Ready essays for the exam in the Russian language. Essay examples (USE in Russian). How to write an essay in Russian

the brightest and most talented stroke in the paintings of great artists, the most hard-won word in the works of writers, it is just a light that illuminates the faces of ordinary people. I believe that mercy has two meanings for a person in life: the first is ennobling your soul and helping other people overcome the loneliness and cold of life, and the second is accelerating the process of destruction of a person who is devoid of mercy

Arguments: Songs and epics, fairy tales and stories, stories and novels of Russian writers teach us kindness, mercy and compassion. And how many proverbs and sayings have been created! Remember good, but forget evil, A good deed lives for two centuries, As long as you live, you do good, only the path of good is the salvation of the soul, says folk wisdom. Truly merciful and compassionate people are the heroes of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". Mercy and compassion play a significant role in the novel. They build the relationship of almost all the characters: Raskolnikov and Sonya, Raskolnikov and Dunya, Raskolnikov and the Marmeladov family, Pulhiria Alexandrovna and Raskolnikov, Sonya and the Marmeladovs, Sonya and Dunya. Moreover, mercy and compassion in these relations were manifested from both sides.

Conclusion: Yes, life is hard. Some in the process of life's trials were lost among vices and evil. But the main thing is that among the vulgarity, dirt and depravity, people were able to preserve, perhaps, the most important human qualities - mercy and compassion.

67. Selfishness, lack of compassion (according to B. Vasiliev)

It is impossible to imagine our world without a sympathetic, lively attitude towards each other. People are always in great need of someone's compassion and understanding. But, unfortunately, we do not often think about it.

In this text, B. Vasiliev raises the problem of selfishness, the lack of compassion in some people. In my opinion, it is quite relevant. This moral problem forces the reader to think deeply about his behavior. The author talks about children who, in order to create a museum, took away the most precious thing from their mother - letters about their son who died at the front.

The position of the author of the text is clear. B. Vasiliev believes that people sometimes do not think at all about the pain that their rash act can bring to others. So for the mother, after the letters were taken from her, the son "faded away, died, died a second time, and now forever."

This problem is reflected in the story of I. Turgenev "Mumu". Janitor Gerasim picked up the puppy. He loved him very much, looked after him, fed him, cared for him. Mumu became the only joy in the life of a dumb janitor. But the lady did not like the puppy, and therefore Gerasim was forced to drown Mumu. It is impossible to convey in words his state after such an act. Because of the whim of the mistress, he lost his only friend.

The literary critic and public figure D.S. Likhachev addressed this problem. In one of his letters, he says that in our time, unfortunately, there are more and more callous and soulless people, incapable of pity, compassion for others, who cared only about themselves.

Thus, we come to the following conclusion: people should treat each other with understanding and compassion.

68. Callous and soulless attitude towards a person

Comments on the problem: Callousness, heartlessness, how often do we hear these words. These concepts have merged into one with our lives - it's scary. When you fall on the street, no one will help, even come. But this is not an indicator, we must fight against the indifference of society.

Own position and argumentation: The callousness of the soul is the most terrible disease in the world. A.P. Chekhov said: "Hurry to do good." If at first we simply do not pay attention to someone else's grief, drown out the voice of our own conscience, convincing ourselves that we will catch up later, but for now there are many worries without that, then by doing so we will kill the most valuable quality in ourselves - the ability to do good. This coarsens our heart, covers it with an impenetrable crust, through which pleas for help will no longer break through. After the loss of kindness comes the inevitable loss of morality. Such a person is capable of anything. It is necessary to fight against this, to prevent the degeneration of a person, and it is not surprising that a very large part of the works of modern writers is devoted to this topic. The authors urge us to be kinder and more cordial to each other, remembering the history, the lessons of the past war. One of these authors was V. Shukshin. So, for example, the hero of the work "Such a guy lives ..." strikes with spontaneity and kindness. G. Shcherbakova's story "You never even dreamed of" shows an incorrect understanding of morality by adults. Their insensitive attitude towards the souls of those who love led to tragedy.

Conclusion: Morality and kindness are great forces, and one must properly understand them. Good educates and exalts a person, anger and indifference humiliate him. "If you are indifferent to the suffering of others, you do not deserve the title of a man," said Saadi. How much brighter and better our world will become when dryness, callousness, and indifference finally leave us.

69. The problem of the ugly and beautiful in life (according to V. Soloukhin)

AT our time is getting harder for people to feel something beautiful in this world. Everyone wants to see only beauty without any flaws, but, unfortunately, not everyone succeeds.

AT In the text proposed for analysis, V. Soloukhin touches on the problem of the ugly and the beautiful in life. The author asks the question: how important is the concept of beauty for us?

The question of the problem of beauty cannot leave anyone indifferent, it concerns each of us to a greater or lesser extent. I will give an example of a situation from ordinary life: a beautiful car with a dirty hood or an intelligent person swearing obscene language. V. Soloukhin believes that phenomena of this kind are in no way compatible.

According to V. Soloukhin, the beautiful cannot be combined with the ugly.

I I completely agree with the author of this text that the beautiful should not coexist with the unsightly.

This problem is especially acute in the work "Dead Souls". In this poem, Chichikov leads a two-faced life. He is courteous to his teacher, polite, even waiting for him after school to bring him his coat. But in the end, when his teacher was left in poverty, he did not even bother to find out about his health, but simply handed him a nickel so that he would not die of hunger. Thus, we are presented with a situation of low deed with ostentatious virtue.

Another example is a recent incident that occurred on central television. Well-known journalist who has written many political articles about Russia and

foreign countries, was publicly declared unemployed. Due to the fact that he spoke in a rude and harsh form about those who were hated by him in his blog.

In conclusion, I would like to say that, probably, a person will not soon be able to understand what is beautiful and what is not.

70. The problem of gratitude (according to I. Ilyin)

What is real gratitude? It is on this important problem that the well-known Russian literary critic and publicist reflects.

The problem put forward by I. Ilyin cannot leave anyone indifferent, it concerns each of us to a greater or lesser extent, because every person in his life experiences a feeling of gratitude in response to "the beneficence rendered to him."

This problem worried many great Russian writers, in particular I.A. Goncharova. In his work "Oblomov", the famous Russian writer shows the reader the power that gratitude has, under its influence a person is capable of much. Ilya Ilyich Oblomov is a young man who has lost interest in life: he spends all his time at home, does not go out, cannot do anything without the help of servants. However, he has a friend who is trying in every possible way to bring him back to life. Stolz never forgets a friend, visits him, tries to bring him into the light. And it seems that he managed to return interest in life to his friend, but this is not entirely true. Ilya Ilyich, only out of a feeling of great gratitude, gets out of bed and joins the life of the capital, he even falls in love. Oblomov wants to please his friend, to return kindness for kindness. That is true gratitude.

Unfortunately, today many people often forget about the bright feeling to which I. Ilyin dedicated his article. It can be seen that the younger generation treats such a holiday as Victory Day with disdain. They forget the great efforts and deeds that veterans have done. But we should be grateful to them, because thanks to them we live now in this world.

Thus, I came to the conclusion that true gratitude is a bright feeling that makes everyone free and happy.

Essay

“Happy is he who managed to find the point of Archimedes in himself” - these lines of F.I. Tyutchev are very close to me as a person.

For me, the profession of a Teacher is a source of human communication, joy, a sense of belonging to the birth of something new in this life.

This is really “a long-range profession, the most important on earth”, because it provides an opportunity, carefully and carefully touching the inner world of a child, to help him realize his own significance, originality and, having discovered the miracle of his own “I”, to look at the world in a new way , learn to get along with this world, not get lost in it. In a word, be a successful person.

To do this, I must give the guys support in life and at the same time convince them that fate must be built on the foundation of their own personality, overcoming all the difficulties that they will encounter on their life path. This must be done. After all, they, my boys and girls, are still very young, fragile, thin, like trees, who need to lean against something, get support and direction of development there, up.

What kind of support can I, a teacher of the Russian language and literature, give the children by entering their classroom every day?

Maybe such knowledge in the subject that will allow them to successfully pass the exam and continue their education in their chosen specialty? Certainly yes. But is this enough, because there are other ways to master test technologies: tutoring, distance learning, self-education?

Then what? It is very important for me to teach children to think independently, to search for the necessary information, to compare facts. Then they will not stop learning all their lives, regardless of their profession, ahead of me and themselves.

But how do you teach them to learn?

Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy wrote: “Knowledge is only then knowledge when it is acquired by the efforts of one’s thought, and not by memory ....”. There is only one way out: you need to give the guys the opportunity to independently look for the answer - to look, maybe even painfully long, but seriously. That is why, every time I go to a lesson, I expect from my children not obedience, but “discoveries”, overcoming oneself, joy from working together to solve educational problems.

I try to teach them to find the truth in any issue, in solving any problem. I think dialogue is the best form of such activity. For me, this is a special form of cooperation, sealed by mutual understanding, when the conversation is based on the principle: student - teacher. At the lesson, I try to direct the thoughts of the children in the right direction.

But for such a conversation to take place, a whole system of questions and tasks of different levels is needed, suggesting the ambiguity of the solution. Therefore, for such classes, I often select various forms of work that allow me to rely on the life experience of the guys, to show the perfection of thought, non-standard approaches to solving the problem under discussion.

This will allow my graduates to become successful in their chosen professional field, as they will adequately respond to the emergence of new technologies, projects, and at the same time will not mindlessly accept all emerging trends and changes, but choose those that are really promising.

But is this my only purpose?

In my opinion, the vocation of a teacher, first of all, is to interest the children in their subject, to give impetus to the development of the creative abilities of schoolchildren, to create conditions for their personal development, moral maturation, worldview formation. This means that I must educate Man by the means of my subject.

In my lessons, I teach my children not to perceive it as a dry science. Therefore, at every lesson I try to show them the richness of the content of the educational material, drawing invisible threads connecting it with other sciences, the great discoveries of mankind, with the art and destinies of people.

I strive to introduce them to the Russian language and literature as part of human culture, which, along with other subjects, contributes to the formation of the personality of my students, their moral education.

I understand that the greatest opportunities in the spiritual development of adolescents are the content of humanitarian, aesthetic areas, when Good, Beauty, Man, Knowledge become the values ​​of pupils when listening to a literary or musical work, viewing a painting.

I also really want the guys to believe in themselves. Because it's so important to them. To do this, at each lesson I create a special, trusting atmosphere, an atmosphere of cooperation. I believe that the secret of successful education lies in respect for your students. Therefore, I try to treat each of the guys with respect.

“You are not like everyone else, you are not better or worse than me, you are just different,” I never get tired of repeating the words of N. Roerich to the guys about their individuality and I do everything to achieve optimal results for everyone: and with pronounced abilities - there was only one: from success to success. I try to notice everyone and provide emotional support, using for this purpose a person-oriented and differentiated approach.

I often think about what is my mission, my purpose and the power of influence on children's hearts? And I answer myself: it is huge, agreeing with K.D. Ushinsky, who once noted: “the influence of the personality of the educator on the young soul is that educational force that cannot be replaced either by material maxims or by a system of punishments and rewards.” That is why I should be not just a Teacher, but first of all an Educator, who, especially in the countryside, has a special role in the spiritual and social development of children. I am responsible for each of them, and therefore I must create conditions for their favorable personal development, provide prompt assistance to adolescents in solving their individual problems related to success in learning, communication, life and professional self-determination. This means that I also need to grow professionally, be a creative, extraordinary person, since only "a person can educate a person."

Self-improvement of a person, the process of his individual development, spiritual and social development does not end with school. They are continuous. The school and the teacher are the starting point that opens this path for the teenager. And if he is characterized by “jealous dissatisfaction with the work of his hands, dragging him further and not allowing him to calm down on any of his “Babylons”, then this process will not end, like life itself.

The essay is a unique literary genre. In essence, this is any short work-essay written in private on any issue. The key feature of the essay is its author's design - in contrast to the styles of scientific and journalistic, which have a strict specification of style. At the same time, the essay is ranked lower than works of art.

Terminology

Briefly, such a definition of an essay can be formulated - this is the rationale for a person's personal point of view in writing. Nevertheless, it should be borne in mind that the work of this literary genre does not claim to be the basis of the issue under consideration or its exhaustive information source. Such an essay contains the author's conclusions and conclusions. Therefore, the sample of its writing and requirements are only recommendations or a set of rules (refers to the latter), and the main part should be occupied by your thoughts.

History reference

Essay comes from the French "attempt", "trial", "essay". And this genre was also born in this beautiful country, back in the Renaissance. The French writer and philosopher for the first time tried to write "about everything and about nothing, without a preliminary theme and plan of action." He claimed that he liked to tone down the boldness of his thoughts by adding mildly questioning "maybe" and "probably" speculations to sentences. So "possible" - has become an expression of the formula of essayistics in principle. Epstein, in turn, defined this genre as a kind of meta-hypothesis, with its own original reality and way of depicting this reality.

Differences from the novel

The essay genre developed in parallel with the novel genre. The latter, however, is more familiar to Russian literature, especially classical. The essay, in turn, had a huge impact on Western prose.

Unlike a novel, an essay is monologue and represents the individuality of the author. This narrows its scope as a genre, and the picture of the world is presented in an extremely subjective way. At the same time, the essay is inevitably interesting because it reveals the inner world of a particular person, not fictional, but entirely real - with its advantages and disadvantages. The style of such a literary work always contains the imprint of the human soul. The novel, on the other hand, reveals the characters of all the characters and heroes that came out from the author's pen, no less interesting, but virtually, unrealistic.

Why write an essay?

On the eve of exams, students and applicants often have a question about how to write an essay. A sample of writing this type of work is also often sought, and it is worth saying that it is not difficult to find it. But why write it at all? This question also has an answer.

Essay writing develops creative thinking, writing skills. A person learns to identify cause-and-effect relationships, structure information, formulate what he would like to express, argue his point of view, illustrating it with various examples, and summarize the material presented.

Usually essays are devoted to philosophical, intellectual and moral and ethical issues. The latter is often used to assign essays to schoolchildren - they are not subject to strict requirements, referring to insufficient erudition and the informal design of the work.

Classification

Conditionally, essays are divided according to the following criteria:

• By content. This includes artistic and artistic-publicistic, historical and philosophical, spiritual and religious, etc.
• in literary form. Among them may be letters or a diary, notes or reviews, lyrical miniatures.
• By form. Such as: descriptive, narrative, reflective, analytical, compositional and critical.
• According to the form of description, subjective and objective descriptions are distinguished. The former reflect the characteristics of the author's personality, the latter are aimed at describing an object, phenomenon, process, and so on.

Distinctive features

Essays can be "recognized" by the following features:

• Small volume. Usually up to seven pages of printed text, although different schools may have their own requirements for this. In some universities, an essay is a full-fledged work of 10 pages, in others they appreciate a summary of all their thoughts on two sheets.
• Specifics. An essay usually answers one specific question, which is often formulated in the topic of the assignment. The interpretation of the answer is subjective and contains the author's conclusions. Again, depending on the specification of the essay, it may be necessary to look at the issue from all angles, even if half of the opinions described are by no means directly related to the author.
• Free composition. The essay is notable for its associative narrative. Logical connections are thought out by the author, following his thinking. Recall that the essay reveals his inner world.
• Paradoxes. Moreover, the phenomenon of paradoxes takes place not only in the text itself, but also in the principles of the essay itself: after all, this literary genre, although presented in a free narrative, must have semantic integrity.
• Consistency of the theses and statements of the author. Even if the author is a contradictory nature, he is obliged to explain why he cannot choose one point of view, and not lose the thread of the story, either breaking it or starting anew. Ultimately, even the pages of the diary, converted into essays, are framed by literary norms. After all, the final essay will be read not only by the author himself.

How to write an essay?

A work sample can be misleading for a beginner: one or a couple of examples will be of little help to an author who cannot understand what is actually required of him.

First of all, it is worth mentioning that in order to write a so-called essay, you must be fluent in the topic. If, when writing, you have to turn to many sources for information, the essay ceases to be one. This rule comes from the fact that in his "test" the author expresses his true point of view, although, of course, he can emphasize it with quotes from great people, etc. Of course, in order for the data to be reliable, it is necessary to check them. But the essay is not written on the basis of the material, but starting from it, coming to its own conclusions and results.

Why are there writing problems?

Many students struggle to find sample essays because schools don't have enough time to write this type of work. School essays, although they are classified as this genre, and some teachers formulate the task using this particular terminology, still do not have a specific specification. As mentioned earlier, school essays are not always called as such. In secondary schools, children are just beginning to learn how to formulate their thoughts in a literary format. That is why many come to pass with fear - they have to express their point of view in a short time, while they do not know how to do this at all.

Essay structure

Essay topics are usually presented in the form of quotes from famous people, with which the writer may agree or disagree, arguing his opinion.

That is why it is recommended to start an essay with the words “I agree with this opinion” or “I can’t say what I think in the same way as the author”, or “this statement seems controversial to me, although on some points I subscribe to this opinion” .

The second sentence should contain an explanation of how the statement was understood. You need to write from yourself - what, in the opinion of the writer, the author wanted to say and why he thinks so.

The main part of the essay is a detailed presentation of the author's point of view, according to the principle "I think so, because ...". You can seek help from other quotes and aphorisms that the writer agrees with.

The conclusion of the essay is the results of the work. This is a mandatory item that makes the work complete.

Consider the main subjects on which essays are written.

Social science

Social science - the subject of study of which is a complex of social sciences. The close relationship of social doctrines is considered, and not each of them separately.

So, the course of social studies may include:

• sociology;
• political science;
• philosophy;
• psychology;
• economy.

The fundamentals of these disciplines are being studied.

A sample essay in social studies is often necessary for graduates when writing the exam. The structure of this essay fully corresponds to the structure given above. At the knowledge test, students can be given as a topic the statements of famous philosophers, sociologists and other figures in the social sciences.

Below is a sample essay writing on social studies (in brief).

Topic: "In time of war, the laws are silent. Lucan"

“After reading this statement for the first time, I decided that I absolutely agree with this statement. But a little later it occurred to me that this quote, like almost everything in our world, is not so simple.

With Lucan's statement, I associate another notorious aphorism - "In love and in war, all means are good." Probably because many unconditionally follow this rule, considering it to be true, and it turns out that in wartime all laws prefer to keep quiet.

But there is another side of the coin: during the war, the very law of war operates. "Kill or be killed." And glorious heroes follow the laws that their hearts tell them. In the name of loved ones, relatives and friends.

So it turns out that war creates new laws. Tougher and more uncompromising than peacetime.

Of course, I can understand Lucan: all his quotations suggest that this man had a pacifist point of view. I also consider myself to be peaceful. But this particular statement does not pass a logical test on my part, so I cannot say that I agree with it.

At the exam itself, they put a limit on the number of words in the interval form. It is very important to adhere to them, otherwise even a well-defined essay structure will not pass the examiner's verification.

Story

History is reckoned among the sciences of society and nature. Despite the fact that they adhere to the division of this discipline into two separate ones: the world and the country in which they study, the basics of writing an essay for both subjects are similar to each other.

In choosing a topic for writing an essay on history, they can often deviate from aphorisms and quotations. With equal success, these can be reflections on the global consequences of wars, an assessment of the actions of notorious Decembrists or dissidents, an author's opinion about any historical person or phenomenon. To write an essay on history, a student (or applicant, or student) must have solid knowledge on a given topic. At the same time, a sample essay on social science is not suitable as an example, because this discipline often considers moral and ethical issues. Although writing an essay on this subject requires sufficient erudition in many areas.

But the question of how to issue an essay is important. The sample historical essay in its structure, again, does not deviate from the given rules. However, additional requirements may be imposed on it in the form of a used list of references and a title page.

Writing an essay on history

Even if a sample history essay is not at hand at the moment, you can write an excellent essay by following these rules:

• To begin with, information is sought on a given topic: even if it is well known, it does not interfere with repeating the material.
• Further, it needs to be structured, to identify cause-and-effect relationships, to approximately paint a plan along which the reasoning will move forward.
• It is important to consider arguments and counterarguments.
• Regarding the style: it is better to ask the teacher which one is recommended to use. In rare, but present, cases, it is necessary to write in a scientific style.
• Do not forget about the conclusion (the importance of the results of the work is described in the description of the structure of the essay).

Russian language

An essay on the Russian language is somewhat like a school essay-reasoning, but on such knowledge tests as the USE, it includes more writing rules. Therein lies its complexity.

The essay must be written according to the text proposed by the examiners, therefore it is necessary:

• Identify the problematic of this text.
• Describe aspects of this problem.
• Argue your point of view about what the author wanted to say.
• To conclude.

As you can see, a clarification is added to the usual structure of the essay: the topic (in this case, the problem) is identified by the writer and formulated by him. In addition, when checking an essay in the Russian language, more attention is paid to speech, grammatical and punctuation errors. Additional points in favor of the author in the eyes of the verifier are added when using literary arguments, well-known examples, and so on. Consistency also plays an important role here. A sample essay in the Russian language must clearly follow all of the above requirements.

English language

In the language in the post-Soviet countries, where it is not native, they completely depart from the rule of giving a statement or a quote as a topic. When translated into Russian, they are often very simple, and writing an essay itself is aimed at checking the use of a foreign language when presenting one's thoughts.

Much attention should be paid to grammar, different tenses, complex constructions, synonymization of simple words.

Essay in English: classification

Essays in English are usually divided into three types:

• "for" and "against" any phenomenon, which is the topic of the essay;
• essay-opinion, in which it is very important to look at the topic from different angles;
• offer a solution to a problem (often they give something global).

Essay writing in English

And now a specific task was given: to write an essay in English. An example of how this can be done is shown below.

• Use introductory words: moreover, indeed, generally, mostly, usually, recently, besides.
• Insert template phrases with which you can start a paragraph: to begin with, doubtless, one argument is support of.
• Use English clichés, set phrases, idioms, phraseological units and sayings: long story short, one cannot deny, one does not simply, nail drives out nail.
• Do not forget about how you can formulate a conclusion in English: in conclusion, I can say that although, so it’s up to everybody to decide whether … or not.

Decor

Above, it was detailed how to write an essay correctly. The sample, although formally only one was provided, reflects the essence of what is happening and what the inspector wants to see in the opus handed over to him.

But after the essay has been written, there is a problem with its design.

Usually this specification is specified by the teacher. And the obstacle lies specifically in how to arrange the title page in the essay.

A sample is shown below.

Top of the page, in the middle, line by line:

Ministry of Education and Science (country name),

full name of the higher education institution,

faculty,

In the center of the sheet:

discipline,

essay topic.

On the right side of the page:

student(s) of the group (name of the group),

Full Name.

Bottom of the page, middle:

city, year of writing.

From which it follows that making a title page in an essay (the sample shows this very well) is not difficult. The requirements are close to those of the abstract specification.

For example, if you consider a sample essay on history, you can make sure that in this case the work is written based on the sources used. So sometimes a bibliography is required. But even this does not bring much difficulty in how the essay is drawn up. The sample for writing a list of used literature is the same as for reports, abstracts and other similar works.

For example:

Ratus L. G. "Philosophy in the period of modern times". - 1980, No. 3. - S. 19-26.

Mishevsky M. O. "Historical influence of psychology". - P .: Thought, 1965. - 776 p.

Kegor S. M. "Horror and awe". - K .: Respublika, 1983 - 183 p.

Yarosh D. "Personality in the concept of society". — M.: Roslit, 1983. — 343 p. (All sources provided are fictitious and reflect only an example of their design).

Conclusion

At the beginning of the article, a detailed classification of essay types was provided. Summing up, we can identify its simplified section, taking into account all those mentioned here. So, let's conditionally:

• Essays that are written when passing the exam (they have clear volume limits, up to the number of words, are written within exactly the agreed time, measured in hours or even minutes, do not have a specification in the form of a title page and bibliography, in turn, are divided by subject, depending from the academic discipline).
• Essays written by students of various universities (the volume is determined in pages, from two to seven, the terms are allocated based on the frequency of classes, seminars, lectures, are drawn up according to the above information along with the title page and the list of sources used).

The article contains: terminology, history, essay design, work sample, structure and requirements. All this will help to successfully write and arrange this work.

How to write an essay in Russian?

It's no secret that the most difficult part of the exam in the Russian language is part "C", essay writing according to the original text. If you complete all of Part A and Part B correctly without starting the essay, then your test score will be no higher than 60.
How to prepare for writing an essay and get the maximum score?

The essay should be written according to the plan:

I. Introduction.
How to start an essay:
● Quote from the original text (oranother source) related to the problem under consideration.
After reading the text by Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev, I involuntarily recalled the famous phrase of Socrates: “Speak so that I can see you,” since the author focuses on the problem of speech as a reflection of a person’s personality.
"Is it possible to imagine a modern world devoid of a printed sign?" - Yuri Bondarev writes, inviting his readers to reflect on the problem of the meaning of the book in the life of man and society.
● rhetorical question(a question that does not require an answer).
Why are wars needed? Why can't humanity learn from the past?
● problematic issue.
Can a computer replace a book?
● typical situation(similar to that shown in the text).
It often happens that…
● general information about the problem under discussion.
The development of human civilization has long crossed the line beyond which the harmonious coexistence of nature and man remains. Today, when water and air are polluted, rivers dry up, forests disappear, animals die, people look to the future with anxiety and increasingly think about the tragic consequences of their activities. V. Peskov's text is also devoted to the problem of ecology...
● reference to an authoritative opinion on an issue related to the issue under discussion.
Psychologists say that television addiction is a real disease for many members of modern society. Indeed, it is difficult for each of us to imagine our life without TV. What role does television play in human life? What brings TV to our home - good or bad? V. Soloukhin thinks about this problem.
● creating a certain emotional state.
Childhood impressions are probably one of the most precious and significant memories in human life. The places with which the formation of personality is connected remain forever in the memory, and more than once we mentally return to this world, painted with bright colors. What role does the memory of one's home, one's homeland play in a person's life? The author of this text reflects on this problem.
● reference to the facts of the author's biography, his views, beliefs.
Likhachev, a literary critic and public figure, in his speeches and journalistic works always stated that spiritual and material culture is the highest value of life. The above text touches on the problem put forward precisely - the problem of the ecology of culture.

Do not start your essay with the following expressions:
This text says...
The author of this text addressed the problem ...
This text is about...
The article by L. Dolinina tells…
In his text, the author ...
The problem ... is the main question that is raised in the text.

In any case, the introduction should not be very voluminous (2-3 sentences), it should be organically connected with the content of the main part in meaning and stylistically. It is important to remember that the main purpose of entry is lead to a problem statement .

II. Problem formulation:
The word "problem" (or "question") must be heard in the text. Moreover, one should not confuse the problem with the author's position on this problem. The problem is formulated either as a question, or by combining the word "problem" with a noun in the genitive case (for example, the problem of loneliness). You need to be careful when identifying the problem of the text. An incorrectly highlighted problem jeopardizes the content of the entire essay!
When defining a problem, you should think about how the content of the text concerns you, other people, and all of humanity. Remember that the specific situation described in the text is an illustration, a special case considered by the author. Therefore, formulate the problem in such a way that it covers not only the case considered in the text, but also many similar situations.
If you think you've got the problem, but don't know if it's the only one in the text, then don't risk it. Just write:
● The text raises many issues, one of which is the issue of…;
● The author makes you think about many problems, one of which is the problem ...

It is very advantageous to define the problem with rhetorical question, for example:
What is true friendship? What kind of friends can be called real? NN (name of the author) reflects on these questions in his essay (story, text, etc.).

You can use the following speech cliches:
The author raises the issue...
The author raises an important issue...
The author of the text reflects on the problem ...
The text raises a problem...
The problem the author addresses is that...
The text got me thinking...
The problem that worries all of us... is raised by the writer D. Granin.
I think the problem posed by the author is...
The problem ... cannot but excite modern man. V. Tendryakov also thought about it.
The problem pointed out by such and such an author is as follows: ...
What...? (What is ...? What role does ... play in a person's life?) The author raises this important problem.
Why do people love? Does love make people happy? These difficult questions are discussed by the author / writer, etc.

The problem considered by the author may be:
up-to-date
socially significant
deep
philosophical
Political
Moral
topical
burning
up-to-date
Urgent
acute
important
serious
controversial
Painful, etc.

Examples problem statements:
1. Role (of something or someone) in a person's life.
2. The problem of influence (something or someone) on a person.
3. The problem of destination (something or someone).
4. The problem (of something or someone) in our country.
5. The problem of displacement (of something) (of something).
6. The problem of relationships between generations ("fathers and children").
7. The problem of memory (about someone or something).
8. The problem of moral choice.
9. The problem of a humane attitude towards people in need of help.
10. The problem of human responsiveness, mutual assistance.
11. The problem of moral duty.
12. The problem of protection and conservation of nature.
13. The problem of the preservation and development of the Russian language.
14. The problem of servility and obsequiousness.
15. The problem of family (kindred) relations.
16. The problem of historical memory.
17. The problem of commercialization of culture.

III. Comment to the problem.
Verb comment means "explain, explain". Neither a retelling nor a continuous quotation will pass here. You need to reflect on some questions related to the read text:
how much topical what the author writes about and why;
to whom and in what situations faced with such a problem;
if possible, touch " background”, i.e. briefly tell about how this problem was considered, other authors tried to solve it;
is there any on this issue different point of view, which does not match the author's;
which material Does the author address this issue? ( “The author reveals the problem with an example…”)
what the author refers to Special attention? (“the author pays special attention to ..”, “it is no coincidence that the author ...”).
Linking the comment to the text is MANDATORY
The following is important:
● if we say what the characters do is a retelling, which is NOT valid in a comment.
● if we say what the author does is already a comment.

Try to convey the content of the text, but remember that you are not writing a presentation, but an essay, so try to convey the author's ideas in your own words; you can use individual quotes, but don't get carried away with them. Feel how the author is trying to bring us to an understanding of his main idea (to the author's position).
Please note that you need to comment on the problem reflected in the text, and not just the text and its topics, and not just the problem in isolation from the text.

Cliche:
“Thinking about the topical at all times (relevant especially in our time, topical, philosophical, deep, main, socially significant, eternal, important, universal) the author refers to the facts from his life (tells a story, uses examples from classical literature, gives statements such and such, etc.)
The relevance of the problem raised by the author is undoubted, because ...
The problem raised by the author of the text is no doubt complex and serious, because ...
The severity and significance of this problem is not in doubt, because ...
The relevance of the problem posed by the author of the text is confirmed by the fact that, despite numerous attempts to solve it, it still worries writers, publicists and, of course, us readers...
The moral problem raised is relevant, topical, because ...
The topic raised by the author has not lost its relevance in our days, because ...
... - the topic of the author's reasoning. Its relevance is obvious, because even today ...
The question of ... (we designate the problem in other words than it was in the first paragraph) cannot leave anyone indifferent, it concerns each of us to a greater or lesser extent. (We explain why)
The problem put forward (raised, identified, etc.) (indicate the author) is especially relevant (topical, important, significant) today, because ...
The narrator does not discuss the issue he raised in a detached way, his interest in what he writes about is felt. (Referring to the text, we explain how this manifests itself).
Arguing over the problem ..., (indicate the author) addresses ... (indicate on what material the author considers the problem: maybe these are memories, dialogues, artistic narration, an excited monologue, quoting the thoughts of great people, reasoning, describing pictures of nature and etc.). (We transmit the content of the text, not the retelling).

You can write a comment using the following pattern:
The problem put forward (raised, designated, etc.) by NN (indicate the author) is especially relevant (topical, important, essential) today, because ... (if this is a moral problem, then indicate that moral issues are important today and always, since the concepts of "conscience", "honor", "dignity", i.e. those moral categories that the author discusses, help a person to remain a person, make him kinder, cleaner. If the problem is philosophical, that is, speech is about good and evil, truth and lies, life and death, note that humanity has been thinking about such a problem for a long time.If the problem is environmental, note its topicality in our days, when people pollute the planet, when it comes to global global climate change). The narrator does not discuss the issue raised by him in a detached way, his interest in what he writes about is felt. His attitude to the important issue of being is felt in an excited, emotional manner of writing (give examples), in an effort to make the reader his like-minded person. Arguing over (repeat the problem), NN addresses (indicate on what material the author considers the problem: maybe these are memories, dialogues, artistic narration, an excited monologue, quoting the thoughts of great people, reasoning, describing pictures of nature, etc.).

IV. Author's point of view.
Author's position- this is the conclusion that the author comes to, thinking about a problem.
If the problem of the text is formulated as a question, then the position of the author is the answer to the question posed in the text. In order to identify the position of the author, try to answer the following questions: “What did the author want to tell his readers when creating the text?”, “How does the author evaluate the specific situation described, the actions of the characters?”
The author's position may be explicit when the text gives a direct assessment of the described facts, events, there is an appeal to the reader. But it often happens that the position of the author is not directly expressed. Then its detection requires the ability to see hidden meaning, understand irony, reveal complex metaphors, etc.
Another difficulty lies in distinguishing between the position of the author and the hero-narrator. Note that if the hero commits bad deeds or expresses thoughts that contradict generally accepted moral standards, then the author most likely does not approve of such a hero and his attitude to life.

if the story is told in 1st person:
The author believes that...
The position of the author is...
The author seeks to convey to the reader the idea that ...
The author assures us that...
The main idea of ​​the text is that...
The author proves that...
The position of the author is that...
According to the author, ... (From the position of the author, ...; From the point of view of the author, ...)
The text argues that...
The author's position is best, in my opinion, characterized by the words: "..."
The author's point of view, it seems to me, is expressed quite clearly. It consists in the following: (if the text is journalistic, then the author's position is the answer to the question posed by the author himself. Then you can quote that part of the text in which, in your opinion, the author's position is clearly defined).

Options for writing the author's point of view, unless the narration is in 1st person:
Although the author's point of view is not expressed explicitly, the logic of the text convinces us that ...
Although the author's point of view is not expressed explicitly, the emotional coloring of the text convinces us that ...
The author does not express his point of view explicitly, but we understand that ...
It is rather difficult for me to identify the author's point of view, since the text is fictional, NN does not give a ready-made solution to the question of what ... It forces the reader to independently draw a conclusion, find solutions to the problem. And yet, observing how the author treats his characters, with what visual and expressive means he paints a picture of reality (if you write about these means, be sure to name them, refer to the review, to task B8, but only if you are sure of the correctness decision), I will allow myself to assume that the author's position is as follows: ...

Commenting on the author's position, you can use the following turnovers:
Author:
dedicates his article;
polemically sharpens the problem;
emotionally affects the reader;
makes the reader his ally;
figuratively recreates a picture of what is happening (depicted);
reveals the essence of the problems posed;
accurately formulates a thought;
makes the reader think about the problem;
shows the topicality of the problem he is considering;
tries to find the causes of negative (positive) phenomena;
convinces the reader of the correctness of his position;
tries to find a like-minded person in the reader;
raises a number of moral questions requiring immediate resolution;
writes interesting and new about old problems;
speaks with anxiety about urgent problems;
openly declares his civic position in relation to ...

You can also use the following speech clichés:

V. Agreement/disagreement with the author and argumentation.
The purpose of argumentation is to convince, strengthen or change an opinion.. Expressing your own opinion, it is not enough just to express agreement or disagreement with the author, that is, it is unacceptable to write "I agree / disagree with the author because he writes about ... (believes that ...)". After all, you are not writing about the reason for your agreement / disagreement with the author, but you are picking up arguments in defense / against the author's position. And the arguments must prove something.
First, agreement or disagreement with the author's point of view is written, and then two arguments must be given (1 from literature and 1 from life experience or 2 from literature), the third one does not count.
A typical mistake of all essay writers is that if you support the position of the author, then there is no point in analyzing his arguments. You should try not to repeat the author's arguments used in the text, but bring your own.
When arguing your point of view, you must imagine that you are proving your point of view to an opponent who is aggressively opposed to it. If in your mind you convince him, then obviously the arguments are appropriate.

Speech clichés to argue your own position:
To agree / disagree with the position of the author:
It is impossible not to agree with the author's point of view on the problem...
I share (do not share) the author's point of view on the problem ...
I hold (do not hold) the same opinion on the problem ... as the author.
I agree (disagree) with the author that...
It is difficult (impossible) to disagree with the author of the text that ...
The position of the author is close to me in that ...
The position of the author seems convincing to me, because ...
The author is right that ... However, it is difficult to agree that ...
One cannot but agree with the author that ...
It seems controversial the author's idea that ...
The text (name of the author) aroused conflicting feelings in me. On the one hand on the other hand…
It is difficult to disagree with the author of the article. Indeed, such examples ...
I want to support the author's point of view that ...
I can't agree with the author's point of view because...
With all due respect to the author's point of view (or NN's thoughts about ...), I still allow myself to express my own vision of this problem (or I will try to refute his opinion).

Using life experience:
Despite my rather modest life experience, I remember a similar situation when I (my friend, classmate, acquaintance) ...
I remember once my mother (father, grandmother, friend, acquaintance, etc.) told how ...
It seems to me that this case convinces us that ...
Of course, my life experience is still very small, but, nevertheless, something similar happened in my life:
How often do you encounter...
Haven't things like... become commonplace (the norm of life)?
Who among us has not observed (did not encounter; did not notice (behind himself); did not witness) how ...
Unfortunately, often these days (among us; around us) ...
Eminent civil rights activist Martin Luther King taught that…
A brilliant Russian scientist once said that...;
Even Peter 1 said that ...;
Any historian will tell you that...;
Most doctors believe that ...;
As established by Japanese scientists...etc.
The topic is often discussed (discussed) on the Internet (on the pages of newspapers and magazines; in various TV programs) ...
It is also noteworthy that (it is no coincidence) that numerous articles and TV shows are devoted to this topic ...

From reading experience:
This problem worried many great Russian writers, in particular...
This problem is especially acute in the works of...
The topicality of the topic raised by the author is also proved by the fact that Russian writers turned to it in their works.

VI. Conclusion:
In the final part, you need to sum up what has been said, to make a generalization, to conclude. Like the introduction, the conclusion should be organically connected with the main text.

Here are the different ways to draw up a conclusion:
1. Generalization of the main thoughts of the author- the most typical and logical ending of the essay.
Thus, A. Likhanov raises a problem that is important for each of us, calls to keep childhood in the soul, not to leave in the past a joyful, childishly direct perception of life. But the world around is truly beautiful. Simply, growing up, people often forget about it.
2. Interrogative sentence, including a rhetorical question, at the end of the essay also returns the reader to the problem of the text, emphasizing its relevance.
Fiction gives us countless treasures of the human spirit! Does any of us have the right to refuse this priceless gift?
3. An appeal to the reader.
So, before you turn on the TV and plunge into a wonderful, but not real world, think about whether there are people around you who need comfort, help, just a kind living word. Remember: you are surrounded by a true world full of sounds, colors, sensations. Think: who do you want to be - the creator of your life or just a spectator?
4. Quote usage. Not every quote will be appropriate in the conclusion. It should be a statement that fully expresses the thoughts of the author. It is appropriate to use a small fragment that contains the key words of the text, or a quote from another source that accurately reflects the position of the author of the original text.
In conclusion, I want to turn again to the thought of the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates. So, talk to me, my new interlocutor, so that I can see you, so that I understand what kind of person you are and what I should expect from you!

Speech clichés for conclusion:
Thus, based on the above, we can conclude ...
Summing up, I would like to say...
The essence of the above boils down to the following ...
Based on the text you read, you can conclude ...
Summarizing what has been said, we can say that ... It follows from this that ...
I am sincerely grateful to the author of the text, because he made me think about the fact that ...
This text once again convinced me that ...
In conclusion, I must say that the efforts of the author were not in vain - they awakened in my soul the desire to better understand the problem ...
This text made me think even more deeply about the problem..., overestimate its importance in our life...

And, finally, we will give some useful tips needed when writing an essay:
1. Be careful when defining the genre of the text: do not rush to call it a "story" or "article", as you may make a factual error. It's better to use words text, fragment, excerpt .
2. If you use the author's neologism, be sure to enclose it in quotation marks, otherwise this word will look like a grammatical error in your text.
3. Be ethical: do not use rude, abusive, slang words (I don't understand how one can fall for such nonsense, etc.), refrain from insults ( I can cite as an example my classmate, who is distinguished by rare stupidity), do not be overly categorical, arrogant, do not brag. Remember that ethical correctness is assessed separately by an expert.
4. Write an essay neat, legible handwriting and only black gel paste. Experts check scanned copies of works. Text written with a ballpoint pen is lost when scanning.
5. If you don't have time to write an essay on a draft - write directly on the form. At the same time, you can correct, cross out words and sentences, because there are no evaluation criteria for the "beauty" of the written text.
6. All parts of the work must be interconnected flow smoothly from one to the other. Each part should start on a new line. The lack of links between paragraphs is a typical shortcoming in essays, for which points are taken off. In addition, typical errors include deviations from the topic, disproportion of parts, violation of the sequence of presentation of thoughts, lack of connection between sentences.
7. You can write on the worksheets! Do not believe the examiners who claim otherwise!!! Therefore, if necessary, underline key words and thoughts in the text.
8. The author of the text can be called differently: article author, writer (publicist), narrator, great master of the word, outstanding writer (publicist), word artist.

So, follow the essay writing plan, use speech clichés wisely - and you will write an essay for 23 out of 23 points.

The Russian language is a compulsory subject for passing the exam, so everyone, without exception, should prepare for it. One of the most difficult tasks in the exam is an essay, for which it is not so easy to earn a high mark. To score the highest score for your creative work, you need to thoroughly prepare and figure out how to write an essay correctly and what criteria you need to follow. Our material will tell about all the nuances.

1. Understand the topic of the essay and try to clearly understand what it will be about. Emphasize the title, if available: it is often the title that allows the examinee to identify the main idea of ​​the presented material. It is also important to give your comment to the title, but if it is missing, then you do not need to come up with your own version.

2. Analyze the article and identify its main problem. Answer the questions: what topics does the author raise in his work and what does he want to convey to the reader? Here it is important to determine his position on a given issue and to reveal his conclusions.

3. Share your thoughts on the issue raised. It is not enough to briefly express your attitude to the topic, noting only your agreement or disagreement with the author's point of view. It is important to bring your own arguments, which can be your personal experience, as well as examples from journalism and literature. If you do not share the position of the writer, then try to formulate your objections in a mild form. There is no need to be afraid of your opinion, since the assessment for an essay (essay) is set according to completely different criteria. Here it is important to reveal the basis of your reasoning and support them with weak and insufficiently substantiated theses of the author: perhaps you will find in the article any inaccuracies, inconsistency of the writer's words, overly emotional statements, etc.

4. Examinees very often make inaccuracies when writing an essay (essay) for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language. Among them, the most common errors are:

• Presentation instead of essay. You do not need to write a retelling of the article you read: here you should interpret its main idea and indicate your specific conclusion.
• Structural analysis. Many graduates indicate in their works the number of sentences and paragraphs in the article, which is absolutely not worth doing. No need to list key phrases that support the main idea. You must reveal the main problem and express your attitude to it, and not analyze the structure of the text.
• Author's name. Do not forget to indicate in your work the full name of the writer.

5. It is important to take into account that all sections of the essay are closely interconnected, therefore, if you make a mistake in defining the issues of the article, you risk nullifying all your work. Be sure to re-read the essay you wrote and correlate its abstract with the problem raised. If you find inconsistencies, correct any inaccuracies.

6. Carefully think over the algorithm for writing an essay. Be sure to determine for yourself where to start the essay, what to write about in its main section, and what conclusions to draw.

7. Make sure that the length of your essay complies with the rules of the exam. The minimum text size is 150 words. Independent and service parts of speech are counted, that is, all words written without spaces (for example, somehow - one, yet - two, but the surname and initials are considered one word: A. S. Pushkin). Numbers and other characters are not taken into account (100% is zero words, 10 years is one word).

8. First write an essay on a draft(if time permits), check it for errors, make corrections, and then rewrite the work on the USE sheet, avoiding blots and new errors.

9. Having rewritten your text into a clean copy, be sure to check it again for grammatical, speech and punctuation errors.

Plan

In order to be one hundred percent prepared for writing an essay (essay) in the Russian language, it is necessary to clearly imagine a plan for future work.

1. Introduction. You can start your essay with a quote suitable for the topic under discussion: it can be taken from the provided text or from other sources (newspapers, magazines, literature). Instead of a quote, it is acceptable to use a rhetorical question that reflects the main essence of the problem raised. In the introduction, you can also write general information on the topic or use an authoritative opinion. If you know the author of the article, then you have the opportunity to tell interesting facts from his biography, to reveal his life views and positions. Remember that the structure of the essay on the USE in Russian requires a short introduction, consisting of 3-4 sentences. It should have a semantic connection with the main part and conclusion of your essay and smoothly lead the reader to the formulation of the main problem of the text.

2. Definition and formulation of the main problem of the article. It is very important to understand the main theme of the text correctly: if you make a mistake here, you will jeopardize all your work. Do not confuse the concepts of "the problem of the text" and "the attitude of the author to this problem." Analyze the article and identify the connection of the topic raised with modern society. Remember that the author is considering a specific case, but your task is to increase the scale of the described situation to the size of all mankind. If you can formulate the problem in one rhetorical question, then this will only be a plus for your essay in Russian. In order to clearly structure your thoughts and correctly convey them to the reader, use speech clichés on the exam.

3. The next paragraph of the essay scheme is your comment on the topic. In this part of the work, you need to explain the problem of the article. Simple presentation or quoting of the text is not allowed. Here you should reflect on the relevance of the topic raised. You can apply the thoughts of other authoritative personalities who have already expressed their opinion on a given issue. If you have your own point of view, bring it into an essay, arguing the reasoning with your own experience. In your work, you should note the details on which the author focuses special attention, and give your comment on the theses. The main purpose of this part of the essay is to reflect the ideas of the writer in the interpretation of the examinee. Of course, you can cite appropriate quotations from the text, but you should not get too carried away with them. To communicate your explanations more clearly, use standard speech patterns.

4. Reflection of the author's position. Here you should reveal the writer's conclusions, which he comes to on the basis of his reasoning about the problem raised. To correctly determine the author's point of view, you need to ask the following questions: why did he write his article? What did he want to convey to the reader? What is the author's assessment of the described situation? The position of the narrator can be open and explicitly call the reader to certain actions. But often his opinion is veiled with complex metaphors and irony, so you need to find the hidden meaning and reflect it in your work. For the design of this section, use speech clichés.

5. Your point of view and its reasoning. In this part, it is not enough to express your support for the author or disagree with his opinion. Here you must provide evidence in favor of the writer's idea or against his theses. If you agree with the narrator's position, then you need to give two arguments in defense of his position: at the same time, you need to use arguments from your own experience and literature as evidence, not quotations from the text. There is no need to repeat the thoughts of the author reflected in the text: you need to formulate your personal opinion. If you oppose the position of the writer, you need to strengthen your reasoning with appropriate arguments and try to change the reader's point of view on the issue raised. The following clichés will help you in your work.

6. Conclusion. The final part of the essay should have a logical connection with the main section and contain a generalized conclusion. You can make a conclusion using:

1. Summing up the main ideas of the author.
2. A rhetorical question that captures the main point of your conclusion.
3. An appeal to the reader, aimed at inciting to some action or reassessing the attitude to the topic.
4. A quotation from the text that clearly reflects the author's point of view and sums up the entire article.

Use the following speech patterns to complete the conclusion.

Topics for writing

In order to better prepare for an essay in the Russian language at the Unified State Examination, it is also important to study all possible topics and practice writing an essay. So, the following thematic areas will be presented for your choice:

1. Moral issue.
2. Love for country and woman.
3. Topics about the war.
4. Fathers and Sons. Teenager's problems.
5. Themes about nature and animals.
6. Topics about culture, art and science.