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How to recognize cancer at an early stage. Oncologist: in order to detect cancer in time, you need to be examined annually Can there be cancer

If someone in your family has had cancer, or you've been diagnosed with a "premalignant condition," it's only natural that you'll want to learn how to recognize the early symptoms of cancer. Because the symptoms, severity, and progression of cancer are unique to each person, it's important to keep an eye on any changes in your body. If you want, talk to your doctor about a genetic test to determine your risk of developing a particular type of cancer. By being aware of the risks, monitoring for symptoms, and detecting cancer early, you increase your chances of survival.

Steps

Part 1

Early symptoms of cancer

Pay attention to changes in the skin. Skin cancer can cause skin discoloration, making it darker, more yellow, or redder. If your skin changes color, hair growth, or itchy patches appear on your skin, make an appointment with a GP or dermatologist. If you have moles, make sure they haven't changed in any way. Another symptom of cancer is an unusual lump or lump on the surface of the body.
- Watch for sores that won't heal or white patches in your mouth and tongue.
Watch for changes in stool or urination. Colon cancer can be indicated by constipation that won't go away, diarrhea, or any change in stool size. Symptoms of colon or bladder cancer include:
- Pain when urinating
- Frequent or, conversely, rare urination
- Signs of blood or other discharge
Determine if you have lost weight. If you didn't go on a diet, but lost weight, then you have unexplained weight loss. Weight loss of more than 4.5 kg is an early sign of pancreatic, stomach, esophageal, or lung cancer.
- You may also experience dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) or indigestion after eating. They can be symptoms of cancer of the esophagus, throat, and stomach.
Beware of symptoms of common diseases. Some early symptoms of cancer may resemble those of the common cold, with some major differences. You may have a cough, tiredness, fever, or unexplained pain (such as a severe headache). But unlike a cold, you won't get better if you rest, your cough won't go away, and despite your fever, you won't show signs of infection either.
- Pain can be one of the earliest symptoms of cancer. As a rule, the temperature rises after the cancer progresses.
Don't self-diagnose. Don't assume that a few matching symptoms are 100% sure you have cancer. Cancer symptoms can vary greatly and not be specific. This means that many similar symptoms can indicate a number of other diseases of varying severity.
- For example, fatigue can indicate many things, and cancer is just one of those things. Fatigue can even be a symptom of a completely different disease. That is why a proper medical examination is very important.
Talk to your doctor about diagnosing other types of cancer. Because some cancers do not have specific recommendations, talk to your doctor about your risk factors. The doctor will then decide if you should be tested. Ask your dentist for advice on oral cancer. Ask your doctor if you should be screened for the following types of cancer:
- Prostate cancer
- Cancer of the body of the uterus
- thyroid cancer
- Lymphoma
- testicular cancer

Part 3

Genetic examination

Consult your doctor. Not all people need to undergo genetic testing to determine risk factors. If you think it would be beneficial for you to learn about the genetic risks of developing cancer, check with your doctor and make sure he knows your history (medical history) and your family history. A doctor (as well as a geneticist) will help determine if there is a risk of developing cancer and whether you should have a genetic test.
- Many of the cancers that can be tested by genetic testing are rare, so it's important to understand if you should even get tested.
Weigh all the pros and cons of genetic testing. Because genetic testing can determine the risk factors for cancer, it can help you decide how often you should have check-ups and screenings. The results of a genetic test can be uninformative, misinterpreted, and make you feel anxious and restless. It can also cost you several hundred thousand rubles. Many insurance companies do not cover the cost of the examination, so ask your insurance company how much you will have to pay. Experts recommend genetic testing if:
- You or members of your family have an increased risk of developing a certain type of cancer
- Examination can clearly show the presence or absence of genetic changes
- The test results will help you plan your care
Find out which types of cancer can be tested for by genetic testing. The examination is able to determine the genes that are responsible for more than 50 varieties of hereditary cancer syndromes. If the test gives a positive result for the presence of a gene responsible for a certain type of cancer, this does not mean that you will get it. The genes for the following cancer syndromes can be found in the results of a genetic examination:
- Hereditary breast cancer and ovarian cancer syndrome
- Li-Fraumeni syndrome
- Lynch syndrome (hereditary colon cancer without polyposis)
- Familial adenomatous polyposis
- Retinoblastoma
- Multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (Wermer syndrome) and type II

The sooner a patient can be diagnosed, the more effective the recovery will be. The treatment is complex: chemotherapy, radiation and surgery on a resectable tumor are used. Cancer prevention is a very important element in controlling the development of a deadly virus in the body. Treating cancer with folk remedies can help with early detection.

Remember, you can always stop cancer if you catch its symptoms at the very beginning!

A dangerous disease in which cells grow rapidly, while destroying healthy ones. The symptoms of cancerous tumors in different human organs are different, there is no exact definition. About 100 types of cancer have been identified. Everyone has a certain type of cell that can grow rapidly and infect healthy organs. The definition is associated with the image of a crab or cancer, because. it often creates outgrowths like the limbs of a cancer.

Two types of tumor:

Benign. Does not grow and does not form metastasis. It is removed during surgery and does not require special treatment.
Malignant. It is life-threatening, it can not only increase rapidly, but also spread throughout the body, affecting healthy cells. In the final stages, metastases affect all important systems and organs. This condition is incurable.

A contradiction - we are afraid of cancer as an evil and inevitable karma, but at the same time we neglect the rules of prevention and diagnosis, which is the cause of most deaths! "A third of the growth of malignant tumors is preventable," says the WHO. Therefore, prevention is one of the key health strategies.

The cause of 90-95% of diseases is the environment and lifestyle:

Smoking - 30%;
Features of nutrition (high-calorie foods, obesity, carcinogens in the menu, a small amount of fiber in food) - 35%;
Infection (viruses, chronic foci of infection) - 10%,
Carcinogens - 4-5%,
Ionizing and ultraviolet radiation - 6-8%,
Alcoholism - 2-3%,
Polluted air - 1-2%,
Reproductive (sexual) factors - 4-5%,
Low physical activity - 4-5% of all malignant neoplasms.

Symptoms of cancer of different organs

The disease of some organs is not difficult to determine by yourself during self-examination. Often people go to the doctor only when they already feel the progression of the disease. Diagnosis of symptoms of cancer and other oncological processes, carried out at the stage of formation in 99% of cases, guarantees a cure. Not everything is so bad if you remember the methods of early diagnosis.

Fatigue, weakness, weight loss, fever for no apparent reason (zombification of infected tissue takes a lot of energy).
Seals on the body. It appears due to the spread of toxins by cancer cells throughout the body. The tumor forms in the lymph nodes or in the bloodstream.
Regular pain, tk. it can affect nerve endings or other organs.
The skin changes color or pigmentation, spots on the body, rash or itching occur.
Persistent bleeding or other discharge from the mouth, genitals, nose, ears, or nipple.
Open wounds that cannot be treated. It is important to pay attention to non-healing mouth ulcers, with an unusual color (red, brown-red) and jagged edges.
Paleness of the skin, together with weakness and tendency to infection. He talks about leukemia, bone marrow cancer, etc.

Mobile phones and brain cancer. Can mobile phone use cause brain tumors? Watch the video to find out. Why is it important to understand the symptoms and prevention of cancer?

The human factor - the patient is afraid to see a doctor, believes that the treatment can cause complications, and misses obvious symptoms. Fatigue and diarrhea do not always refer to it, but it can indicate its presence. Often, completely healthy people discover that they have cancer after the examination, while they did not notice any symptoms, and if a person has at least one factor related to it, immediately consult a doctor.

5 common signs of cancer:

Top 7 symptoms of cancer to look out for:

It is immediately important to clarify that they are not found in all cases, they are common to other diseases.

Violations in the genitourinary system and stool- constipation or diarrhea, stool weight and color (colon cancer) changes. Pain when urinating and blood in the urine.
Ulcers and wounds do not go away for a long time- They look like ulcers. If there is a small sore in the mouth that does not go away, it may be an infection of the oral cavity. It is more common in smokers and alcoholics. If there are sores on the vagina or penis, you should immediately undergo an examination, as this indicates a strong infection of the body.
Discharge of pus or blood- if the disease has already developed, and you did not notice it, bleeding or pus may appear. If pus comes out with blood when coughing, this is a lesion of the lungs, and if blood is found in the feces, then this is a disease of the large intestine. In the presence of cervical cancer, there is a chance of bleeding from the vagina, and if blood appears in the urine, this is bladder cancer. If blood is released from the nipple, this indicates an infection of the mammary gland.
small seals- if the tumor is palpable through the skin in the ovaries, mammary gland and other soft tissues, this indicates the presence of the disease. It is impossible to say for sure whether this is an initial form or a neglected one, but if you notice a seal, tell your doctor immediately.
Difficulty swallowing and gastrointestinal problems- very often the symptoms speak of cancer of the stomach or intestines.
The appearance of moles or warts- if there were already moles, and they became larger or changed color - it is probably melanoma.
Hoarse voice or severe cough- A persistent cough indicates lung (thyroid or throat) cancer.

15 Atypical Cancer Symptoms

Not the most common symptoms that also indicate the development of the disease:

Ulcers on tongue and mouth;
Change in color and size of warts and moles;
Sore throat, severe and painful cough;
Thickening and nodes in the nipples, dense bumps in the ovaries, mammary glands and other places;
Pain when urinating;
Strange discharge of pus and blood;
Trouble swallowing and abdominal pain, especially in the elderly
severe migraine;
Sudden loss of appetite or weight;
Persistent infection for no apparent reason;
Violation of the cycle of menstruation;
Tumors that do not respond to treatment;
Redness of the lips and skin, yellowness in the eyes and on the skin;
Strange swelling that did not appear before;
Bad breath.

These symptoms do not necessarily indicate the presence of cancer, but also other diseases. In any case, it is important to regularly undergo a comprehensive medical examination.

Precancerous conditions

This is a condition of the body that can turn into cancer. We distinguish two main categories of precancers:

Obligate diseases are combined into one group, the cause of which is a cancerous malignant neoplasm.
Facultative pathological conditions that are not necessarily accompanied by the degeneration of the affected tissues.

Patients who do not want to be treated should be aware that it can be considered the initial stage of the oncological process, so a non-invasive tumor (in situ) must be eliminated.

5 stages of cancer

Without delving into the classification characteristics, consider close options:

Stage 1: Increases its boundaries, does not go far and does not infect organs. The exception is stomach cancer, which at this stage infects the lymph nodes.

Stage 2: not only the progression of the process, but also the growth of metastases in the lymph nodes.

Stage 3: Penetration into the lymph nodes, distant metastases are not yet available. The survival rate for stage 3 cancer is also different for each species. It is not necessary to count on a long and happy life.

Stage 4: Damage to the organ, lymph nodes, metastases to organs. Widespread, rapidly growing tumors, lymph nodes are affected. There is no cure for stage 4 cancer.

The allegations that someone was cured of grade 4 cancer with soda, folk remedies, or in some other unconventional way, are often a publicity stunt of various charlatans and have no basis, and people who defeated him and are able to support or refute pseudoscientific arguments, unfortunately, just don't exist. Otherwise, this is another disease that the patient himself mistakenly took for a malignant tumor.

Treatment

Cancer has several stages, the initial of which can be treated. For this, in modern medicine there are methods of treatment that include a whole range of procedures. They are prescribed by a doctor, taking into account the severity of the disease.

Primary Cancer Prevention

This group of preventive measures includes methods aimed at changing lifestyle, diet, and eliminating risk factors for the development of cancer. Let's consider each of the examples in more detail.

Lead to an increase in morbidity:

Obesity. Inflammation of the reproductive system in women (uterus, mammary gland) is more common in fatty, sweaty and fat women. Breast cancer prevention starts with weight stabilization.
Fatty food, The total amount of fat consumed in 24 hours should not exceed 60 grams!
harmful products- smoked, fried. Increases the risk of colon damage.
Sausages- nitrites are used as a dye in their production. Give them a pink color, but it is a weak carcinogen. No one forces you to completely remove sausages from the diet, but eating only them is not good for health.

To reduce the risk of developing cancer will help:

Fruits and vegetables - Saturated with vitamins and microelements, support the normal functioning of body cells and inhibit the mutation of healthy cells into cancerous ones.
Cellulose . This is an element that is not digested in the human body (contained in vegetables, cereals, fruits). It has a huge impact on the digestive process and reduces the risk of colon cancer.

Lifestyle and bad habits

Smoking is the most obvious factor contributing to the development of cancer of the lungs, larynx, lips and tongue. In regular smokers, the risk of damage to the stomach, uterus, and pancreas is many times higher. The risk increases not only active smoking, but also passive - in the smoke exhaled by smokers, the content of carcinogens is slightly less.

Lack of physical activity leads to obesity, and you already know about its consequences. Sport not only contributes to the normalization of weight, but increases the overall tone of the immune system. She fights against cancerous cell transformation, so her condition is important at all times.

alcohol abuse leads to metabolic disorders in the body, reduces overall resistance, weakens the immune system, which increases the risk of oncology.

Quit smoking, alcohol, regular exercise is a comprehensive prevention of the disease. All these methods can be attributed to folk methods of prevention, which are confirmed by scientific research.

Prevention of infectious diseases

The connection between the development of certain types of cancer and viral and bacterial diseases has been proven 100%.

Examples:

Hepatitis B and C increase the risk of liver cancer;
Presence of Helicobacter pylori bacteria in the stomach, contributing to the occurrence of not only gastritis and ulcers, but also stomach cancer.
Some strains of papillomavirus (HPV) lead to damage to the cervix.

Prevention measures include vaccination against these viruses and bacteria, as well as the refusal of unprotected sex with unverified partners. You can get rid of Helicobacter pylori by completing a course of eradication therapy.

environmental factors

Pollution is one of the main factors in the growth of morbidity in the world. In the presence of strong foci of pollution, only a change in the place of permanent residence can reduce the likelihood of cancer - for this you need to move away from gassed cities, metallurgical and cement plants.

In villages, far from big cities, the incidence of skin cancer, lung cancer and other oncological diseases is about 1.5 times lower than in large cities. In cities, young people die from it more often.

Professional "hazards"

Working in hazardous working conditions, where a person is in daily contact with carcinogens, increases the number of cancers. To eliminate this risk factor, it is necessary either to change jobs or carefully observe safety precautions: wear protective clothing, respirators, pay great attention to hygiene - take a shower every day at the end of the working day.

Secondary prevention

Includes various types of honey. examinations aimed at identifying precancerous diseases, as well as precursors of oncology.

Involve:

fluorography: - X-ray examination aimed at detecting lung and mediastinal cancer;
mammography: - x-ray of the mammary glands, to detect mutations in the mammary gland at an early stage;
Smear examination: from the cervix and from the cervical canal - prevention of the cervix;
endoscopic examinations:. Detects colon cancer at an early stage. This includes bronchoscopy, which allows to exclude cancer of the bronchi and lungs.
MRI and CT: including - with contrast;
Blood test for tumor markers:- unique chemicals, the concentration of which increases when oncology occurs. Most types of cancer have their own tumor markers.

All people over a certain age should undergo fluorography, women over 35 - mammography. At the first symptoms of cancer, it is necessary to consult an oncologist who will prescribe additional tests and medications for prevention.

Important: the introduction of cancer prevention screening programs has increased the detection of the disease in the early stages by 50%. This allowed to reduce mortality by 15-20%. Every woman should know how to palpate the mammary glands for the presence of malignant tumors. At a consultation with an oncologist, you can get the necessary skills - even a small formation in the mammary gland is a reason for consulting a doctor and a more accurate examination.

Tertiary prevention

The measures are aimed at detecting tumors already in those who have received treatment for metastases, as well as at early diagnosis. This is done by an oncologist, whose consultation can be obtained at any clinic or oncology dispensary.

Important: every patient treated for cancer and its symptoms should have regular medical examinations with an oncologist.

The frequency of these inspections:

The first year is quarterly.
The second year - once every six months.
Third and subsequent– annually.

You will receive full information about all measures for the prevention of oncological diseases by watching a video review:

Proper nutrition for cancer prevention: 7 steps before taking any vitamins

Include iodine in your diet:

Seaweed and seaweed.
Dilute one drop of iodine in water and drink. Make iodine nets.

Drinking herbal decoctions containing burdock and birch leaves. Include dogwood berries, elderberry, chaga in the diet.

Eat up to 10 (no more) raw apricot kernels every day. They are very high in cancer-fighting vitamin B17. But they should not be abused, as they are toxic.

Every morning to be cleared of Trichomonas. You need to take a spoonful of linseed (or any other) oil in your mouth and keep it in your mouth for 15-20 minutes, then spit it out. The oil will turn white - this is an accumulation of Trichomonas, they love oil and easily pass into it.

Before taking drugs, it is necessary to cleanse the body! Otherwise, the efficiency is greatly reduced and Trichomonas will have a chance to survive!

After cleansing, we pass the course of the drug "Trichopolum" according to the instructions. You can use any other drug.

Cancer grows in an acidic environment and dies in an alkaline environment (the main reason why some people take baking soda for years to stop the development of cancer). The conclusion is simple - we need to alkalize the blood!

How to do it? The most powerful mineral that helps maintain the alkalinity of the blood is calcium (cancer patients are deficient in it!). Taking enough calcium will shift the blood reaction from acidic to alkaline and cancer cells will not be able to develop.

Calcium is a hard to digest mineral! This is one of the reasons why we miss him. The second reason why it is not absorbed at all is magnesium deficiency - calcium is absorbed only in the presence of magnesium, in a ratio of 1 to 2 (calcium).

What foods have magnesium? There is only enough of it in green leaves, which is why in August people have peak levels of calcium and magnesium in the blood and there is a terrible deficiency by March, after winter. The conclusion is simple - you need to eat greens (Victoria Butenko's "green cocktails" can help here).

And the third reason why calcium is not absorbed is that we mainly consume calcium carbonate (from meat, for example, and almost all pharmacy complexes) and other hard-to-digest forms (minerals in greens are in ionic form, which is very easy to digest). Calcium carbonate requires a lot of gastric juice for absorption, for those who have stomach problems, the percentage of absorption drops by 4 times compared to, for example, calcium citrate.

Conclusion: take calcium complexes with the obligatory content of magnesium and always in ionic form, and not in the form of carbonate (for example, coral calcium). A lot of ionic calcium in turnip tops.

Give up dairy products (casein surpasses even pork in acidification!), As well as flour products and all kinds of sweets. Meat is also a highly acidic food, so eat it in minimal quantities and only boiled! Drink freshly squeezed vegetable (not fruit) juices.

Medical

The main type of drug treatment is chemotherapy. There are treatments for cancer that are similar to chemotherapy. Hormonal or immunotherapy, but "chemistry" is based on the destruction of cells that contribute to the development of the disease. Instead of cancer cells, healthy ones appear.

The drug is injected into the blood and circulates through the veins. If you try to remove the cells with surgery or radiotherapy, then there is a chance that some of them will remain. During the development of the disease, a small clot can separate from the tumor and go through the bloodstream to another body system. Thus, the process may contribute to the emergence of a new tumor. And in the case of chemotherapy, the drug moves throughout the body and if new cancer cells are formed somewhere, it will destroy them.

The two main side effects of chemotherapy are:

Partial or complete loss of hair. This reaction of the body is very difficult for people who find it hard to get used to changes in appearance. There are drugs that reduce the risk of hair loss.
Bone marrow damage, as a huge mass of drugs passes through it. Side effects may appear in the form of fatigue, temporary memory loss, since the body has a hard time resisting colds, due to the fact that the level of leukocytes is greatly reduced.

Folk remedies

In folk medicine, there are many recommendations and prescriptions for treatment using mainly the healing qualities of plants. They are able to restrain the growth of neoplasms, destroy the affected cells and allow healthy ones to grow. They help the body correct failures in its defense mechanisms. Remember that any folk remedies are best used in combination with the treatment of a doctor and after consultations.

Organ cancers

Mammary gland (breast)

The most common cancer in women. A cancerous tumor consists of malignant cells that replace glandular tissue. The disease was characterized by a predominant lesion of women over the age of 50 years.

7 symptoms that can cause disease:

Heredity.
Contraceptive and hormonal drugs.
Early onset of menstruation and late menopause.
A long break between births and a belated onset of the first pregnancy.
If once there was a lesion of another organ, and the infected tissues of the body were exposed to radioactive irradiation.
Diabetes, obesity and high blood pressure.
Addiction to bad habits: smoking, drinking alcohol and malnutrition.

It can be confused with simple inflammation. If the chest hurts or itches, the nipple is drawn in or swollen, the skin on the chest turns red and becomes covered with yellowish scales, consult a doctor immediately. This may not be simple inflammation, but the first symptoms of cancer that require treatment. Disease stages:

A solid mass is an incidental finding when other symptoms are absent;
Discharge from the nipple;
Nipple retraction;
The skin changes color, a "lemon peel" appears;
Discomfort in the armpits;
Enlarged lymph nodes on the side of the lesion.

It is possible to determine malignant tumors of the breast only by surgery. If the tumor is less than 5 cm in diameter, it is removed along with the surrounding ducts. And if it is more than 5 cm, the mammary gland itself is removed.

Precancerous conditions of the breast: Neoplasms in the breast turn into cancer in 30% of cases. Such diseases are most often a problem of young women. After 40 years, the frequency of breast pathologies decreases. Most often, pathology occurs due to hormonal imbalance. Excess estrogen and lack of progesterone lead to the formation of tumors.

Lungs (bronchi)

It is based on malignant degeneration of lung tissue and impaired air exchange. Characterized by high mortality. The main risk group is smoking men aged 50-80 years.

More than 1 million new cases are diagnosed annually, with approximately 60 thousand in Russia. According to statistics, it is most often formed on the right (57%), this is due to anatomical features: the trachea flows into the right lung almost at a right angle, so it is more influenced by adverse factors. May appear at any age.

The formation of a tumor on the lungs often occurs in people who have had chronic diseases: pneumonia, bronchitis, tuberculosis. This disease affects people employed in hazardous industries, where they inhale tar, coke and essential oils. Smokers, miners, workers in metallurgical, asbestos-cement, phosphate industries get lung cancer more often.

Precancer of the lung: include diseases such as lung cysts, chronic pneumonia, chronic suppurative processes, tuberculosis. In order to correctly and timely diagnose lung cancer, it is necessary to take into account the presence of these diseases during the examination.

Bronchial damage: The disease (small cell, squamous and others) is diagnosed in patients from 45 to 75 years old. More often, signs appear in representatives of the stronger sex. Over the past few decades, the incidence has increased several times. Scientists attribute this trend to the increased influence of carcinogens.

Stomach or pancreas, esophagus (GIT)

Malignant mutation of gastric epithelial cells. The disease in 70-90% of cases is associated with damage to the walls of the stomach by Helicobacter Pylori bacteria and is a common cancer in people aged 50 to 70 years. In men, stomach cancer is diagnosed 10-20% more often than in women. The incidence is 19-30 people per 100 thousand. The duration of the preclinical period of the disease is from 11 months to 6 years. Men with stomach cancer live an average of 12 years, and women are 15 years less than their peers.

Factors contributing to the development of cancer cells in the stomach:

Monotonous food, the presence in the menu of pickled, fried and smoked foods, salt, animal fats.
The composition of the soil in the area where you live.
The use of fertilizers by gardeners, which include nitrogen, nitrate, copper, cobalt and molybdenum.
living conditions. If a person lives in a private house and heats it with a stove, then the product of burning coal or firewood - ash, entering the body, contributes to the development of the disease. Addiction to smoking and alcohol, especially vodka.
Patients with stomach ulcers, polyps, atrophic gastritis.

When the cancer has grown strongly and has gone deep into the tissues of the body, new symptoms appear in a person: severe pain in the stomach, which is felt even in the back, increased weakness and unwillingness to do anything, a sharp weight loss for a long time. Doctors pay attention to the skin, it becomes pale, and in some cases acquires an earthy hue. Pain appears in the later stages (3-4), when the cancer, having reached a large size, has moved to other organs. The last stage leaves a patient with stomach cancer only a few months of life.

Symptoms of cancer and signs of a malignant process of other localizations are described in materials devoted to individual organs, we have given only the most common forms.

Precancerous diseases of the pancreas:

Diabetes,
Chronic pancreatitis,
gallbladder disease,
Cysts of the pancreas.

It grows rapidly, metastasizes early, is difficult and painful in diagnosis and treatment, and has a very unfavorable prognosis. However, if you detect the disease in the first stage, quickly take action, then you can count on five (or even more) years of life.

At the third and fourth stages, the voice is already changing, dysphagia is increasing, vomiting periodically appears, something is constantly bothering in the chest, the sick person loses weight, loses the ability to work. The survival rate for stage 3 cancer is low, with active treatment, 25% of patients survive, but with distant metastasis, only half of them have little prospects.

With stage 4 cancer, patients live for hardly half a year, and this can hardly be called a full life.

Elderly people suffer from esophageal cancer. Patients are more among men. The appearance of the tumor is promoted by smoking and the use of strong alcoholic beverages. Such habits increase the risk of developing cancer tenfold. Most often occur in the middle and lower parts of the esophagus. The most common form develops from squamous epithelial cells. In second place is adenocarcinoma, which is formed from glandular cells. In 10% of cases, this form is accompanied by a tumor in the oral cavity: lips, palate, tonsils, larynx.

Large and small intestine (intestine)

Malignant degeneration of the glandular epithelium of the colon or rectum. The main method of treatment is the surgical removal of the affected tissue.

It most often affects the large intestine of middle-aged and elderly men. The first symptoms (discomfort, fatigue, nervousness) do not give much reason to suspect. The appearance of obvious signs (pain, intestinal disorders, excretion of blood with feces) is often delayed.

It is characterized by the appearance of neoplasms of a malignant nature in the wall of its mucosa. Currently, oncological diseases in different parts of the intestine are diagnosed in 9-12 people per 100 thousand people.

In the structure of oncological incidence, colon cancer ranks 2nd in women, yielding to breast disease, and 3rd in men, yielding to infection of the prostate and lungs. It accounts for 15% of all malignant tumors, with 20% affecting the caecum and rectum, 10% the sigmoid and 40% the colon.

Reasons for the appearance of malignant formations in the intestine:

Smoking
Nutrition Features
Familial forms (heredity, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis)

Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract:

Polyps in the intestines (benign formations) can become malignant (75%), so they are considered stage 0 oncology and are recommended to be excised.
Inflammation and ulcers in the mucous wall, Crohn's disease and other diseases of the gastrointestinal tract can provoke the appearance of neoplasms.
Celiac disease - gluten intolerance is also one of the provocateurs of the development of oncology in the intestines.

What should I pay attention to not miss the disease?

Intestinal disorder, which is accompanied by diarrhea, constipation, fecal incontinence. Discharges: bloody, purulent and mucous.
Sensation of pain in the rectum.
Sharp weight loss, manifestations of anemia, pallor.

At the initial stage, there are no symptoms of cancer, but the infected area continues to grow and after a while the intestinal lumen closes. There are painful sensations, since the feces cannot pass freely, this provokes the release of blood and pus. Over time, the feces become deformed and change their color, in medicine this is called a ribbon-like stool. Colon cancer has been compared to hemorrhoids, but with hemorrhoids, it appears at the end of a bowel movement, not at the beginning.

Cervix

Women from 15 to 70 years old are ill. Between the ages of 18 and 40, the disease is the leading cause of early death. This type of cancer is vaccinated.

8 reasons for development:

Hypertension and diabetes mellitus.
Addiction to smoking and alcohol.
AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases.
Menopausal disorder.
Early sexual life and childbirth.
Frequent change of partners in sex.
Scars after birth injuries and erosion.
Obesity.

Early diagnosis gives hope for a full recovery. If a form is found that cannot be treated, the pregnancy is terminated in a woman who is expecting a child.

Symptoms: Mostly women complain of pain and regular bleeding even after menstruation. But these symptoms only indicate that the tumor is gradually disintegrating and already in advanced form. Leucorrhoea is an unpleasant, watery or mucous discharge that is mixed with blood. Often whites have a very unpleasant smell, but not in all cases, sometimes they do not smell of anything. In the presence of strange secretions, consult a doctor, it is quite possible that the cancer has not yet passed into a deep and advanced stage and there are chances for a cure.

Throat (larynx)

65-70% of tumors that are considered malignant are throat cancer. Men who are already 40 years old are more likely to suffer from this disease. The percentage of those who can be cured is 60%. This is an "urban" disease, residents "in the countryside" suffer from it less.

Appearance factors:

smoking;
the use of alcoholic beverages;
occupational (be it inhalation of dust from coal or asbestos);
neglect of oral hygiene;
excessive consumption of salted meat;
heredity;
chronic diseases (pharyngitis, laryngitis, tonsillitis).

In rare cases, a tumor may develop due to malignancy of leukoplakia, long-standing papillomas and other benign formations in the throat area. At the initial stage, the following Throat and larynx cancer symptoms:

a significant change in the sound of the voice;
the appearance of hoarseness in the voice, followed by loss of voice;
pain when swallowing food and saliva;
feeling of the presence of a foreign object in the throat;
possible occurrence of shortness of breath.

A cough in the presence of a formation in the throat occurs reflexively and is accompanied by the release of mucus, with possible streaks of blood, due to a violation of the formation. The probable causes of the pain syndrome are due to the presence of education in the upper parts of the throat. The pain can radiate to the ear, also intensify when swallowing, which is the reason for refusing to eat.

Larynx: In the general structure of malignant tumors, it accounts for 2.6% of cases. Among such neoplasms of the head and neck, it ranks first in frequency. Patients with cancer of the larynx account for about 70% of all patients with cancer of the upper respiratory tract. It affects mainly males, 9-10 men fall on 1 sick woman. Most often it occurs in men aged 65-75 years, in women - in 70-80 years.

Brain

A dangerous disease that is difficult to treat and can lead to death. The greatest threat lies in its asymptomatic course - the fourth stage of brain cancer, in which the patient has pronounced symptoms of cancer, is difficult to treat and the prognosis for such patients is disappointing. The frequency of occurrence of this oncological disease is about one and a half percent of the total number of registered malignant tumors.

Factors in the development of oncology:

Ovarian or prostate

A common pathology, which is most often detected among women of retirement age (from 50 to 70 years). The prognosis cannot be the same for everyone, it is impossible to talk about the stage, in each case the following are taken into account: the features of the tumor, the age of the patient, the state of other organs. Ovarian tumors account for a quarter of all inflammatory processes in the female genital organs. Given the high mortality, it is very important to detect the disease at an early stage.

The term "ovarian cancer" is most often used in a general sense and means a malignant neoplasm. But in fact, there are many different tumor processes that can go from benign forms to "cancerous", located in different departments and have completely different treatment.

Thyroid gland

1% of all tumors and less than 0.5% of deaths. The peak incidence is between 45 and 60 years of age, but thyroid cancer can appear at any age. Children and adolescents also find this form. At an early age, the tumor behaves more aggressively than in adults.

Women are 2-3 times more likely to become victims of thyroid cancer. But in old age (over 65), men are more at risk of getting sick than their peers.

The disease occurs more often in regions that have been exposed to radiation and where there is not enough iodine in nature. This form of cancer is most common among Caucasians. It is classified as a non-aggressive tumor. It may not increase in size for years and not allow metastases to other organs.

blood (leukemia)

What is blood cancer? A malignant tumor that affects and destroys the hematopoietic system. This reproduction can occur not only in the bone marrow, but also in the blood passing through the periphery, as well as in the internal organs. As a result, it grows in the bone marrow and replaces the "healthy" processes of blood formation.

In the course of the further development of the disease, the patient develops many diseases that are associated with:

Increased degree of bleeding;
General weakening of the immune system;
Complications of an infectious type.

There are two main forms:

Acute: defined by a significant number of immature cells that inhibit normal blood production.
Chronic form: it is considered to be excessively active formation of two types of bodies, granulocytes or granular-type leukocytes. As noted above, it is they who ultimately replace the healthy cells that previously formed the blood.

How many live? The prognosis for chronic leukemia is many times more positive than for acute forms. An extremely fast, even aggressive course of acute leukemia always provokes an equally rapid "extinction" of the patient.

Presented form of leukemia:

Practically not amenable to adequate treatment;
Often it is a catalyst for the formation of lymphoblastic leukemia (in about 80% of cases).

With this type of late-stage leukemia, months count. In case of timely intervention - from two to five years. Chronic leukemias are determined by a slower course. However, this happens exactly up to a certain stage, at which the so-called “blast crisis” occurs. In this case, chronic leukemia in fact acquires all the features of an acute one.

Death at this stage may well come from any consequences of the disease. Medical intervention, provided on time, gives a chance for many years and even decades to achieve a long-term remission. The younger the patient, the higher the chances of a 100% recovery.

At the initial stage, the patient is faced with:

Painful sensations in the abdominal cavity, especially in its upper region;
Soreness in the joints, which may be accompanied by "ache" in the bones;
Frequent bleeding, which is quite difficult to stop;
Forced formation of bruises or blood smudges;
A significant increase in the size of not only the liver, but also the lymph nodes;
Constant weakness, lethargy and apathy;
A condition with symptoms resembling a fever;
Frequent infectious diseases;
Frequent urge to urinate.

As a rule, this stage of blood cancer is diagnosed after the fact - during the transition to a further stage of the disease.

Other less common types of cancer: Skin (melanoma)

The formation of a malignant tumor occurs with the uncontrolled division of a somatic cell and its introduction into human organs. Cancer is dangerous because such a division cannot be seen visually. This disease can develop as a result of the effects of chronic dermatitis, prolonged exposure to the skin of the sun and radioactive radiation.

First, small nodules form on the skin. When there are few of them, it does not cause pain. And when the nodules stick out like a plaque above the skin and grow, the pain becomes noticeable. Finally, the tumor grows to such a size that it covers the entire skin and penetrates deep into it.

It includes the following types of malignant neoplasms of the skin:

basalioma (formed from the basal cells of the skin),
squamous,
melanoma (formed from melanocytes).

If the mole has changed color, increases, itches, bleeds, you should immediately consult a doctor. Recommended examination by a dermatologist once a year and dermatoscopy in the presence of suspicious moles and other age spots.

skin tumors: 1 - mole, 2 - nevus dysplasia (moles), 3 - senile keratosis, 4 - squamous, 5 - basal cell, 6 - melanoma

Liver

The association of this disease with chronic hepatitis has been established. The development of mutations in cell tissues occurs gradually, over several years after infection with the virus. Under its influence, healthy cells die off and scars (cirrhosis) form in their place, which leads to the development of cancer. The disease of chronic alcoholic hepatitis is another cause of the development of the disease.

Liver cancer has almost no symptoms. Loss of appetite and weight, fatigue, weakness, pain in the right side may go unnoticed. And this just might be caused by the growth of cancer cells.

Its treatment is carried out by surgical intervention and it is possible to cure only with the complete removal of the tumor! During its implementation, the affected area of the liver is removed, if necessary, half of the organ. The liver quickly recovers to its original size.

If the tumor is too large, located near large vessels and has spread to the entire organ, the operation is useless. In this case, rehabilitation treatment is used to alleviate the general condition of the patient and prolong his life. If left untreated, it quickly leads to death.

Bladder

Symptoms are similar in terms of manifestations with cystitis, it occurs several times more often in men than in women, it occurs mainly in people of both sexes aged 40 to 60 years.

The growth of a tumor formation that occurs in the area of the lumen of the bladder, followed by the destruction of this formation, leads to hematuria, the main manifestations of which are reduced to the appearance of blood in the urine. It is fresh, has a scarlet color, appears in the urine in the form of a few drops or streaks. Its appearance is not accompanied by pain, moreover, well-being can be called prosperous at this time.

The progression of the tumor process leads to the following complications: Renal hydronephrotic transformation, which manifests itself in combination with a violation of the outflow of urine. Chronic renal failure with its characteristic signs in the form of dry mucous membranes and skin, lethargy and itching. In addition, digestive disorders may occur.

Bladder cancer comes in different types. This classification depends on what cells the malignant formation consists of:

Transitional cell category (carcinoma). It is he who is diagnosed most often, in 90% of the total statistics of cases.
squamous category. It is formed much less frequently, and its main cause is cystitis, that is, chronic inflammation.
Among the rather rare forms are carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and so on. Although rare, they are not ruled out when the diagnosis is made.

Bones and joints

Osteogenic sarcoma is diagnosed in 60% of patients with cancer. This is a malignant tumor that most often affects the tubular bones of the leg. A similar disease is diagnosed in adolescents and young people aged 10 to 25 years. The neoplasm develops during a period of intensive growth and puberty, and boys are more prone to this disease.

As a rule, it forms in the growth zone, for example, near the knee or at the lower end of the femur. Constant pain that gets worse when walking, temporary lameness, weakness, and sudden weight loss are the main symptoms of leg bone cancer. In the absence of treatment, metastasis occurs, and the lungs are primarily affected. The main risk group is children and young people under thirty years of age. It affects men from 17 to 30. Elderly people get sick very rarely.

Main symptoms:

limitation of joint mobility;
an increase in regional lymph nodes;
swelling of the limbs and joints;
swelling of soft tissues at the location of the tumor;
pain even after rest, worse at night;
increase in skin temperature over infection;
thinning, pallor of the skin, pronounced vascular pattern;
weakness, lethargy, fatigue, drowsiness;
respiratory disorders.

Kidneys and adrenals

The tumor can develop on one or both kidneys. In most cases, patients diagnosed with kidney cancer have metastases in various organs. Most often, the disease occurs in the male half of the population, women are slightly less likely to encounter this problem.

Reasons for the appearance of malignant neoplasms in the kidneys include the following:

Bad habits. Smoking, since nicotine contains carcinogens that have a detrimental effect on the kidney tissue;
Excess weight. Even at an early stage of obesity, people can develop malignant neoplasms in the kidneys;
Injuries and falls. Any mechanical effect on the kidneys can provoke the appearance of a malignant neoplasm;
Medicines. The constant use of medications, in the treatment of various diseases, increases the risk of swelling;
Contact with chemicals and radiation;

To precancerous kidney disease include kidney cysts. These are tumor-like formations of the kidneys, often with an asymptomatic course. Sometimes there is pain in the lower back or hypochondrium on the side of the lesion, renal colic and a tendency to increase blood pressure.

Adrenal cancer accounts for 10-15% of all tumors, including benign ones. Both children and the elderly are sick. If we take into account that the incidence in Russia is only 0.2% in adolescents and children, and the dynamics increases with age up to 7%, then the probability of getting sick is low - 1-2 cases per million population.

prostate gland

This disease is male, otherwise it is called carcinoma. It affects the prostate gland, which negatively affects the sexual function of a man and can threaten his life. It is more common in men over 40 years of age. Carcinoma is a very dangerous disease. The threat lies in the active spread of metastases, when a person does not feel signs of the disease. Therefore, men of mature age need to carefully monitor their health. And for this you need to know what are the signs of prostate cancer. Treatment should be started immediately. Contact your doctor immediately if you are concerned about:

Painful urination with blood.
Urinary incontinence.
Pain in perineum and bones.
Weight loss.

language

The initial stage of tongue cancer in most cases is asymptomatic, however, painful cracks, sores, erosion, seals should alert in terms of the development of the oncological process. Leukoplakia of the tongue, papillomatosis, erosive changes in the mucosa are common precancerous conditions.

The average age of patients is 60 years. Often formed on the lateral surface or middle part of the tongue, less common on the root, back and tip of the tongue. It is quite easy to detect a tumor, since it is formed on the visible parts of this organ. The danger of oncology growth in the tongue lies in the fact that the neoplasm is located near important organs, such as the lymph nodes or the brain, and when spreading, metastasis can affect them. The main causes of occurrence are addiction to tobacco, malnutrition and dental problems in the oral cavity.

Cancer treatment consists of a complex of measures, including drug therapy, surgery, chemotherapy, and specially formulated postoperative nutrition.

lymph nodes

It is important to remember that the concept of "cancer of the lymph nodes" implies and combines at least 30 specific types of tumor formations.

Main groups:

Hodgkin's lymphoma, accounts for approximately 25-35% of all existing lymphomas. It is determined during examination by the presence of extremely large Ridge-Berezovsky-Strenberg tissues in the lymph nodes. It is also called lymphogranulomatosis;
Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas- this is the name of all other types of malignant lymphomas, which account for the remaining 65-75%. It is possible to determine the diagnosis only after a histological examination of all samples of cells and tissues of the formation.

Almost always, the main path is precisely the lymphogenous or regional placement, and after that, more distant nodes are affected. This happens when cancer cells spread throughout the body. Very often, a tumor also begins to form in the lymph nodes.

Lips

It often affects the lower lip (95-98%), mainly in men. The remaining 2 - 5% are malignant neoplasms of the upper lip: in this group of patients, there are almost only women. It is formed after the age of sixty years, and after seventy there is a sharp rise in the incidence. Therefore, lip cancer is considered a disease of old age. However, some cases of this cancer occur in younger people.

In the absence of prevention and treatment of cancer, it spreads to the cheeks and bones of the lower jaw, chin, then - supraclavicular lymph nodes and cervical lymph nodes. Metastases to other organs and systems of lip cancer are very rare. If the disease is detected early, the prognosis for the patient's life is very favorable. Complete cure is possible in seventy percent of cases.

Cancer of the lip is not so common, smokers or people who irritate this area in another way suffer more. Symptoms (non-healing cracks, ulcers, peeling, in general, everything that should not be there) are not so painful for the patient that he quickly ran to the doctor, but in vain, because he can be cured at the initial stage. In the future, this will be very difficult to do. With symptoms of inflammation, the initial stage of throat cancer occurs, so patients attribute everything to manifestations of a habitual chronic disease and, as a rule, are in no hurry to see a doctor.

Neoplastic processes that have found a place for themselves in the tongue, lips, and throat are combined into one pathology - oral cavity cancer.

Eyes

Eye cancer is a whole group of malignant neoplasms that appear both in the appendages of the eyeball (lacrimal gland and eyelid) and in its tissues (conjunctiva, retina and choroid).

Since the causes of the appearance of cancerous tumors of the eye have not yet been finally established, it is generally accepted that not a single person is potentially protected from the risk of their development.

Neck

The danger of the disease lies in the cancerous intoxication of the body, the proximity of the airways and the brain. Early diagnosis of malignant lesions of the neck plays a key role in the treatment of cancer patients.

There are a lot of risk factors for the development of malignant tumors of the neck, but the vast majority of them can be corrected. Refusal of alcohol and smoking protects not only from the development of cancer, but also from many other diseases, gastroesophageal reflux disease detected in time responds well to therapy (sometimes there is even no need to take drugs).

spine

Often, cancer develops in the vertebral bodies, which is the cause of the development of pain in the affected areas. Malignant tumors are divided into: affecting the spinal membrane, affecting the spinal cord. They lead to painful sensations in the organs located below it. Often these places lose sensitivity, a person feels muscle weakness.

To determine the diagnosis, a necessary examination is required, one of the main components is an x-ray, during which a special colored liquid is injected into the spinal canal, which indicates the absence or presence of a spinal tumor in the picture. For the final specification of the diagnosis, a biopsy and computed tomography are indicated.

nose

Occurs rarely. In men more often than in women. The cause of this disease has not been identified. But in most cases, the risk factors for developing nose cancer are contact with flour and wood dust, work in the production of leather products. The risk also increases if a person works with solvents and glue, nickel, chromium and some other substances. Smoking increases the likelihood of disease of the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity. Therefore, the prevention of the development of a malignant tumor is the exclusion of risk factors. Also, the reason for changing a benign tumor into a malignant one has not been established.

The prognosis for nasal cancer depends on its stage. At stage 1, 100% of cancer patients have a complete recovery. The outcome of nasal oncology in the last stages with the formation of multiple metastases in the lymph nodes worsens. According to statistics, the survival rate at stage 4 does not exceed 10%, so it is important to diagnose it as early as possible.

Jaws

A dangerous disease that requires prompt treatment. 15% of visits to dentistry are associated with various neoplasms originating from bone tissue. Not all of them are caused by the development of cancer cells. Only 1-2% are a sign of oncology. There is no specific age for the disease. Jaw cancer develops in both the elderly and infants. Each patient requires an individual approach.

The injury is chronic. A bruise, an incorrectly installed crown, filling, as well as a prosthesis that causes constant rubbing of the gums.
Damage to the oral mucosa.
Inflammatory process.
Smoking.
Ionizing radiation.

Nasopharynx

In Russia - about 2% of cases of tumors of the neck and head in men, and approximately 1% - in women and girls. The disease often affects the elderly aged 50 - 60 years, but benign tumors (hemangiomas and angiofibromas) occur in adolescents and children. The development of oncology in the nasopharyngeal region begins imperceptibly. It is important not to start the process, but to identify a deadly problem and make the correct diagnosis. With the right tactics of oncotherapy, the three-year survival rate after early-stage nasopharyngeal cancer is 93% (without recurrence - 65%).

Cancer in children

A dumb question in the eyes of parents “Why and why did this happen to my child?” remains unanswered. There is an opinion that the risk of a tumor is associated with a gene breakdown, that is, it is programmed before birth. In most cases, the question of the origin of cancer in children remains open.

In a young growing body, the tumor develops rapidly, so it is an important task to notice it at the initial stages, because only early diagnosis can give hope for recovery. When talking about childhood oncology, they often do not mean cancer itself, because epithelial tumors are not typical for childhood. Children are more likely to develop tumor processes in other tissues:

Bone, muscle and connective (which includes blood and lymph) - sarcomas, lymphomas and leukemias, which people call blood cancer, which, in principle, is wrong, but understandable;
Nervous - neuroblastomas, gliomas and others (with a tumor localized in the brain, everything is the same as with neoplasia of the hematopoietic tissue - it is popularly called brain cancer).

You can forgive people of the non-medical profession such a renaming, classification is the business of specialists, and the short word "cancer" immediately explains everything.

Tumors of the central nervous system give symptoms and signs that are also suitable for various pathological conditions:

Headaches, especially in the morning, with vomiting (who would see cancer in such manifestations?);
Decreased visual acuity (the child began to see poorly, but many parents attribute this to the negative impact of the monitor, children now sit up at the computer);
Apathy, indifference to games, change in behavior;
gait disorder;
Enlargement of the head (the only symptom in young children who cannot yet correctly state their complaints).

Symptoms of cancer in children, caused by tumors of other localization, can also resemble any disease:

Weakness, fatigue, malaise, headaches;
Paleness of the skin, anemia;
Dyspnea;
Loss of appetite and weight;
Pain in bones, muscles and joints;
Increase in body temperature;
"Growing" belly due to an increase in the spleen and liver;
Enlarged lymph nodes.

Of course, not all symptoms and signs appear at the same time, it depends on the type of neoplasia, its stage and location. The presence of such manifestations does not indicate the development of a malignant process, therefore, the local pediatrician, gastroenterologist, rheumatologist often tries to treat babies, suspecting SARS, poisoning, rheumatism, and much more.

Cancer is a generalized name for numerous diseases that affect any organ or tissue. The terms "malignant tumor", "neoplasm" are also used as synonyms for the word "cancer". The essence of the pathology lies in the fact that in a single cell DNA is violated - biological information of a hereditary nature. The cell begins to divide uncontrollably, forming a mass of tissue called a tumor.
A malignant tumor is a pathological autonomous progressive growth of abnormal cells that penetrate and spread into adjacent tissues. The tumor has not only its own cells, but also a protective sheath (stroma), as well as blood vessels.
Depending on the type of tissue from which the oncological process begins to develop, tumors are classified according to the histogenetic feature:

cancer or carcinoma - from epithelial tissues;
sarcoma - from adipose, connective, bone and muscle tissues, as well as from lymphatic and blood vessels;
leukemia - from hematopoietic cells;
myeloma - from the tissues of the bone marrow;
lymphoma - from lymph tissue.

The main part of pathological tumors is cancer or carcinoma.
Malignant neoplasms develop in two stages: preclinical and clinical. The long course of pathology without the manifestation of any symptoms of its presence is called the preclinical period. In time, this stage is 75% of the total duration of the existence of malignant cells. During this period, early cancer most often develops. But sometimes large-sized tumors also progress invisibly.

In the clinical period, cancer begins to manifest external symptoms. There are many of them, they are diverse, but non-specific: each symptom of oncological pathology is also a sign of a non-tumor disease. Therefore, diagnosing a malignant neoplasm is difficult. At the same time, with cancer, characteristic symptoms are observed that tell the doctor the presence of a tumor in the body, since the neoplasm gradually increases, causes poisoning by the produced toxins, and disrupts the functioning of the affected organ.
In this regard, there are five clinical phenomena that serve as the basis for determining oncological pathology: obturation, destruction, compression, intoxication, tumor formation.

Blockage (obturation)

This phenomenon occurs mainly in tumors of hollow (having a cavity inside) organs, but it also happens in other organs. A growing neoplasm narrows the lumen inside or squeezes it from the outside, disrupting the patency. Signs of obstruction associated with blockage are often the main ones in the clinical picture of the pathology, but they are different for each organ:

narrowing of the lumen of the esophagus leads to difficulty swallowing; cancer of the left side of the colon - to a violation of the passage of its contents, causing spasmodic pain in the abdomen, lack of stool and gas, bloating, vomiting;
narrowing of the opening leading from the stomach to the duodenum, gives a feeling of fullness in the stomach after eating, causes spasmodic pain, vomiting of stagnant food masses, splashing noise in the peritoneum on an empty stomach;
compression of the urethra in prostate tumors causes acute urinary retention;
lung cancer compresses the bronchi, causing shortness of breath, coughing, chest pain;
a tumor of the head of the pancreas clogs the bile duct, developing yellowness of the skin of a mechanical nature.

The formation of blockage of the lumen in most cases is gradual. Therefore, the signs of cancer are increasing progressively. But sometimes obstruction occurs suddenly:

a neoplasm in the esophagus can cause a sharp spasm of the wall above the tumor;
cancer of the final part of the colon, passing into the rectum (sigmoid colon), forms an acute obstruction, tightly clogging the cavity with feces.

There are also cases when the patency of the lumen is restored partially or completely despite the fact that the cancer is progressing. This happens when the tumor breaks down. Spasm or inflammation of the mucosa stops.

How pronounced the symptoms of cancer associated with obturation will be depends on the form of tumor growth. In this regard, the following regularity can be traced: in organs with a cavity of large diameter, blockage is observed earlier and is more pronounced when malignant cells grow into neighboring tissues. In cancer of the branches of the respiratory throat and biliary tract, blockage occurs during growth into the lumen of the organ, connecting with its wall with a leg.

Destruction (destruction)

The phenomenon of destruction is characteristic of ulcerated and growing inside the cavity of the organ of cancerous tumors. The neoplasm disintegrates under the influence of some mechanical factor. For example, the dense contents of an organ touches and injures a soft tumor mass. In this case, the vessels of the tumor are damaged, bleeding opens.
Usually the outflow of blood is insignificant, as small vessels are damaged. Bleeding occurs periodically, but can last for a long time, repeat often. This leads to anemia - a decrease in the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood, which is manifested by the following symptoms:

skin blanching;
dizziness;
blood pressure drops;
weakly palpable pulse;
the tone of the heart is muffled.

If a large vessel ruptures, severe bleeding occurs, which is difficult to stop.
Symptoms of destruction are characteristic of neoplasms of internal organs:

with cancer of the rectum and cancer of the main part of the colon, there is a small amount of blood in the stool;
with tumors of the esophagus and stomach, there is hidden (visible only in a laboratory study) blood in the feces, vomiting with blood;
with lung cancer, the patient spitting blood;
cancer in the cervix occurs with blood secretion from the vagina;
a bladder or kidney tumor goes away with blood in the urine.

The appearance of one of these symptoms should alert a person, even if spotting was observed once. Immediately contact a specialist to examine the problematic organ.

Compression (squeezing)

This phenomenon is associated with the pressure of cancer cells on nerve fibers surrounding tissues and organs. It appears in two positions:

pain;
disruption of the organ.

When squeezing, pain is more common. They do not appear immediately, they arise only with an increase in the size of the tumor, its germination or pressure on the nerve endings.
At first, the pain is felt weakly, is dull, aching in nature. Further, it intensifies, does not interrupt, becomes acute, and when the tumor progresses to a late stage, it becomes unbearable. Pain during oncological processes of a certain organ is different:

with tumors of the kidneys, cancer of the body of the stomach, liver, pancreas, bone sarcomas, pain is called the main symptom;
with neoplasms in the esophagus, lungs, pain is not felt so often;
very rarely hurts with cancer of the external organs.

Colon cancer on the right side usually sprouts its limits, so aching pain is common. At the same time, for a tumor of the left side of the colon, blockage is more characteristic, causing intestinal obstruction and attacks of acute pain.

Intoxication (poisoning)

Cancer cells disrupt metabolism - enzyme, carbohydrate, protein, hormonal. This causes intoxication. Its symptoms are varied, but the leading doctors call the lack of appetite, weight loss, weakness of a general nature. The manifestation of these clinical signs increases with the increase in the mass of malignant cells, respectively, they are typical for the late stages of pathology.

However, there are also observations when lack of appetite, loss of body weight, weakness of a general nature are also manifested with small sizes of malignant tumors. Therefore, in case of unreasonable, unmotivated occurrence of such symptoms, it is important to consult a specialist who will prescribe an examination in order to detect a tumor in time.

Symptoms of toxin poisoning are characteristic of cancer of the internal organs and are more pronounced in cancer of the liver, pancreas, tumors in the stomach. And this is explained, among other things, by a disorder in the digestion of food in the stomach and intestines. The dynamics of systemic signs of malignant formation in the stomach develops in stages. At first, this is a slight loss of body weight, slight fatigue, a very slight decrease in mood, and unsatisfactory sensations after eating. The development of symptoms ends with an absolute loss of appetite, a sudden general breakdown, and extreme exhaustion. This complex of intoxication symptoms is called "small signs of a stomach tumor" and occupies a special place in the recognition of oncological processes.

Carcinomas of other organs of the digestive tract (liver, esophagus, pancreas) make themselves felt in the reverse order: first, a general breakdown, then weight loss, loss of appetite. Less often, these symptoms are found in carcinomas of the final part of the large intestine and the sigmoid colon.
Also, the symptoms of toxin poisoning are characteristic of patients with lung cancer, but practically do not appear in skin, uterus, and breast cancers.

Tumor formation

Tumor formation can be visible or palpable, revealing a reliable sign of the development of the oncological process. Cancer of the lip or skin usually appears as a small, scaly, ulcerated mass. When removing the upper layer, the bottom is visible in the bumps, drops of blood ooze.
Rounded nodes can be felt in the mammary gland, on the anterior part of the liver. Tumor formations of the kidneys are much less likely to be recognized by touch, in individual observations - of the pancreas. Blood vessels supply these organs relatively evenly on each side, so the disintegration of the neoplasm does not occur as often as in organs with a cavity.

A cancerous tumor accessible to the touch is painless, with a dense, bumpy structure. The tumor-like formation does not have a strong protective shell, so it moves along with the moving neighboring tissues. But if malignant cells have penetrated immovable organs or bones, the tumor also becomes immobile.
The described five phenomena are called the most typical signs of cancer. However, there are other manifestations that can suggest the presence of malignant cells in the body.

Violation of specific functions of organs

Many cancer cells interfere with the basic functioning of organs. This is especially pronounced in malignant tumors of the endocrine system and hematopoietic organs:

- cancer of the lower cerebral appendage proceeds with symptoms of excessive fat deposition, extinction of sexual desire, regressive changes in the mammary glands and reproductive organs;
- with carcinomas of the parathyroid glands, they are excessively produced

their secretion, increasing the level of calcium in the blood and destroying bone tissue and kidneys;

malignant cells in the adrenal glands provoke an increase in pressure, disrupt sexual development;
cancer of the insular apparatus of the pancreas reduces the concentration of glucose in the blood, causes nervous disorders;
hormonally active ovarian tumors are manifested by the development of masculine traits in women - body hair, low timbre of voice, the formation of female secondary sexual characteristics in men;
leukemia deeply disrupts the work of the bone marrow, the number of certain blood cells increases;
cancer of the vocal cords is detected if the voice is hoarse.

Also, large neoplasms, their metastases can indirectly affect the body and provoke symptoms that are atypical for a particular cancer, since there is a profound shift in biochemical parameters in the body:

thrombus formation;
skin rash;
decrease in the concentration of glucose in the blood;
kidney damage;
disorders of the blood circulation system;
increased destruction of erythrocytes - with carcinomas of the stomach, the initial section of the colon, ovaries;
systemic damage to small and large tubular bones - thickening of the nail plate, fingers in the form of drumsticks, mild inflammation in the joints with lung carcinomas.

These clinical symptoms sometimes appear first at the initial stage of tumor growth as a result of the body's immune responses.

Other causes that affect the clinical picture of the course of cancer

Cancer rarely occurs in a perfectly healthy body. Pre-cancerous diseases and concomitant infections have a significant impact on symptoms. The previous pathology, as a rule, masks the signs of malignancy and complicates the process of its recognition, since a false impression of the neglect of the disease is created.

An example is stomach cancer. Cells are reborn in chronic gastritis or ulcers. Constant pain and upset stomach in patients with these diagnoses are present for a long time. The malignancy of the cells of the organ slightly changes the picture of complaints - the pain is constantly haunting, it is aching, diffuse in nature, symptoms of poisoning with toxins appear. But it's hard to tell the difference.

Difficulties of a similar principle are observed in the detection of colon cancer in those who suffer from its inflammation - chronic colitis. In such situations, you should be wary if a small amount of blood is found in the stool or if rumbling and swelling in the abdominal cavity periodically occurs in the same place.
When the tumor disintegrates and ulcerates, there are observations of the attachment of infection. The biological parameters of the blood change, the pulse quickens, the temperature rises. This phenomenon is typical for lung carcinomas, when the blockage of the bronchus leads to a collapse of the lung, focal pneumonia occurs in this place of the organ. However, it is often diagnosed as a respiratory infection or tuberculosis.

Signs of systemic action of the tumor on the body

The main condition for successful treatment of malignant tumors is early diagnosis. To raise awareness of the early signs of cancer, the following are symptoms that should alert a person when they appear:

Unexplained weakness, fatigue, malaise, feeling of general discomfort.
The appearance of seals under the skin or on the skin, primarily in a woman in the chest, armpits, in men in the groin.
Enlarged lymph nodes.
Impurities of blood, pus, mucus in feces, in urine.
Prolonged pain in the abdominal cavity, in other places.
Loss of appetite.
Persistent cough, feeling short of breath for a long time.
Change in voice timbre, hoarseness, hoarseness.
Long-term non-healing wounds or sores.
Prolonged unmotivated increase in body temperature up to 38˚ C, chills, fever (temporary increase in temperature).
Change in the rhythm of bowel movements.
Sudden bleeding.
Change in the appearance and size of moles.
Night sweats.
Unexplained (without special measures for weight loss) sudden weight loss of more than 5 kg in a relatively short period of time.

Sharp weight loss (cancerous cachexia) in oncological disease occurs even with those patients who do not suffer from a violation of normal digestion in this pathology. General wasting occurs due to a decrease not only in fat, but also in muscle tissue at the same time. And this sharp weight loss differs from that which occurs during diets, prolonged fasting.

If these signs appear, you should immediately consult a doctor.
Diagnosing a malignant neoplasm involves taking an anamnesis, clarifying the progression of the pathology, as well as the causes of its occurrence. The patient is examined, if possible, they palpate (palpate) the organ itself, secondary lesions. An examination is carried out using devices, special medical equipment to detect a neoplasm or its shadow projection, as well as to take biological material to study the microscopic composition of cancer cells.

In the general structure of diseases, oncology ranks second. Cancer tumors can affect any tissue of the human body. The success of cancer treatment is largely determined by the stage at which the diagnosis was made. Therefore, you should be aware of the signs of cancer, which will help to identify the disease at the earliest manifestations.

We recommend reading:

33 symptoms that will help to suspect oncology

- is one of the signs or pancreas. For a long time, pain can be insignificant, a person and doctors most often associate it with,. However, it is better to undergo an additional examination - FGDS or, which will help clarify the diagnosis.
Dramatic weight loss- observed in tumors of almost any localization, but can be considered the leading sign of intestinal oncology. Not to be confused with weight loss through diet or exercise - with oncology, body weight is reduced even if the patient does not make any effort to do so.
Change in skin color, most often jaundice, characteristic of tumors of the pancreas and liver. It occurs due to difficulties in the outflow of bile, an increase in the concentration of bile pigments in the blood, often accompanied by severe itching. In addition to the skin, the sclera and tongue acquire an icteric color.
Cough and difficulty breathing leading signs of lung cancer. At an early stage of cancer, a dry, unobtrusive cough is noted, and as the disease progresses, it becomes hacking, shortness of breath joins.
Difficulty swallowing- The sensation of a foreign body that prevents the swallowing of food and water is a typical sign of cancer of the pharynx or esophagus. As the tumor grows, the patient may stop swallowing altogether.
Heartburn- due to the ingress of gastric juice from the stomach into the esophagus (gastroesophageal reflux). It is characteristic not only for gastritis, but also for cancer of the stomach and duodenum.
Swelling of the face (or upper half of the body). Typical for central, when a growing tumor compresses the blood and lymphatic vessels, thereby causing swelling.
- most tumors cause a reaction of regional lymph nodes. At later stages, metastases enter these nodes, which also contributes to an increase in their size.
Increased bleeding Bruising and bruising for no good reason can be a sign of blood cancer. With tumors of the liver, the blood coagulates worse.
Fatigue- chronic intoxication causes a feeling of general malaise, severe weakness. These symptoms are especially pronounced when the internal organs are damaged.
The appearance of blood in the stool and bleeding from the anus after the act of defecation- serious symptoms. There are also benign diseases with similar symptoms, but they can only be distinguished from cancer with the help of rectoscopy or colonoscopy.
Digestive disorders- constipation and diarrhea, mostly chronic, often appear with bowel cancer.
Difficulties with urination- delay, increase indicate problems with the prostate and bladder.
- characteristic of cystitis, or sexually transmitted diseases. With tumors of the prostate in men, this symptom is also noted at the base of the penis.
Blood in urine or semen- can appear with cancer of the urinary system: kidneys, bladder, prostate. In women, blood in the urine or spotting from the genital tract, not associated with menstruation, are signs of oncology of the female genital organs.
Decreased libido: a sign of prostate cancer in men or ovarian and uterine cancer in women.
Swelling of the scrotum and penis May indicate testicular or penile cancer.
Back pain syndrome. Of course, the main cause of back pain is osteochondrosis or inflammatory diseases of the spine. However, in some cases, pain in the back, poorly relieved by pills or simple painkillers, may be a sign of a metastatic lesion of the vertebrae.
Headache. Sometimes it is the only sign of a brain tumor, especially if the pain is one-sided and difficult to treat.
Discharge from the nipples- can appear with breast cancer, which occurs not only in women, but also in men. Simultaneously with the discharge of the patient, soreness of the chest may disturb.
Strange moles and irregularly shaped age spots is a form of melanoma or basal cell skin cancer.
Fever- prolonged, sluggish hyperthermia (fever) without other signs of infection is observed in 30% of patients with oncology.
Seals in the chest in women are signs of breast cancer. It is especially necessary to be wary of the combination of seals with discharge from the nipples. In this case, you need to urgently contact a mammologist or a surgeon.
Pathological changes in the appendages of the skin - nails and hair: dull hair with a tendency to fall out, as well as dystrophic changes in the nails (delamination, brittleness) indicate an active tumor process, in which the skin, nails and hair simply do not have enough nutrients.
Dysfunctional bleeding- spotting from the vagina, not associated with menstruation, is noted in uterine cancer, and in ovarian cancer.
fainting- one of the signs of a brain tumor. With even greater certainty about a brain tumor, a combination of fainting with convulsions allows us to speak.
Swelling in the limbs- a bump on the lower leg, thigh or shoulder can occur with malignant bone tumors (osteosarcomas). Very often, pathological fractures are also noted - even a slight blow to the bone can lead to its fracture.
Memory disorders. In young people, a decrease in intelligence, forgetfulness and absent-mindedness can be observed with brain tumors.
Decreased appetite- observed in most cancers. By the way, pathological weight loss in cancer patients is also associated with a lack of appetite.
sweating- a sharp change in the usual moisture content of the skin is observed in a number of neuroendocrine tumors.
tides- a feeling of heat in the face or throughout the body can be not only in women during menopause, but also in some tumors of the endocrine system.
mood swings- a sharp change in the emotional background is typical for head tumors and for some hormone-producing tumors in women.
Sharp decrease in vision, loss of fields - can occur with tumors of the optic nerve and some structures of the central nervous system.

Important: if you experience any of the above symptoms, you should consult a doctor. It is possible that there is absolutely nothing to fear, and these symptoms are just manifestations of another more harmless disease. But neglecting this advice is often too costly. Malignant processes, which were not paid attention to in time, end in death! For more information on early cancer symptoms, watch this video overview:

Signs of oncology are very fond of disguising themselves as symptoms of other diseases, so it is possible to exclude the diagnosis of cancer only after a thorough examination. It is not for nothing that foreign experts recommend that people over the age of 30 undergo an annual preventive examination.

Gudkov Roman, resuscitator

Discussion (44 )

Hello, woman, 31 years old, has children, stage 2 varicose veins. Worried about constant fatigue, pain in the legs (due to varicose veins), joints, back, neck, head. Lack of mood. I have a sedentary job, I don't do sports, I don't have any bad habits. Who to contact and what could be wrong?

Hello! Please tell me what is the best way to detect cancer in general. What can I pass or go through something to see the stomach is there or not. My father had kidney cancer and had it removed. Now I have a panic fear that cancer may also develop somewhere. I have chondrosis and neuralgia happens. And for often not pleasant sensations in the stomach, as if it were hot and the back was on fire. On the right, in the area, there is almost no pleasant feeling, as if something is pulling. Recently I underwent an ultrasound of the abdominal cavity, along with the kidneys, everything was fine. I had a head MRI a year ago and a neck MRI half a year ago. Everything is fine. Now I would like to see inside the abdomen and chest or what tests to pass so that I don’t get extra sores in my head. Please write what to do and where to start. Thanks in advance.
Hello! Age 28, never gave birth. I have no neoplasms visible to the eye, of the symptoms that disturb me, there are constant ailments, it is not clear what caused, increased fatigue, low performance, lethargy, prolonged deep sleep. Periodically, pains appear in the back, in the hands, lying in one position for about 5 minutes, the hands go numb, this was not the case before, she turned to an orthopedist, the diagnosis was scoliosis and osteochondrosis. I also wanted to note that the resulting wounds, cuts began to heal much more slowly, I'm not sure if this is normal. Grandmother and mother have cancer in the family (lung cancer, breast cancer). Could you tell me what examination is needed to rule out this disease?!
Hello. After pregnancy (1.5 years have already passed), the nails have become very brittle, lately fatigue has often manifested itself, I don’t feel any pain, my memory has deteriorated a lot - I can talk, and then it just flies out of my head what the conversation was about, it’s hard to remember what happened in the previous days, there is a decrease in vision for several minutes, after a computer, a strong decrease in libido. Previously, they put VVD (in the cervical region, the spine is slightly turned because of this, blood is poorly supplied to the upper part of the head. Half a year ago, they found a big erosion. The immune system has become weak, although I take vitamins, it can be difficult to breathe. What is the reason? Whom to go to? I'm 20.
Good day. I suffer from intercostal neuralgia, we cannot find its main cause. (there were no injuries and serious illnesses, there were no serious changes or inflammations on the x-ray, blood tests were within the normal range, there is no tomography in the city) The treatment gives relief for a while, but the pains return again and again, and the attacks are ever shorter . Does it make sense to take on tumor markers? Or what specialist’s advice should I get (do synningia, tests?) (by the way, the next of kin have cancer (aunt), diabetes (mother), vascular disease (grandmother died of a stroke))
Good afternoon. The child had all the lymph nodes inflamed + a pimple appeared on his head, soon he turned into a sore that began to rot. A dermatologist cannot make a diagnosis within half a year. From the head I pull out the rods of pus. What could it be?
Good afternoon. My mother had sinusitis, they removed a polyp in the nose area, some foreign substance was found in the head.
Feeling very bad lately. Vomiting, dizziness, can't stand on his feet. Constant headaches. My grandmother (mother's mother) had stomach cancer. She died unfortunately. My mother and I went around all the doctors, passed the tests, but no one detected oncology. what to do how to be
Hello, I am 17 years old, a few days ago there was a seal on the neck in the form of a ball, the size of a walnut. I have a sore throat, it is difficult to swallow, I feel chills, I feel constant fatigue. Today I noticed a small brown spot on my shoulder that hurts when I press it. Prompt, please, what is it can be and what probability of what is it a melonoma. I am very afraid of oncology, heredity is normal, there are no bad habits. Thank you very much in advance.
Hello! My father has stage 4 inoperable colon cancer and is 80 years old. Skin metastatic manifestations appeared. Pale aid is being provided. Pain is relieved with morphine. But more concerned about the skin manifestation, as it interferes with movement and causes great discomfort. Antiseptic dressings are changed. I wanted to ask you about ichthyol ointment. Is it possible to apply it in this case. On the Internet, nothing is written about the use of ichthyolka for skin metastases. Maybe everything is ambiguous, but he has nothing to lose, maybe try? Thank you!
Good afternoon! Please tell me, otherwise the doctors say that if you are not particularly worried, it will pass by itself. The temperature has been 37-37.2 for about 3 months, I had a general blood test (neutrophils 40, lymphocytes 44, monocytes 12.6, leukocytes on the verge of 4.76), cytomegano antibodies - negative, HIV - negative, Epstein Barr - negative. In principle, I don’t feel any discomfort, it happens occasionally in the stomach. Tell me what could be, or where to take tests?
Hello, please tell me, my mother found metastases in the liver, but the focus itself was not found. She had pains in the area of the liver, but now she doesn’t, but there was also some kind of bulge on the right side under the shoulder blade, very strong, pain, like drilling. Maybe she doesn't have cancer? The symptoms all point to cancer. Poor appetite, yellow skin, weight loss, vomiting.
Hello, please tell me what it could be. Hair falls out profusely for about six months, acne on the body and on the face does not go away.
Hello dear doctor. Tell me what my condition can be with: my temperature has been high for more than a year, 37.3-37.4. Several times I passed urine and blood tests, biochemistry, everything is fine. I had an MRI of the brain, no abnormalities, everything is normal, only there is a subarachnoid cyst, they said it's not scary. In the summer, amid stress, I began to have urinary retention, that is, there is urine inside, the bubble is already bursting, and I can’t get it out, as if there is a lock. It lasted a week, at that time I again passed urine and blood tests, everything was normal, they also did an ultrasound of the bladder, kidneys and everything - everything is fine, well, after a week it went away, I began to urinate normally. But in December, I suffered the strongest stress, and since January, the 5th month begins - I can’t urinate, urine can linger for a day, I’m already suffocating, it’s full, but I can’t urinate. And for 5 months now I have been holding my breath, the air seems to be squeezing down, and only then urine is excreted a little bit. Without holding her breath, she will not come out in any way. Here's the problem. I no longer have the strength to hold my breath. And desires in general frequent, each 15 20 minutes. I did a second ultrasound of all the lower organs, everything is perfect. I had a course of treatment with a neurologist, she treated me with pills and a dropper for a month. But not the slightest change.
Tell me, please, what is the reason for this? More precisely, I understand that the nerves, but how can I start to urinate normally? What to do? What do you advise? Please help, I'm out of energy :(
Hello, for the third week, every day after lunch, the body temperature rises to 37.5-38 degrees, it all started with severe throbbing headaches in the back of the head, which lasted 2-3 days. Blood and urine tests are good. During the second week I drank cogacyl, the temperature went away, but after 3-4 days it returned again. He did an ultrasound of the abdominal cavity, the spleen is enlarged, there is a suspicion of pancreatitis, the liver is normal, the kidneys too. Blood tests for hepatitis and HIV are negative. I have a suspicion of herpes simplex virus, but there is nothing on the skin. What to do, what can be?

According to statistics, almost 2% of all people living in the Russian Federation today are cancer patients. More than 500,000 Russians are diagnosed with cancer every year. Despite the frightening statistics, experts say that cancer is not a death sentence.

“Oncology is certainly a dangerous and very serious disease. However, you need to understand that there are thousands of types and subspecies of cancer. And most of them are curable, subject to high-quality diagnostics and therapy, ”says Alexei Remez, Founder and CEO of UNIM Cancer Diagnostic Service.

According to the expert, the earlier an oncological disease is detected, the higher the chance of recovery.

“A very good example is melanoma, a well-known aggressive skin cancer - if detected at the zero stage, when germination is still very small, and with high-quality removal, recovery is achieved in 99% of cases, while with the treatment of stage 4 melanoma, the chance to live five years with this diagnosis is about 15%,” said Remez.

Find and neutralize

The treatment of oncological diseases in any country is based on the protocols developed by the international medical community, which are based on the analysis of collective medical experience. However, before starting to treat a person, it is important to make an accurate diagnosis.

A person should be alert and consult a doctor if he began to rapidly lose weight for no particular reason, nausea, weakness and pain appeared, explained oncologist Andrei Koritsky.

“In addition, a person should be alerted by unusual discharges (bloody, purulent, mucous), prolonged unreasonable fever, frequent exacerbations of a chronic disease and the appearance of a new formation,” the oncologist warned.

The first step in diagnosing cancer is screening.

“Screening is a mass screening of people who are at risk for a certain type of disease in the absence of symptoms,” the doctor explained.

There are a series of screening activities that help detect cancer at an early stage. So, for example, women aged 20 to 40 are advised to do an ultrasound of the breast every year, and after 40 years, replace the procedure with mammography.

“To exclude cervical cancer, women over 20 years of age should do a liquid oncocytological examination (smear) using the Papanicolaou test (PAP test) every three years and a study for the presence of oncogenic types of human papillomaviruses using the polymerase chain reaction (HPV test)” Koritsky said.

Men and women over 40 also need a colonoscopy every five years. And the representatives of the stronger sex additionally take a blood test for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in order to prevent the development of prostate cancer.

“Representatives of all population groups should also have an annual plain abdominal ultrasound and chest x-ray. Recently, periodic gastroscopy with mucosal biopsy has also come to the fore to exclude stomach cancer, ”the oncologist noted.

If, after screening, the therapist suspects a malignant neoplasm or the doctor is alarmed by the patient's complaints, the person is prescribed additional studies.

“These can be laboratory tests and instrumental studies - MRI, CT, endoscopic studies (EGD, colonoscopy). If cancer is suspected, the patient is referred to an oncologist, where the question of conducting a histological examination is decided, ”Koritsky described the procedure.

To confirm or refute the diagnosis, the specialist first of all performs a biopsy - cuts out a piece of tissue or organ from the patient for examination. The procedure is performed under local anesthesia or during surgery. Further, the obtained material enters the pathomorphological laboratory, where it is processed and stored, making paraffin blocks and histological glasses, which will then be examined by a pathomorphologist under a microscope.

One step away from error

After receiving the results of a histological examination, the oncologist can choose the most effective treatment for this type of cancer - surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, etc.

However, experts advise not to rely on the opinion of one specialist, but to seek advice from several centers with the results of analyzes. In this case, the patient can independently send histological slides to another laboratory for another pathologist to confirm or correct the diagnosis.

“An epithelial tumor was found in one of our clients, the origin of the neoplasm could not be established on the spot. She turned to us for research, as the laboratory of the oncological dispensary did not do the immunohistochemistry she needed. According to the results of the study, a rare form of a dangerous lymphoproliferative disease was established - myeloid sarcoma with monoblast differentiation. However, due to the peculiarities of the form of this disease, the patient's blood test was ideal, and she did not fully appreciate the complexity of the situation. The pathological process was already developing, and in the absence of treatment, the prognosis would be sad - no more than a month of life. In the end, we managed to convince her to re-consult with a specialist and start treating the disease, ”Remez gave an example.

At the same time, according to the expert, according to the company's internal statistics, more than 40% of incoming diagnoses turn out to be erroneous when reviewed.

Immunohistochemistry is a highly accurate diagnostic method that allows the detection of tumor antigens. It is widely used to establish the final diagnosis in oncological practice.

Lymphoproliferative disease is a group of diseases in which the cells that make up the immune system, the lymphocytes, proliferate. If the tumor originates in the bone marrow, the term leukemia is used. Neoplasms that occur in lymphoid tissue outside the bone marrow are called lymphomas.

*** Myeloid sarcoma is a malignant tumor composed of immature white blood cells in the bone marrow (leukemic myeloblasts).

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