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Engineering ammunition of the armed forces of the Russian Federation. Engineering ammunition: on classification and precautions. Marking of engineering ammunition

Educational and educational goals:

3. To form the student's military professional culture of an officer, commanding qualities, skills and abilities;

4. To form the student's theoretical and practical bases for solving command and staff issues;

5. Cultivate perseverance in mastering military knowledge.

6. To instill in the personnel a sense of professional pride in the chosen specialty of an officer, hatred and respect for a potential enemy.

Time – 90 minutes

Study time calculation:

Material support:

1. Methodical development.

2. Computer and multimedia equipment of the auditorium.

3. Microsoft Office PowerPoint presentation on the topic.

4. Notebooks, stationery.

5. Journal of accounting for military training.

Literature:

a) main

1. Combat regulations for the preparation and conduct of combined arms combat. Part III (BUSV) M.: Military Publishing House, 2004.

2. Engineering support of the battle. Moscow: Military Publishing House, 1988.

3. Fortification: past and present. M.: Military Publishing, 1987.

b) additionally

1. Dictionary of military terms comp. A.M. Plekhanov. - M.: Military Publishing House, 1988.

c) normative

1. Charter of the internal service of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of November 10, 2007 No. 1495, M., 2008.

2. Combat charter of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, Enacted by order of the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation of March 11, 2006 No. 111, M., 2008.

VISUAL AIDS:

Related Microsoft Office PowerPoint Presentation "Purpose, classification of engineering barriers and their characteristics".

Task for self-training:

1. Study the material on the specified literature, finalize the lecture notes.

2. Be prepared for a lesson quiz.

3. Prepare answers to the following questions:

Appointment of engineering barriers.

Classification of engineering barriers.

Characteristics of engineering barriers.

Purpose of engineering ammunition.

Classification of engineering ammunition.

Rules for handling explosives.

Guidelines for the preparation and conduct of the lesson:

When starting to work on a lecture, the teacher begins with:

1. Studies of the Qualification requirements for a graduate according to VUS-063300, 445000 in the part related to the study of this topic.

2. Study of the Program for training specialists in VUS-063300, 445000, thematic plan.

3. Studying the text of the lecture.

4. Selection and study of literature, periodicals and the Internet resource.

5. Refinements of the text of the lecture.

6. Selection and preparation of educational and material base for the lesson.

7. Drawing up a plan for the lecture.

Structurally, a lecture on the topic of the lesson consists of three interrelated parts: introduction, main part, conclusion.

Purpose of entry- arouse interest in the topic under study, establish contact with students, direct their attention to the subject of the upcoming conversation. The introduction should not exceed 5 minutes.

In the introduction, it is recommended to write a) the name of the topic, b) the allocation of time for its study, c) the educational goals of the lecture (educational goals are not announced), d) the educational questions of the lecture, and e) the recommended literature. Then it is necessary to justify the importance of studying this topic, its relevance, connection with subsequent topics of the course and the relationship with other subjects of study.

Moving on to presentation main content lecture, the teacher must re-formulate before the audience the first question of the lecture as the initial thesis, pose a problem, the justification of which will be subject to all the logic of his reasoning in the course of presenting the material.

Having finished the presentation of the first question, the teacher should draw a conclusion on the material presented, invite students to ask questions that arose during the lecture and briefly answer them. Then, in the same sequence, proceed to the presentation of subsequent questions.

When opening training questions it is necessary to emphasize and highlight the main provisions of the issue (in the text of the lecture, these provisions are highlighted bold italic ).

During the lesson:

When opening first question it is necessary to focus on the purpose, classification of engineering barriers and their characteristics.

lighting material second educational issue, it is necessary to focus on the classification of engineering ammunition.

When bringing third educational question, it is necessary to set the trainees to study the safety requirements when handling explosives.

In order to activate the trainees, it is advisable to conduct a lecture on the topic using an active method, using elements of visual illustration (using slide shows or visual aids) and the feedback principle, using for this purpose pre-prepared questions for trainees on the topic being studied.

During the presentation of the main content of the lecture, to clarify educational issues, it is recommended to use a SMART board with a prepared set of slides, which should present:

- new concepts disclosed in the course of presentation of the material;

- illustration material.

(A set of Microsoft Office PowerPoint presentation slides is attached to the text of the lecture).

In order to control the assimilation of the material presented, it is recommended to ask 1-2 questions during the lecture on each of the main issues of the lecture.

For the first main question:

- Give the definition - an engineering barrier.

– Classification of engineering barriers.

On the second main question:

What engineering ammunition do you know?

On the third main question:

– Precautions when using explosives.

The teacher should evaluate each answer and put marks in the journal. Thus, during the lecture, 20% of the personnel present should be evaluated.

AT imprisonment teacher:

- makes brief conclusions on the lecture as a whole;

- evaluates the participation of trainees in the course of the lesson and the degree of achievement of the set learning goals;

- gives the task to students for self-training, brings information about additional literature on the topic of the lesson;

- answers the questions of the trainees on the topic of the lecture.

The order of the lecture.

1. Accept the report of the duty officer on the readiness of the training platoon for the lesson.

In the introductory part, it is necessary to conduct a written survey on the previous lesson Topic 7: "Engineering support for combat operations of units and units."

Test questions:

1. The main tasks of engineering support for combat operations.

2. Types and purpose of shelters.

Before moving on to working out the lecture, the teacher gives the opportunity to the platoon duty officer to bring the trainees, within 3 minutes, information about events in the world.

2. Introductory part:

- announce the topic, the purpose of the lesson, the procedure for conducting it, the main educational issues and the time allotted for their presentation;

- put learning objectives On the lecture;

- to bring to the students the basic educational literature on the topic.

3. Main part:

The presentation of the main questions of the lecture is carried out according to the following scheme:

a) a statement of the first main issue;

b) setting control questions for students on the first question;

c) conclusion on the first question;

d) the answer to the questions that arose during the presentation.

e) transition to the next main topic of the lecture, etc.

At the same time, the teacher monitors the lesson, the quality of the work of students.

4. Final part.

- make a general conclusion on the topic of the lecture;

- note the positive in the work of students and indicate the shortcomings;

- recall the date of independent work on this topic;

- answer students' questions;

– to announce grades;

Give assignments for independent work.

SOUTH FEDERAL UNIVERSITY

MILITARY TRAINING CENTER

Department of General Military and Tactical Training

TEXT OF THE LECTURE

VUS-063300, 445000

INTRODUCTION:

Today's lecture is a continuation of the theoretical course on the study of the academic discipline " General tactics» theme number 7 « Engineering support for combat operations of subunits and units» Lecture №16 « Purpose, classification of engineering barriers and their characteristics».

Since ancient times, Russian people have created various kinds of barriers with great skill to fight the enemy. This is evidenced, for example, by data on the nature of the defensive system of Kievan Rus. This defensive system consisted of a number of fortified towns and defensive lines of considerable length, the so-called "serpent ramparts". These ramparts, being not only barriers, but also fortifications, were usually arranged along rivers or had a moat on the outside. The height of the shaft reached 6-8 m, and the width - 16-17 m.

This system played an important role in the fight against nomads in the X-XI centuries.

Creating defenses and skillfully, using the natural properties of the terrain, the Russian troops at the same time made good use of artificial field fortifications: wattle fences, stakes driven into the ground - and were able, if necessary, to "launch" the forest, i.e. arrange a notch.

Zaseks were one of the most common barriers used by the Russians at the beginning of the 12th century.

In the XVI century. the notch (or the so-called notch line) did not consist of just forest blockages, but was a complex system of fortifications in which forest blockages-notches alternated with natural obstacles on the ground (rivers, lakes, swamps, ravines, etc.) and artificial (palisades, gouges, earthen ramparts and ditches erected in treeless gaps, that is, where there was nothing to build a notch in the proper sense of the word).

The barriers were widely used in the organization of the Sevastopol defense of 1854-1855. Here, in the defense system in front of the main defensive line, various kinds of barriers were arranged (ditches, wolf pits, land mines, notches).

In the combat operations of the Soviet Army, the barriers created by our troops found the widest application during the Great Patriotic War.

Already at the very beginning of the war, the Soviet Supreme High Command demanded that the troops widely practice the construction of ditches, blockages and other barriers, making every possible use of local materials and means for this.

Recently, the designs of engineering barriers, as well as the methods of their use, have received their further more advanced development, which further ensures the defense capability of the Russian Federation.

Classes on this topic will be conducted so that you (the students) can properly apply your knowledge in practice. And they correctly built a scheme for improving their knowledge, skills and abilities in this academic discipline.

The purpose of the lecture.

1. To reveal the essence of the engineering support of modern combined arms combat.

2. To acquaint students with the purpose, classification of engineering barriers and their characteristics.

3. Form the student:

Military professional culture of an officer, commanding qualities, skills and abilities;

Theoretical and practical bases for solving command and staff issues;

4. to educate students in the ability to navigate in a rapidly changing tactical stop.

5. - to instill in students skills in searching, summarizing and presenting educational material.

In accordance with these goals, as well as taking into account the topics of classes in the academic discipline " General tactics The following questions are discussed in the lecture.

First study question: Purpose, classification of engineering barriers and their characteristics.

Second study question: Appointment, classification of engineering ammunition.

Third study question: Rules for handling explosives.

I turn to the presentation of the questions of the lecture.

MAIN PART:

Question #1:Purpose, classification of engineering barriers and their characteristics.

Engineering obstacles are arranged for the purpose of inflicting losses on the enemy in manpower and equipment, delaying his advance and restricting maneuver.

Engineering barriers are engineering facilities, structures and destructions installed or arranged on the ground with the aim of inflicting losses on the enemy, delaying his advance, hindering maneuver and thereby contributing to the destruction of manpower and equipment by fire of all types and counterattacks of our troops.

Barriers are used in all types of combat, but most widely - in defense. On the offensive and in meeting engagements, they are used to cover the initial areas and flanks of advancing units, to repel enemy counterattacks and to secure captured lines; in a defensive battle - to cover strongholds, defense areas and gaps between them, as well as artillery firing positions, command posts and other important objects. In modern combat, a number of engineering and tactical requirements are imposed on the barrier system.

It should be highly effective in terms of the degree of destruction of the enemy, reduce the pace of his offensive, and hinder his actions; be resistant to all types of enemy fire and insurmountable; be closely linked to the fire system and not hamper the maneuver of their troops; be arranged taking into account the conditions of the area, season and climatic conditions.

The barrier system is created during the preparation and during the battle. To increase the effectiveness of obstacles, a greater number of them are installed on the revealed directions of enemy actions during the battle.

In addition to engineering units, units of military branches are involved in the construction of barriers; for their device, a remote method of mining is used.

Classification of engineering barriers (option).

According to the nature of the impact on the enemy, engineering barriers are divided into:

1. Non-explosive - anti-tank ditches, scarps, counterscarps, snow ramparts, gouges, forest blockages, barriers, as well as wire, electrified and water barriers

2. Mine-explosive obstacles (MVZ), consisting of minefields, groups of mines, single mines, as well as land mines and explosive charges used to produce destruction. According to the method of actuation, they are divided into managed and unmanaged.

3. Combined - representing a combination of cost centers and non-explosive barriers.

Purpose of engineering barriers:

Ensure high combat effectiveness and surprise impact on the enemy;

Allow quick installation on the ground and the use of mechanization;

Possess resistance against the shock wave of a nuclear explosion and means of overcoming barriers;

Do not hamper the maneuver of your troops;

Difficult to find;

Easy to disguise.

Sub-question #1 : Non-explosive barriers.

According to their purpose, non-explosive obstacles are divided into anti-tank and anti-personnel.

Antitank includes:

Anti-tank ditches;

Escarps;

Contrascarps;

Nadolby (wooden, metal, reinforced concrete, stone);

Barriers in the forest of logs and on the banks of reservoirs of ice;

Barriers made of metal hedgehogs;

Barricades in settlements;

Snow banks;

Stripes of icing on mountain slopes;

Holes on rivers and reservoirs;

Flooding of the area;

Forest and stone blockages in settlements.

Anti-personnel barriers are portable and permanent.

portable wire barriers are used mainly for quickly closing passages, destroyed sections of barriers, and also in cases where the construction of other barriers is difficult. They are usually made in advance and delivered to the installation site ready-made (inconspicuous wire nets, quickly installed barbed and smooth wire garlands, spirals, slingshots and hedgehogs).

To permanent barriers include wire fences on high and low stakes, wire fences, wire in a throw, snares and loops, fences in the forest, braiding stumps with barbed wire, etc.

Non-explosive barriers can be used alone or in combination with mine-explosive barriers. In the latter case, the greatest efficiency of their application is achieved.

To ensure the passage of friendly troops in non-explosive barriers, passages must be left, and for their quick closing, the necessary amount of means (wire spirals, slingshots, hedgehogs, etc.) is provided.

Sub-question #2:Mine-explosive barriers.

(name and text of the educational sub-question of the lecture)

The main characteristics of the cost center are:

Efficiency;

Density;

Consumption min;

The probability of hitting the enemy.

The consumption of mines refers to the number of anti-tank mines (ATMs), anti-personnel mines (APMs) per linear or square kilometer of a minefield.

It's called a minefield a section of terrain on which mines are laid in a given order and for a specific purpose.

The main characteristics of a minefield (MP) are:

Density;

Depth;

Front length.

Depth and density depend on the purpose of the minefield, the tactical situation, the characteristics of the terrain, the conditions for fixing, viewing and firing, as well as the number of rows of mines, the distance between the rows and the distance between the mines in the rows.

The minimum distance of the rear row of the MP from the positions occupied by its troops should exclude the defeat of personnel by a shock wave or fragments formed during the explosion of mines. As a rule, it should be at least 50 m, and for fragmentation mines, at least the radius of continuous destruction. The density of PTMP is from 550-1000 mines per 1 km of the front. To ensure a good overview and shelling of minefields, they should be located no more than 100-150 m from the positions of our troops.

Minefields must provide:

The greatest combat effectiveness (the maximum probability of hitting enemy targets).

Resistance to the effects of explosions of nuclear and conventional munitions, demining charges and neighboring mines is ensured by the use of blast-resistant mines, the installation of mines in the ground, the dispersed arrangement of mines in rows and rows of mines in a minefield).

The difficulty of detecting and making passages by the enemy (provided by careful camouflage; a variety of mine layouts, the installation of false mines, surprise mines, etc.)

The ability to quickly detect and clear minefields by their troops is ensured by careful fixation of minefields)

MP according to their purpose are divided into:

Anti-tank;

anti-personnel;

mixed;

Antiamphibious.

MP of any type can be:

Managed;

Unmanaged;

PTMP from anti-track mines are installed as a rule:

In 3-4 rows;

Distance between rows from 10 to 40 m;

Mining step 4-5.5 m;

MP depth from 60-100 m and more;

MP density from 550 to 1000 min per 1 km.

PPMP from high-explosive mines are installed:

In 2 rows or 4 rows;

Distance between rows from 2 to 4 m;

The distance between mines in a row is at least 1 m;

MP density - 2000 min per kilometer.

PPMP from fragmentation mines is installed:

In 2 rows;

Distance between rows 10-20 meters;

The distance between mines in a row is 1-2 radii of continuous destruction;

The MP density is 100-300 minutes per kilometer.

Mixed MPs are installed from PT and PP min. PPM are installed with PTM in groups of up to 2-3 pieces or in independent rows. The depth of a mixed minefield should not exceed 120-150 m.

PPMP, covering access to PTMP from the enemy side, are installed from them at a distance of 10-15 m.

False minefields are set according to combat schemes.

Imitation of mines is carried out by digging cans, metal objects, arranging tubercles, raising turf, pulling pieces of wire over the ground surface.

Each minefield, depending on the location in the battle order, must have a certain degree of combat readiness.

The first degree of readiness - the barriers are in full readiness: mines are installed, safety devices are removed, there are no signs and fences of the MP; detonators are inserted into explosive charges.

The second degree of readiness - the barriers are prepared for a quick introduction to full readiness (MPs are marked, if necessary they have passages, EDP-r are not inserted into explosive charges)

Anti-tank minefields are installed:

minelayers;

Helicopters equipped with mine laying kits;

Means of remote mining;

With the use of vehicles equipped with trays;

Manually (command or mine cord).

Question #2:Purpose, classification of engineering ammunition.

(name and text of the educational question of the lecture)

Engineering support is organized and carried out in order to create by units and subunits the necessary conditions for timely and covert advancement, deployment, to increase the protection of personnel and military equipment from all modern weapons, as well as to inflict losses on the enemy and hinder his actions.

To achieve the goals set, the subunits must skillfully use standard engineering equipment and engineering ammunition.

The army of the Russian Federation is armed with various engineering ammunition.

Engineering mines are engineering ammunition intended for the construction of mine-explosive barriers in order to destroy manpower, military and transport equipment of the enemy, destroy roads and various structures. Engineering mines include anti-tank, anti-personnel, anti-amphibious, anti-vehicle, object, signal and booby-traps.

Mina - is an explosive charge (BB), structurally combined with a means for blasting (drive device, fuse).

Mines by purpose are divided into:

Anti-tank (TM-62, TM-57, TMK-2),

Anti-personnel (PMN, POMZ-2M, OZM-72, MON-50, MQH-90, MON-100, MON-200),

Antiamphibious (PDM-1, PDM-2, YARM),

Special (magnetic, signal, under-ice, surprise mines, booby traps, objective, etc.)

The main elements of PTM, PPM, PDM are:

explosive charge;

Fuse;

Drive device.

Anti-tank mines (PTM) of the Russian Federation.

Anti-personnel mines (PPM) of the Russian army.

Mina signal tension action. It is intended for giving a sound and light signal. The mine is set manually.

TM-72 - anti-tank mine. Developed in the USSR, put into service in 1973. TM-72 anti-tank anti-bottom mine. An explosion occurs when the projection of a tank (BMP, BMD, armored personnel carrier, car) hits a mine, its magnetic field acts on the reacting device of the fuse. The defeat of vehicles is inflicted by penetrating the bottom with a cumulative jet during the explosion of a mine charge at the moment when the tank or some other vehicle is above the mine. The mine was a flat, rounded metal box. An explosive charge was placed inside the box and a fuse was installed on top. The mine is not intended for installation by means of mechanization.

The MVN-80 fuse is designed to equip anti-tank mines of the TM-62 series and TM-72 mines and ensures their detonation under the entire projection of moving targets.

Basic performance characteristics

Type of……………………......................................... ............Non-contact-contact magnetic action
Fuse mass……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….1.3 kg

Diameter………………………………………………................................128.5 mm

Height…………………………………………………...........................97 mm

Type of long-range cocking mechanism…………………...........hydromechanical

Long-range cocking time……………………………..............20…400 s

The force of the fuse shear cover…………..........30…100 kgf

Combat work time………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..30 days.

Temperature range of application………………..........from –30 to +50 degrees. FROM

Current source……………………......................................element 154 PMC-U - 48 hours (KBU - 1.5 hours)

Kit contents

Fuse………………………………………………………………......................... ..............one

Current source…………………………………………………………….…........................ ............one

Fuse with black cover for installation from a helicopter………......................1

Universal key……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. .......1/24

The key for screwing the fuse into a mine…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Device

On top of the fuse are: fuse 3 with a pin 4, a socket for a power source, closed by a lid 2, a handle 5 for switching the fuse from the transport position to the combat position and vice versa. Two types of fuses are used in the fuse: with a black cover - for setting mines from a helicopter, and with a red cover - for setting mines with a minelayer and manually. The fuse with a red cover has a thread 4 m long for remote start of the long-range cocking mechanism (hydromechanical).

The fuse is triggered by a change in the Earth's magnetic field caused by a target passing over the mine (tank, car, etc.).

Forbidden
1. Move near the fuse, transferred to the combat position, ferromagnetic objects, including small ones (weapon, shovel, steel probe, safety pin, etc.).

2. Move fuses brought into firing position.

3. Install mines with a fuse closer than 200 m from power lines, electrified railways, radio and radar stations.

4. Use fuses for mining, in which the height of the protrusion of the fuse is greater than the depth of the fork of the key for manually breaking the fuse cover.

5. Install the power source in the fuse, transferred to the combat position, without a fuse or with a blown fuse.

6. Unscrew the fuse from the fuse equipped with a current source.

To screw the fuse into a mine, the same key is used as for the MVCh-62 fuse.

A universal key is used to replace the fuse.

Neutralization
Search and removal of mines installed with the MVN-80 fuse are allowed only with the help of the PUV-80 device.

It is forbidden:
- search for mines with probes;

Remove a mine that has visible mechanical damage to the fuse;

Remove the mine if the signal from the fuse is not heard by the control device or the proximity sensor of the fuse target is not turned off by a signal from the control device;

Move to the transport position the transfer handle of the fuse that has not been turned off by the control device.

To search and remove mines, you must:

Prepare the control device for operation;

Turn on the device and, moving in the required direction, search for mines;

Having found a mine with a fuse by a characteristic signal in the head phones, give a signal to turn off the fuse (the signal in the phones should disappear), remove the camouflage layer of soil and, supporting the fuse from displacement with your hand, move the fuse transfer handle to the transport position and fix it with a pin;

Remove the mine from the ground.

Mines whose fuses are not turned off by the control device or are not transferred to the transport position are destroyed by overhead charges.

Purpose, main performance characteristics, general arrangement, procedure for installing and neutralizing the TM-83 anti-tank mine in a stand-alone version.

(Figure 1.29) consists of an incompletely armed mine and a fuse.

Figure 1.29 - Mine TM-83: 1 - explosive charge; 2 - lining; 3 - bracket handle;
4 - bracket; 5 - fastening handle; 6 - nest under the fuse
The fuse includes an ODC optical target sensor, a SDC seismic target sensor with a device for its installation, a safety-actuator (PIM), a locking mechanism (MZ), an MZU control panel, and an MD-5M fuse.
The ODC optical target sensor (Figure 1.30) provides an electrical signal to the safety-actuating mechanism when the tank crosses the aiming line. A lens and an electronic unit are installed in the plastic cylindrical housing of the optical target sensor.

On the cover of the housing there are upper and lower terminals for connecting wires, an LED indicator for checking the health of the ODC, a socket for a current source, closed with a plug. On the side of the housing there is a rod that serves to install the ODC in the bushing of the mine housing. At the end of the rod there is a washer for fixing the ODC in the bushing. The protrusion on the side surface of the rod ensures oriented placement of the ODC in the housing sleeve.
To protect against precipitation and dust, the lens is covered with a protective film. On the cover of the housing there is a contour of the current source, showing its position in the socket.
The seismic target sensor SDC (Figure 1.31) ensures the closure of the electrical circuit between the ODC and the safety-actuator when the target (tank) approaches the mine installation site. It has a cylindrical aluminum case, which contains a geophone, an electronic unit and a current source.

The seismic receiver is used to convert seismic signals caused by ground vibrations into electrical ones. The electronic unit provides amplification and time-frequency processing of the signals coming from the seismic receiver. On the side of the housing, two wires with lugs are brought out to connect the SDC to the ODC and the safety-actuator. A metal tag is fixed on the wire connected to the ODC. At the bottom of the case there is a threaded hole for mounting the column and a socket for a power source. The device for installing the SDC includes a tip, a column and a bushing. The tip is designed to be driven into the ground. Column - for fastening the SDC to the tip. Sleeve - to protect the shank of the tip or column when they are driven into the ground.

The safety-actuating mechanism is designed to actuate the MD-5M fuse when a signal is received from the ODC and to ensure the safety of the mine installation. PIM has a rectangular aluminum case, which contains a striker, an electric igniter, a filter to protect the electric igniter from pickup currents on the output wires, safety contacts, a hydromechanical temporary mechanism with a rod and a contact washer. In the transport position, the rod is sunk to the lowest position, the safety contacts are open, the lower end of the rod enters the striker channel, preventing its movement to the fuse. In this position, the stem is held by a cover that rotates on the axis and is held by a pin. In the lower part of the body there is a socket for screwing in the fuse.
The wires are designed to include the PIM in the electrical circuit of the fuse. When the checks are removed, the rod is released, which, under the action of the spring and as the rubber flows, rises up, freeing the drummer channel. The contact washer closes the safety contacts and connects the electric igniter to the electrical circuit of the fuse, the PIM is transferred to the firing position.
The locking mechanism is designed for remote reusable closing or opening of the electric circuit of the fuse using the MZU control panel. A remote switch (relay) and a block with radio elements are located in the plastic cylindrical case of the MZ. At one end of the case there are two terminals for connecting wires from the SDC and PIM, from the other end the wires of the control cable are brought out, at the end of which there is a socket for connecting the MZ to the plug of the MZU console.
The MZU control panel is designed for repeated switching on and off of the MZ, as well as for checking its condition.
The fuse MD-5M is designed to initiate an additional detonator when it is pierced with a sting of the PIM striker.
After removing the PIM checks and turning on the MZ using the MZU remote control (for a controlled installation option), after the long-range cocking time (1–30 min), the mine is transferred to the combat position.
When the tank approaches the mine installation site, the ground vibration is perceived by the SDC seismic receiver, the seismic signals are converted into electrical ones.
The SDC electronic unit amplifies these signals, performs their time-frequency processing, and closes the circuit between the optical target sensor (ODS) and PIM.
When the tank crosses the line of aiming mines, the ODC lens concentrates the energy of infrared radiation emitted by the tank on the receiving area of the pyroelectric module

About explosives (BB)

Explosion- this is the process of very rapid transformation of an explosive into a large amount of highly compressed and heated gases, which, expanding, produce mechanical work (destruction, movement, crushing, ejection).

Explosive- chemical compounds or mixtures of such compounds that, under the influence of certain external influences, are capable of rapid, self-developing chemical transformation into a large number of gases.

Simply put, an explosion is akin to the combustion of ordinary combustible substances (coal, firewood), but differs from simple combustion in that this process occurs very quickly, in thousandths and ten thousandths of a second. Hence, according to the rate of transformation, the explosion is divided into two types - combustion and detonation.

In an explosive transformation such as combustion, the transfer of energy from one layer of matter to another occurs through heat conduction. A combustion type explosion is characteristic of gunpowder. The process of gas formation is rather slow. Due to this, during the explosion of gunpowder in a confined space (cartridge case, projectile), the bullet, projectile is ejected from the barrel, but the cartridge case, the weapon chamber is not destroyed.

In an explosion of the same type of detonation, the process of energy transfer is caused by the passage of a shock wave through the explosive at supersonic speed (6-7 thousand meters per second). In this case, gases are formed very quickly, the pressure increases instantly to very large values. Simply put, gases don't have time to take the path of least resistance and, in an effort to expand, destroy everything in their path. This type of explosion is characteristic of TNT, RDX, ammonite, and other substances.

In order for the explosion process to begin (further it develops spontaneously), an external influence is necessary, it is required to apply a certain amount of energy to the explosive. External influences are divided into the following types:
1.Mechanical (impact, prick, friction).
2. Thermal (spark, flame, heating)
3. Chemical (chemical reaction of the interaction of any substance with explosives)
4. Detonation (an explosion next to an explosive of another explosive).

Different explosives react differently to external influences. Some of them explode on any impact, others have selective sensitivity. For example, black smoke powder responds well to thermal effects, very poorly to mechanical effects, and practically does not respond to chemical ones. TNT, on the other hand, mainly reacts only to the detonation effect. Capsule compositions (explosive mercury) react to almost any external influence. There are explosives that explode without any visible external influence at all, but the practical use of such explosives is generally impossible.

Depending on the type of explosion and sensitivity to external influences, all explosives are divided into three main groups:
1. Initiating explosives.
2. Brizant explosives.
3. Throwing explosives.

Initiating explosives. They are highly sensitive to external influences. Other characteristics (see below) are usually low. But they have a valuable property - their explosion (detonation) has a detonation effect on blasting and propelling explosives, which are usually not sensitive to other types of external influence at all or have unsatisfactory sensitivity. Therefore, initiating substances are used only to excite the explosion of blasting or propelling explosives. To ensure the safety of the use of initiating explosives, they are packed in protective devices (primer, primer sleeve, primer - detonator, electric detonator, fuse). Typical representatives of initiating explosives: mercury fulminate, lead azide, teneres (TNRS).

Brizantnye VV. This, in fact, is what they say and write about. They are equipped with shells, mines, bombs, rockets, land mines; they blow up bridges, cars, businessmen….
Blasting explosives are divided into three groups according to their explosive characteristics:
*** increased power (representatives - hexogen, heating element, tetryl);
** normal power (representatives - TNT, melinite, plastite);
* reduced power (representatives - ammonium nitrate and its mixtures).

High power explosives are somewhat more sensitive to external influences and therefore they are more often used in a mixture with phlegmatizers (substances that reduce the sensitivity of explosives) or in a mixture with explosives of normal power to increase the power of the latter. Sometimes explosives of increased power are used as intermediate detonators.

Throwing explosives. These are various gunpowders - black smoky, smokeless pyroxylin and nitroglycerin. They also include various pyrotechnic mixtures for fireworks, signal and lighting rockets, lighting projectiles, mines, bombs

All explosives are characterized by a number of data, depending on the values of which the question of the use of a given substance for solving certain problems is decided. The most significant of them are:
1. Sensitivity to external influences.
2. Energy (heat) of explosive transformation.
3. Velocity of detonation.
4. Brisance.
5. Explosiveness.
6. Chemical resistance.
7. Duration and conditions of the working state.
8.Normal state of aggregation.
9. Density.

The properties of explosives can be described quite fully using all nine characteristics. However, in order to understand in general what is usually called power or strength, one can limit oneself to two characteristics: "Brizance" and "High explosiveness".

Brisance- this is the ability of explosives to crush, destroy objects in contact with it (metal, rocks, etc.). The magnitude of brisance indicates how quickly gases are formed during an explosion. The higher the brisance of one or another explosive, the more suitable it is for equipping shells, mines, and air bombs. Such an explosive during an explosion will better crush the body of the projectile, give the fragments the highest speed, and create a stronger shock wave. A characteristic is directly related to brisance - the detonation velocity, i.e., how quickly the explosion process propagates through the explosive substance. Brisance is measured in millimeters (mm). This is a standard unit. There is no need to describe the technique for measuring brisance.

explosiveness- in other words, the performance of explosives, the ability to destroy and throw out of the explosion area, surrounding materials (soil, concrete, brick, etc.). This characteristic is determined by the amount of gases formed during the explosion. The more gases are formed, the more work this explosive can do. Explosiveness is measured in cubic centimeters (cc). This is also a rather arbitrary value.

From this it becomes quite clear that different explosives are suitable for different purposes. For example, for blasting in the ground (in a mine, during the construction of pits, the destruction of ice jams, etc.), an explosive with the highest explosiveness is more suitable, and any brisance is suitable. On the contrary, high brisance is primarily valuable for loading shells, and high explosive is not so important.

Below are these two characteristics of several types of explosives:

From this table it can be seen that ammonite is better suited for digging a pit in the ground, and plastic is better for equipping shells.

However, this is a highly simplified and not entirely correct approach to understanding the power of explosives. I allowed this simplification in order to explain the properties of explosives as simply as possible. In fact, all nine characteristics are closely related to each other, depend on each other, and a change in one of them entails a change in all the others.

There is a simpler, and most importantly, a real way to compare the powers of various explosives. It's called "TNT equivalent". Its essence lies in the fact that the power of TNT is conditionally taken as a unit (approximately the same as the power of one horse was once taken as a unit of machine power). And all other explosives (including nuclear explosives) are compared with TNT. Simply put, how much TNT would have to be taken to produce the same explosive work as a given amount of this explosive. In order not to tire the reader with long calculations and boring formulas, I’ll say it easier: 100g. RDX give the same result as 125 gr. TNT, and 75 gr. TNT will replace 100g. ammonite. It will be even easier to say that high-power explosives are 25 percent stronger than TNT, and low-power explosives are 20-30% weaker than TNT.

Explosives

Ammonium nitrate explosives

Ammonium nitrate explosives include a large group of explosives created on the basis of ammonium nitrate. All of them belong to high explosives of reduced power. That is, when compared with TNT, it is considered. that all of them are 25 percent weaker than TNT. However, this is not entirely true. In terms of brisance, ammonium nitrate explosives, as a rule, are not much inferior to TNT, and in terms of explosiveness they exceed TNT, and some of them are very significant. Ammonium nitrate explosives are more preferable when undermining soils, because due to their high explosiveness they are able to throw more soil out of the explosion area. However, when working in rocky soils, TNT is still preferable, because due to the greater brisance, it crushes rocks better.

Ammonium nitrate explosives are used to a greater extent in the national economy and to a lesser extent in military affairs. The reasons for this use are the significantly lower cost of ammonium nitrate explosives, their significantly lower reliability in use. First of all, this is a significant hygroscopicity of amm. Explosives, due to which, when moistened with more than 3%, such explosives completely lose their ability to explode. These explosives are subject to the phenomenon of caking, due to which they also completely or partially lose their explosiveness. The continuous recrystallization processes in these explosives lead to an increase in the volume occupied by them, which can lead to the destruction of the packaging or ammunition shells.

Classification of engineering ammunition and minefields.

Purpose of engineering barriers:

1. Inflict losses on the enemy;

2. Delay the advance of the enemy;

3. Forge the maneuver of the enemy;

4. Ensure defeat by fire;

5. Cover the gaps between strong points to cover the command post and large warehouses.

Barriers are characterized by density - the number of barriers per 1 km.

The barriers are divided into:

1. Mine-explosive (characterized by the arrangement of different minefields, object mines and remote mining systems - aviation, artillery, missile);

2. Non-explosive(using wire ditches);

3. Electrified barriers;

4. Water barriers (undermining dams, bridges);

5. Combined

By appointment:

1. Anti-tank (minefields (MP), remote MP, groups of mines in the nodes of obstacles, anti-tank ditches, scarps and counterscarps, gouges, pieces of piles, hedgehogs, barricades);

2. Anti-personnel (MP, wire barriers, booby traps, MZP, electrified barriers);

3. Anti-vehicle (from individual mines and object mines, blocks);

4. River (sea, river mines, floating mines, mining of fords);

5. Anti-landing (at a depth of up to 5 m).

Minefields: guided and unguided

Mines: contact and non-contact

Mines: anti-tank, anti-personnel, anti-amphibious, anti-vehicle, sabotage

Topic 2

Purpose, main performance characteristics, general arrangement, procedure for installing and neutralizing the TM-72 anti-tank mine with MVN-80.

TM-72 anti-tank anti-bottom mine. An explosion occurs when the projection of a tank (BMP, BMD, armored personnel carrier, car) hits a mine, its magnetic field acts on the reacting device of the fuse. The defeat of vehicles is inflicted by penetrating the bottom with a cumulative jet during the explosion of a mine charge at the moment when the tank or some other vehicle is above the mine.

Housing material………................................................ steel

Weight……………………………………………… 6 kg.

Weight of explosive charge (TG-40)…………………………. 2.5 kg.

Diameter…………………………………………. 25 cm.

Height…………………………………………..12.6 cm

Armor penetration………………………. 100 mm from a distance of 0.25-0.5 m

Fuse……………………………………………………….

Installation

TM-72 mines with MVN-80 fuse are installed only manually; to set the mines manually, you must: install the mine in the hole, move the fuse transfer handle to the firing position and secure it with a pin, remove the pin and tear off the fuse cover with the key, while holding the cover with your hand, pull the thread from the fuse by 0.5 ... 1 m, disguise the mine by taking the cover and moving away from the mine, pull the thread out of the fuse completely and leave the installation site.

Withdrawal

Search and removal of mines installed with the MVN-80 fuse. Allowed only with the help of the control device PUV-80.

PROHIBITED: search for mines with probes; remove a mine that has visible mechanical damage to the fuse; remove the mine if the signal from the fuse is not heard by the control device or the proximity sensor of the fuse target is not turned off by a signal from the control device

To search for and remove mines, it is necessary: to prepare the control device for operation; turn on the device and moving in the required direction, search for mines; having found a mine with a fuse by a characteristic signal in the head phones, give a signal to turn off the fuse; make sure that the fuse is turned off (the signal in the phones should disappear), remove the camouflage layer of soil, and holding the fuse from displacement with your hand, move the fuse transfer handle to the transport position and fix it with a pin.

2. Purpose, main performance characteristics, general arrangement, procedure for installation and disposal of the TM-83 anti-tank mine.

Anti-tank anti-aircraft mine. Designed to disable enemy tracked and wheeled vehicles. The defeat of enemy vehicles is inflicted by penetrating the side armor with an impact core formed from the lining of a cumulative funnel during a mine explosion. When the impact core penetrates into the tank, the crew members and equipment of the tank are affected by drops of molten armor, high pressure that occurs inside and high temperature of the core. This causes a fire inside the tank, detonation of ammunition is possible
The mine can only be placed on the ground or attached to local items manually. The cork box or its lid serves as the base for the mine. The range of destruction of the tank is up to 50 meters, so the mine is installed on the side of the probable route of the tank at a distance of 5-50 meters from the axis of the route. With the help of the sight, the mine is aimed at the place of destruction.
Mina has two target sensors - seismic and infrared. The seismic sensor ensures the operation of the mine in the target standby mode, which saves energy from power sources.

seismic sensor, which has its own power source (373 (R20) battery), is installed in the ground near the mine and is connected to the infrared sensor and PIM by a wire line, and the infrared sensor, which also has its own power source (373 (R20) battery), is mounted on the mine body above. The safety-actuator (PIM) is screwed to the MD-5M fuse, which in turn is screwed into a socket on the back of the mine.
The main task of the PIM is to receive an electrical impulse from the infrared sensor of the target, to ignite the electric igniter, the gases of which will send the drummer forward. The drummer, in turn, will prick the fuse of the MD-5M, from which the mine will explode.
On the top of the PIM there is a safety pin in the form of a safety pin holding the safety rod. This rod, in the event of an accidental issuance of an electric pulse while the mine is in a safe position, will not allow the striker to chop the fuse. After the safety pin is removed, under the action of the spring, the rod begins to move upward, freeing up space for the striker to move. The movement of the rod is carried out slowly due to the hydraulic resistance of the rubber in the cavity of the rod. The time of movement of the rod is, depending on the temperature, from 1 to 30 minutes. After this time, nothing prevents the striker from moving if the electric igniter fires.

Mina can be installed in an unmanaged (autonomous) version and in a managed version.
The controllability of the mine lies in the fact that with the help of a 100-meter wire line and a control panel (the MZU mine control panel is used), it can be repeatedly switched to a safe (safety) mode or to a target standby mode. In safety mode, the mine is retrievable and defuseable.
If the mine is installed in an unguided version, then it is considered unrecoverable and non-disposable due to the high sensitivity of the seismic sensor and the likelihood of the infrared sensor being triggered by the thermal radiation of the human body when a person approaches the mine (on any side closer than 10 meters). The destruction of such a mine is possible only by shooting it from a heavy machine gun.
Also, in an unguided version, a mine can be installed with an MVE-72 or MVE-NS fuse. In this case, seismic, infrared sensors and PIM are not used, but a breakaway target sensor of the MVE-72 or MVE-NS fuse is used. The firing mechanism of the fuse is screwed onto the MD-5M fuse instead of the PIM. In this version, the TM-83 mine is installed similarly to the TM-73 mine.

Mine clearance, installed in the controlled version, is made after it is transferred to a safe position with the help of the MZU control panel. Defusing includes disconnecting the PIM from the mine, disconnecting the wire line from it and removing the batteries from the SD and ID.
It is impossible to neutralize a mine installed in an unguided version and it must be destroyed by shooting it from a heavy machine gun or a large-caliber sniper rifle from a distance of at least 30 meters.
TTX mines TM-83:
Mine type ............................................ anti-tank anti-aircraft on the principle of impact core
Frame................................................. ................... metal
Weight................................................. ...................... 28.1 kg.
The mass of the explosive charge (TG 40/60) .............................. 9.6 kg.
Dimensions ............................................... ............... 45.5x37.7x44 cm.
Range of destruction of the target .............................. from 5 to 50 meters
Armor penetration .............................................. 100mm.
Hole diameter .................................................................. 80mm.
Main fuse ....................... own non-contact two-channel fuse MD-5M
Fuze target sensors ................................. seismic and infrared
The term of the combat operation of the mine ................................................... not less than 30 days
Application restrictions due to weather conditions. Fog (heavy snowfall, heavy rain) with visibility less than 50 m.
Controllability................................................. ...... managed/unmanaged
Neutralization ............................................... only in controlled option
Retrievability ............................................... ...... only in controlled version
Installation Methods................................................... manual
Long cocking time .............................................. 1-30 min.
Type of long-range cocking mechanism .................... hydromechanical

Foreword.
The term "mine" in military terminology has existed for a very long time. Professor V.V. Yakovlev in his book "The History of Fortresses" indicates that initially this term was used as far back as 300-400 years BC to denote digging under the walls and towers of fortresses with the aim of collapsing, collapsing the latter into an empty space (horn), arranged at the end of the underground gallery.
Later, the term "mine" denoted a powder charge laid in a tunnel under a fortress wall or tower. So, with several mines during the assault on the fortress of Kazan in 1552, Russian troops managed to make gaps in the fortress wall, which predetermined the success of the assault.

So gradually this term was finally fixed to designate an explosive charge that was not thrown like a projectile, structurally combined with explosives and intended to inflict damage on enemy personnel, structures, and equipment.
With the advent of sea mines designed to disable enemy ships, and especially with the invention of a self-propelled mine (torpedo), a condition was added to the definition of the concept of "mine" - "delivered to the target not with the help of artillery guns."

In modern conditions, with the development of remote mining systems, when a mine or several mines are delivered to the installation site, including in the case of artillery shells, the wording "... delivered to the target not with the help of an artillery gun" is outdated.

The concept of "mine" (the term "engineering mine" has begun to be used more and more often) should be understood as

"... an explosive charge, structurally combined with blasting means, designed to inflict damage on enemy personnel, structures, equipment and driven by the victim himself (a person, tank, machine) on blasting means (target sensor), or driven by action with the help of a certain type of command (radio signal, electrical impulse, hourly retarder, etc.)".

However, this definition of the term "mine" is rather vague, incomplete and somewhat contradictory.

In the first third of the 20th century, the term "mine" acquired another meaning. So they began to call, in general, an ordinary artillery shell fired from a specific type of artillery gun - a mortar. The whole difference between a mortar and a conventional artillery gun such as a cannon or howitzer is that it is smooth-bore and throws its projectiles (mines) along a very steep trajectory. A mortar mine differs from a cannon or howitzer shell only in its appearance and the way the powder charge is placed. In all other respects, the action of a mortar mine on a target is similar to the action of other types of projectiles (we will not go into subtleties).
Where this meaning of the term "mine" came from is not known for certain. The author offers his version, but emphasizes that this is only a version and does not consider that this is the ultimate truth.
During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05, during the defense of the Port Arthur fortress, the Russians began to use sea mines rolling down the gutters to repel Japanese attacks on mountain positions. Then they began to use shipborne torpedo tubes on land to fire warheads of self-propelled sea mines (torpedoes) from mountainous positions down the Japanese. Then Captain Gobyato created an explosive charge, housed in a tin cone-shaped case. These charges were mounted on a wooden rod, which in turn was inserted into the 47 mm barrel. guns. The shot was fired with a cannon blank powder charge at the maximum turn of the barrel up. This projectile, by analogy with the sea mines already used for the same purpose, received the name "pole mine".
During the First World th war, the experience of Gobyato was remembered and the modified mines of Gobyato were widely used. True, at that time these guns were called bombers, and their shells were called bombs.

During the revival of this type of weapon in the thirties, the terms "bomb" and "bomb thrower" were considered not very suitable, because. these two words are already firmly entrenched in aviation (air bomb) and the navy (depth charge, bomb bomb). They remembered the name mortar and mine. So this term was fixed in its second meaning.

From the author. However, in English, German and most other languages, what we call a mortar is called differently - "mortar" (Moertel, the mortar, mortier, malta, mortero, ...). In my opinion, the term "mortar" is more suitable for this type of artillery system

So, the term "mine" is used in our country today in two meanings - a mine, as an artillery shell, and a mine, as an engineering ammunition. Often, to distinguish what exactly is being discussed in this context, the clarifying terms "engineering mine", "mortar mine" are used. Below in the text we will talk about the classification of engineering mines only.

End of preface.

There is no single legally approved or standardized classification of engineering mines. In any case, in the Soviet (Russian) Army. There are several generally accepted types of classification, depending on the criterion (principle) by which groups of mines are divided in this type of classification:

1. By purpose.

2. According to the method of causing harm by this type of mine.

3. According to the degree of controllability of the mine.

4. According to the principle of the target sensor used.

5. By the shape, direction and size of the affected area.

6. According to the method of delivery to the place of application (installation method).

7.By the type of explosive used in the mine.

8. By neutralization and recoverability.

9. By the presence of self-destruction or self-neutralization systems.

10. By the time of arming.

The first type of classification is considered to be the main one.

By purpose, mines are divided into three main groups:

I. Anti-tank.
II. Anti-personnel.
III. Special:
1.Anti-vehicle:
a) anti-train (railway);
b) anti-car (road);
c) anti-aircraft (aerodrome);
2. Anti-landing;
3.Objective;
4.Signal;
5. Traps (surprises);
6.Special.

In some Guides, Instructions, mines are divided by purpose not into three main groups, but into eight (anti-tank, anti-personnel, anti-vehicle, anti-amphibious, object, signal, traps, special). The author believes that the division into three groups is still more correct. The fact is that military personnel of all branches of the armed forces (motorized riflemen, tankers, artillerymen, paratroopers, etc.) must be able to use anti-tank and anti-personnel mines, and only sappers work with all other mines.

Basically, all types of mines can be produced in three main modifications - combat, training, training and simulation (practical).
In order not to confuse the reader, let's consider the main groups of mines in their other types of classification.

I. Anti-tank mines designed to destroy or remove from the ranks of tanks and other armored vehicles of the enemy. They can also hit unarmored vehicles, and in some cases people, although the latter is not included in the scope of the tasks of this type of mine, but is a side, random result.

According to the type of target sensor, anti-tank mines are:

- magnetic action (triggered by the impact on the target sensor of the magnetic field of the machine);
- thermal action (triggered when the target sensor is exposed to the heat generated by the tank);
- inclined action (triggered when the machine body deviates the antenna (rod) from the vertical position);
- seismic action (triggered by shaking, vibration of the soil when the machine is moving);
- infrared action (triggered when the body of the machine obscures a beam of light in the infrared range, illuminating the sensitive sensor-fuse).

Various combinations of target sensors are possible, and it is not necessary that the operation of the target sensor cause the mine to explode. The operation of one target sensor may be aimed at activating the second stage sensor. For example, in a mine of the TM-83 type, the seismic target sensor, when a tank enters the zone of its activity, only turns on a thermal sensor, which, when the tank acts on it, already causes a mine explosion.

Typically, the stepwise use of sensors is aimed at saving the resource of the main target sensor or power supply.

There are target sensors with multiplicity elements. Such a sensor initiates a mine only on the second or subsequent impact of the target on the mine. For example, the fuse MVD-62 of the Soviet mine TM-62, which works only when it is hit a second time. Moreover, no more than 1 second should elapse between pressing. Or the No.5 Mk 4 fuse of the Mk7 English mine, which only works when it is hit a second time.

According to the method of causing harm, anti-tank mines are divided into:
- anti-track (destroy the tracks of the caterpillar, the wheel and thereby deprive the tank of mobility);
- anti-bottom (pierce the bottom of the tank and cause a fire in it, detonation of ammunition, failure of the transmission or engine, death or injury of crew members);
- anti-aircraft (pierce the side of the tank and cause a fire in it, detonation of ammunition, failure of the transmission or engine, death or injury of crew members).
- anti-roof (hit the tank from above).

According to the degree of controllability, anti-tank mines are divided into unguided and guided. As a rule, in anti-tank mines, controllability consists in switching the target sensor from the control panel to a combat or safe position by the operator. Control can be carried out via a command radio link or via a wired line. The meaning of such controllability lies in the fact that when moving through the minefield of their tanks, they are not undermined, and enemy tanks, on the contrary. The controllability of anti-tank mines in the sense of detonating mines by the operator when the tank is in the affected area is not currently used.

According to the method of installation of anti-aircraft mines, they are divided into:

As a rule, most types of anti-tank mines installed by means of mechanization can be installed manually and vice versa. Remote mines are usually used only by this method of delivery and installation.

According to the recoverability and neutralization of anti-aircraft mines, they are divided into:

Both of these terms are quite similar to each other, but they do not mean the same thing.
Neutralization consists in the ability to transfer the mine fuse to one of two positions - safe or combat (it does not matter - by removing the fuse from the mine or using a switch, safety checks, etc.).
Retrievability is the ability to remove the mine from the installation site. If the mine is not recoverable, then when you try to remove it, it will explode.

According to the type of explosive used, all anti-tank mines are mines with chemical explosives. Anti-tank mines with nuclear (atomic) explosives are not available in any of the armies of the world.

Anti-tank mines may or may not have a self-destruction (self-neutralization) system. Self-destruction provides for, after a specified period of time or upon the occurrence of certain conditions (certain temperature, humidity, radio signal, wired signal), the production of a mine explosion, and the self-neutralization system provides for the transfer of the fuse to a safe position after a specified period of time or upon the occurrence of certain conditions (certain temperature , humidity, radio signal, wired signal).

According to the time of bringing them into combat position, anti-tank mines are divided into two main groups -

II. anti-personnel mines designed to destroy or disable enemy personnel. How as a rule, these mines are unable to cause significant damage to enemy tanks, armored vehicles and vehicles. The maximum is to damage the car wheel, trim, glass, radiator.

According to the type of target sensor, anti-personnel mines are:
-pressure action (mine is triggered when a person's leg sensor is pressed);

- breakaway action (the operation of a mine occurs when the integrity of a thin low-strength wire is violated when it is touched by a foot or body);
- seismic action (the operation of a mine occurs from the shaking of the soil when a person moves);
-thermal action (the operation of a mine occurs when the sensor is exposed to heat emanating from the human body);
- infrared action (the mine is triggered when the human body obscures a beam of light in the infrared range, illuminating the sensitive sensor-fuse);
- magnetic action (the mine reacts to the metal that a person has).

Various combinations of target sensors are possible, i.e. a mine may have not one, but two or three target sensors, each of which can trigger the mine independently of the others. Either the mine is triggered only when the sensors are triggered simultaneously, or the triggering of one sensor causes the activation of another. Options can be very different.

According to the method of causing harm to PP, mines are divided:

-fragmentation (inflict damage with fragments of their hull or ready-made lethal elements (balls, rollers, arrows). Moreover, depending on the shape of the affected area, such mines are divided into mines of circular destruction and mines of directed destruction;
-cumulative (inflict damage with a cumulative jet that pierces the foot of the foot).

According to the degree of controllability, PP mines, like anti-tank mines, are divided into guided and unguided. But if in anti-tank mines, controllability consists in switching by the operator from the target sensor distance to a combat or safe position, then some types of PP mines can simply be undermined by the operator from the control panel when enemy soldiers are in the mine's affected area. The meaning of such controllability lies in the fact that when moving through the minefield of their soldiers, they are not undermined, and the enemy soldiers, on the contrary.

According to the method of installing PP mines are divided into:
- installed manually (sappers by soldiers);
- installed by means of mechanization (tracked and trailed mine spreaders);
- installed by means of remote mining (missile, aviation, artillery systems).
As a rule, most types of PP mines installed by means of mechanization can be installed manually and vice versa. Remote mines are usually used only by this method of delivery and installation.

According to the recoverability and neutralization of PP mines are divided into:

- retrievable non-neutralized,
- non-removable non-decontaminable.

According to the type of explosive used, all PP mines are mines with a chemical explosive. PP mines with nuclear (atomic) explosives are not available in any of the armies of the world.

PP mines may or may not have a self-destruction (self-neutralization) system. Self-destruction provides for, after a specified period of time or upon the occurrence of certain conditions (certain temperature, humidity, radio signal, wired signal), the production of a mine explosion, and the self-neutralization system provides for the transfer of the fuse to a safe position after a specified period of time or upon the occurrence of certain conditions (certain temperature , humidity, radio signal, wired signal).

PP mines are divided into two main groups according to the time they are brought into combat position -
1. Brought into combat position immediately after the removal of the safety blocking devices.
2. They are brought into a combat position after the removal of safety interlocks after a certain period of time required to remove the miners from the mine to a safe distance (usually from 2 minutes to 72 hours).

III-1. Anti-vehicle mines designed to destroy or disable vehicles enemy moving along transport routes (roads, railways, parking lots, runways and platforms, taxiways of airfields). Anti-tank mines disable both unarmored and armored vehicles. These mines are not intended to destroy or injure personnel, although very often damage to vehicles leads to the simultaneous defeat of personnel.

According to the type of target sensor, anti-vehicle mines are:
-pressure action (triggered by pressing the target sensor with a caterpillar, a car wheel);
- magnetic action (triggered by the impact on the target sensor of the magnetic field of the machine);
- thermal action (triggered when the target sensor is exposed to the heat generated by the vehicle;
- inclined action (triggered when the machine body deviates the antenna (rod) from the vertical position);
- seismic action (triggered by shaking, vibration of the soil when the machine is moving);
- infrared action (triggered when the body of the machine obscures a beam of light in the infrared range, illuminating the sensitive sensor-fuse);
-acoustic action (triggered when the threshold value of the vehicle engine noise level is exceeded).

According to the method of causing harm to anti-tank missiles, mines are divided:
- high-explosive (inflict defeat by the force of an explosion - complete or partial destruction of the machine, the mover of the machine (wheels, tracks), etc.);
fragmentation (inflict damage on the vehicle with fragments of their hull or ready-made lethal elements (balls, rollers, arrows);
-cumulative (inflict damage with a cumulative jet or impact core).

According to the degree of controllability, anti-tank mines, like anti-tank mines, are divided into guided and unguided. But if in anti-tank mines, controllability consists in switching by the operator from the distance of the target sensor to a combat or safe position, then some types of anti-tank mines can simply be undermined by the operator from the control panel when the enemy vehicle is in the zone of destruction of the mine.

According to the method of installation of anti-tank mines, mines are divided into:
- installed manually (sappers by soldiers);
- installed by means of remote mining (missile, aviation, artillery systems).

According to the recoverability and neutralization of anti-tank mines, they are divided into:
- recoverable neutralized;
- extractable non-neutralized;
- non-removable non-decontaminable.

According to the type of explosive used, all anti-tank mines are mines with a chemical explosive. There are no anti-vehicle mines with nuclear (atomic) explosives in any of the armies of the world.

According to the time of bringing them into combat position, anti-tank mines are divided into two main groups -
1. Brought into combat position immediately after the removal of the safety blocking devices.
2. They are brought into a combat position after the removal of safety interlocks after a certain period of time required to remove the miners from the mine to a safe distance (usually from 2 minutes to 72 hours).

Features of the design of anti-vehicle mines allows the use of many of them as multi-purpose mines.. As a rule, as objective mines, i.e. mines that explode after a certain specified period of time. Or exploded by the operator from the control panel via a command wire or radio link.

III-2. Anti-amphibious mines designed to disable or destroy enemy watercraft (boats, boats, pontoons, floating machines) when these watercraft are moving on the water. The destruction or injury of personnel for this type of mine is a side, secondary result of the operation of the mine.

According to the type of target sensor, PD mines are:
- magnetic action (the mine reacts to the metal of the vessel's hull);
-acoustic action (triggered when the threshold value of the noise level of the propeller of the craft is exceeded);
-contact action (the operation of a mine occurs when the hull of the craft comes into contact with the sensitive elements of the target sensor (antenna, rod, crumpled horn, etc.).

According to the method of causing harm to AP mines, as a rule, belong to one type:
- high-explosive (they inflict damage with a water hammer arising from the explosion of a mine charge - there is a violation of the tightness of the hull, a breakdown from the engine mount and equipment of the machine).

According to the degree of controllability, AP mines, like PT mines, are divided into guided and unguided. But if in anti-tank mines, controllability consists in switching by the operator from the target sensor distance to a combat or safe position, then some types of AP mines can simply be undermined by the operator from the control panel when the enemy vehicle is in the mine's strike zone. However, the author is not aware of any type of guided missile launcher currently in service anywhere.

According to the method of installation of PD mines are divided into:
- installed manually (sappers by soldiers);
- installed using mechanical means.
- installed by means of remote mining (missile, aviation, artillery systems).
As of 2013, the author is aware of one brand of anti-landing remotely placed mine. This is a Russian PDM-4.

By recoverability and neutralization, PD mines are divided into:
- recoverable neutralized;
- extractable non-neutralized;
- non-removable non-decontaminable.

According to the type of explosive used, all PD mines are mines with a chemical explosive. Antiamphibious mines with nuclear (atomic) explosives are not available in any of the armies of the world.

PD mines may or may not have a self-destruction (self-neutralization) system. Self-destruction provides for, after a specified period of time or upon the occurrence of certain conditions (certain temperature, humidity, radio signal, wired signal), the production of a mine explosion, and the self-neutralization system provides for the transfer of the fuse to a safe position after a specified period of time or upon the occurrence of certain conditions (certain temperature , humidity, radio signal, wired signal).

PD mines by the time they are brought into combat position are divided into two main groups -
1. Brought into combat position immediately after the removal of the safety blocking devices.
2. They are brought into a combat position after the removal of safety interlocks after a certain period of time required to remove the miners from the mine to a safe distance (usually from 2 minutes to 72 hours).

III-3. Object mines designed to destroy or remove from system, damage to various fixed or moving enemy objects (buildings, bridges, dams, locks, factory workshops, docks, slipways, road sections, moorings, oil and gas pipelines, water pumping stations, treatment facilities, large tanks with fuel and gas, fortifications , rolling stock, cars, armored vehicles, airfield facilities, power plant turbines, oil rigs, oil pumps, etc., etc.).

The destruction or incapacitation of personnel is usually an incidental, but not an accidental task of objective mines. And in a number of cases, the destruction or damage of an object is carried out with the aim of inflicting maximum losses on both personnel and combat and other equipment of the enemy. For example, the destruction of a dam as an object may have the goal of causing a wave of release and flooding of vast territories in order to destroy enemy personnel and disable his weapons.

Object mines usually do not have target sensors. The explosion is carried out after a predetermined period of time or by applying a control signal via wires or radio links.

According to the method of causing harm, OM are divided into:
- high-explosive (inflict defeat by the force of an explosion of a certain (often significant) amount of explosives);

According to the degree of controllability, OM are divided into:
-controlled (The first type - the explosion is carried out by a signal by wire or radio. The second type - a timer (time counter) is activated by a control signal, which, after a predetermined or entered by a control signal, will cause a mine explosion);
-unmanaged (explosion occurs after a specified period of time).

All OMs are installed only manually. By means of mechanization, only auxiliary work is carried out (extraction of pits, dressing of charging niches in the thickness of the object undermined, etc.). There are no remotely installed OMs yet, but it is possible to develop them and put them into service.

According to the recoverability and neutralization of OM, they are divided into:
- recoverable neutralized;
- extractable non-neutralized;
- non-removable non-decontaminable.

According to the type of explosive used, explosives are divided into:
- mines with chemical explosive;
- mines with a nuclear explosive (at present, such mines are probably in service with the US and British armies. There are no such mines in other countries.)

OM may or may not have a self-destruction (self-neutralization) system. Moreover, a self-neutralization system is more often used, which does not explode a mine, but transfers it to a safe state.

OM by the time of bringing them into combat position are not divided into groups, but are brought into combat position after the removal of safety blocking devices after a specified period of time required to remove the miners from the mine to a safe distance or to withdraw our troops from the given area (usually from 2 minutes up to 72 hours).

III-4. signal mines are not intended to destroy or damage anyone or anything. The task of the CM is to give out the presence of the enemy in a given place, to designate it, to draw attention to this place of its units.
In terms of size, characteristics, and installation methods, SMs are close to anti-personnel mines.

By type of target sensor, SM are:
-pressure action (mine is triggered by pressing the sensor of a person's leg, car wheel, tank caterpillar);
- tension action (the operation of the mine occurs when the wire sensor is pulled by the foot or body of a person);
- breakaway action (the operation of a mine occurs when the integrity of a thin low-strength wire is violated when it is touched by a foot or body, the car body);
- seismic action (the operation of a mine occurs from the shaking of the soil during the movement of a person or equipment);
-thermal action (the mine is triggered when the sensor is exposed to heat emanating from the human body or from the engine of the car);
- infrared action (the mine is triggered when the human body or the body of the car obscures a beam of light in the infrared range, illuminating the sensitive sensor-fuse);
- magnetic action (the mine reacts to the metal that a person has or the metal of the car body).
A combination of two, three or more target sensors is possible.

According to the method of causing harm (if I may say so), signal mines are divided:
- sound (when triggered, they emit loud sounds that can be heard at a considerable distance);
- light (when triggered, they give bright flashes of light, or a bright light burns for a certain time, or the mine throws up flares (stars);
- smoke (when triggered, a cloud of colored smoke is formed);
- combined (sound and light, sometimes smoke);
radio signal (transmit a detection signal to the control panel.

According to the installation method, signal mines are divided into:
- installed manually (sappers by soldiers);
- installed by means of mechanization (tracked and trailed mine spreaders);
- installed by means of remote mining (missile, aviation, artillery systems).

As a rule, most of the types of SM installed by means of mechanization can be installed manually and vice versa. Remote mines are usually used only by this method of delivery and installation.

According to recoverability and neutralization, SM are divided into:
- recoverable neutralized;
- non-removable non-decontaminable.
Signal mines do not have explosives; as a rule, they do not have self-destruction (self-neutralization) systems.
All signal mines, as a rule, are transferred to a combat position instantly after the removal of safety blocking devices

III-5. Booby traps (surprise mines) designed to be removed from formation or destruction of enemy personnel, equipment, weapons, objects; creating an atmosphere of nervousness, fear in the enemy ("minophobia"); deprivation of his desire to use local or abandoned (captured) household items, premises, means of communication, machines, devices, fortifications, captured weapons and ammunition and other objects; suppression of enemy work on the neutralization of mines of other types, clearance of terrain or objects. As a rule, booby-traps are triggered as a result of an enemy's attempt to use household items, premises, communications equipment, machines, devices, fortifications, captured weapons and ammunition and other objects; clear the area, objects, neutralize mines of other types.

MLs are divided into two main types:
- non-provoking (triggered when trying to use an object, neutralize a mine of a different type, etc.);
provocative (by its behavior, the ML induces the enemy to perform actions that will cause the mine to explode.

For example, when an enemy soldier enters a room, a provocative-type ML, designed in the form of a telephone, starts making phone calls, causing a person to want to pick up the phone, which in turn will cause a mine explosion). An example of a non-provocative type of ML is the MS-3 mine, which is installed under an anti-tank mine and is triggered when trying to remove anti-tank weapons from the installation site

The types of ML target sensors are diverse and are determined by the design features of each specific sample of a booby trap. Basically, they can be divided into the following types:
- responsive to switching on (triggered when you try to activate this sample of the device, device. For example, turn on the radio, start the car engine, cock the shutter or release the hook of the weapon, pick up the handset, light the gas stove);
- unloading action (triggered when trying to pick up an object, open a box, box, open a package, etc.);
- reacting to a change in the position of an object with a mine enclosed in it in space (tilt, move, rotate, lift, push, etc.);
- inertial action (triggered when the speed of the object with the mine enclosed in it changes, i.e. at the initial moment of movement, acceleration, braking);
-photo-actions (triggered when the light affects the light-sensitive element. For example, when the electric lighting in the room is turned on or off; when the box or package is opened; when the flash lamp of the camera is triggered, etc.);
- seismic action (triggered by vibration that occurs when the target approaches (man, machine, etc.));
-acoustic action (triggered when the sensor is exposed to sounds (human voice, engine noise, sounds of shots, etc.));
-thermal action (triggered when the sensor is exposed to heat (the heat of the human body, the motor of a car, a heating device, etc.));
- magnetic action (triggered when exposed to the magnetic fields of a car, metal that a person has, a mine detector, etc.));
- choric action (triggered when a certain value of the volume of a given room is reached. For example, a mine will explode only when at least a certain number of people gather in the room.);
- baric action (triggered when a certain ambient pressure is reached - air, water. For example, a mine will explode when the aircraft reaches a certain height.

Various combinations of target sensors are possible, i.e. a mine may have not one, but two to five target sensors, each of which can trigger the mine independently of the others. Either the mine is triggered only when the sensors are triggered simultaneously, or the triggering of one sensor causes the activation of another. Options can be very different.

According to the method of causing harm, MLs are divided into:
- high-explosive (inflict defeat by the force of the explosion - separation of limbs, destruction of the human body, etc.);
-fragmentation (inflict damage with fragments of their hull or ready-made lethal elements (balls, rollers, arrows). Moreover, depending on the shape of the affected area, such mines are divided into mines of circular destruction and mines of directed destruction;
-cumulative (inflict damage with a cumulative jet).

According to the installation method, booby traps are divided into:
- installed manually (sappers by soldiers);
- installed by means of remote mining (missile, aviation, artillery systems).
The main installation method is manual.

According to recoverability and neutralization, ML are divided into:
- recoverable neutralized,
- retrievable non-decontamination,
- non-removable non-decontaminable.

According to the type of explosive used, all MLs are mines with chemical explosives. Mines with nuclear (atomic) explosives are not available in any of the armies of the world.
Booby traps may or may not have a self-destruction (self-neutralization) system.

ML according to the time of bringing them into combat position are divided into two main groups -
1. Brought into combat position immediately after the removal of the safety blocking devices.
2. They are brought into combat position after the removal of safety blocking devices after a certain period of time required to remove the miners from the mine to a safe distance (usually from 2 minutes to 72 hours) or leave the area by our troops.

The use of booby-traps (min-surprises) is of a special, specific nature. These mines have been and are being used by all warring armies and armed groups, although to a rather limited extent. At the same time, as a rule, the use of ML by its own troops is carefully disguised (very often, including from its own military personnel of other branches of the military), and their use by the enemy is advertised and exaggerated in every possible way. This is due, firstly, to great difficulties in determining the moment when this mining can begin (otherwise, losses may be incurred by their own troops); secondly, it is usually impossible to determine subsequently the effectiveness of mining and the degree of harm to the enemy; thirdly, a significant part of such mines inflicts damage not on enemy soldiers, but on local residents, which in some cases is inexpedient; Fourthly, the majority of ML is adapted for use in populated areas, premises, facilities, and the bulk of the fighting is carried out in the field.

III-6. Special mines. This group includes mines that cannot be more or less clearly assigned to any of the the above. They are designed to harm the enemy in specific ways.

The following types of special mines are currently known:
- under ice (designed to destroy the ice cover of water bodies in order to exclude the crossing of enemy troops on ice);
-anti-mines (perform the protective task of conventional minefields, groups of mines, single mines. They work when the mine sensor is exposed to mine detector fields (magnetic, radio frequency, laser);
- anti-probe (perform the protective task of conventional minefields, groups of mines, single mines. They work when the mine probe sensor is touched);
- chemical land mines and mines (create a zone of contamination with chemical warfare agents when triggered);
- bacteriological (biological) (designed to infect the area with pathogens and create foci of epidemics of dangerous diseases of people and animals);
- fire bombs (when triggered, they inflict damage with burning oil products (gasoline, kerosene, diesel fuel, fuel oil), incendiary mixtures (napalm, pyrogel), solid incendiary substances or mixtures (termite, phosphorus);
- stone-throwing land mines (when triggered, they inflict defeat with stones thrown out by the force of an explosion of a conventional explosive);
- alloyed (discharged into the river upstream and explode upon contact with a bridge, dam, sluice, watercraft).
- self-propelled mines.

In other respects, special mines are close to anti-tank or anti-personnel mines.
Chemical mines and landmines are not currently in service anywhere in connection with the Chemical Weapons Treaty, and their appearance in service in the future is highly doubtful. XM were in service with the armies of the United States and Great Britain, they were quite widely used by them in the Korean War of 1951-53, limitedly in the Vietnam War of 1966-75.

The existence of biological mines is theoretically possible, but the author does not know samples of such mines. Attempts to use bacteriological weapons (including mines) were made by the Japanese during the Second World War in the Pacific theater of operations, by the Americans in the Korean War of 1951-53, but no encouraging results were achieved. Also attempts were made by France during the war in Algeria in the fifties.

Fire, stone-throwing landmines are more often homemade. They are not in service anywhere as regular samples of mines.
The inclusion of anti-mine and anti-probe mines in the group of special mines is controversial. The author agrees with the opinion that these mines are more likely to be booby traps.

Self-propelled mines today are represented only by German self-propelled mines of the Goliath type from the Second World War.

There is also quite a lot of ammunition that is difficult to unequivocally attribute to mines. For example, a combined ZMG grenade-mine

Sources

1. Engineering ammunition. Guide to the material part and application. Book one. Military publishing house of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Moscow. 1976
2. Engineering ammunition. Guide to the material part and application. Book two. Military publishing house of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Moscow. 1976
3. Engineering ammunition. Guide to the material part and application. Book three. Military publishing house of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Moscow. 1977
4. Engineering ammunition. Guide to the material part and application. Book four. Military publishing house of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Moscow. 1977
5. B.V. Varenyshev et al. Textbook. Military engineering training. Military publishing house of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Moscow. 1982
6. E.S. Kolibernov and others. Handbook of an officer of the engineering troops. Military publishing house of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Moscow. 1989
7. E.S. Kolibernov et al. Engineering support for combat. Military publishing house of the USSR Ministry of Defense. Moscow. 1984
8. Guide to demolition work. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1969
9. Manual on military engineering for the Soviet Army. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1984
10.V.V. Yakovlev. Fortress history. AST. Moscow. Polygon. St. Petersburg. 2000
11.K. von Tippelskirch. Geschichte des zweiten Weltkrieges. Bonn.1954.
12. Guide to remote mining in an operation (combat). Military publishing house. Moscow. 1986
13. Collection of sets of engineering ammunition. Military publishing house. Moscow. 1988

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