Basic methods of waste management. Technical methods of waste management. Collection and removal of waste
Modern Russian legislation obliges enterprises to report annually on the production waste generated by them. Such strict control, and even at the state level, is not accidental: industrial "garbage" is often by no means harmless to nature and human health. Today, its disposal must take place at a high level of environmental safety.
Waste includes garbage and all kinds of garbage that inevitably accumulates in factories, factories, workshops, etc. These are, for example, the remains of raw materials and sources, products that have lost commercial qualities, defects, substandard components of products, mechanical processing residues, as well as all the usual daily garbage of human life.
In order to avoid harm to nature and man, Russia has both federal and regional laws that regulate environmental protection and the necessary procedure for dealing with production and consumption waste.
Note! Control of any kind of garbage at the highest level today is a necessity for any civilized state. This practice is common, for example, among the closest neighboring countries of Russia: the Republic of Belarus has the Law of the Republic of Belarus "On Waste Management", in Ukraine - the Law of Ukraine "On Waste", etc.
Taking into account all the requirements of the law, the enterprise must develop a "Procedure for exercising control in the field of waste management." It must be coordinated with the regional Office of Rosprirodnadzor of the Russian Federation. And only after verification and approval, it acquires the status of the regulatory regulations of the organization.
Such attention to the residuals of production activities is necessary for many reasons:
- in pursuance of the requirements of laws on the protection of the bioenvironment;
- that the established permissible norms of negative impact on ecosystems are not exceeded, and that the permissible limits for the placement of residues of production activities are observed;
- to avoid the irrational use of natural resources;
- to ensure complete and accurate information from enterprises to state control bodies.
As a unified base of waste materials, FKKO, the Federal Classification Catalog of Waste, was created. This document serves as a starting point for the classification of industrial waste and the establishment of a set of measures for working with it.
Instructions for handling production waste
The main sections of waste management instructions are usually as follows:
Safety measures when working with industrial waste should include:
- organization of vocational training with subsequent examinations, annual briefings for employees interacting with the remnants of production activities;
- inventory of waste and their accumulators at the enterprise;
- primary accounting of their formation and movement;
- control over the availability of contracts for the transportation of waste with licensed organizations;
- timely transfer of accumulated scrap;
- control inspections of places of accumulation, use of the remnants of production activities;
- their certification by hazard class, including the order of laboratory studies and tests when issuing passports, assigning them to, etc.
Additional information in the video: what are waste passports, why and how they are developed and approved.
Every year, enterprises submit a report on the remnants of production activities (how much is formed, how it is used and placed, etc.) to the regional offices of Rosprirodnadzor and pay a fee for the damage caused to nature.
Features of creating Instructions depending on the type of waste
The procedure for waste management involves specific information necessary to work with exactly the type of waste that is generated at the enterprise:
- For example, mercury lamps or mercury-containing fluorescent tubes are prohibited from being stored in the public domain, as well as in soft containers or without them at all. This must be indicated in the instructions. Hard containers (containers or plywood boxes) can be used for drives, and they must be stored in a special closed room. During storage, such lamps are subjected to monthly visual inspection to ensure that they are not damaged.
- Waste oils (motor, diesel, transmission) can be stored in metal containers in specially designated areas in garages. The control inspection should confirm the integrity of the container and the absence of oil spills.
- To store wood residues, often enough space under a canopy and the absence of sources of possible ignition near.
- It is permissible to store used tires simply on an open concreted area near the garage.
- Wipes with oil or oil product residues are stored in special metal containers for oily waste, etc.
It is also necessary to indicate the proper level of professional training of employees required to perform work with a certain type of waste: for example, the presence of special education, a certificate, a certificate of instruction.
Additional information on the video: how to develop and agree on instructions for handling production waste, typical mistakes of enterprises in working with waste materials, how to avoid and correct them.
Development of instructions at the enterprise
Instructions on how to properly deal with the remnants of production activities at your enterprise can be completely developed independently. But it is important to take into account all the requirements of the current legislation, both at the state and local levels.
An affordable way out is to order the development of a regulatory document on a commercial basis from specialists. The advantage of ordering the "Procedure for Waste Management" for a fee is that the manufacturer assumes the function of coordinating and approving the regulations developed by him in Rosprirodnadzor.
Creation and approval of instructions is mandatory. The Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation specifies penalties for the absence of the "Procedure for the implementation of production control in the field of waste management at the enterprise." The amount of recovery for legal entities can reach 250 thousand rubles.
All operations with waste - collection, storage, transportation for subsequent recycling or disposal - should not harm the natural environment, and therefore human health. Of course, the creation of completely environmentally friendly production facilities is often a utopia. But minimizing harm from production activities through the systematization of information and control is a very real task today.
You already know that most of the waste generated in a bucket is actually useful materials that can be recycled.
use. For a Russian person, careful attitude to natural resources has never been a rule. And do not blame negligence here. Do you know the proverb that is often mentioned when describing the “Russian character”? Until the thunder breaks out, the peasant will not cross himself. The "household" Germans have an analogue: "The well is closed after the child has fallen into it." Thus, the ills of irrationality and carelessness have been and are being faced all over the world. The reason that in a number of countries the waste management policy today is based on the recycling of waste, while we do not, is that our country is extremely rich in both resources and free land. The smaller the country and the more dynamically it develops, the faster it faces the problem of garbage. In fact, today we are walking a path that many have already walked. It is only important to follow it not by touch, but by using the experience of predecessors.
The task of public utilities both in Russia and abroad is to collect waste from the streets of the city in a timely manner and put them out of sight. The only difference is where to put them. There are three ways to get rid of waste: bury, burn and recycle. Let's take a closer look at each of these three methods using examples from different countries.
The oldest and easiest way
Waste disposal is the most ancient and simple way of waste management. However, this approach is extremely dangerous for the environment and human health. Previously, when all the garbage that was generated was of natural origin, such placement of it was only threatened by rat raids and epidemics. But they learned to deal with this by inventing the wheel - it immediately became possible to make the dump farther away, so that the rats could not get to the city (they are on their own four). Now plastic, electrical engineering, chemical and organic residues, and much, much more are sent to Russian landfills. 
Garbage is usually dumped in quarries or other places chosen on a "just so" basis. The thickness of the garbage layer (more correctly, the “dump body”) can reach 80 meters or more. In the process of decomposition of this mixture, watered by rain, a filtrate is formed - a liquid saturated with waste products, which penetrates into the soil and pollutes groundwater with toxic substances and heavy metal compounds.
Since there are many combustible substances in the composition of household waste, spontaneous combustion of a landfill body regularly occurs in the summer, which is almost impossible to extinguish. As a result of combustion, not only fire gases (carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides and furans) enter the atmosphere, but also such extremely dangerous super-ecotoxicants as dibenzofurans and dioxins. In total, any landfill releases into the environment more than a hundred toxic substances with mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. Also, do not forget that in addition to toxic gases, as a result of the decomposition of organic waste, landfills produce huge amounts of greenhouse gas methane. It is one of the main gases, the accumulation of which in the atmosphere leads to an increase in the greenhouse effect. 
Dioxins
You may have heard of dioxins - they are 67,000 times stronger than cyanide. Interfering with the process of formation of new cells in the body, they provoke the development of cancer; affect the fine work of the endocrine glands, which in turn leads to a complete imbalance of all vital body functions; strongly affect reproductive function, often inhibiting puberty or even leading to infertility. The lethal dose is so microscopic that it makes dioxins more dangerous than chemical warfare agents. And another terrible characteristic is that they are poorly decomposed and can accumulate both in the human body and in the environment, passing from one natural cycle to another. 
My fire in the fog shines...
Please note that dioxins are formed not only during combustion in landfills or incineration plants. They are formed under conditions of low-temperature combustion (less than 1000 ºС) of chlorine-containing waste, that is, including in a fire or in a furnace. These are, first of all, plastic waste: products made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC marking, number 3), which are often visually indistinguishable from PET, as well as products made from PET itself and other plastics, since chlorine-containing additives are added to give them various properties. Often at summer cottages or at the end of a hiking trip, people burn accumulated waste, thereby solving the problem of garbage, including plastic. In no case should you do this if you value your health and the health of those around you, not to mention the “gift” for the environment.
Russian scope
Every year, more than 300 million tons of waste are delivered to landfills and spontaneous dumps in Russia. There is no exact data on how much area is now occupied by garbage, but even approximate figures are impressive. So, under the landfills of the country there are about 1 million hectares, which is about 10 areas of Moscow! And if we add to this the “unrecorded” illegal waste disposal sites? It is possible that this figure will have to be increased several times.
To date, Russia operates landfills that were opened in the 30-50s. 20th century. The vast majority of landfills are located in worked-out quarries and do not meet environmental standards. What damage these objects cause to ecological systems is even difficult to imagine. But regarding the emissions of gaseous methane into the Earth's atmosphere, it is known that landfills and landfills in Russia annually emit up to 1 million tons of methane (about 90 billion m3) into the atmosphere, which is approximately 3% of the planetary flow. 
cultural dump
But what about in other countries? In all developed countries, mechanisms have long been implemented to reduce the negative impact of landfills on the environment. Thus, modern landfills are equipped in accordance with stringent requirements that exclude the contact of garbage with the soil, assuming systems for collecting and discharging leachate and biogas.
A modern polygon should look something like this. The pit prepared for backfilling is laid out with an inert and impervious film, which allows you to reliably separate the body of the landfill and the filtrate from the ground. An embankment is created around the landfill to protect against wind drift. Waste during pouring is compacted and sprinkled with layers of inert soil. And finally, even during the design, a system for monitoring and collecting the generated effluents and biogas is laid. In a number of countries, special installations are used at landfills to collect and utilize the emitted methane. The collected gas is used to produce heat and electricity.
Returning to Russia, it should be noted that today in almost all regions, including Moscow, there is a question of overflowing existing landfills. And this means that it is necessary to close and recultivate old landfills and open new ones, thereby creating more and more new exclusion zones.
In connection with all the above difficulties and the consequences that the old and low-tech way of dealing with waste creates, another, no less traditional method looks very tempting. 
Burning
Incineration is another way to dispose of waste, which, moreover, allows you to significantly reduce the amount of waste and even get benefits - the energy generated during incineration can be used. These two arguments are decisive in the justifications of the supporters of this method.
However, it is important to note a few points. The technology of relatively safe waste incineration, firstly, always involves the preliminary sorting of waste. Mixed waste has low combustible properties, since it may contain a large proportion of non-combustible fractions, as a result of which it becomes necessary to support the combustion process with additional fuel. Also, pre-sorting eliminates the possibility of burning hazardous waste. Secondly, the combustion process itself must take place under strictly defined characteristics (the combustion temperature must be at least 1000 ° C), which makes it possible to minimize the formation of environmentally hazardous products (in particular, dioxins). Thirdly, the plant must be equipped with an expensive ventilation system that must be properly maintained throughout its operation. And fourthly, the plant must ensure the processing and safe disposal of ash resulting from the combustion of waste and accounting for about 1/5 of the original volume of waste. 
For big money and only after sorting
Summing up the experience of many countries, it can be summarized that the waste incineration route is the most expensive, not only in terms of construction costs, but also in terms of operation. The proof of these words is that in recent decades no new waste incineration plants (Incinerators) have been built in Europe and many old incinerators have been closed because they do not meet the requirements of European Union standards in terms of emissions. Small countries (Denmark, Switzerland, Holland, Japan), where there are no landfill sites at all, continue to use this technology for the destruction of household waste, but at the same time they spend huge amounts of money on waste gas purification and use modern incineration technologies. In addition, it should be noted that only those wastes are burned, from which a part of useful fractions has already been selected for processing, and the resulting energy is used to generate electricity and heat. By the way, modern incineration technologies make it possible to use up to 80% of the energy contained in waste. 
Does it suit us?
The experience of other countries suggests that the choice of incineration route is a choice dictated by limited territorial resources, associated with very high costs for maintaining the proper level of operation of waste incinerators. It is impossible to completely abandon the incineration of waste. However, the use of this technology can be justified only after the selection and processing of useful fractions.
In Russia, the direction of waste incineration is poorly developed. There are about a dozen factories throughout the country. However, this method is often considered as the basic one when planning long-term waste management programs.
The standards for the accumulation of toxic industrial waste on the territories of enterprises are established taking into account the following indicators:
The size of the storage area;
Toxicity and reactivity of compounds present in the waste;
Volume of generated waste;
Climatic conditions (temperature and humidity, wind speed and direction).
Requirements for the temporary storage of toxic waste on the territories of enterprises are defined in the following regulatory documents.
1) SanPiN 2.1.7.1322 - 03 "Hygienic requirements for the placement and disposal of production and consumption waste." According to this document, temporary storage (storage) of hazardous waste on the territory of enterprises should be carried out in stationary warehouses or at special sites.
Waste of various hazard classes should be stored and transported as follows:
- 1 hazard class- in special sealed containers (containers, barrels, tanks). Metal containers must be checked for tightness, the wall thickness of the container must be at least 10 mm, and the corrosion rate of the material must not exceed 0.1 mm/year. Waste of the 1st hazard class must be removed from the territory of the enterprise within 24 hours;
- 2 hazard classes– in a reliable closed container (sealed plastic bags, plastic bags);
- 3 hazard classes- in paper, textile, cotton bags. Solid bulk waste (stored in containers, plastic bags and paper bags) must be removed from the territory of the enterprise within two days;
- 4 hazard classes- can be stored in bulk, in the form of ridges, it is allowed to transport in bulk.
2) SN No. 3183 - 84 "Procedure for the accumulation, transportation, neutralization and disposal of toxic industrial waste." - M .: Ministry of Health of the USSR, 1985.
3) SN No. 3204 - 85 "The maximum amount of accumulation of toxic industrial waste on the territory of an enterprise (organization)". - M.: Ministry of Health, Minvodhoz, MinGEO of the USSR, 1985. This document limits the amount of toxic industrial waste temporarily allowed on the territory of the enterprise in order to avoid excessive environmental pollution. At the same time, it is emphasized that the storage of industrial waste on the territory of the enterprise can only be considered as a temporary measure. In practice, two indicators are normalized:
Maximum content of toxic substances in waste;
The maximum amount of toxic industrial waste on the territory of the enterprise is the amount of industrial waste that can be placed in specially designated places on the territory of the enterprise, provided that the possible release of harmful substances into the air does not exceed 0.3 MAC. Otherwise, the waste accumulated on the territory of the enterprise is subject to immediate removal.
4) SP No. 4015 - 85 "The maximum content of toxic compounds in industrial waste and storage facilities located outside the territory of the enterprise (organization)". Accumulators are tailing and sludge storages, settling ponds, sewage storage ponds. Placement of industrial waste of the 1st hazard class in storage tanks is prohibited. The size of the sanitary protection zone around the storage tanks depends on the hazard class of the disposed waste: for class 2 - 1000 m, for class 3 - 500 m, for class 4 - 300 m.
There are several groups of industrial waste processing methods. .
Mechanical Methods used in the preparation of waste for recycling. These include grinding and aggregation . Grinding methods include crushing and grinding.
a) crushing. The intensity and efficiency of waste processing processes increases with a decrease in the size of pieces (grains) of processed materials.
b) Grinding is used when it is necessary to obtain finely dispersed fractions with a particle size of less than 5 mm from lumpy waste. The degree of grinding during grinding reaches 100 or more. Mills are used for grinding. For separation into fractions by size, screening of pieces (grains) of the material is used when it is moved on cellular surfaces (grate grates, sieves with cells or holes of various shapes and sizes are used). Screens are vibrating or rotating.
Waste aggregation is the process of enlargement of fine particles. It is used to reduce the amount of waste and increase the rationality of their further use and transportation.
Aggregation methods include the following.
a) Granulation - the formation of aggregates, usually spherical or cylindrical, from powders, pastes, melts of processed materials. Vibrating and rotary granulators of various designs are used.
b) Tableting is the granulation of powder materials using various types of tablet machines, the principle of which is based on the pressing of powders. Tableting is used in the production of various adsorbents, catalysts, vitamin, medicinal and other preparations from waste. The shape of the tablets is varied (cylinders, balls, disks, rings) with a cross-sectional diameter of 6-12 mm.
c) Briquetting is used to compact the waste to improve the conditions of transportation, storage and processing.
To physical methods include the following.
a) Magnetic separation is used to separate magnetic components from non-magnetic ones. Oxides, hydroxides, metal salts have weak magnetic properties. Various rock-forming minerals (quartz, feldspar) are non-magnetic. Waste is passed through a magnetic separator with a moving belt.
b) Electroseparation is based on the difference in the electrophysical properties of materials (electrical conductivity). It is used to separate waste containing non-ferrous metal impurities from polymeric materials. Upon contact with the surface of a charged metal electrode, electrically conductive particles acquire a charge and are repelled from it.
c) The following methods are also used to separate lumpy and bulk materials:
Screening or screening (on sieves, gratings and screens);
Separation under the action of gravitational (inertial) forces. In this case, the carrier medium is air. Gas precipitators and separators are used.
Hydrodynamic methods. The carrier medium in the separation of waste components is a liquid. The following methods are used:
Gravity - settling under the action of gravity in settling tanks;
Separation by centrifugal force in centrifuges and hydrocyclones;
Filtration under the action of a pressure difference through a filtering partition;
Electrofiltration under the action of an electric field.
Heat exchange processes. Devices such as heaters, coolers, boilers, evaporators, condensers, etc. are used. Heat exchange processes underlie the operation of installations:
Sorption-desorption;
Evaporators;
Extraction, etc.
Diffusion processes are the basis for the processes of separation of two-phase systems in order to utilize the individual components of the waste. These include sorption methods for treating wastewater and exhaust gases.
Chemical processes. These include the following.
a) Leaching (extraction). The method is used in the processing of galvanic sludge, mining waste dumps, some metallurgical and fuel slags, wood and other wastes. The method is based on the extraction of components from a complex material by selective dissolution in a liquid - an extractant.
b) Crystallization - the separation of a solid phase in the form of crystals from saturated solutions, melts or vapors. The method is used in the processing of liquid and solid waste, the solid is first transferred into a solution.
c) Coagulation and flocculation are widely used in wastewater treatment.
d) Chlorination and ozonation are used to disinfect wastewater.
e) Waste incineration is also a chemical method as it is a redox process.
Biochemical processes are applied to sewage treatment, to clearing of the soil of oil products.
Thermal methods(flameless). The purpose of heat treatment is to neutralize waste, reduce its volume, as well as obtain valuable commercial products.
The concept and classification of waste
Production and consumption waste- these are the remains of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, other products or products that were formed in the process of production or consumption, as well as goods (products) that have lost their consumer properties.
hazardous waste are wastes that contain harmful substances that have hazardous properties (toxicity, explosiveness, fire hazard, high reactivity) or contain pathogens of infectious diseases, or that may pose an immediate or potential hazard to the environment and human health on their own or when coming into contact with other substances.
The federal classification catalog of wastes, approved by order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia dated December 2, 2002 No. 786, distinguishes their types according to a set of priority features: by origin, state of aggregation, chemical composition, environmental hazard. The catalog has five levels of classification arranged hierarchically: blocks, groups, subgroups, positions, subpositions.
Distinguished by origin:
– waste of organic natural (animal and vegetable) origin;
– mineral origin;
- chemical origin;
- communal (including household) origin.
The main part of the waste is generated at the enterprises of the mining complex, which includes the fuel and energy complex, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical production and the construction industry. Such wastes include unused dumps of overburden and host rocks, off-balance ores, ash and slag wastes, slags from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, wastes from the chemical and petrochemical industries formed during the extraction and processing of mineral ores.
The greatest environmental hazard is organomineral waste that can ignite spontaneously: overburden and mine rocks. The most harmful to the environment is the production of aluminum: as a result, many tons of alumina cycle sludge, bauxite nepheline sludge accumulate in dumps and storage facilities.
Arsenic-containing wastes are included in a special group of environmentally hazardous large-tonnage industrial and domestic wastes.
In the State report on the state and protection of the environment in the Russian Federation in 2002–2003. data on the new classification of waste environmental hazard classes are given:
- Class I is characterized by irreversible damage to ecosystems, i.e. their restoration is impossible;
– Class II requires at least 30 years of recovery, provided that the impact of the source is terminated;
- III hazard class assumes a ten-year period for the restoration of ecosystems;
- IV class - at least three years.
toxic waste are divided into four hazard classes (I–IV) according to the Interim Classifier of Toxic Industrial Wastes and Methodological Recommendations for Determining the Toxicity Class of Industrial Wastes.
Waste is maintained by the State Cadastre, which includes a federal classification catalogue, a state register of waste disposal facilities and a waste data bank.
According to the Federal Law "On Production and Consumption Waste", the following terms have been introduced to refer to actions whose object is waste:
- appeal;
- education;
- usage;
- neutralization;
– transportation;
– accommodation;
- storage;
- burial;
- cross-border movement.
Waste management- activities in the process of which waste is generated, as well as activities for the collection, use, disposal, transportation, disposal of waste. Hazardous waste management activities are subject to mandatory licensing. Persons admitted to handling hazardous waste are required to have professional training, confirmed by certificates (certificates) for the right to work with hazardous waste.
Usage- this is the use of waste for the production of goods (products, work, services or energy).
Neutralization– waste treatment, including incineration and disposal at specialized facilities, in order to prevent the harmful effects of waste on human health and the environment.
burial- this is the isolation of waste that is not subject to further use, and storage is carried out in special storage facilities in order to prevent the ingress of harmful substances into the environment.
Waste disposal is divided into two stages of handling them - storage and disposal and is carried out at specially equipped facilities (landfills, tailings, rock dumps, etc.).
Transboundary movement of waste- their transportation from the territory under the jurisdiction of one state to (through) the territory under the jurisdiction of another state, provided that such movement affects the interests of at least two states. Cross-border movement of waste through (into) the territory of the Russian Federation is carried out only for their use on the basis of a permit.
The import of waste for the purpose of their disposal and neutralization was prohibited, but the Federal Law "On Amendments and Additions to Art. 50 of the Law of the RSFSR “On Environmental Protection” is allowed, which is confirmed by the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection”.
Transportation of hazardous waste- their transportation in the presence of a passport of hazardous waste by vehicles specially equipped and equipped with special signs, compliance with safety requirements during the actual transportation, loading and unloading operations, packaging, labeling and if there is documentation for the transportation and transfer of hazardous waste, indicating their quantity, purpose and place appointments, etc.
Other terms found in a number of acts:
– disposal– disposal of waste, in which useful products necessary for further production are simultaneously extracted;
– processing;
– waste storage- their temporary placement;
– waste collection– their accumulation in the place of formation (production);
– waste removal covering their collection, sorting, transportation, processing, storage and disposal on the surface or underground;
– processing, recovery, recycling, etc.
49. Waste management of production and consumption.
Federal Law "On Environmental Protection" Article 51. Requirements in the field of environmental protection when handling production and consumption waste
1. Production and consumption waste, including radioactive waste, shall be subject to collection, use, neutralization, transportation, storage and burial, the conditions and methods of which must be safe for the environment and regulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
2. It is forbidden:
discharge of production and consumption wastes, including radioactive wastes, into surface and underground water bodies, into catchment areas, into the subsoil and onto the soil;
placement of hazardous waste and radioactive waste in areas adjacent to urban and rural settlements, in forest parks, resorts, medical and recreational areas, on animal migration routes, near spawning grounds and in other places where a hazard to the environment may be created, natural ecological systems and human health;
disposal of hazardous waste and radioactive waste in the catchment areas of underground water bodies used as sources of water supply, for balneological purposes, to extract valuable mineral resources;
import of hazardous waste into the Russian Federation for the purpose of their disposal and neutralization;
import of radioactive waste into the Russian Federation for the purpose of their storage, processing or burial, except for the cases established by this Federal Law and the Federal Law "On the management of radioactive waste and on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation";
disposal in facilities for production and consumption waste of products that have lost their consumer properties and contain ozone-depleting substances, without the recovery of these substances from these products in order to restore them for further recycling (recycling) or destruction.
Waste production- these are the remains of raw materials, materials, substances, products, objects, formed in the process of production of products, performance of works (services) and which have completely or partially lost their original consumer properties. For example: metal shavings, sawdust, paper scraps, etc. Production waste also includes associated substances formed during the production process that are not used in this production. For example: solids captured during the treatment of process off-gases or wastewater. Along with production waste, industrial enterprises also generate consumer waste, which includes mainly solid, powdery and pasty waste (garbage, cullet, scrap, waste paper, food waste, rags, etc.) resulting from the life of employees of the enterprise.
Production and consumption wastes require not only significant areas for storage, but also pollute the atmosphere, territory, surface and ground waters with harmful substances, dust, gaseous emissions. In this regard, the activities of the nature user should be aimed at reducing the volume (mass) of waste generation, introducing low-waste technologies, converting waste into secondary raw materials or obtaining any products from them, minimizing the formation of waste that cannot be further processed, and disposal them in accordance with applicable law. In accordance with Article 11 of the federal law "On Production and Consumption Waste", individual entrepreneurs and legal entities, when operating enterprises, buildings, structures, structures and other facilities related to waste management, are obliged to:
comply with environmental requirements established by the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection;
develop draft standards for waste generation and limits for waste disposal in order to reduce the amount of their generation;
introduce low-waste technologies based on scientific and technological achievements;
conduct an inventory of waste and their disposal facilities;
monitor the state of the natural environment in the territories of waste disposal facilities;
provide, in accordance with the established procedure, the necessary information in the field of waste management;
comply with the requirements for preventing accidents related to waste handling and take urgent measures to eliminate them;
in the event of the occurrence or threat of accidents associated with waste management that cause or may cause damage to the environment, health or property of individuals and legal entities, immediately inform the specially authorized federal executive authorities in the field of waste management, executive authorities about this subjects of the Russian Federation, local governments.
In accordance with Article 14 of the Federal Law "On Production and Consumption Waste", individual entrepreneurs and legal entities, in the course of which waste is generated, are required to confirm that these wastes are classified as a specific hazard class. For hazardous waste, a passport must be drawn up, which is a document certifying that the waste belongs to the waste of the corresponding type and hazard class, as well as containing information about their composition.
Article 9 of the federal law "On Production and Consumption Waste" prescribes that hazardous waste management activities are subject to licensing. The procedure for licensing hazardous waste management activities is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.
In accordance with Article 19 of the federal law "On Environmental Protection", individual entrepreneurs and legal entities engaged in activities in the field of waste management are required to keep records in accordance with the established procedure of generated, used, neutralized, transferred to other persons or received from other persons, as well as placed waste. Statistical accounting in the field of waste management is carried out in the form 2tp - (toxic waste) (see explanation below).
Failure to comply or improper compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of waste management by officials and citizens entails disciplinary, administrative, criminal or civil liability in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
In the absence of a technical or other possibility to ensure safety for the natural environment and human health, hazardous waste management activities may be limited or prohibited in accordance with the procedure established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
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