Broad-nosed monkeys. Narrow-nosed monkeys An excerpt characterizing the Broad-nosed monkeys

Apes Apes (orangutan, chimpanzee and gorilla) are our blood relatives in the literal sense of the word. Until recently, the blood of these monkeys could not be distinguished from human blood. There are the same blood groups, almost the same plasma proteins. Orangutan

Suborder Monkeys Most of them live in tropical forests, some choose rocky mountains. All of them are well adapted for climbing, many have a grasping tail, which is used as a rudder when making a long jump. In addition, using the tail

Spider monkeys Spider monkeys, or koats, are a genus of prehensile-tailed monkeys. The body is slender, about 70 cm long. The tail is grasping, up to 90 cm long. The head is small with protruding jaws. The nostrils are widely spaced. The forelimbs are longer than the hind limbs. Bolshoi

Narrow-nosed monkeys The group of narrow-nosed monkeys includes the lower narrow-nosed monkeys (monkeys, macaques) and anthropoids

Apes Apes (orangutan, gorilla, chimpanzee) are the most highly organized primates. The brain is large, especially the large hemispheres of its anterior section with numerous grooves and convolutions. The forelimbs are longer

Superfamily Broad-nosed monkeys - Ceboidea includes American monkeys, from the group of great apes. With the exception of humans, broad-nosed monkeys are the only primates living on the American continent. Their habitat extends from southern Mexico to northern Argentina. On islands Caribbean Sea Previously, there were several now extinct species belonging to the group of Antillean monkeys (Xenotrochini).

Most people have a wide nasal septum, with nostrils set wide apart and facing outward. Body length from 13 cm (pygmy marmoset) to 75 cm (howler monkey), tail from 19 cm (pygmy marmoset) to 90 cm (koata); Some have a prehensile tail. They do not have cheek pouches or ischial calluses. The fur is thick and varied in color. Teeth 32 (marmosets) or 36 (cebus). Broad-nosed monkeys include 1 superfamily, combining 2 families: marmosets and cebus monkeys (or cebids).

They lead an arboreal, diurnal (except for Mirikini), gregarious lifestyle; some live in small family groups.

The oldest fossil finds of broad-nosed monkeys date back to the Oligocene era. In relation to the other two infraorders of dry-nosed monkeys, they are more closely related to the Old World monkeys than to the tarsiers. It is likely that the ancestors of this taxon moved across Atlantic Ocean on floating logs in an era when the distance between continents was not yet so great.

Suborder Greater primates - anthropoid.

All higher primates are divided into two sections - broad-nosed and narrow-nosed monkeys (Fig. 5). The division is based on differences in the structure of the nasal septum: in broad-nosed monkeys it is wide and the nostrils point to the side, while in narrow-nosed monkeys it is narrow, with the nostrils facing down. They also differ in their habitats. All broad-nosed monkeys live in South America and they are called New World monkeys; Slant-nosed monkeys live in Africa and Asia and are called Old World monkeys.

Fig 5.

Broadnose section

In the section of broad-nosed monkeys, three families are distinguished - small marmosets, calliminos and large capuchin monkeys. All marmosets and callimicos have primitive structural features - a hairy ear, a relatively simple brain, almost without convolutions, up to three young are born. Marmosets are the smallest of all primates; in addition to the marmosets themselves, these include pygmy marmosets and tamarins. All are characterized by a paired family lifestyle; only one adult female breeds in the group, while the male cares for the offspring. Callimico was isolated from the marmoset family relatively recently. In terms of the structure of the teeth, the shape of the skull, and biochemical parameters, they are similar to capuchin monkeys and occupy an intermediate position between them and marmoset monkeys.

Capuchin monkeys have a prehensile tail, the lower end of the tail is hairless, and has the same dermatoglyphic patterns as on the palms. This tail acts as an additional limb. The first finger of the hand is underdeveloped, sometimes absent, but on the foot it is well developed and contrasted with the others. The brain is quite developed, these monkeys have difficult behavior, easily learn complex skills. They live in large groups. All of them are arboreal and diurnal, except for one genus of nocturnal monkeys. Like prosimians, all broad-nosed monkeys have skin glands, with the secretion of which they mark territory. Broad-nosed monkeys often form multi-species communities to better protect themselves from predators. They have well-developed acoustic (voice) communication and rich facial expressions.

Narrownose section

Monkey monkeys. They are small or medium in size, their forelimbs are equal to their hind limbs or slightly shorter. The first finger of the hand and foot is well contrasted with the rest. The fur covers the entire body, with the exception of the face, and is usually bright in color. There are ischial calluses and cheek pouches. Cheek pouches are special pockets - folds of the mucous membrane in the oral cavity on both cheeks, where monkeys stuff food in reserve. In addition to ischial calluses, they have so-called “genital skin” - areas of skin that swell and turn red during ovulation, this can serve as a signal to the male that the female is ready to mate. Ischial calluses, unlike the genital skin, are vascular-free. They are comfortable when sleeping or sitting on the ground. All monkeys move on the ground and branches of trees, among them there are terrestrial forms (baboons, geladas), arboreal-terrestrial (rhesus macaques, and lapunders) and purely arboreal (all thin-bodied monkeys, langurs, etc.). They are plantigrade, resting on their feet and hands when walking. The tail is never grasping. Some species have well-developed sexual dimorphism, that is, males are larger than females. They are all gregarious, living in forests, savannas, and on rocks. The apes include the genera of marmosets, hussars, baboons, mandrills, geladas, mangobays, macaques and the subfamilies of slender-bodied monkeys, the genera of colobus monkeys, gwerets, and langurs. A very beautiful monkey - Hanuman langur is considered sacred monkey in India, Sri Lanka and other countries. According to the epic Ramayana, the Hanuman langur saved the pious Rama and his wife. In Egypt, the hamadryas baboon is considered a sacred animal, considered the personification of the god Ra - the god of health, fertility, generosity and writing.

Family Gibbonaceae. These are small, gracefully built monkeys, their forelimbs are longer than their hind limbs, their fur is thick, their palms, soles, ears and face are bare. There are small ischial calluses. The fingers are long, the first finger is well opposed to the rest. Distributed in India, Indochina, Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, and the Malacca Peninsula. They are all arboreal, inhabitants tropical forest with a characteristic method of movement - brachiation: alternately intercepting tree branches with their hands, they fly from tree to tree at a distance of up to fifteen meters. They can walk on the ground on two legs, balancing with their arms. Some gibbons exhibit sexual dimorphism in hair color, for example, male gibbons are black and females are light beige. Another feature of the gibbon is family life, while each family has its own territory and has something in common with other families. This behavior is called "singing" or "choiring" by gibbons; The initiator of singing is, as a rule, the male, then the whole family joins him. Joint-toed gibbons - siamangs - even have special throat vocal sacs - resonators to amplify sound.

The Pongid family unites Asian orangutans and African apes - chimpanzees and gorilla. All of them are distinguished by their large body sizes; the gorilla weighs up to 200 kilograms and grows up to two meters. They have a relatively short body and long limbs, no tail, a shortened sacral spine, a barrel-shaped chest, and broad shoulders. All are characterized by semi-upright movement along branches and the ground, relying on the knuckles of the forelimbs. They have large and complex brains, about six times larger than those of lower monkeys such as macaques. The gorilla's brain weighs 420 grams and has many convolutions. The frontal lobe is larger than that of lower apes. Like humans, apes have well-developed facial muscles, and their lips are very mobile. Chimpanzees have ischial calluses; gorillas and orangutans are rare. The hair on the back and chest is sparse, and there are no tufts of tactile hair on the face (vibrissae). The immunological and biochemical parameters of chimpanzees, gorillas and humans are very similar in blood proteins. The gestation period is the same as in humans (9 months), the baby develops very slowly, up to seven years. All of them have high intelligence and are able to use objects as tools in nature and in captivity.

Orangutans are common in Sumatra and Kalimantan and are distinguished by their massive build (males are 150 centimeters tall and weigh 100-200 kilograms). Females are significantly smaller than males. Kalimantan orangutans have developed cheek growths made of connective tissue and fat. The hind limbs are short, the front limbs are long, the fingers on the hands are long and have the appearance of hooks, the first finger is shortened on the hand, and there are large guttural pouches on the neck. The skull of orangutans is long, elongated, the facial region is concave. The skull has sagittal and occipital crests. The lower jaw is massive, the teeth are large, with strongly wrinkled crowns, the fangs rarely protrude beyond the dentition. Brain volume is 300-500 cm3.

Gorilla

There are three subspecies: mountain, coastal and lowland. The lowland gorilla is common in Western equatorial Africa(Cameroon, Gabon), in the Congo River valley and near Lake Tanganyika. The male is about two meters tall, weighs up to 200 kilograms, has a massive neck and shoulders, a skull with a low forehead and a powerful supraorbital ridge. Males also have sagittal and occipital crests. Females are smaller than males. The face comes forward lower jaw very massive.

Chimpanzees live in tropical Africa, in the Congo and Niger river basins. Chimpanzees are shorter and thinner in build, height 150 centimeters, weight 50 kilograms, sexual demorphism in body size is less pronounced than in the gorilla and orangutan. The supraorbital ridge is also less developed, and the occipital ridge is absent. The forehead is straighter, the brain skull is rounder, the fangs are less developed, and the wrinkled crowns are also weaker than in the orangutan. Pygmy chimpanzee or bonob -- live model early hominids, characterized by small stature and gracefulness. Lives in Zaire.

Family Hominidae. Body height 140-190 centimeters. Females are 10-12 centimeters smaller than males. Characterized by a vertical body position and movement only on the lower limbs. The first toe loses mobility and is not opposed to the rest. The length of the lower limbs significantly exceeds the length of the upper ones. Great importance has the development of the first finger of the hand. The head is round, characterized by a highly developed brain part and a slightly protruding facial part. The facial section is located not in front of the brain, but below it. The foramen magnum is directed downwards. The teeth are poorly developed, almost indistinguishable from the incisors. The molars have flattened tubercles on the chewing surface, four tubercles on the upper ones, and 5 on the lower ones. The spinal column is S-shaped curved, which is associated with the vertical position of the body. The sacral and caudal vertebrae fuse into complex bones - the sacrum and coccyx. Characterized by strong development of the femur. The brain is unusually developed, especially the cerebral hemispheres with grooves and convolutions. Pregnancy lasts 280 days, one child is born, less often two or three. Humans are characterized by the longest periods of child development and learning among mammals.