, Kalinin, Kaluga, Kostroma, Kursk, Lipetsk, Moscow, Oryol, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tambov, Tula, Yaroslavl regions);

Red Banner Odessa Military District (Moldavian SSR, Zaporozhye, Crimean, Nikolaev, Odessa, Kherson regions of the Ukrainian SSR);

Red Banner Baltic Military District (Latvian, Lithuanian, Estonian SSR, Kaliningrad region);

Red Banner Volga Military District (Kuibyshev, Orenburg, Penza, Saratov, Ulyanovsk regions, Bashkir, Mari, Mordovian, Tatar, Chuvash Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics);

Red Banner Carpathian Military District (Vinnitsa, Zhytomyr, Ivano-Frankivsk, Lvov, Lutsk, Rivne, Ternopil, Uzhgorod, Khmelnitsky, Chernivtsi regions of the Ukrainian SSR);

Red Banner North Caucasian Military District (Krasnodar, Stavropol Territories, Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkarian, Kalmyk, North Ossetian, Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics, Astrakhan, Volgograd, Rostov Regions);

Red Banner Siberian Military District (Altai, Krasnoyarsk Territories, Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Tyumen Regions, Tuva Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic);

Red Banner Central Asian Military District (Kazakh, Kirghiz, Tajik SSR);

Red Banner Turkestan Military District (Turkmen, Uzbek SSR; including the 40th Combined Arms Army - the main part of the Limited Contingent of Soviet Troops in Afghanistan);

Red Banner Ural Military District (Komi, Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Kirov, Kurgan, Perm, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk regions).

Directorates of Special Departments in groups of Soviet troops stationed in the socialist countries of Eastern Europe:

Northern Group of Forces (Polish People's Republic);
Central Group of Forces (Czechoslovak Socialist Republic);
Southern Group of Forces (Hungarian People's Republic).

Directorate of Special Departments in the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany. Since 1954, the 3rd department (over-the-cord reconnaissance) has operated as part of this unit. Its employees, together with colleagues from the First Main Directorate of the KGB and the Ministry of State Security of the GDR, focused primarily on the development of individual intelligence agencies of West Germany and NATO. It was about the introduction of their agents into these bodies (including encryption and decryption), as well as the neutralization of the activities and misinformation of the technical intelligence of the enemy.

Directorate of Special Departments in the Strategic Rocket Forces.

Special departments in the air defense forces of the Soviet Union.

Special departments in the USSR Air Force.

Special departments in the USSR Navy:

Twice Red Banner Baltic Fleet (Kaliningrad);
Red Banner Northern Fleet (Severomorsk);
Red Banner Pacific Fleet (Vladivostok);
Red Banner Black Sea Fleet (Sevastopol);
Red Banner Baltic Flotilla (Baku);
Red Banner Leningrad Naval Base.

Directorate of Special Departments for Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR - created on August 13, 1983.

Department "B" (control of the Ministry of Internal Affairs) - was created on August 13, 1983 for the counterintelligence protection of the bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Earlier, in accordance with the decision of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU of December 27, 1982, more than 100 officers from among experienced senior operational and investigative workers were sent from the KGB to strengthen the apparatus of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

FOURTH DEPARTMENT OF THE KGB OF THE USSR - ensuring state security in transport (liquidated on February 5, 1960).

From July 25, 1967 to September 1973, its functions were performed by the 12th department of the Second Main Directorate, and from September 1973 to September 1981, Directorate "T" of the Second Main Directorate.

Restored on September 10, 1981 by Order of the KGB of the USSR No. 00170 of September 10, 1981 (the structure and staff were announced by Order of the KGB of the USSR No. 00175 of September 24, 1981);

FIFTH DEPARTMENT OF THE KGB OF THE USSR - ideological counterintelligence (Order of the KGB of the USSR No. 0096 of July 25, 1967). Its structure is shown below.

SIXTH DEPARTMENT OF THE KGB OF THE USSR - economic counterintelligence and industrial security (liquidated on February 5, 1960). Restored by the decision of the Board of the KGB "On measures to strengthen counterintelligence work to protect the country's economy from subversive actions of the enemy" (announced by Order of the KGB of the USSR No. 00210 of October 25, 1982). The structure and staff of the Sixth Directorate were announced by the Order of the KGB of the USSR No. 00215 of November 11, 1982. Previously, these tasks were solved by the 9th, 11th and 19th departments of the Second Main Directorate, and since September 1980 - the "P" Directorate as part of the same Glavka.

SEVENTH DEPARTMENT OF THE KGB OF THE USSR - Surveillance and protection of the foreign diplomatic corps (created on March 18, 1954).

The structure of the Glavka included:

Service ODP (protection of the diplomatic corps);

Group "A" (known as "Alpha") (formed by Order of the Chairman of the KGB No. 0089OV dated July 29, 1974) service of the ODP - Alpha group (reported directly to the Chairman of the KGB and the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU);

7th department (material and technical support of external surveillance equipment: cars, television cameras, photographic equipment, tape recorders, mirrors);

10th department (observation of public places visited by foreigners: parks, museums, theaters, shops, railway stations, airports);

11th department (supply of accessories necessary for surveillance: wigs, clothes, make-up);

12th department (surveillance of high-ranking foreigners).

EIGHTH MAIN DEPARTMENT OF THE KGB OF THE USSR - encryption service (established in March 1954).

NINTH DEPARTMENT OF THE KGB OF THE USSR - protection of the leaders of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Government of the USSR (created on March 18, 1954).

The Headquarters included:

Office of the Commandant of the Moscow Kremlin (from March 18, 1954 to June 25, 1959 - the Tenth Directorate of the KGB);
Commandant's office for the protection of buildings of the Central Committee of the CPSU.

FIFTEENTH DEPARTMENT OF THE KGB OF THE USSR - construction and operation of "reserve facilities" - bunkers for the leadership of the country in case of a nuclear war. Created by separation from the Ninth Directorate of the KGB (KGB Order No. 0020 of March 13, 1969). According to the temporary Regulations on this division of the Lubyanka (announced by KGB Order No. 0055 of June 1, 1971):

“... the main task of the Directorate is to ensure constant readiness for the immediate reception of those sheltered in protected points (objects) and the creation in them of the conditions necessary for normal work in a special period”;

The Fifteenth Directorate was supposed to carry out its work "in close cooperation with the Ninth Directorate of the KGB."

In September 1974, four departments were created in the Fifteenth Directorate of the KGB.

SIXTEENTH DEPARTMENT OF THE KGB OF THE USSR - electronic intelligence, radio interception and decryption (allocated on June 21, 1973 from the Eighth Directorate by Order of the KGB of the USSR No. 0056 of June 21, 1973). In this department there were departments:

1st department- opening ciphers. At his disposal he had a special machine for defense purposes (development of the Moscow Research Institute "Kvant" in the first half of the seventies of the last century) - the Bulat computer. Although the resources of this device were not enough. The work of analyzing the collected information, especially on the ground, was carried out, as one of the former employees of the Sixteenth Directorate told journalist Yevgeny Pakhomov in 2000, mainly “manually”:

“We did not dare to dream that, like the Americans, to send each interception for computer analysis. I remember those long rows of cabinets stuffed with dusty folders with filed but undeciphered materials. In fact, we worked in the closet”;

3rd department- translation of the correspondence read into Russian;

4th department- processing of materials received from the Third Department and distribution to consumers.

There were three types of documents:

• Brochures for the leaders of the country and the party. In the seventies of the last century, these were members of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the CPSU Leonid Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov, Andrei Gromyko, Kirilenko, Mikhail Suslov and Dmitry Ustinov.
• Brochures for the chiefs of the First and Second Main Departments of the KGB.
• Materials for management of other interested departments.

In fact, the 4th department played the role of an information and analytical unit;

5th department- was engaged in the analysis of cipher systems and carried out communication with the relevant intelligence services of the countries - participants of the Warsaw Pact organization and states friendly to the USSR;

First service- was responsible for "bookmarks" and other technical methods of penetration into foreign embassies. Its structure included the following departments:

1st department - analysis of foreign cipher communications equipment for the installation of "bugs" in it, development of methods for intercepting signals emitted by this equipment;

2nd department - interception of these signals and their processing;

3rd department - communication with customs authorities and other institutions, with the help of which operations were carried out to lay and remove "bugs";

The 5th department "cleared" the intercepted signals from interference.

Also subordinate to the head of the Sixteenth Directorate of the KGB of the USSR were the KGB electronic intelligence posts located outside the Soviet Union. Most of these units were located on the territory of Soviet diplomatic missions.

More about them will be discussed below.

MAIN DEPARTMENT OF THE BORDER TROOPS(created on April 2, 1957) KGB of the USSR. Its structure included:

Headquarters of the border troops;
Political management;
Intelligence Directorate.

The frontier districts were subordinate to the head:

Baltic border district (Riga);
Far Eastern Border District (Khabarovsk);
Trans-Baikal border district (Chita);
Transcaucasian border district (Tbilisi);
Western border district (Kyiv);
Kamchatka border district (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky);
North-Western border district (Leningrad);
Central Asian border district (Ashgabat);
Pacific Border District (Vladivostok);
Southern border district (Alma-Ata).

Separately, it is necessary to highlight the educational institutions of the Main Directorate of the KGB Border Troops. The system of training officers of the border troops included:

Alma-Ata Higher Border Command School of the KGB;
Moscow Higher Border Command Red Banner School of the KGB;
School for the preparation of commandants of foreign missions of the USSR.

According to the last Chairman of the KGB, Vadim Bakatin, in the late 1980s, "this central office accounted for about half of the KGB staff and budget."

DEPARTMENT OF GOVERNMENTAL COMMUNICATIONS (UPS) of the KGB of the USSR (Created by order of the KGB of the USSR No. 0019 dated March 13, 1969 on the basis of the Department of Government Communications).

In its structure there were divisions:

Headquarters of the government communications troops;

ATS-1 - urban telephone communication for the highest category of subscribers (about 2000 numbers in 1982);

ATS-2 - urban government communications (about 7,000 subscribers in Moscow and 10,000 in the country (including zone stations) in 1983);

PM (HF) communications - government long-distance communications (about 5,000 subscribers in 2004) - HF communications devices were in the capitals of the socialist states, embassies and consulates general, headquarters of Soviet foreign groups of troops, etc.

Personnel for the UPS were trained in two military technical schools.

In the Oryol Higher Command School of Communications. M. I. Kalinin (faculties "Long-distance (government) communications", "Wired and semiconductor communications", etc.) - created in accordance with the Order of the Chairman of the KGB No. 0212 dated June 14, 1971 October 1, 1972. By 1975, 2,303 officers had been trained, of which 1,454 (that is, 63.2%) graduates were sent directly to the government communications troops. From 1976 to 1993, the school trained about 4,000 specialists, of which more than 60% were sent to government communications agencies and troops.

At the Military Technical School of the KGB (VTU). It was founded in accordance with the Order of the Chairman of the KGB No. 0287 of September 27, 1965 on the basis of the military camp of the 95th border detachment and the first building of the Higher Border Command School, the educational process began on September 1, 1966 (training period - 3 years, retraining courses - from 3 up to 5 months). More than 60% of graduates trained directly for the government communications troops, the rest - for the bodies and troops of the KGB and the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

INVESTIGATION DEPARTMENT OF THE KGB OF THE USSR. According to the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 99-33 of February 13, 1973, he received the status and rights of independent management, without changing the formal name;

TENTH DEPARTMENT OF THE KGB OF THE USSR (created on October 21, 1966) - accounting, statistics, archives;

OPERATIONAL AND TECHNICAL DEPARTMENT (OTU) of the KGB of the USSR. Among the divisions of this department should be highlighted:

6th department (created on July 2, 1959, since June 1983 - the Sixth Service) - perusal of correspondence;
Central Research Institute for Special Research;
Central Research Institute of Special Equipment.

The department also dealt with:

• production of documents for operational purposes, examination of handwriting and documents;
• radio counterintelligence;
• production of opera equipment.

MILITARY CONSTRUCTION DEPARTMENT OF THE KGB OF THE USSR (Created in accordance with the order of the KGB of the USSR No. 05 of January 4, 1973 on the basis of the military construction department of the KHOZU).

PERSONNEL DEPARTMENT OF THE KGB OF THE USSR (created March 18, 1954).

FPO - financial and planning department of the KGB of the USSR.

MOBILIZATION DEPARTMENT OF THE KGB OF THE USSR.

HOZU - economic department of the KGB of the USSR.

SECRETARIAT OF THE KGB OF THE USSR (since July 18, 1980, the KGB Department of Affairs (Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 616-201 of July 18, 1980).

INSPECTION UNDER THE CHAIRMAN OF THE KGB OF THE USSR (since November 27, 1970, the Inspectorate Department (Order of the KGB of the USSR No. 0569 of November 27, 1970).

By order of the KGB No. 0253 of August 12, 1967, the Group of Referents under the Chairman of the KGB was renamed the Inspectorate under the Chairman of the KGB. Order No. 00143 of October 30, 1967 announced that the Inspectorate:

"... was created for the purpose of organizing and implementing in the Committee and its local bodies the control and verification of the implementation of the most important Leninist principle of the activities of the Communist Party and the Soviet state, a proven means of improving the state apparatus and strengthening ties with the people."

The status of the new division was determined in the regulation:

"... is an operational control and inspection apparatus (on the rights of independent management of the Committee and is subordinate to the Chairman of the Committee."

Tasks of the Inspectorate:

“The main thing in the work of the Inspectorate is to assist the leadership of the Committee in state security in the clear and timely fulfillment of the tasks assigned to the bodies and troops of the KGB, the organization of a systematic verification of the implementation of decisions of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Soviet government and legal acts of the KGB in the interests of further improving agent-operational, investigative work and work with personnel. The inspectorate subordinates all its activities to the strictest observance of socialist legality.

TWELVE DEPARTMENT OF THE KGB OF THE USSR (created by Order of the KGB of the USSR No. 00147 of November 20, 1967) - the use of opera equipment (including listening to phones and premises).

Group of consultants under the Chairman of the KGB of the USSR- established by order of the KGB of the USSR No. 00112 dated August 19, 1967 with a total staff of 10 people (the staff included 4 senior consultants, 4 consultants).

Representation of the KGB of the USSR in the GDR - had the status of an independent department of the KGB of the USSR.

Communications Bureau of the KGB of the USSR with publishing houses and mass media ("KGB Press Bureau") (separated into an independent unit on November 26, 1969, before that it was part of the Group of Consultants under the Chairman of the KGB).

Military medical department of the KGB of the USSR- Established in 1982 on the basis of the medical department of HOZU.

Legal Bureau of the KGB of the USSR- began work on January 1, 1979.

Duty service of the KGB of the USSR(Head of the Duty Service - 1st Deputy Head of the Secretariat).

Party committee of the KGB of the USSR.

SOVIET FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE - THE FIRST MAIN DEPARTMENT OF THE KGB

The structure of the central apparatus of foreign intelligence in the seventies of the last century included: the leadership of the department (the head of the PGU KGB of the USSR, his deputy for geographical regions (for the Americas, Europe, Asia, the Middle East and Asia, etc.) and the collegium of the PGU KGB USSR); administrative and technical units (secretariat, personnel department); management, linear (geographical) departments and services.

Departments of the PGU KGB of the USSR:

Directorate "C" (illegal intelligence);
Office "T" (scientific and technical intelligence);
Directorate "K" (foreign counterintelligence);
Department of operational technology.

Services of PSU KGB of the USSR:

1st service (information and analytical);
Service "A" (active events);
Service "R" (intelligence and analytical);
Encryption service.
Linear (geographical) departments:
USA and Canada;
Latin America;
England and Northern Europe;
Southern Europe;
Middle East;
Middle East;
South-East Asia;
Africa;
Central Asia, etc.

In total, PSU at that time had up to 20 departments.

The structure of the central apparatus of the Soviet foreign intelligence in the eighties of the last century included: management (head of the head office and his deputies) included in the collegium; administrative and economic divisions; operational management and services; geographic departments.

Administrative and economic divisions:

Secretariat; duty unit; Human Resources Department; administrative department; financial department; department of diplomatic service; operational library.

Operational departments and services:

Office "C" (illegal intelligence); management "T" (scientific and technical intelligence); department "K" (foreign counterintelligence); information and analytical management; department "R" (operational planning and analysis - carried out a detailed analysis of CCGT operations abroad); department "A" (active measures - was responsible for conducting disinformation operations and worked in close contact with the relevant departments of the Central Committee of the CPSU (International, Propaganda and Socialist Countries); department "I" (computer service of PSU); department "RT" (intelligence operations on territory of the Soviet Union); department "OT" (operational and technical); service "R" (radio communications); service "A" of the Eighth Main Directorate (ciphering service of the CCGT).

Intelligence Institute.

Geographic departments:

1st department - USA and Canada; 2nd division - Latin America; 3rd department - Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Scandinavia; 4th department - East Germany, West Germany, Austria; 5th department - Benelux countries, France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Greece, Italy, Yugoslavia, Albania and Romania; 6th department - China, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, North Korea; 7th department - Thailand, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines; 8th department - non-Arab countries of the Middle East, including Afghanistan, Iran, Israel and Turkey; 9th department - English-speaking countries of Africa; 10th department - French-speaking countries of Africa; 11th department - contacts with socialist countries; 15th department - registration and archives; 16th department - electronic interception and operations against cryptographic services of foreign states; 17th department - India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh and Burma; 18th department - Arab countries of the Middle East, Egypt; 19th department - emigration; 20th department - contacts with developing countries.

The structure of the legal foreign residency of the Soviet foreign intelligence included: a resident; operational and support staff.

Operational staff:

Deputy Resident for the “PR” line (political, economic and military-strategic intelligence, active measures), line employees, reporter;

Deputy Resident for the "KR" line (foreign counterintelligence and security), line staff, embassy security officer;

Deputy resident on line "X" (scientific and technical intelligence), employees of the line;

Deputy resident on line "L" (illegal intelligence), employees of the line;

Employees of the EM line (emigration);

Special Reserve staff.

Support staff:

Officer of operational and technical support, employees of the "Impulse" group (coordination of radio communications of observation groups); officer of the "RP" direction (electronic intelligence); employees of the "I" direction (computer service); cryptographer; radio operator; operational driver; secretary-typist, accountant.

In the operational subordination of the residents were the posts of electronic intelligence. Their main task is to intercept messages transmitted through closed local communication channels using special technical means. All the data obtained in this way was transferred by the employees of the electronic intelligence posts to the Sixteenth Directorate of the KGB of the USSR, which was engaged in the further processing of this information. Electronic intelligence posts worked in conjunction with the 16th department of the PGU of the KGB of the USSR, which specialized in recruiting foreign cryptographers and infiltrating cryptographic authorities.

Radio intelligence posts abroad:

• "Radar" - Mexico City (Mexico) - since 1963;
• "Pochin-1" - Washington (USA) - since 1966 - the building of the Soviet embassy;
• "Pochin-2" - Washington - since 1966 - a residential complex of the Soviet embassy;
• "Proba-1" - New York (USA) - since 1967 - the premises of the Soviet mission to the UN;
• "Proba-2" - New York (USA) - since 1967 - the dacha of the Soviet embassy on Long Island;
• "Spring" - San Francisco (USA);
• "Zephyr" - Washington;
• "Rocket" - New York;
• "Ruby" - San Francisco;
• Name unknown - Ottawa (Canada);
• "Venus" - Montreal (Canada);
• "Termite-S" - Havana (Cuba);
• "Maple" - Brasilia (administrative capital of Brazil);
• "Island" - Reykjavik (Iceland);
• "Mercury" - London (Great Britain);
• "North" - Oslo (Norway);
• "Jupiter" - Paris (France);
• "Centaurus-1" - Bonn (Germany);
• "Centaurus-2" - Cologne (Germany);
• "Tirol-1" - Salzburg (Austria);
• "Tirol-2" - Vienna (Austria);
• "Elbrus" - Bern (Switzerland);
• "Kavkaz" - Geneva (Switzerland);
• "Start" - Rome (Italy);
• "Altai" - Lisbon (Portugal);
• "Rainbow" - Athens (Greece);
• "Tulip" - The Hague (Netherlands);
• "Vega" - Brussels (Belgium);
• "Sail" - Belgrade (Yugoslavia);
• "Rainbow-T" - Ankara (Turkey);
• "Sirius" - Istanbul (Turkey);
• "Mars" - Tehran (Irin);
• "Orion" - Cairo (Egypt);
• "Sigma" - Damascus (Syria);
• "Dawn" - Tokyo (Japan);
• "Crab" - Beijing (China);
• "Cupid" - Hanoi (Vietnam);
• "Dolphin" - Jakarta (Indonesia);
• "Crimea" - Nairobi (Kenya);
• "Termite-P", "Termite-S" - Radio Interception Center in Lourdes (Cuba);
• Radio interception base in Cam Ranh Bay (Vietnam).

Usually, each of the posts was serviced by one technician, since all the equipment worked in an automated mode. As a rule, the wives of employees of the KGB embassy residency were given to help him.

According to Western authors, in 1971 alone, 15 KGB electronic intelligence posts intercepted 62,000 diplomatic and military encrypted telegrams from sixty countries, as well as more than 25,000 messages transmitted in clear text.

Each post of electronic intelligence had to submit in November to the Center (to the Sixteenth Directorate of the KGB of the USSR) an annual report, in which the following should be indicated in detail: the content of encrypted and open materials intercepted during the year; percentage of operationally significant intercepts; new identified communication channels of intelligence interest; characteristics of the "situation in terms of radio intelligence" in the country in question; the degree of fulfillment by the post of tasks, measures to ensure the security and secrecy of work; conclusions about the work done and plans for the next year.

By the end of the nineties of the last century, it was planned to increase the number of electronic intelligence posts located on the territory of Soviet foreign missions to 40-50 and increase the volume by 5-8 times. These plans were never implemented.

If we are talking about radio monitoring, then we should not forget that the electronic intelligence posts recorded and processed not only “open” messages, but also encrypted ones. Thanks to cryptographers from the Eighth Directorate of the KGB (extraction of cipher documents), many cipher systems used by foreign diplomatic departments were cracked. So, in the annual report of the KGB, addressed to Nikita Khrushchev and dated the beginning of 1961, it is said that in 1960 the Eighth Directorate of the KGB deciphered 209 thousand diplomatic telegrams sent by representatives of 51 states. No less than 133,200 intercepted telegrams were handed over to the Central Committee (no doubt mainly to the international department of the Central Committee). By 1967, the KGB could crack 152 ciphers used by 72 countries.

According to a British intelligence agent (arrested and sentenced to 10 years for treason in 1987), a former employee of the Sixteenth Directorate of the KGB, Viktor Makarov, from 1980 to 1986, Denmark was among the European states whose diplomatic correspondence was then deciphered with one frequency or another. , Finland, France, Greece, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland and West Germany. A daily selection of the most interesting reports was read by Leonid Brezhnev and several members of the Politburo. Also, the heads of the First and Second Directorates of the KGB got acquainted with the diplomatic correspondence.

According to individual Western experts, Moscow could partially or completely read the diplomatic correspondence of about seventy countries of the world.

The work of the First Main Directorate of the KGB was regulated by many documents, incl. and the so-called "Intelligence Doctrine". Here is her text:

“In the context of the split of the world into two warring camps, the presence of weapons of mass destruction in the enemy, a sharp increase in the factor of surprise in a nuclear missile war, the main task of intelligence is to identify the military-strategic plans of the states opposing the USSR, timely warning the government of imminent crisis situations and preventing a sudden attacks on the Soviet Union or countries connected with the USSR by allied treaties.

Proceeding from this task, the KGB intelligence directs its efforts to solving key problems that are potentially fraught with international conflicts and that, in the event of an unfavorable development of events, both in the short and long term, pose a direct danger to the Soviet state and the socialist community as a whole. First of all, it takes into account the factors on which the current balance of forces on the world stage depends, as well as possible fundamental changes in the existing balance.

These include in particular:

• the emergence of a new political situation in the United States, in which representatives of extremely aggressive circles, who are inclined to deliver a preventive missile strike against the USSR, will prevail;
• the emergence of a similar situation in the FRG or Japan, backed up by revanchist and great-power aspirations;
• the development of extremely adventuristic, leftist views, as a result of which individual states or groups of states can provoke a world war in order to change the existing change of forces;
• the attempts of the imperialist forces in various forms to divide the socialist community, to isolate and separate individual countries from it;
• the emergence of crisis situations of a military-political nature in certain strategically important regions and countries, the development of which may threaten the existing balance or draw the great powers into direct confrontation with the prospect of escalating into a world war;
• the development of a similar situation in border and neighboring non-socialist countries;
• a qualitatively new leap in the development of scientific and technical thought, providing the enemy with a clear superiority in military potential and means of warfare.
• Acting in accordance with directives at the direction of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Soviet government, the foreign intelligence of the KGB simultaneously solves the following main tasks.

In the military-political area:

• timely reveals the political, military-political and economic plans and intentions, especially long-term ones, of the main imperialist states, primarily the United States, its allies in aggressive blocs, as well as the Mao Zedong group in relation to the Soviet Union and other socialist countries;
• reveals the enemy's plans aimed at weakening the socialist community and undermining its unity;
• systematically studies the political situation in the socialist countries, paying special attention to the activities of imperialist agents, anti-socialist, revanchist and nationalist elements. Strengthens cooperation and interaction with the security agencies of the socialist states;
• obtains information about the enemy's plans to combat the communist, workers' and national liberation movements;
• monitors the situation in the non-socialist states adjacent to the Soviet Union, their foreign policy, their possible attempts at an anti-Soviet conspiracy or the commission of actions hostile to the USSR;
• obtains secret information about the behind-the-scenes aspects of the internal political, military and economic situation of the countries of the main enemy, existing and emerging internal and international contradictions, the situation in military-political blocs, economic groupings and other data necessary for the development and implementation of Soviet foreign policy;
• reveals the enemy's vulnerabilities and, in cooperation with other Soviet departments, takes measures to weaken and undermine his political, economic and military positions, to divert his attention from those regions and countries where enemy activity can harm the interests of the Soviet Union;
• conducts a comprehensive and continuous analysis and forecasting of international problems that are the most urgent and acute from the point of view of the interests of the Soviet Union, the socialist community and the international communist movement as a whole.

In the scientific and technical field:

• obtains secret information about the nuclear missile weapons of the countries of the main enemy and their allies in the military-political blocs, about other means of mass destruction and protection against them, as well as specific data on the prospects for the direction in science, technology and production technology in the leading capitalist states, the use which could contribute to the strengthening of the military-economic and scientific-technical progress of the USSR;
• timely reveals and predicts new discoveries and trends in the development of foreign science and technology, which can lead to a significant jump in the scientific, technical and military potential of the enemy or the creation of new types of weapons that can radically change the existing balance of forces in the world;
• analyzes, summarizes and, through the relevant departments, sells the obtained intelligence materials on theoretical and applied research, weapons systems and their elements being created and operating, new technological processes, issues of the military economy and control systems.

In the field of foreign counterintelligence:

• obtains information abroad about the hostile intentions, plans, forms and methods of practical activity of the intelligence and counterintelligence services of the main enemy, psychological warfare agencies and centers of ideological sabotage against the Soviet Union, the entire socialist camp, communist and national liberation movements;
• identifies hostile intelligence officers and agents being prepared for sending to the Soviet Union, methods and channels of their communication, assignments. Together with other divisions of the KGB and the security agencies of the socialist countries, it takes measures to suppress their subversive activities;
• carries out measures to compromise and misinform enemy intelligence services, divert and disperse their forces;
• ensures the safety of state secrets abroad, the security of Soviet institutions and seconded Soviet citizens, as well as the activities of intelligence residencies of the KGB;
• accumulates and analyzes information about the subversive work of the main enemy's special services, and, on the basis of the material received, develops recommendations for improving intelligence and counterintelligence work behind the cordon.

In the field of active operations, it carries out activities that contribute to:

• solution of the foreign policy tasks of the Soviet Union;
• exposing and disrupting the enemy's ideological sabotage against the USSR and the socialist community;
• consolidation of the international communist movement, intensification of the national liberation, anti-imperialist struggle;
• the growth of the economic, scientific and technical might of the Soviet Union;
• exposing the military preparations of states hostile to the USSR;
• disinformation of the enemy regarding the foreign policy, military and intelligence actions prepared or carried out by the USSR, the state of the military, economic, scientific and technical potential of the country;
• compromising the most dangerous anti-communist and anti-Soviet figures, the worst enemies of the Soviet state.

When conducting active intelligence operations, depending on the specific conditions, use not only their own forces, specific means and methods, but also the capabilities of the KGB as a whole, other Soviet institutions, departments and organizations, as well as the armed forces.

In the field of special operations, using especially sharp means of combat:

• carries out sabotage actions with the aim of disorganizing the activities of special enemy agencies, as well as individual government, political, military facilities in the event of a special period or a crisis situation;
• conducts special measures in relation to traitors to the motherland and operations to suppress the anti-Soviet activities of the most active enemies of the Soviet state;
• carries out the capture and covert delivery to the USSR of persons who are carriers of important state and other sectors of the enemy, samples of weapons, equipment, secret documentation;
• creates the prerequisites for the use in the interests of the USSR of individual centers of the anti-imperialist movement and partisan struggle on the territory of foreign countries;
• provides communications on special assignments and provides assistance with weapons, instructor personnel, etc., to the leadership of fraternal communist parties, progressive groups and organizations conducting armed struggle in conditions of isolation from the outside world.

Based on the possibility of a crisis situation and the unleashing of a nuclear missile war against the Soviet Union by progressive circles, the foreign intelligence of the USSR ensures in advance and systematically the survivability and effectiveness of intelligence apparatuses, their deployment in the most important points and countries, the introduction of agents into the main objects, the uninterrupted receipt of information about the enemy . To this end, it constantly trains the intelligence network and other forces, maintains their combat readiness, and also provides training for all intelligence personnel, and especially its illegal apparatus.

POLITICAL INVESTIGATION - THE FIFTH DEPARTMENT OF THE KGB OF THE USSR

The central office of the Fifth Directorate of the KGB of the USSR consisted of fifteen operational and analytical departments, a personnel group, a secretariat, a mobilization work group and a financial department. Briefly describe each of the departments.

Head of Department, his first deputy and two other deputies. The maximum military rank of lieutenant general was established for two heads of department, for deputies - major general, and for heads of departments - colonel.

1st Department - counterintelligence work on the channels of cultural exchange, the development of foreigners, work through creative unions, research institutes, cultural institutions and medical institutions.

2nd department - planning and implementation of counterintelligence measures together with the PGU against the centers of ideological sabotage of the imperialist states, suppression of the activities of the NTS, nationalist and chauvinist elements.

3rd department - counterintelligence work on the student exchange channel, suppression of hostile activities of student youth and faculty.

4th department - counterintelligence work among religious, Zionist and sectarian elements and against foreign religious centers.

5th department - practical assistance to local KGB bodies in preventing mass antisocial manifestations. Search for authors of anti-Soviet anonymous documents, leaflets. Terror signal check.

6th department - generalization and analysis of data on the activities of the enemy to carry out ideological sabotage. Development of measures for long-term planning and information work.

7th department - (established in August 1969). Officially, its functions were designated as "identification and verification of persons who have intentions to use explosives and explosive devices for anti-Soviet purposes." The functions of searching for the authors of anti-Soviet anonymous documents, checking signals on the "central terror", developing individuals according to this "color" and monitoring the behavior of such developments in local KGB bodies were transferred to the same department. Terror was understood as any oral and written threats against the leaders of the country. The investigation of threats against local leaders (“local terror”) was carried out by local KGB authorities.

8th department - (established in July 1973) - "identification and suppression of ideological sabotage actions of subversive Zionist centers."

9th department (established in May 1974) - “conducting the most important developments on persons suspected of organized anti-Soviet activities (except for nationalists, churchmen, sectarians); detection and suppression of the hostile activities of persons producing and distributing anti-Soviet materials; carrying out intelligence and operational measures to uncover the anti-Soviet activities of foreign revisionist centers on the territory of the USSR.

10th department - (created in May 1974) - "carrying out counterintelligence activities (together with the PSU) against the centers of ideological sabotage of the imperialist states and foreign anti-Soviet organizations (except for hostile organizations of Ukrainian and Baltic nationalists)".

11th department - (established in June 1977) - "implementation of operational-Chekist measures to disrupt the subversive actions of the enemy and hostile elements during the preparation and holding of the Summer Olympic Games in Moscow." However, after the Games were held in the summer of 1980, the department was not closed, but was entrusted with the task of monitoring sports, medical, trade union and scientific organizations.

12th group (as a department) - coordination of the work of the administration with the security agencies of the socialist countries.

The 13th department (created in February 1982) - "identification and suppression of manifestations that tend to develop into politically harmful groupings that contribute to the enemy's ideological sabotage against the USSR." In fact, it was about informal youth movements - Hare Krishnas, punks, rockers, mystics, etc., which in the early eighties of the last century began to appear like mushrooms after rain. The emergence of this department was the reaction of the KGB to the exit of young people from the control of the Komsomol.

The 14th department (established in February 1982) - "work to prevent actions of ideological sabotage directed at the sphere of the Union of Journalists of the USSR, employees of the media and socio-political organizations."

The 15th department (established in November 1983) - counterintelligence in all departments and at all facilities of the Dynamo sports society.

According to Order No. 0096 of July 27, 1967, the staff of the formed Fifth Directorate of the KGB amounted to 201 positions, and the First Deputy Chairman of the KGB S.K. Tsvigun. By 1982, the management staff increased to 424 people. In total, 2.5 thousand employees served in the USSR through this department. On average, 10 people worked in the territorial departments of the KGB in the 5th service or department. The agent apparatus was also optimal, on average there were 200 agents per region.

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS OF THE KGB OF THE USSR

Let's briefly talk about higher educational institutions that were part of the structure of the KGB of the USSR.

Higher Red Banner School of the KGB. F.E. Dzerzhinsky (VKSh).

The main "forge of personnel" for various departments (except for foreign intelligence and border troops) of the KGB. The structure of this university included faculties:

Faculty of Investigation (from 1969 to 1979, the department for training investigators at the Higher Command School);

Faculty No. 1 - training of military counterintelligence officers;

Faculty No. 2 - training of counterintelligence operatives who speak Western and Eastern languages;

Faculty No. 3 - training of counterintelligence operatives who speak Oriental languages ​​(established on September 1, 1974);

Faculty No. 5 - "Faculty for advanced training of the leadership and specialists of the State Security Committee." Created June 11, 1979. Main tasks: training the leadership of the KGB of the USSR from party, Soviet and Komsomol workers; advanced training of the leadership and specialists of the KGB of the USSR;

Faculty No. 6 - training of graduates and advanced training of the operational and management staff of the security agencies of friendly countries. Created July 12, 1971;

Retraining and advanced training courses for the management and operational staff of operational and technical units. Opened September 3, 1971. Since 1996 - Faculty No. 7;

Faculty No. 8 - distance learning;

Faculty No. 9 - training of operational personnel who speak foreign languages ​​​​of the state of the Middle East and Africa (languages: Fula, Hausa and Sauhili). Created September 1, 1980;

Faculty of Technology.

Special courses of the KGB of the USSR at the Higher Command of the KGB (other official names: KUOS (advanced courses for officers) and military unit 93526 - were created on March 19, 1969 by decree of the USSR Council of Ministers as an autonomous educational unit on the rights of a separate faculty - the department of special disciplines (special department). The term of study is seven months.We were part of the Faculty No. 1 of the Higher School of Commissariat of the KGB of the USSR.

Special courses during 1970-1990 annually produced 60-65 commanders of operational reconnaissance groups for operations behind enemy lines.

Red Banner Intelligence Institute of the KGB of the USSR. Trained personnel for foreign intelligence units.

Higher training courses for operational staff with a one-year training period. They trained personnel for various operational units of the KGB from among those who already had a higher education. They were located in various cities of the Soviet Union:

Higher training courses for the operational staff of the KGB in Minsk;
Higher training courses for the operational staff of the KGB in Kyiv;
Higher training courses for the operational staff of the KGB in Tbilisi;
Higher training courses for the operational staff of the KGB in Tashkent;
Higher training courses for the operational staff of the KGB in Sverdlovsk;
Higher training courses for the operational staff of the KGB in Novosibirsk;
Higher training courses for the operational staff of the KGB in Leningrad.

A separate training center (military unit 35690) - located in Balashikha-2 (Moscow region), the training center of the Alpha group (Surf).

Military technical school of the KGB.

In accordance with the order of the Chairman of the KGB under the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 0287 dated September 27, 1965, by June 1, 1966, in the city of Bagrationovsk, Kaliningrad Region, on the basis of the military camp of the 95th border detachment and the first corps of the Higher Border Command School, the Military Technical School was formed (VTU) KGB under the Council of Ministers of the USSR for the training of liaison officers of the bodies and troops of the KGB.

The term of training for cadets of the VTU was set at 3 years, and for students of retraining courses - 3-5 months. All the cadets who graduated in 1966 from the 1st and 2nd courses of study were transferred from the Moscow Border School. S.G. was appointed head of the school. Orekhov.

On August 31, 1966, on the basis of the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, Deputy Chairman of the KGB, Major General L.I. Pankratov, on behalf of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, presented the VTU with the Battle Red Banner and the Diploma of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. This day is annually celebrated as the day of the formation of the school. On September 1, 1966, the educational process began. Organizationally, VTU was represented by: the management of the school; cycles and individual disciplines (foundations of future departments); main divisions (cadet divisions by courses); officer retraining division; training support and service units.

Each cadet division provided for training in profiles. More than 60% of graduates trained directly for the government communications troops, the rest - for the bodies and troops of the KGB and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The rapid development of communications equipment and the technical re-equipment of the troops dictated the urgent need for higher engineering training of signal officers.

In accordance with the order of the Chairman of the KGB under the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 02012 dated June 14, 1971, the Military Technical School on October 1, 1972 was transformed into the Oryol Higher Military Command School of Communications (OVVKUS) for the training of command officers with higher education. In July 1972, the first set of cadets for a 4-year training was made in Orel. Departments are created on the basis of cycles and individual disciplines. A transition to the battalion system of training cadets is underway. A large-scale construction of an educational and administrative complex, lecture halls, cadet barracks and other facilities begins. In August 1973, V.A. was appointed head of the OVVKUS. Martynov. By 1975, 2,303 officers had graduated from the average profile, of which 1,454 were sent directly to the government communications troops (that is, 63.2%). In July 1976, the first graduation of officers was made with the assignment of engineering qualifications and the presentation of diplomas of higher education of the all-Union standard. By order of the Chairman of the KGB under the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 97 of July 12, 1976, the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of June 17, 1976 No. 471 was announced on awarding the Oryol Higher Military Command School of Communications of the KGB under the USSR Council of Ministers named after M. I. Kalinin for the high performance achieved in the training of officers frames. In 1993, the last release of officers under the 4-year program was made. From 1976 to 1993, the school trained about 4,000 specialists, of which more than 60% were sent to government communications agencies and troops.

This is often read with:

The State Security Committee undoubtedly rightfully belonged to the strongest and most powerful intelligence services in the world.

Creation of the KGB of the USSR

The political decision to separate the structures of state security agencies from the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs into an autonomous department was made in February 1954 on the basis of a note by the Minister of Internal Affairs S.N. Kruglov to the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU.
This note, in part, said:
“The existing organizational structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR and its bodies is cumbersome and unable to provide the proper level of intelligence and operational work in the light of the tasks assigned to Soviet intelligence by the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Soviet Government.
In order to create the necessary conditions for improving intelligence and counterintelligence work, we consider it expedient to separate from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR operational security departments and departments and on their basis to create a Committee for State Security Affairs under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. 3
Thus, the KGB, having become a committee under the Council of Ministers of the USSR, was, with the rights of the union-republican ministry, the central body of state administration in the field of ensuring the state security of the Soviet Union. Such a significant lowering of the state-legal status compared to the Ministry of State Security that existed since 1946 was mainly due to the distrust and suspicion of Khrushchev and other then leaders of the country in relation to the state security agencies and their leaders. The latter circumstances affected both the situation within the KGB of the USSR and the fate of the USSR as a whole.

Tasks of the KGB of the USSR

According to the decision of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the following tasks were assigned to the State Security Committee under the Council of Ministers of the USSR:
a) conducting intelligence work in capitalist countries;
b) the fight against espionage, sabotage, terrorist and other subversive activities of foreign intelligence services within the USSR;
c) combating the hostile activities of various kinds of anti-Soviet elements within the USSR;
d) counterintelligence work in the Soviet Army and Navy;
e) organization of encryption and decryption business in the country;
f) protection of the leaders of the party and government.
The tasks of one of the most important activities of the KGB - foreign intelligence, were specified in the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU of June 30, 1954 "On measures to strengthen the intelligence work of state security agencies abroad."
It demanded that all efforts be directed to organizing work in the leading Western countries of the United States and
Great Britain, which were an old geopolitical rival of Russia, as well as "the countries they used to fight against the Soviet Union - primarily West Germany, France, Austria, Turkey, Iran, Pakistan and Japan." 3

Leadership of the KGB of the USSR

By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of March 13, 1954, Colonel-General Ivan Aleksandrovich Serov, who had previously been Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs, was appointed the first chairman of the KGB.
His deputies were K.F. Lunev (first deputy), I.T. Savchenko, P.I. Grigoriev, V.A. Lukshin, P.I. Ivashutin.
It was during Serov's tenure as chairman of the KGB under the Council of Ministers of the USSR that the review of previously instituted criminal cases on "counter-revolutionary crimes" began, and the purge and reduction in the size of the state security bodies, as well as the announcement of N.S. Khrushchev on February 25, 1956, to the delegates of the XX Congress of the CPSU of a special report on the cult of personality I.V. Stalin and its consequences, and many other important events in the history of the USSR.
In the future, the Chairmen of the KGB of the USSR were:

	Shelepin, Alexander Nikolaevich (1958 - 1961);
	Semichastny, Vladimir Efimovich (1961 - 1967);
	Andropov, Yuri Vladimirovich (1967 - 1982);
	Fedorchuk, Vitaly Vasilyevich (May - December 1982);
	Chebrikov, Viktor Mikhailovich (1982 - 1988);
	Kryuchkov, Vladimir Alexandrovich (1988 - August 1991);
	Bakatin, Vadim Viktorovich (August - December 1991).

The structure of the KGB of the USSR

By order of the Chairman of the KGB under the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated March 18, 1954, the structure of the Committee was determined, in which, apart from auxiliary and support units, the following were formed:
- First Main Directorate (PGU, intelligence abroad - head A.S. Panyushkin);
- Second Main Directorate (VSU, counterintelligence - P.V. Fedotov);
- Third Main Directorate (military counterintelligence - D.S. Leonov);
— The Fourth Directorate (the fight against the anti-Soviet underground, nationalist formations and hostile elements — F.P. Kharitonov);
- Fifth Directorate (counterintelligence work at especially important facilities - P.I. Ivashutin);
- Sixth Directorate (counterintelligence work in transport - M.I. Egorov);
- Seventh Directorate (surveillance - G.P. Dobrynin);
- Eighth Main Directorate (encryption and decryption - V.A. Lukshin);
- Ninth Directorate (protection of the leaders of the party and government - V.I. Ustinov);
- Tenth Directorate (Office of the commandant of the Moscow Kremlin - A.Ya. Vedenin);
- Investigation Department.
September 27, 1954 in the KGB was organized by the Department of troops of the government "HF" communications.
On April 2, 1957, the Main Directorate of the Border Troops was formed in the KGB.

Educational institutions of the KGB of the USSR

- Higher School of the KGB of the USSR named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky
Higher school of the KGB of the USSR as a special higher educational institution with a three-year term of study
students under the program of legal universities of the country was formed in accordance with the decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of July 15, 1952, and in April 1954 the first 189 graduates received diplomas of the new university, and 37 of them graduated with honors.
In 1954, the number of variable students of the Higher School was set at 600 staff units. Applicants who had at least three years of service in the state security bodies and who met the requirements for entering the country's universities were sent to study.
On August 2, 1962, the Higher School of the KGB of the USSR was named after F.E. Dzerzhinsky.
- Red Banner Institute named after Yu. V. Andropov of the KGB of the USSR. Was subordinate to the First Main Directorate (foreign intelligence) until October 1991.
- Leningrad Higher School of the KGB named after S. M. Kirov (1946-1994).
- In the KGB system there were 4 Higher Border Schools (in Babushkino in Moscow, in the city of Golitsino in the Moscow region, in Tashkent and in Alma-Ata).
- Leningrad Higher Naval Border School (1957 - 1960).
- Kaliningrad Higher Border Command School (1957 - 1960)
- Institute of Foreign Languages ​​of the KGB of the USSR.

The abolition of the KGB of the USSR

August 26, 1991 at the session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR M.S. Gorbachev says:
“We need to reorganize the KGB. In my decree on the appointment of Comrade Bakatin as chairman of this Committee, there is an unpublished paragraph 2 with an instruction to him to immediately submit proposals on the reorganization of the entire state security system. 3
By decree of the President of the USSR M.S. Gorbachev dated August 28, 1991, the State Commission was formed to investigate the activities of state security agencies, which was headed by S.V. Stepashin. And on November 28, 1991, it was transformed into the State Commission for the Reorganization of State Security Bodies.
Based on the information of the Chairman of the KGB Bakatin, the State Council decides on the formation of three independent departments on the basis of the USSR State Security Committee:
- Central Intelligence Service (CSR);
- Inter-Republican Security Service (MSB);
- Committee for the Protection of the State Border of the USSR.
By the Decree of the State Council of the USSR of October 22, 1991, the KGB of the USSR was abolished.

According to materials from open sources, in the entire history of the USSR State Security Committee from 1954 to 1991, 40 traitors were identified and exposed in its ranks from among the officers, of which:
- in foreign intelligence - 27,
- in the territorial bodies of counterintelligence - 9,
- in military counterintelligence - 2,
- in the 8th Main Directorate - 1,
- in the 16th Directorate - 1.

Sources of information:

1. Shevyakin "KGB against the USSR. 17 moments of betrayal"
2. Atamanenko "KGB - CIA. Who is stronger?"
3. Khlobustov "KGB of the USSR 1954 - 1991. Secrets of the death of the Great Power"

The KGB of the USSR is the strongest body that controlled state security during the Cold War. The influence of this institution in the USSR was so great that almost the entire population of the state was afraid of it. Few people know that the security forces of the KGB of the USSR functioned in the security system.

History of the KGB

The state security system of the USSR was created already in the 1920s. As you know, this machine almost immediately began to work in full mode. It is enough to recall only the repressions that were carried out in the USSR in the 30s of the 20th century.

All this time, until 1954, state security agencies existed in the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Of course, in organizational terms, it was absolutely wrong. In 1954, two decisions were made by the highest authorities regarding the state security system. On February 8, by decree of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the security agencies were removed from the subordination of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Already on March 13, 1954, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, by its decree, created the Committee for State Security of the USSR. In this form, this body existed right up to the collapse of the USSR.

KGB leaders

Over the years, the organ was headed by Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov, Viktor Mikhailovich Chebrikov, Vladimir Alexandrovich Kryuchkov, Vitaly Vasilyevich Fedorchuk.

Functions of the KGB

The general essence of the activities of this body is understandable, but far from all the tasks of the security agencies that they performed in the system of the totalitarian regime for many years are known to a wide circle of the population. Therefore, we will outline the main range of functions of the KGB:

• the most important task was the organization of intelligence activities in the capitalist countries;
• the fight against spies from foreign intelligence agencies on the territory of the USSR;
• work to counter the possible leakage of data that is important for the state in all areas of activity;
• protection of state facilities, borders and major politicians;
• ensuring the smooth operation of the state apparatus.

Directorate of the KGB of the USSR

The State Security Committee had a complex structure, consisting of central offices, departments and departments. I would like to dwell on the KGB departments. So, there were 9 divisions:

1. The third directorate was responsible for military counterintelligence. In those years, the relevance of management tasks was enormous due to the active arms race between the USSR and the USA. Although the war was not officially declared, the threat of the transition of the conflict of systems from "cold" to "hot" was constant.
2. The fifth division was responsible for political and ideological issues. Ensuring ideological security and non-penetration of ideas "hostile" to communism into the masses is the main task of this structure.
3. The sixth department was responsible for maintaining state security in the economic sphere.
4. The seventh performed a specific task. When suspicions of serious misconduct fell on a certain person, they could be placed under surveillance.
5. The ninth division guarded the personal safety of members of the government, the highest party elite.
6. Operational and technical department. During the years of the scientific and technological revolution, technology was constantly developing, so the security of the state could be reliably protected only with good technical equipment of the relevant bodies.
7. The tasks of the fifteenth department included the protection of state buildings and strategically important objects.
8. The sixteenth division was engaged in electronic intelligence. It was created already in the last period of the existence of the USSR in connection with the development of computer technology.
9. Construction department for the needs of the Ministry of Defense.

Departments of the KGB of the USSR

Departments are smaller, but no less important structures of the Committee. From the time of creation and right up to the disbandment of the KGB of the USSR, there were 5 departments. Let's talk about them in more detail.

The Investigation Department was engaged in the investigation of crimes of a criminal or economic nature aimed at violating the security of the state. In the conditions of confrontation with the capitalist world, it was important to ensure the absolute secrecy of government communications. This was done by a special unit.

The KGB was supposed to employ qualified officers who had undergone special training. It was for this purpose that the Higher School of the KGB was created.

In addition, special departments were created to organize wiretapping of telephone conversations, as well as in the premises; to intercept and process suspicious mail. Of course, not all conversations were listened to and not all letters were read, but only when suspicions arose about a citizen or a group of people.

Separately, there were special border troops (PV KGB of the USSR), which were engaged in the protection of the state border.