Rebuff to the crusaders abstract. Summary of the lesson on the topic "difficult times on Russian soil. rebuff to the crusaders." Crusader aggression against Russia
Topic: “Difficult times on Russian soil. Repulse the Crusaders.
The goals of the teacher's activity:
To create conditions for acquaintance with the heroic pages of the history of our Motherland - the Battle on the Ice and the brilliant commander A. Nevsky; defining the boundaries of knowledge
and "ignorance"; contribute to the formation of students' ideas about military affairs in Russia; initial skills of searching for the necessary information and analyzing the information received; development of interest in the subject "World around"
PLANNED EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES: Subject: will have the opportunity to learn how to work with a textbook, a historical map, fiction related to the topic of the lesson, and organize a workplace.
Metasubject: master the abilityunderstand the learning task of the lesson, answer questions, generalize their own ideas;listen to the interlocutor and conduct a dialogue, evaluate their achievements in the lesson;engage in verbal communication, use the textbook.
Personal: assimilate the humanistic, democratic and traditional values of the multinational Russian society; show a sense of responsibility and duty to the Motherland
m Methods and forms of education: aboutexplanatory and illustrative, partially exploratory; individual, group, frontal
Equipment: cards for individual survey, contour maps, painting by P. D. Korin A. Nevsky, cantatas “A. Nevsky” by S. Prokofiev, scheme of the Battle of the Ice, multimedia projector, presentation, computer.
During the classes:
- Organizational moment.
A prepared student reads a poem.\
Russia
Under a big tent of blue skies -
I see - the distance of the steppes turns green.
You are wide, Russia, on the face of the earth
Unfolded in royal beauty! ..
And in all parts of the white world
There is great fame about you.
And there is something for that, mighty Russia,
love you, call you mother,
Stand for your honor against the enemy,
For you in need lay down your head!
– This poem was written by a famous poetIvan Savvich Nikitin . What do you think, what thoughts and feelings about the Russian land did the poet want to convey to readers?
– toWhen the enemy attacked, then for the Russian people, the Russian land, what times were coming?
– aboutwhat will be discussed in the lesson? (Children answer)
teacher goal . Today in the lesson we will work on the topic: "The struggle of the Russian people against the Swedish and German invaders."
Today we are talking about the very difficult days of our country, which did not end with the Mongol-Tatar invasion. We will continue the conversation about the no less easy times of the Fatherland - our great Motherland. It will be about the son of the Fatherland, about a true patriot, a citizen who defeated the enemy who encroached on Russian lands. And at the end of the lesson, you will find out why he has an unusual surname and why, seven centuries later, a high award, the military order of A. Nevsky, is established in the USSR. It will be difficult for us to understand new material without the events that we studied in the last lesson. They will make it easier for us to perceive new material.
ii . Checking homework.
1. (individual 1 student on a card)
1.Answer the question:
What was the dependence of Russia on the Golden Horde?
2. Show on the map the territory of the Golden Horde and its capital.
2. Frontal survey.
How do you understand the word "invasion"?
What enemies enslaved Russia at that time?
Why were they called that?
Why can't a single Mongol-Tatar be called a skilled farmer?
Show on the cards in what year did the Mongol-Tatars attack Russia? What century?
Show on the map the path of the Mongol-Tatars. Who led their army?
How to say it differently: "The enemies passed through the Russian land with fire and sword and left new mounds in rural graveyards."
Why did the Mongol-Tatars manage to conquer Russia?
3. Testing.
1 ). During the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Russia, which of the cities was captured first: a) Kyiv;
b) Vladimir;
c) Ryazan.
2) How many days did the inhabitants of Kozelsk defend:
a) 50;
b) 7 weeks;
at 7.
3) In what year did the Mongol army under the leadership of Batu Khan go to Russia?
a) 1237;
b) 1240;
c) 1238;
4) About whom they said "lion's courage, dog's patience."
a) Mongolo-Tatars;
b) the defenders of Kozelsk.
(Mutual check. Key. slide)
Give as many points as there are correct answers.
Stand up those who made 1-2 mistakes, those who did not make mistakes.
4) Checking the student who worked on the card.
So what did the conquerors leave behind in the memory of people of many generations?
(Nothing but painful memories of rivers of spilled blood, destroyed cities and oceans of tears shed for the dead).
Outcome. So, this is a grave, terrible misfortune that will test our people for a long time to come.
III. Working on new material.
1) The story of the teacher.
Russian proverb says: "Trouble has come - open the gate."
What is the problem at this time?
(The invasion of the Mongols - Tatars and the troubles caused by them.)
The Russian land experienced a difficult time of the Tatar pogroms and enmity between the princes.
The invasion from the east coincided with the onslaught on the western borders of Russia.
(Show on the map).
The campaigns of the Knights-Crusaders, who settled in the Baltic states, began. (Map).
Why were they called that?
Sweden joined the struggle for new lands. (Map).
Now, from this side, a serious danger looms over Russia.
Why exactly during this period did the crusaders decide to take away part of the Russian lands?
(Rus was bleeding from the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars, lay in ruins.
Russia was divided into many principalities and lands, and the princes fought each other for rich principalities.)
Having learned about the Swedish invasion, the Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavovich did not wait for the enemy to approach Novgorod, but hurried to meet him. Slide
in the battle on the Neva River, the Swedes were defeated. Since then, they began to call the prince Alexander Nevsky.
(Working with a contour map. Children mark the place and date of the battle.)
(I'm hanging a picture of P. D. Korin A. Nevsky)
But not only the Golden Horde but the Swedes wanted to profit from the Russian lands. The hands of the German knights itched, they looked with envy at our Russian lands. And soon after the Neva victory, crusaders appeared in the Russian lands. They took the border fortress of Izborsk. (Map), went to Pskov and captured it. (Map). Some traitors, the boyars, helped the Crusaders in this. At night they secretly opened the city gates. Having captured Pskov, the enemies moved towards Novgorod. (Map). A terrible threat hung over the city. And the winner of the Swedes, Prince Alexander Nevsky, was not at that time. After the Battle of the Neva, he quarreled with the willful Novgorodians and left for his possessions in the Vladimir land. (Pereyaslavl-Zalessky. Map). Frightened by the crusaders, the Novgorodians decided to ask the prince to return. Alexander did not hold a grudge against them. First of all, he thought about the Russian land and immediately returned to Novgorod with his squad. (Vocabulary)
Druzhina
Prince's army. Slide
Have you ever been offended? What feeling did you have?
We must learn from A. Nevsky, to forgive in the name of the common good.
Trumpets blared in Novgorod. With banners, with banners, he went out to meet the people of Prince Alexander. And the noise was all over Novgorod, which had not been for a long time. Prince Alexander began to gather an army.
(boy in suit)
A. Nevsky: Listen! Listen good people
Listen to the prince's word!
Khan Batu is cruel and fierce,
Destroys the lands.
The cursed enemy is destroying us,
Robbing us shamelessly
But from Khan, after all,
You can redeem:
We'll pay tribute. No dispute
Pull the belt tighter
But the Livonian is our neighbor, -
Things are getting worse here!
Now don't take it away
The Livonians of Pskov, -
Get to Tver
Suzdal, Rostov.
And take over the cities
And they begin to settle
And sorry - goodbye then
Russian land!
We don't need their land
We'd like to get ours back
For now we have been given
All the Fatherland of fate! ..
(Listening to the cantata "A. Nevsky" by S. Prokofiev).
The army grew, weapons were prepared.
And what weapons did the Russians have?
Look at the illustrations depicting Russian soldiers.
What weapons and what protection did the Russian soldiers have?
Armament: Slide
Sword
Protection:
Helmet
And the crusader knights were chained in a steel shell that covered the body -armor. Knocked out of the saddle, the knight became clumsy. Russian armor was much lighter (16kg versus 50kg) and more comfortable (steel helmet and chain mail).
Having led the Novgorod regiments, the prince moved to Pskov. (Map).
The Russian army suddenly approached the city and liberated it. The enemy did not even have time to come to his senses.
(Staging. Crusader camp. Children in costumes).
Master: Speak!
1 crusader: Russian soldiers have a large army!
2 crusader: They are well armed!
1 crusader: They skillfully lead the siege of the city walls!
2 crusader: They are brave and strong!
Master: Who is at the head of their troops?
1 crusader: Prince Alexander.
Master: The one who defeated the Swedes on the Neva!
And now he's opposing us? And won again? What
is this the case? Or is this Alexander really
smart and courageous commander? Have you seen him?
2 crusader : Yes!
Master: What is he?
1 crusader: Tall.
2 crusader: Broad shoulders, loud voice.
1 crusader: And young.
Master: Young ... Young, not experienced. And his victories are random
good luck. He had not yet seen formidable power. Well, don't
saw, so he will see!
In the spring of 1242, the crusaders moved to Russia. And towards
Through the blue valley
snowy road
Observing among themselves
The order is strict
A big army went on a campaign
prince-commander
To protect from the Germans
Land of the Novgorodians.
Behind the house
And human warmth
Sparkling ice ahead
Lake Chudskoye. (Map).
(Work on the textbook. Explanatory reading. Vocabulary work.)
What is Uzmen? Slide
Uzmen
What is the name of the famous battle?
carnage
Why is the massacre called Ice?
Ice
Name the date of the battle.
(Work with a contour map. Students mark 1242 and the place of the event).
(Scheme of building German knights. 1 student, prepared at home, talks about the system). Slide
How were the German knights built?
What did the Russians call such a formation?
Among the dictionary words, find the knights on horseback.
(Slide:
Cavalry
(Scheme of the Battle on the Ice. Children in costumes of Russian soldiers, showing on the map, stage the course of the battle. Slide). 
Chronicler: Out in mortal combat
On the enemies of the damned
And with the squad on a par
Men in sheepskins
Who is on foot, who is on horseback,
Even with clubs.
Warrior 1: The Livonians have an advantage,
The wedge "boar" is terrible,
He goes to cross
To our infantry.
Warrior 2: Here he crashes into us
Into the "boar's mouth" formation.
To cut in half
An army in two.
And do not overpower
With this wild power.
Warrior 3: Knight from above strikes with a sword
And pierces with a lance.
But when he infiltrated the rear
The scarlet cross is sinister,
The prince surrounded with his retinue,
I took the Livonian in the "pincers".
Warrior 1: And she was confused
Knight Power:
"fell off the spine
All "boar snout".
Alexander: Rumble, neigh, groan and scream
Ours are pressing harder
And the Livonian is not used to
Get it in the neck.
How? Where to run now
In a puddle shell?
Or, taking it off, tremble
On the ice path?
And on the ice seven miles on foot,
Captured by the squad,
The Livonians walked barefoot
Throwing armor.
Chronicler: These warriors in the fight
The earth has been defended!
After all, they saved
Russian land-
Villages, arable land, cities
And, therefore, the capital!
400 knights were killed, 50 were taken prisoner. Some of the captured crusaders were undressed and barefoot, because during the battle they threw off their heavy clothes and shoes, trying to escape. Now they forgot about their high titles and nobility, dejectedly wandered along the road, kneading the melted snow with their feet. Slide
Title
Until that time, the Livonian Order did not know such a defeat. Since then, the knights have looked eastward with fear. They remember Lake Peipsi. Shortly after the battle, the crusaders sent ambassadors to Novgorod to ask for peace. Alexander agreed to peace and said:
Alexander: Let them visit us without fear.
But whoever comes to Russian land with a sword will
sword and die. On that stood and will stand
Russian land!
(I include S. Prokofiev's cantata "A. Nevsky").
This music reproduces the patriotic spirit of that time, devotion and love for one's Fatherland, for one's people.
2) Fixing
What did you remember from our lesson, and I will help you choose the main thing. And the turn came to find out why Alexander Yaroslavovich has such a surname?
How many years have passed since the Battle of the Ice? Do the math.
How many centuries is this?
Why, after seven centuries, a high award was established - the military order of A. Nevsky?
(This is the value of the Russian people. The exploits of the ancestors are immortal, because they teach to win and defend the Motherland and us).
What are the character traits of Alexander Nevsky?
(First of all, he was a brave warrior and a talented commander).
Which of you wanted to be a commander? Put together a diagram of an ice battle from cubes.
Why are the events that took place important and relevant today?
What place would you take in them?
Why did the Russian soldiers manage to defeat a strong enemy?
(First of all, they loved their Motherland, a talented commander led them, prepared together to carry out any order).
Look back at our ancestors
On the heroes of the past.
Remember them kindly
Glory to them, tough fighters!
Glory to our side!
Glory to our antiquity!
To learn more about the invasion of the Crusader Knights and the heroic struggle of Russian warriors, you can read the books from the series “Russian History in Pictures” “A. Nevsky", "Battle on the Ice"; O. Tikhomirova "On guard of Russia"; "The Youth of the Commander" V. G. Yan. Poems by N. Konchalovskaya, they sounded today at the lesson.
And having examined the picture "Battle on the Ice",
You will learn many more interesting things that we did not talk about today at the lesson.
IV. Lesson summary V. Homework
During the campaign, an additional goal was the liberation of the holy city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslims.
Initially, the appeal of the pope was addressed only to the French chivalry, but later the campaign turned into a full-scale military campaign, and its idea covered all the Christian states of Western Europe.
The feudal lords and common people of all nationalities advanced to the East by land and sea, on the way freeing the western part of Asia Minor from the power of the Seljuk Turks and eliminating the Muslim threat to Byzantium, and in July 1099 conquered Jerusalem.
During the 1st Crusade, the Kingdom of Jerusalem and other Christian states were founded, which are united under the name of the Latin East.
Background to the conflict
One of the reasons for the crusade was the call for help from the Byzantine Emperor Alexei I to the Pope.
This call was due to several factors. In 1071, the army of Emperor Roman IV Diogenes was defeated by the Sultan of the Seljuk Turks Alp-Arslan in the defeat at Manzikert.
This battle and the subsequent overthrow of Roman IV Diogenes led to the outbreak of a civil war in Byzantium, which did not subside until 1081, when Alexei Komnenos ascended the throne.
By this time, various leaders of the Seljuk Turks had managed to take advantage of the fruits of civil strife in Constantinople and captured a significant part of the territory of the Anatolian plateau.
In the first years of his reign, Alexei Komnenos was forced to wage a constant struggle on two fronts - against the Normans of Sicily, who were advancing in the west and against the Seljuk Turks in the east. The Balkan possessions of the Byzantine Empire were also subjected to devastating raids by the Polovtsians.
In this situation, Alexei quite often used the help of mercenaries from Western Europe, whom the Byzantines called Franks or Celts. The generals of the empire highly valued the fighting qualities of the European cavalry and used mercenaries as shock troops. Their corps needed constant replenishment.
In 1093-94. Alexei apparently sent the Pope a request for help in hiring another corps. It is possible that this request served as the basis for the call to the Crusade.
Rumors about atrocities that were happening in Palestine could serve as another reason.
At this point, the Middle East was on the front line between the Great Seljuk Sultanate (which occupied a significant part of the territory of modern Iran and Syria) and the Fatimid state of Egypt.
The Seljuks were supported mainly by Sunni Muslims, while the Fatimids were supported mainly by Shia Muslims.
There was no one to protect the Christian minorities in Palestine and Syria, and during the hostilities, representatives of some of them were subjected to robberies and devastation. This could give rise to rumors about the terrible atrocities committed by Muslims in Palestine.
In addition, Christianity was born in the Middle East: the first Christian communities existed in this territory, most of the Christian shrines were located in this territory, since Christians believe that the Gospel events took place in the Middle East. For this reason, Christians considered this land to be theirs.
But at the end of the VI century. Mohammed (570-632) unites the Arabs and inspires them to conquer the campaign to create an Arab-Muslim empire.
Syria and Palestine are given to them by victories at Ajenadein (634) and Yarmouk (636). Jerusalem is occupied in 638, Alexandria in 643, and shortly after Egypt, all of North Africa is conquered. Cyprus occupied in 680
Only in the X century. Byzantium recaptures part of the lost territories. The islands of Crete and Cyprus were recaptured by Nikephoros Phocas in 961 and 965. He also makes a cavalry raid into Syria (968) and occupies the Hill, Tripoli and the Lattakie region.
His associate Michael Burtzes recaptures Alep (969). John Timischeus takes Damascus and Antioch, but Jerusalem remains in the power of the Fatimid emir. While securing northern Syria for himself, Emperor Basil II does not feel strong enough to stand up for the Christians, against whom Caliph Al-Hakim begins persecutions (1009-1010) that continue until the Crusades. The Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem is almost completely destroyed. In 1030-31, Ephesus was recaptured from the Arabs.
In the second half of the XI century. (between 1078 and 1081) the Turks appear in Asia Minor, creating a number of small kingdoms of the Seljuk Turks. (Damascus, Aleppo, etc.) The Arabs also attempted to conquer the Latin (Western) world (Spain in the VIII century, South of Italy in the IX, piracy of the Arab countries of North Africa).
As a result, the idea began to emerge among Christians that they needed to protect their brethren from persecution and return the lost lands and shrines.
The appeals of the Pope, the frantic sermons of Peter the Hermit and other religious figures caused an unprecedented upsurge. Campaigns were hastily equipped in various places in France, Germany and Italy. In addition, thousands of people spontaneously gathered in detachments and moved to the East.
During the second half of the 1st millennium, Muslims conquered most of North Africa, Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Spain and many other territories.
However, by the time of the Crusades, the Muslim world was divided internally, there were constant internecine wars between the rulers of various territorial entities, and even the religion itself was split into several currents and sects. External opponents, including Christian states in the West, did not fail to take advantage of this. Thus, the Reconquista in Spain, the Norman conquest of Sicily and the attacks of the Normans on the North African coast, the conquests of Pisa, Genoa and Aragon in Majorca and Sardinia, and the military operations of Christian rulers against Muslims at sea clearly demonstrated the direction of Western European foreign policy at the end of the 11th century.
Also a significant role was played by the desire of the Pope to increase his power through the formation of new states in the occupied territories, which would depend on the pope. Then it happened. Although Western Europeans stole a lot of gold, they suffered huge moral and human sacrifices for those times, and the Muslims lost twice as much, and subsequently a crisis began.
Western Europe
The idea of the first crusade in particular and the entire crusading movement as a whole originates in the situation that developed in Western Europe at the end of the early Middle Ages. After the division of the Carolingian empire and the conversion of the warlike Hungarians and Vikings to Christianity, relative stability set in. However, over the past few centuries, a whole class of warriors had formed in Europe, who now, when the borders of states were no longer threatened by a serious danger from the outside, had to use their forces in internecine conflicts and pacify peasant revolts. Blessing the crusade, Pope Urban II said: “Whoever is destitute and poor here will be joyful and rich!”
The ongoing military conflicts with the Muslims allowed the idea of a Holy War against Islam to flourish. When the Muslims occupied Jerusalem - the heart of the Christian religion - Pope Gregory VII in 1074 called on the soldiers of Christ (lat. milites Christi) to go to the East and help Byzantium, which had suffered a serious defeat in the battle of Manzikert three years earlier, recapture the sacred lands. The pope's appeal was ignored by chivalry, but nevertheless drew attention to events in the East and provoked a wave of pilgrimages to the Holy Land. Reports soon began to come in of abuse and persecution of Muslim pilgrims on their way to Jerusalem and other holy cities. The news of the persecution of the pilgrims caused a wave of indignation among Christians.
At the beginning of March 1095, an embassy of Emperor Alexei Comnenus arrived at the cathedral in Piacenza with a request to help Byzantium in the fight against the Seljuks.
On November 26, 1095, a cathedral was held in the French city of Clermont, at which, in the face of the nobility and clergy, Pope Urban II delivered an impassioned speech, urging the audience to go to the East and liberate Jerusalem from Muslim rule. This call fell on fertile ground, since the ideas of the Crusade were already popular among the people of Western European states, and the campaign could be organized at any moment. The pope's speech only indicated the aspirations of a large group of Western European Catholics.
Byzantium
The Byzantine Empire had many enemies on its borders. So, in 1090-1091, the Pechenegs threatened her, but their onslaught was repulsed with the help of the Polovtsians and Slavs. At the same time, the Turkish pirate Chaka, dominating the Sea of Marmara and the Bosphorus, disturbed the coast near Constantinople with his raids. Considering that by this time most of Anatolia had been captured by the Seljuk Turks, and the Byzantine army suffered a serious defeat from them in 1071 at the Battle of Manzikert, then the Byzantine Empire was in a crisis state, and there was a threat of its complete destruction. The peak of the crisis came in the winter of 1090/1091, when the pressure of the Pechenegs on the one hand and the related Seljuks on the other threatened to cut off Constantinople from the outside world.
In this situation, Emperor Alexei Komnenos carried on diplomatic correspondence with the rulers of Western European countries (the most famous correspondence was with Robert of Flanders), calling on them for help and showing the plight of the empire. A number of steps have also been outlined to bring the Orthodox and Catholic churches closer together. These circumstances aroused interest in the West. By the time the Crusade began, however, Byzantium had already overcome a deep political and military crisis and had been in a period of relative stability since about 1092. The Pecheneg horde was defeated, the Seljuks did not conduct active campaigns against the Byzantines, and on the contrary, the emperor often resorted to the help of mercenary detachments, consisting of Turks and Pechenegs, to pacify his enemies. But in Europe they believed that the state of the empire was disastrous, counting on the humiliating position of the emperor. This calculation turned out to be incorrect, which subsequently led to many contradictions in Byzantine-Western European relations.
Muslim world
Most of Anatolia on the eve of the Crusade was in the hands of the nomadic tribes of the Seljuk Turks and the Seljuk Sultan Rum, who adhered to the Sunni trend in Islam. Some tribes in many cases did not recognize even the nominal authority of the Sultan over themselves, or enjoyed wide autonomy.
By the end of the 11th century, the Seljuks pushed Byzantium within its borders, occupying almost all of Anatolia after defeating the Byzantines in the decisive battle of Manzikert in 1071.
However, the Turks were more concerned with solving internal problems than with the war with the Christians. The constantly renewed conflict with the Shiites and the civil war that broke out over the rights of succession to the sultan's title attracted much more attention of the Seljuk rulers.
On the territory of Syria and Lebanon, Muslim semi-autonomous city-states pursued a relatively independent policy from empires, guided primarily by their regional rather than general Muslim interests.
Egypt and most of Palestine were controlled by Shiites from the Fatimid dynasty. A significant part of their empire was lost after the arrival of the Seljuks, and therefore Alexei Komnenos advised the crusaders to conclude an alliance with the Fatimids against a common enemy.
In 1076, under Caliph al-Mustali, the Seljuks captured Jerusalem, but in 1098, when the crusaders had already advanced to the East, the Fatimids retook the city.
The Fatimids hoped to see in the person of the crusaders a force that would influence the course of policy in the Middle East against the interests of the Seljuks, the eternal enemy of the Shiites, and from the very beginning of the campaign they played a subtle diplomatic game.
In general, Muslim countries have experienced a period of deep political vacuum after the death of almost all the leading leaders at about the same time. In 1092 the Seljuk vazir Nizam al-Mulk and Sultan Malik-shah died, then in 1094 the Abbasid caliph al-Muktadi and the Fatimid caliph al-Mustansir.
Both in the east and in Egypt, a fierce struggle for power began. The civil war among the Seljuks led to the complete decentralization of Syria and the formation of small, warring city-states there. The Fatimid Empire also had internal problems.
Christians of the East
The Catholic Church basely propagated about the cruel treatment of Christians by Muslims.
In fact, many of the Christians of the East, contrary to the opinion of the church, did not turn into slaves (with a few exceptions), and could also keep their religion. So it was in the possessions of the Seljuk Turks and cities in the Eastern Mediterranean.
Therefore, the arguments of the Catholic Church about the plight of their "brothers" in the East are partially incorrect.
This is evidenced by the data that when the first detachments of the crusaders entered the territory of the Turks, the majority of the local population was precisely Christians, while Muslims preferred to coexist peacefully with Christians.
Timeline of campaign events
Peasant crusade
Urban II determined the start of the crusade on August 15 (the feast of the Ascension of the Virgin) in 1096. However, long before that, an army of peasants and petty knights independently advanced to Jerusalem, led by the Amiens monk Peter the Hermit, a talented orator and preacher.
The scale of this spontaneous popular movement was enormous. While the Pope (Patriarch of Rome) expected to attract only a few thousand knights to the campaign, Peter the Hermit in March 1096 led a crowd of many thousands - which consisted, however, for the most part of unarmed poor people who set off on a journey with their wives and children .
This is a huge (according to objective estimates, several tens of thousands (~ 50-60 thousand) poor people marched on the Campaign with several "armies", of which more than 35 thousand people concentrated in Constantinople, and up to 30 thousand crossed to Asia Minor) unorganized The horde encountered its first difficulties back in Eastern Europe.
Leaving their native lands, people did not have time (and many simply could not because of their poverty) stock up on provisions, as they set off too early and did not catch the rich harvest of 1096, which was born in Western Europe for the first time after several years of drought and famine.
Therefore, they expected that the Christian cities of Eastern Europe would provide them with free food and everything they needed (as was always the case in the Middle Ages for pilgrims going to the Holy Land), or else they would sell provisions at a reasonable price.
However, Bulgaria, Hungary and other countries through which the route of the poor ran did not always agree to such conditions, and therefore conflicts broke out between the locals and the rampant militias who took food from them by force.
Descending along the Danube, the participants of the campaign plundered and devastated the Hungarian lands, for which, not far from Nis, they were attacked by the combined army of the Bulgarians, Hungarians and Byzantines.
About a quarter of the militias were killed, but the rest almost without loss reached Constantinople by August. There, the followers of Peter the Hermit were joined by armies that advanced from Italy and France. Soon, the crusading poor who flooded the city began to arrange riots and pogroms in Constantinople, and Emperor Alexei had no choice but to transport them across the Bosphorus.
Once in Asia Minor, the participants of the campaign quarreled and split into two separate armies.
On the side of the Seljuks who attacked them, there was a significant advantage - they were more experienced and organized warriors, and besides, unlike the Christians, they knew the area very well, so soon almost all the militias, many of whom had never held weapons in their hands and did not have serious weapons, were killed.
This 1st battle in the northwest of Asia Minor at Dorileum, "in the valley of the Dragon", can hardly be called a battle - the Seljuk cavalry attacked and destroyed the first smaller group of poor crusaders, and then fell upon their main forces.
Almost all the pilgrims died from the arrows or sabers of the Seljuk Turks, the Muslims did not spare anyone - neither women, nor children, nor the elderly, who were many among the “unfortunate crusaders” and for whom it was impossible to get good money when sold on the market as slaves.
Of the approximately 30 thousand participants in the "Campaign of the Beggars", only a few dozen people managed to reach the possessions of the Byzantines, approximately 25-27 thousand were killed, and 3-4 thousand, mostly young girls and boys, were captured and sold to Muslim markets of Asia Minor. The military leader of the "Campaign of the Poor" knight Walter Golyak died in the battle at Dorileum.
The spiritual leader of the "unfortunate crusaders" Peter Hermit, who managed to escape, later joined the main army of the 1st Crusade. Soon the approaching Byzantine corps could only lay down a hill up to 30 meters high from the bodies of the fallen Christians and perform the funeral ceremony for the fallen.
german crusade
Although anti-Semitic sentiments have reigned in Europe for many centuries, it was during the 1st Crusade that the first mass persecution of Jews took place.
In May 1096, a German army of about 10,000 men, led by the petty French knight Gauthier the Beggar, Count Emicho of Leiningen and the knight Volkmar, went north across the Rhine valley - in the direction opposite to Jerusalem - and staged a massacre of Jews in Mainz, Cologne, Bamberg and other cities in Germany.
The preachers of the crusade only fueled anti-Semitic sentiment. Calls to fight Jews and Muslims - the main, according to churchmen, enemies of Christianity - people perceived as a direct guide to violence and pogroms.
In France and Germany, the Jews were considered the main culprits of the crucifixion of Christ, and since they were incomparably closer than the distant Muslims, people wondered - why go on a dangerous journey to the East, if you can punish the enemy at home?
Often the crusaders gave the Jews a choice - to accept Christianity or die. The majority preferred false renunciation to death, in addition, in Jewish communities that received news of the arbitrariness of the crusaders, there were frequent cases of mass renunciations and suicides.
According to the chronicle of Solomon bar Simeon, "one killed his brother, the other - parents, wife and children, suitors killed their brides, mothers - children." Despite attempts by the local clergy and secular authorities to prevent the violence, thousands of Jews were killed.
To justify their actions, the crusaders cited the words of Pope Urban II, who at the Clermont Cathedral called for the sword to be punished not only by Muslims, but also by all who professed any other religion other than Christianity.
Outbreaks of aggression against Jews were observed throughout the history of the crusades, despite the fact that the church officially condemned the massacres of civilians and advised not to destroy the Gentiles, but to convert them to Christianity.
The Jews of Europe, for their part, also tried to resist the crusaders - they organized self-defense units, or hired mercenaries to protect their quarters, tried to negotiate protection with the local hierarchs of the Catholic Church.
Also, the Jews warned about the advancement of the next detachments of the crusaders of their fellows and even Muslims in Asia Minor and the North. Africa and even collected funds that were sent through the Jewish communities to increase the economic power of the Muslim emirs, who actively fought against the invasions of Christian Europeans and were tolerant of Jews.
Crusade of the nobility
After the defeat of the army of the poor and the massacre of Jews in August 1096, the chivalry finally advanced under the leadership of powerful nobles from different regions of Europe.
Count Raymond of Toulouse, together with the papal legate Adémar of Monteil, Bishop of Le Puy, led the knights of Provence.
The Normans of Southern Italy were led by Prince Bohemond of Tarentum and his nephew Tancred. The brothers Gottfried of Boulogne, Eustache of Boulogne and Baldwin of Boulogne were commanders of the Lorraine, and the soldiers of Northern France were led by Count Robert of Flanders, Robert of Normandy (the eldest son of William the Conqueror and brother of William the Red, King of England), Count Stefan of Blois and Hugo of Vermandois (son of Anna of Kiev and the youngest brother of Philip I, King of France).
Road to Jerusalem
The guide of the crusaders through Asia Minor was the Armenian prince Bagrat, brother of Vasil Gokh, the ruler of the largest Armenian principality in the Euphrates region. Mateos Urhaetsi reports that with the departure of the crusader army from Nicaea, letters with a notice of this were sent to the ruler of Mountainous Cilicia, Constantine Rubenides, and the ruler of Edessa, Thoros. Crossing Asia in the height of summer, the soldiers suffered from heat, lack of water and provisions. Some, unable to withstand the hardships of the campaign, died, many horses fell.
From time to time, the crusaders received help in money and food from brothers in faith - both from local Christians and from those who remained in Europe - but for the most part they had to earn their own food, devastating the lands through which their path ran.
The warlords of the crusade continued to challenge each other for supremacy, but none of them had sufficient authority to assume the role of a full leader.
The spiritual leader of the campaign was, of course, Ademar Monteilsky, Bishop of Le Pu
When the crusaders passed the Cilician gates, Baldwin of Boulogne left the army. With a small detachment of warriors, he set out on his own route through Cilicia and arrived in Edessa at the beginning of 1098, where he won the confidence of the local ruler Toros and was appointed his successor.
In the same year, Thoros, as a result of a conspiracy with the participation of Baldwin, was killed.
The purpose of the crusade was proclaimed to be the struggle against the “infidels” for the liberation from their power of the “Holy Sepulcher” in Jerusalem, and the first victim of the crusaders was the ruler of Christian Edessa Thoros, with the overthrow and murder of which the county of Edessa was formed - the first state of the crusaders in the Middle East .
Siege of Nicaea
In 1097, the crusaders, having defeated the army of the Turkish sultan, began the siege of Nicaea.
The Byzantine emperor, Alexei I Komnenos, suspecting that the crusaders, having taken the city, would not give it to him (according to the vassal oath of the crusaders (1097), the crusaders had to give the captured cities and territories to him, Alexy).
And, after it became clear that Nicaea would fall sooner or later, Emperor Alexy sent ambassadors to the city demanding to surrender to him.
The townspeople were forced to agree, and on June 19, when the crusaders prepared to storm the city, they were chagrined to find that they were greatly “helped” by the Byzantine army.
Siege of Antioch
In autumn, the crusader army reached Antioch, which stood halfway between Constantinople and Jerusalem, and on October 21, 1097, besieged the city.
On Monday, June 28, the crusaders, ready for battle, left the city - “the phalanxes, lined up in order, stood opposite each other and prepared to start the battle, the Count of Flanders got off his horse and, prostrating three times on the ground, cried out to God for help.”
Then the chronicler Raimund of Azhilsky carried the Holy Spear in front of the soldiers.
Kerboga, deciding that he could easily deal with a small enemy army, did not heed the advice of his generals and decided to attack the entire army as a whole, and not each division in turn. He went to the trick and gave the order to depict a retreat in order to drag the crusaders into more difficult terrain for battle.
Dispersing over the surrounding hills, the Muslims, on the orders of Kerboga, set fire to the grass behind them and showered the Christians pursuing them with a hail of arrows, and many soldiers were killed (including the standard-bearer of Ademar Monteilsky).
However, the inspired crusaders could not be stopped - they rushed "to foreigners, like fire that sparkles in the sky and burns mountains."
Their zeal flared up to such an extent that many soldiers had a vision of Saints George, Demetrius and Maurice, galloping in the ranks of the Christian army.
The battle itself was short - when the crusaders finally caught up with Kerboga, the Seljuks panicked, "the advanced cavalry detachments fled, and many militias, volunteers who joined the ranks of fighters for the faith, burning with the desire to protect the Muslims, were put to the sword."
The assault on Jerusalem began at dawn on July 14. The crusaders threw stones at the city from throwing machines, and the Muslims showered them with a hail of arrows and threw “tarred stones” studded with nails from the walls.<…>pieces of wood, wrapping them in burning rags.
The shelling of stones, however, did not cause much harm to the city, since the Muslims protected the walls with bags stuffed with cotton and bran, which softened the blow.
Under incessant shelling - as Guillaume of Tyre writes, "arrows and darts rained down on people from both sides, like hail" - the crusaders tried to move siege towers to the walls of Jerusalem, but they were prevented by a deep ditch encircling the city, which they began to fill up on July 12.
The battle went on all day, but the city held out. When night fell, both sides remained awake - the Muslims were afraid that a new attack would follow, and the Christians feared that the besieged would somehow manage to set fire to the siege weapons.
On the morning of July 15, when the ditch was filled in, the crusaders were finally able to bring the towers to the fortress walls without hindrance and set fire to the bags protecting them.
This was a turning point in the attack - the crusaders threw wooden footbridges onto the walls and rushed into the city.
The first to break through was the knight Letold, followed by Gottfried of Bouillon and Tancred of Tarentum.
Raymond of Toulouse, whose army stormed the city from the other side, learned about the breakthrough and also rushed to Jerusalem through the southern gate.
Seeing that the city had fallen, the Emir of the Tower of David garrison surrendered and opened the Jaffa Gate.
Capture of Constantinople by the crusaders. 1204. (briefly)
Capture of Constantinople by the Crusaders, Delacroix, 1840
Sides:
Byzantium
crusaders(Venetian fleet, Western European infantry, mostly French). The campaign was organized by the Pope InnocentIII , and headed by a feudal lord Boniface of Montferrat
Causes
The conflict between the Pope and the Byzantine emperor, who did not want to sign the union, to submit to the authority of the pope.
The rivalry of the Byzantine Empire and Venice for dominion in the region, Venice sided with the Crusaders.
The desire of the western feudal lords to profit during the campaign, they were attracted by the wealth of Byzantium.
The external reason was the accusation of Byzantium that it does not help in the fight against Muslims, and even signs an agreement with the Seljuk Turks in Palestine.
The massacre of the Franks in Constantinople in 1182 - the "massacre of the Latins", killed several thousand Europeans, after which many of the survivors were given into slavery to Muslims. This happened because the regent of the young emperor Alexy II Komnenos - his mother Mary of Antioch, sister of the Catholic prince of Palestine - patronized foreigners, which the Greeks did not like.
Finally, one of the reasons was the request of the son of the deposed Emperor Isaac II - Alexy Angel - to return his rightful throne to him. For this, he promised the knights a substantial reward. Isaac II Angel himself was overthrown in 1195, his brother Alexy III came to power, who just did not go to reconciliation with Rome. His reign was weak, leading to the beginning of the decline of Byzantium.
In this way, there were many reasons for the capture of Constantinople, the interests of several groups of people clashed here, which led to the tragedy.
Goals:
crusaders- subdue Byzantium, liquidate the Orthodox Church in it, enrich itself.
From the history:
Crusaders are European knights participating in the crusades, the purpose of which was to convert Christians to paganism.
There were 9 crusades in total.
The events of 1204 are to the 4th crusade (1199-1204).
The capture of the city was preceded by two sieges - in 1203 and in 1204.
Results:
Capture of Constantinople by the crusaders in 1204
The defeat of Constantinople, the export of many Christian shrines to Europe. The knights behaved very cruelly with the inhabitants. Robberies, robberies, murders - all this led to the decline of the once great city and the entire Greek state.
Many architectural monuments were destroyed in the fire, the Constantinople Library was damaged.
Byzantium as a single state ceased to exist for more than 50 years
The formation of four independent empires on the site of Byzantium: Latin, Nicaea, Trebizond and Epirus and one principality (Achaean). Constantinople became the capital of the resulting Latin Empire.
Further history of Byzantium:
1261 - restoration of Byzantium as a state. The dynasty of Palaiologos established itself in power in Constantinople.
1453 - the fall of Byzantium, its capture by the Ottoman Empire.
Events in the history of Russia of this period
The described period in the history of Russia is the period feudal fragmentation
From the very beginning, the crusades, the goal of which was declared as the liberation of Christian shrines from the Gentiles, assumed the presence of serious opponents. Moreover, when the change in the nature of the crusades became obvious, as aimed primarily at conquering new lands and obtaining rich booty, the struggle against the crusaders became even more fierce. A classic example of the struggle against the crusaders is the activity of Alexander Nevsky. 
. Moreover, it is characteristic that the crusaders opposed Nevsky in both of his famous battles.
Crusaders came not only from the west, but also from the north
It is well known that the large European feudal lords and the Catholic Church used the crusaders to move east, to the lands of the East Slavic and Baltic tribes. However, the threat from the Crusaders to the northwestern Russian lands, to Novgorod and Pskov, came not only from the west, but also from the north. From the end of the 12th century, there was a struggle between the Russians and the Swedes to establish influence over the Izhora lands. In the 13th century, this struggle intensified: the Swedes used the ideology of the Crusades for a military invasion of the Izhorian lands (supposedly for missionary purposes in order to convert local pagan tribes to Christianity) and repeatedly ravaged the Novgorod lands themselves. One of these campaigns of the Swedish and Norwegian crusaders took place in the summer of 1240. The moment was chosen well: Russia had just survived the terrible invasion of the Mongol-Tatar army, and even the Novgorod and Pskov lands, where the invasion did not reach, were seriously weakened both from an economic and military point of view - in the event of an external danger, they could not help troops from other principalities could come.
The plot of the Battle of the Neva is known: the young prince Alexander Yaroslavovich, who was in Novgorod as the plenipotentiary representative of his father, Grand Duke Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, having received news of the appearance of a detachment of crusaders, decided to act quickly. Usually, in such cases, a lot of time was spent gathering a full-fledged militia, and the crusaders often relied on this in their predatory raids: they managed to loot and hide before the Russian troops reached the scene. Alexander, however, decided to act quickly and go on a campaign only with the prince's retinue. The preparations were so swift that, according to the chronicle, not even all wealthy citizens of Novgorod who wanted to join the campaign managed to do so. As a result, on July 15, 1240, Alexander with his retinue suddenly attacked the crusader camp at the mouth of the Izhora River and, thanks to the effect of surprise, skillful actions of the soldiers and personal courage, defeated the enemy. Russian losses amounted to several dozen people, while there were hundreds of killed Swedes and Norwegians. After this crusader campaign 
ended ingloriously.
Ice battle - maybe not an ice battle, but a battle
If the fact that the Swedish and Norwegian soldiers who participated in the Battle of the Neva 
, were crusaders, it is not known so widely (usually these knights are portrayed simply as robbers), then everyone knows that in the Battle of the Ice Alexander Nevsky fought with the crusaders. In 1240 - 1242, the newly formed Livonian Order, which became a division of the powerful Teutonic Order, undertook a large-scale campaign against Russian lands. At that time, the Novgorod ruling circles expelled Alexander Nevsky, fearing his excessive strengthening. In the absence of a talented commander, the Novgorod and Pskov military leaders could not adequately resist the crusaders, who captured Izborsk and Pskov and really threatened Novgorod. In 1241, Alexander Nevsky was again called to reign, who began a military campaign against the Livonian Order.
Nevsky again managed to use the speed of decision-making and partly took the crusaders by surprise - they did not expect such swift actions from him and did not have time to send reinforcements to Pskov, which was again taken by Russian troops. However, then it was necessary to gather significant forces, because the general battle was approaching, and the forces of the Livonian Order and their allies were a more serious enemy than the Swedish and Norwegian crusaders of 1240. Alexander gathered an impressive Novgorod militia, and also waited for the arrival of his brother Andrei with the troops of the Suzdal principality. As a result, the number of Russian troops participating in the battle on Lake Peipus is estimated by experts at 15-17 thousand people. The Livonian Order also gathered an impressive army - up to 12 thousand soldiers.
The general battle of the "Northern Crusade", as the campaign of 1240-1242 was called in the official sources of the crusaders, took place on April 5, 1242 on Lake Peipus. Rather, apparently, it still took place on the shore, and not on the ice of the lake. Since the ideally even "relief" of the lake was better suited for the battle formations of the crusaders, and the weight of a heavily armed Russian soldier was not inferior to the weight of a crusader "in full uniform". In addition, the chronicles of the crusaders indicate that the battle was on the ground. Most likely, the battle got its name, the Battle of the Ice, due to the fact that the defeated crusaders retreated precisely on the ice of the lake and there they were overtaken by the Russians. The exact losses of the Russian troops are unknown, but they were comparable to the losses of the crusaders: the Russian chronicles speak of 400 Germans killed and 50 taken prisoner. The chronicles of the crusaders mention 20 killed and 6 prisoners, but this should not be misleading: they mean full members, the elite of the Order, knight brothers, without taking into account ordinary soldiers.
Alexander Babitsky
The Teutonic Order has become a dangerous enemy for all of Eastern Europe. The rapid conquest of the Baltic states gave the German chivalry a magnificent springboard for further expansion to the East: the enslavement of scattered tribes of Livs, Estonians, Prussians and many others allowed the Catholic Church to extend its influence to the lands of Russia, whose wealth has always attracted the greedy European clergy.
Founding of the Order
The third crusade of 1190 can be considered the founding date of the Teutonic Order: near the Syrian fortress of Acre, chaplain Konrad and canon Vurhard established a hospital, which was destined to become one of the most powerful knightly organizations in the world. Nine years later, Pope Innocent III issued a bull, according to which the society became an autonomy, which received its own charter. The main tasks of the Ordo domus Sanctae Mariae Teutonicorum in Jerusalem (“Order of the House of St. Mary of the Teutonic in Jerusalem”) were not only the protection of the German knights, but also the active struggle against the enemies of the Catholic Church.
Eastern European settlement
The Teutons came to Eastern Europe to fight the Polovtsians. They were invited by King Andras II of Hungary, offering the knights of the order to settle on the southeastern border of Transylvania. A few years later, its own autonomous region will appear here, fortified with five castles: Marienburg, Schwarzenburg, Rosenau, Kreuzburg and Kronstadt will become an excellent springboard for further expansion for the order.
Casus belli
It can be said that the formal reason for the Teutonic Order to advance to the territory of Prussia, and then to launch the first attack on Russia, was given by the Russian wife of the Polish prince Konrad of Mazovia. The prince's lands were captured by the Prussian pagans and, yielding to his wife's persuasion, he decided to invite the knights to help. As usual, the cure turned out to be worse than the disease: well-armed knights easily conquered the scattered Prussian tribes and soon subjugated the whole of Prussia.
Colonization
By the end of the XIII century, the Teutonic Order was a real state. Having seized the lands of Prussia, Livonia and East Pomerania, the knights began to give away lands to the German peasantry. The colonization proceeded very quickly - and the Order, with the blessing of the Pope, continued its expansive invasion of the East.
Clash with Russian principalities
The main attention of the chapter of the Order was drawn to the Russian principalities. It was only necessary to wait for the right time for the first trips. At the end of 1240, Bishop Herman of Derpt rightly decided that the Mongol invasion had significantly weakened the Russian princes. Having assembled a shock detachment of the knights of the Teutonic Order, the bishop captured Izborsk, and then Pskov. Then, already on the land of the Novgorod principality, the knights of the Order rebuilt a fortress in Koporye - all the conditions for the complete conquest of the Russian principalities were created.
The collapse of all hopes
The decisive rebuff of Alexander Nevsky put an end to the plans of the order. Having suffered a crushing defeat near Lake Peipsi, the Bishop of Dorpat received a papal bull and was forced to make peace on very unpleasant terms. The Crusaders renounced all the previously captured lands and vowed not to return to Russia in the future.