Presented in this section are several. Counting data using a query. Summarizing data from multiple groups using a cross query

VOCATIONAL TRAINING TECHNIQUES Coaching Job coaching should be based on skills analysis and learning theory, which we discussed in Chap. 13 and 37. Briefing should take place in six stages: 1. Preparing for each briefing period means that

Mistake 8. Not knowing what the next section or frame is about You need to anticipate all subsequent stages of the speech or frames of your presentation in advance. Let your listeners salivate in anticipation. “And in the next part, I will tell you about the most important

3. Tools and techniques for problem solving At the organizational level, the purpose of creative techniques is to solve problems. Working groups and teams (as opposed to individual employees) are most suitable for creative work, that is, for solving problems, due to the synergistic effect.

This section of the business plan is submitted only by entrepreneurs who want to engage in production. The main task of the section is to prove to potential partners that you are able to actually produce the right amount of goods in the right time and with the required quality.

All over the world, financiers delve into all the details of the production cycle of borrowers not in order to offer them their solutions, but because they want to assess the qualifications of the firm's management and the validity of its plans. To satisfy this interest, you have to answer a lot of questions. The business plan should include answers only to the main questions, and the details can be transferred to appendices.

The main questions to be answered in this section of the business plan are as follows:

· Where will the goods be manufactured - at an existing or newly created enterprise?

· What kind of production capacity will be required for this, and how will it increase from year to year?

· Where and from whom, under what conditions will raw materials and components be purchased?

· What is the reputation of these suppliers and do you already have experience with them?

· Is there any production cooperation and with whom?

· Is it possible to limit the volume of production or supply of resources?

· What equipment will be needed and where will it be purchased? Are there any problems and what kind?

It is advisable to present the data in this section in the future for 2-3 years, and for large enterprises - for 4-5 years.

A scheme of production flows at an enterprise can be very useful here, which will clearly show where and how all types of raw materials and components will come from, in which workshops and how they will be processed into products, how and where these products will be delivered. There must be a place in the scheme for quality control processes. It is necessary to inform at what stages and by what methods quality control will be carried out and what standards you will be guided by.

Finally, this section of the business plan will be completed by an assessment of the possible production costs and its dynamics for the future. At the same time, you should not forget about the costs associated with waste disposal and environmental protection. Here, the most unpleasant restrictions on the part of government bodies and the public are always possible, and it is better to foresee this in advance.

The production plan must also include information such as the type of production capacity required, the necessary production facilities, the need for fixed production assets and labor (both permanent and temporary). For a business in the manufacturing industry, also include a policy for inventory management, supply, and production in this plan. Determine which components will be produced in-house and which will need to be purchased externally. Business in the service requires special attention to location (proximity to customers becomes the main requirement). A good firm location and service reduces overhead costs and can provide a competitive advantage.

In general, the structure of this section is as follows.

Production cycle. Present graphically the characteristics of the production cycle of your business. Describe how you will deal with seasonal fluctuations in capacity utilization (for example, by building inventory and using it during peak periods).

Production capacities and their development. For an existing business, describe the production facilities, including production and administrative premises, warehouses and sites, special equipment, machinery and other production assets available at the firm. Specify how and when additional capacity will be acquired. Note whether you are going to buy or rent equipment and premises (new or used), how much it will cost, when you planned to do it, and what share of the funds received from the foreign partner will go to this purpose. Indicate your equipment needs for the next three years. Explain how and when in the next three years you plan to expand the premises and increase the capacity of equipment to increase sales, what is the cost of all this.

Supply strategy and production plan. Describe the entire manufacturing process, solutions for subcontracting parts and components. Validate these decisions in terms of inventory holding costs, labor skills, product lot sizes, etc. List the most likely subcontractors and suppliers and describe their reliability. Prepare Production Plans with cost/volume ratio information for sales levels broken down by materials used, labor, components purchased and production overheads; show the required inventory level as a function of different levels of sales. Describe the approach to quality control, production and inventory management, and explain how inspection procedures and a quality control system will minimize scrap rates.

State and legal regulation. List any governmental, local, or foreign regulations that apply to your business, including laws, licenses, access control in restricted areas, registration requirements with local or national authorities, etc. Note any regulations that may affect the nature and timing opening or functioning of your company (project).

It is advisable to complete this section with the answers to the three most important questions and then fill in the table. 3.8.

1. Availability of modern technology ____________________________________

2. Costs of obtaining technology ___________________________________

3. Characteristics of the production base______________________________

Table 3.8

Production base costs by years

SECTION XVI

MACHINERY, EQUIPMENT AND MECHANISMS;

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT; THEIR PARTS;

SOUND RECORDING AND SOUND REPRODUCING EQUIPMENT,

EQUIPMENT FOR RECORDING AND REPLAYING TV

IMAGE AND SOUND, THEIR PARTS AND ACCESSORIES

Notes:

1. This section does not include:

of Chapter 39 or of vulcanized rubber (Heading ), devices or other articles used in machines or mechanical or electrical devices or for other technical purposes, made of vulcanized rubber, other than hard rubber (Heading );

(b) articles of genuine leather or composition leather (Heading ) or natural fur (Heading ) of a kind used in machines or mechanical devices or for other technical purposes;

(e) conveyor belts or transmission belts or belting, of textile materials (heading ) or other articles of textile materials for technical purposes (heading );

(e) precious or semi-precious stones (natural, artificial or reconstructed) of heading - or articles made wholly from the above-mentioned stones of heading , other than loose worked sapphires and diamonds for pickup stylus (heading );

(k) Articles of Section XVII;

(o) interchangeable working tools of heading or brushes which are parts of machines (heading ); similar interchangeable tools classified according to the material of which their working part is made (for example, in Chapter 40, , , or or heading or );

(p) Typewriter ribbons or similar ribbons, whether or not on reels or in cassettes (classified according to the material of which they are made or in heading 2 if they are inked or otherwise worked to give prints), or mono-supports , bipods, tripods and similar articles of heading .

(b) other parts intended to be used exclusively or mainly with one type of machine or with a number of machines of the same heading (including machines of heading or ) must be classified with those machines or in heading , , , , , , , or respectively. However, parts which are equally suitable for use principally with goods of headings and - are classified under heading .

3. Combined machines consisting of two or more machines connected together to form a single unit, and other machines designed to perform two or more complementary or unrelated functions, must be classified as consisting of only that component or being that machine which performs the main function, unless otherwise specified in the context.

4. If a machine (including a combination of machines) consists of separate components (whether they are located separately or connected by pipelines, transmission devices, electric cables or other devices) intended to perform together a well-defined function covered by one of the headings of Chapter 84 or , then it is classified in the heading appropriate to that particular function.

5. For the purposes of these Notes, the term "machinery" means any machine, equipment, mechanism, assembly, plant, apparatus or apparatus falling within headings of Chapter 84 or .

Additional Notes:

1. Tools necessary for the assembly or maintenance of machines must be classified with those machines if imported with them. Interchangeable tools imported with machines should also be classified with them if the tools form part of the normal equipment of the machines and are usually sold with them.

2. At the request of the customs authorities, the declarant must submit, in order to confirm the information stated in the declaration, an illustrated document (for example, instructions, brochures, a sheet from the catalog, a photograph) containing a description of the machine, its purpose and main characteristics, and in the case of an unassembled or disassembled machine – assembly diagram and list of contents of various packages.

3. At the request of the declarant and subject to the conditions established by the competent authorities, the provisions of the Basic Rule of Interpretation 2a of the Nomenclature are also applicable to vehicles transported across the customs border in separate lots.

(I) GENERAL CONTENT OF THIS SECTION

(A) Subject to certain exceptions, given in the notes to this section and to chapters 84 and , and, except for goods more specifically referred to elsewhere, this section covers all mechanical and electrical equipment, machinery, installations, apparatus and apparatus and parts thereof, as well as certain apparatus and installations , which are neither mechanical nor electrical (such as boilers and boiler rooms, filtration plants, etc.), and parts of such devices and installations.

To this section not included:

(a) spools, spools, spools, sleeves, etc., made of any material (classified according to the material from which they are made). However, woven navoi should not be considered as bobbins, spools or similar carriers and are included in heading;

(b) general purpose parts described in note 2 to section XV, such as wire, chains, bolts, screws and springs of ferrous metal ( heading , , or), and similar articles of other base metals ( groups 74 – 76 And 78 – 81 ), locks heading, fastening fittings and accessories for doors, windows, etc. heading. Similar goods of plastics are also excluded from this section, and are included in group 39;

(c) interchangeable tools heading; other similar interchangeable tools are classified according to the material from which their working part is made (for example, in group 40(rubber), in group 42(skin), in group 43(fur), in group 45(cork) or in group 59(textile materials), or in heading(abrasives, etc.), or heading(ceramics), etc.);

(h) equipment and devices having the nature of toys, games or sports equipment, and their identifiable parts and accessories (including non-electric motors, but excluding liquid pumps and equipment for filtering or purifying liquids or gases, which is included in heading or , respectively, and also excluding electric motors, electric transformers and radio remote control devices, which are included in commodity item, or , respectively) that are suitable for use solely or primarily in toys, games or sports equipment ( group 95);

(b) In general, goods in this section may be of any material. In the vast majority of cases they are of base metal, but this section also includes certain equipment made of other materials (eg pumps made entirely of plastics) and parts made of plastics, wood, precious metals, etc.

However, in this section not included:

(a) conveyor belts or transmission belts or belting, of plastics (Group 39); uncured vulcanized rubber products, such as conveyor belts or drive belts. or belting ( heading), rubber tires, tubes, etc. ( commodity items -) and washers, etc. ( heading);

(c) textiles, such as conveyor belts or transmission belts ( heading), felt pads and polishing discs ( heading);

(f) articles entirely made of precious or semi-precious stones (natural, artificial or reconstructed) ( heading , , or), with the exception of unmounted, machined sapphires or diamonds for pickup needles ( heading);

(II) PARTS

(note 2 to this section)

In general, parts suitable for use exclusively or principally in particular machines or apparatus (including machines and apparatus of heading or) or in groups of machines or apparatus of the same heading fall in the same heading as machines or apparatus except for exceptions referred to in paragraph (1) above. However, separate headings are allocated for the following parts:

The above rules Not refer to parts which themselves form an article covered by one of the headings of this Section ( except commodity items and); they are in all cases classified in their respective headings, even if they are specifically designed to work as part of a particular machine. In particular, this applies to the following parts:

(5) Ball or roller bearings and polished steel balls, with a tolerance not exceeding 1% or 0.05 mm, whichever is less (heading ).

(6) Transmission shafts, cranks, bearing housings, plain bearings, gears and gears (including friction gears, gearboxes and other reduction gears), flywheels, pulleys and pulley blocks, couplings and shaft coupling devices (heading ).

(13) Electrical apparatus for switching, protection, etc. electrical circuits (switches, fuses, junction boxes, etc.) (headings and).

(14) Consoles, panels, consoles, tables, switchboards and other apparatus for controlling or distributing electrical current (heading ).

(17) Electrocarbons (for example, carbon electrodes of arc lamps, carbon electrodes and carbon brushes) (heading ).

Other parts recognizable as such, but not intended solely or primarily for use in a particular machine or class of machines (for example, which may be common to several machines of different headings) are classified in the heading (if they are not electrical) or heading (if they are electric), if they are not excluded the above provisions.

The foregoing provisions concerning the classification of parts do not apply to parts of the heading (gaskets, etc.), (insulated wires), (carbon electrodes), (insulators) or (wiring tubes); in general, such parts are classified in the groups appropriate to the material.

Machine parts are classified in this section whether or not they are finally ready for use. However, ferrous rough forgings are included in heading.

(III) AUXILIARY DEVICES

(See Rules 2(a) and 3(b) of the GIRs)

Nomenclatures and notes 3 and 4 to this section)

Ancillary instruments and apparatus (for example, pressure gauges, thermometers, level gauges or other measuring or control instruments, production meters, clockwork switches, control panels, automatic regulators) presented with the machine or apparatus to which they normally belong are classified with that machine or apparatus if they are designed to measure, control, control or regulate one particular machine or apparatus (which may be a combination of machines (see point VI below) or a functional unit (see point VII below)). However, auxiliary instruments and apparatus designed for the measurement, control, operation or regulation of several machines (of the same or different types) fall in the headings corresponding to those goods.

(iv) UNFINISHED MACHINES

interpretations of the Nomenclature)

In this section, any reference to a machine or device refers not only to a completed machine, but also to an unfinished machine (that is, assembled from parts so completely that it already has the main essential features of a completed machine). Thus a machine lacking only a flywheel, a base plate, calender rolls, tool holders, etc., falls in the same heading as the machine and not in any separate heading for parts. Similarly, a machine or apparatus normally containing an electric motor (for example, an electromechanical hand tool of heading ) falls in the heading for the corresponding complete machine, even if it is presented without that motor.

(V) UNASSEMBLED MACHINES

(See Rule 2(a) of the Ground Rules

interpretations of the Nomenclature)

For ease of transportation, many machines and devices are transported unassembled. Although the goods in this case are in fact a collection of parts, they are classified under the corresponding machine and not under any separate heading relating to parts. The same applies to unfinished machines that have the characteristics of a completed machine (see point (IV) above) and are presented in disassembled form (see also in this connection the general provisions to groups 84 and ). However, unassembled components in excess of those required for a completed machine, or for an unfinished machine having the characteristics of a completed machine, are classified in the headings corresponding to those goods.

(VI) MULTIFUNCTIONAL MACHINES AND COMBINED MACHINES

(note 3 to this section)

In general, multifunctional machines are classified according to the main function of this machine.

Multifunctional machines, for example, include machine tools that use interchangeable tools to perform various machining operations (eg, milling, boring, lapping).

If it is not possible to determine the primary function, and unless, as provided in note 3 to this section, the context otherwise requires, Rule 3(c) of the Basic Rules for the Interpretation of the Nomenclature should apply; this applies in particular to multifunctional machines that could potentially be classified in heading - , heading - or heading - .

Combined machines, consisting of two or more machines or devices of different types, connected together to form a single unit, sequentially or simultaneously performing separate functions complementary to one another and described in different headings of Section XVI are also classified according to the main function of the combined machine.

The following are examples of such combined presses: printing presses with an auxiliary paper-holding machine (heading ); a carton-making machine combined with an auxiliary machine for printing inscriptions or simple designs (Heading ); industrial ovens combined with devices for lifting and moving (heading or); cigarette making machine combined with an auxiliary packing machine (heading ).

For the purposes of the above provisions, machines of various types are taken, designed to fit together to form a single whole, when built into one another or mounted one on top of the other, or when mounted on a common base or frame or in a common housing.

Sets of machines should not be considered as intended to be joined together to form a single unit, unless the machines are specially designed to be permanently joined to one another or attached to a common base, frame, hull, etc. This rules out kits that are of a temporary nature or that are not normally built into the combination machine.

The bases, frames or housings can be fitted with wheels so that the combined machine can be moved when needed when in use, given that that it does not thereby acquire the distinctive features of an article (for example, a vehicle) more specifically named by a separate heading of the Nomenclature.

Floors, concrete bases, walls, partitions, ceilings, etc., even those specially designed to accommodate machines or installations, should not be considered as a common base connecting such machines or installations into a single whole.

It should be remembered that multi-purpose machines (for example, machines capable of working metals and other materials, or punching machines, equally used in paper, textile, leather, plastics and other industries) should be classified in accordance with the provisions of Note 7 to Chapter 84.

(VII) FUNCTIONAL BLOCKS

(note 4 to this section)

This note applies when a machine (including a combination of machines) consists of separate components designed to perform together a well-defined function covered by one of the headings of Chapter 84 or, more commonly, Chapter 85. This unit must then be classified in the heading appropriate to that function, whether these components are (for convenience or otherwise) separately or connected by pipelines (carrying air, compressed gas, oil, etc.), devices for power transmission, electrical cables or other devices.

For the purposes of this note, the expression "intended to perform a well-defined function together" refers only to those machines and combinations of machines necessary to perform a function specific to the functional unit as a whole, and therefore does not include machines or devices that perform auxiliary functions and without affecting the functions of the system as a whole.

The following are examples of function blocks of this type, within the meaning of Note 4 to this section:

(1) Hydraulic systems consisting of a hydraulic power plant (comprising a hydraulic pump, an electric motor, control valves and an oil tank), hydraulic cylinders, pipes or hoses connecting these cylinders to a hydraulic power plant (heading ).

(2) Refrigeration equipment consisting of components which are not assembled together to form a single unit, but are connected by pipes through which a refrigerant circulates (Heading ).

(3) Irrigation systems consisting of a control station, which includes filters, injectors, water meters, etc. underground distribution and branch lines, and surface network (heading).

(4) Milking parlors with individual components (vacuum pump, pulsator, cups and containers) connected by hoses or pipes (heading ).

(5) Equipment for the brewing industry, including, inter alia, grain germinators or malting machines, malt grinders, mash tuns, lauter tuns (heading ). Ancillary installations (eg filling machines, labellers) are, however, not included in this heading and must be classified in the headings appropriate for the goods in question.

(6) Letter-sorting machines essentially consisting of encoders, pre-sorting channel systems, intermediate sorting machines and final sorting machines controlled as a whole by a computer (heading 84.72).

(12) Satellite television receiver systems, consisting of a receiver, a parabolic antenna reflector, a reflector turning device, a feeder (waveguide), a polarizer, a low-noise device (LNA) down-converter and an infrared remote control device (heading 8528).

(13) Security alarm devices, containing, for example, an infrared radiation source, a photocell and a bell (heading ).

It should be noted that components not covered by Note 4 to Section XVI are classified in their respective headings. This applies, for example, to CCTV systems consisting of a combination of various numbers of television cameras and video monitors connected by coaxial cables to the controller, switches, audio cards/receivers, and possibly computers (for storing information) and/or VCRs (for recording images). ).

Heading or measuring, control and other devices groups 90. For example, small ovens, distillation plants, grinders, stirrers, electrical transformers and condensers used in laboratories are included in this section.

The audience of the project is the bearer of socio-cultural and personal problems, i.e. a social category or population group characterized by specific social and cultural characteristics.

This section provides a complete description of the problems, needs, interests, characteristics of a particular category or social group to which the program is addressed. In addition to socio-demographic characteristics (gender, age, profession, etc.), here it is necessary to take into account the lifestyle of a typical representative of this group, his position in society, circle of interests, etc.

The audience characteristics can be based on the following criteria:

Interests;

Needs;

Personal problems of the individual.

Interests are identified in a person or a social community and manifested in a person's emotional attitude to a particular object, phenomenon, in the awareness of its subjective significance, attractiveness. Interest is, first of all, the result and form of manifestation of cognitive activity. Conscious interest acts as a motive, intention, as a purposeful attitude of a person to the object of his needs, it reflects the significance and value for a person of this or that object or phenomenon of the surrounding world, characterizes his activity in mastering them.

The scope of this characteristic is commercial programs, the effectiveness of which is ensured by a preliminary study of the interests of the population and forecasting on this basis the demand for certain services and the willingness to pay for them.

However, in this case, it should be remembered that there are certain interests that consolidate large groups of people and, in this regard, represent a great social value. Failure to take these interests into account can lead to the emergence of social tension, the emergence of problems for people that will have to be solved, sooner or later, including by means of socio-cultural activities.

A person's needs are a perceived and experienced need for a certain kind of objects and conditions necessary for his existence and development, which acts as a source of his activity and determines the nature and direction of his feelings, thoughts, behavior, activities.

It is advisable to characterize the needs of the individual if the socio-cultural community (club, association, foundation, amateur association, etc.) will be the form of project implementation. Consideration in the content of the project of typical needs that bring a person into a socio-cultural community will create the necessary prerequisites for the creative activity of the individual, provide conditions for the social demand for its potential, and become a guarantee of the effectiveness of the program.

Personal (or socio-psychological) problems - determine, along with socio-cultural issues, the goals and objectives of the project, the types and content of activities.

The source of personal problems is a problematic situation, which at the subjective level can be transformed into either a task or a problem, when the subject realizes the impossibility of resolving certain difficulties and contradictions that have arisen in specific life circumstances by means of available knowledge and experience.

Section 4. Goals and objectives of the project(the answer to the question “why?”). Goals are the reflected results that the designer focuses on. In fact, these are "inverted" problems that are obtained in the process of analyzing the situation - they fix its desired state, which must be achieved as a result of the project. Tasks are more specific steps that can be solved by appropriate activities in the content of the project.

Section 5. Form of project implementation. Form is an ordered activity in a certain way, a way of organizing the content, methods, means, performers and audience of the project. Depending on the intent of the project, the content of the activity and the available resources, the form of project implementation can be very different. In this case, the form of project implementation is a separate event - a choreographic competition.