Point y review of the control system. Tactical missile system Tochka-U: characteristics, speed and combat use. New variants of ballistic missiles
The Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of March 4, 1968 required the creation of a new tactical missile system for hitting point targets in the depths of enemy defenses. The required accuracy of hitting the target was reflected in the title of the topic: "Point". The Kolomna Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering was made the lead executor of the project, and S.P. Invincible. Other enterprises involved in the project were also identified: the Bryansk Automobile Plant was supposed to make the chassis for the machines of the complex, the Central Research Institute of Automation and Hydraulics - the missile control system, and the Volgograd software "Barricades" was responsible for the launcher. Serial production of the missiles themselves was planned to be deployed in Votkinsk.
Factory testing of the first version of the "Point" began in 1971, and two years later launched mass production. But for a number of reasons, "Point" was put into service only in 1976. The missile launch range was 70 kilometers, and the deviation from the target was no more than 250 meters. Immediately after the Tochka was released for testing, the Central Research Institute of Ag began work on new electronics for modifying the rocket called Tochka-R. This missile was supposed to have a passive radar homing head, but in the end it was decided to give the anti-radar niche to lighter missiles. Since 1989, the updated Tochka-U complex, which included new 9M79M and 9M79-1 missiles, went to the troops. In addition, part of the ground equipment was also replaced with a new one.
As a result of the replacement of the missile, the maximum target engagement range increased to 120 km, and the minimum remained at the level of 15. Accuracy has also improved significantly - the deviation now does not exceed one hundred meters, although in general it has much lower values. So, at the international exhibition IDEX-93, five Tochki-U missiles did not miss more than 50 meters. The minimum error was within 5-7 meters. Such high accuracy was achieved by using new guidance equipment available in the 9M79M and 9M79-1 missiles themselves. Unlike previous tactical missiles, the Tochka guidance system of all modifications provides course correction throughout the flight, right up to hitting the target. The inertial automatic control of the rocket consists of a command-gyroscopic device, a discrete analog computer, hydraulic drive automatics and a set of sensors. In the first few seconds of the flight, until a certain speed is reached, the rocket is controlled using gas rudders, and then, throughout the flight, the course is corrected using lattice aerodynamic rudders. The 9M79 engine runs on solid fuel and has only one mode. A cylindrical block of fuel with longitudinal grooves is launched using an igniter (briquettes of a special composition and black powder). The combustion of the fuel mixture goes on until the missile meets the target - Tochka is the first Soviet tactical complex where the engine does not turn off before the last stage of the flight.
In addition to the four lattice rudders, the tail of the rocket includes four trapezoidal wings. In the stowed position, all protruding parts are folded, turning relative to the rocket body. For 9M79M and 9M79-1 missiles, several types of warheads for various purposes have been developed:
- 9N39 - nuclear warhead with an AA-60 charge with a capacity of 10-100 kilotons in TNT equivalent;
- 9N64 - nuclear warhead with an AA-86 charge. Power up to 100 kt.
- 9N123F - high-explosive fragmentation warhead with 162.5 kg of explosive and 14,500 ready-made fragments. In an explosion at a height of 20 meters, fragments affect objects on an area of up to 3 hectares;
- 9N123K - cluster warhead. Contains 50 fragmentation elements with 1.5 kg of explosive and 316 fragments each. At an altitude of 2250 meters above the surface, the automation opens the cassette, as a result of which up to seven hectares are sown with fragments;
- 9N123G and 9N123G2-1 - combat units equipped with 65 elements with toxic substances. In total, 60 and 50 kg of substances fit in the warhead, respectively. There is information on the development of these warheads, but no data on production or applications. Most likely, they did not begin to bring them up and launch them into a series.
It is also sometimes claimed that there are propaganda and anti-radar warheads, but there is no official data on them. The head part is attached to the rocket with six bolts. A letter corresponding to the type of warhead is added to the alphanumeric index of the rocket - 9M79-1F for high-explosive fragmentation, 9M79-1K for cluster, etc. When assembled, a missile with a non-nuclear warhead can be stored for up to 10 years. According to calculations, to destroy a battery of MLRS or tactical missiles, it is required to spend 2 missiles with a cluster warhead or four with a high-explosive one. To destroy an artillery battery, half the ammunition consumption is required. For seeding with fragments and destruction of manpower and light equipment on an area of up to 100 hectares, four cluster or eight high-explosive rockets should go.
The rocket is launched from the 9P129M-1 machine, made on the BAZ-5921 chassis. The launcher equipment allows you to independently carry out all the necessary preparations for launch and calculations related to the aiming and flight mission of the rocket. The launch can be made from almost any platform of sufficient size, and it takes about 16 minutes to prepare for it in the case of firing from the march, or 2 minutes from the state of readiness No. 1. The only requirements for the placement of the launcher relate to the condition of the surface of the site and the placement of the machine - the target must be in a sector of ± 15 ° from its longitudinal axis. It takes no more than one and a half to two minutes to collapse the installation and leave the launch site. An interesting fact is that the rocket (in the stowed position is placed in the cargo compartment of the launch vehicle on a lifting rail) is transferred to a launch elevation angle of 78 ° only 15 seconds before launch. This helps to complicate the work of enemy reconnaissance. The crew of the launch vehicle is four people: the head of the calculation, the driver, the senior operator (he is also the deputy head of the calculation) and the operator.
The missiles are placed on the launcher using the 9T218-1 transport-loading vehicle (made on the BAZ-5922 chassis). Its pressurized cargo compartment can accommodate two missiles with docked warheads. For loading missiles into the launch vehicle, there is a crane and a number of related equipment on the transport-loading vehicle. Loading operations can be carried out on any site, including an unprepared site, on which a launcher and a charging machine can stand side by side. It takes about twenty minutes to reload one rocket.
The complex also includes the 9T238 transport vehicle, which differs from the transport-loading vehicle only in the absence of loading equipment. 9T238 can simultaneously transport up to two missiles or four warheads in shipping containers.
For more than twenty years of its service, Tochka-U had a chance to participate in hostilities only a few times. General G. Troshev in his book "The Chechen Break" wrote that thanks to the use of this missile system, it was possible to prevent the terrorists from leaving the village of Komsomolskoye. The militants tried to pass between the positions of the army and the fighters of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, but the missilemen covered them with an accurate salvo. At the same time, the federal forces, despite the short distances, did not suffer losses from the Tochka strike. Also in the press there was information about the use of "Points" in the warehouses and camps of terrorists. During the war in South Ossetia in August 2008, information appeared about the use of Tochek-U by the Russian side.
Despite its already advanced age, the Tochka-U tactical missile system is not yet planned to be decommissioned. There is a version that this will happen no earlier than the time when the Russian army will have a sufficient number of operational-tactical Iskanders.
On July 29, 2014, the American information channel CNN informed the whole world that the Tochka-U ballistic missile, launched during the hostilities conducted by Ukraine, was not supposed to cross the state border. At least that was the meaning of the cryptic message. Why could there be an assumption that the launch target could be an object on the territory of another country? Which one? And if the target was located in Ukraine, why use ballistic missiles to destroy it? Lots of questions...
Be that as it may, it was precisely because of these events that the public became interested in the Tochka-U tactical complex.
diplomatic incident
One of the main questions was how likely a mistake was made when aiming a missile at a target? To answer it, you need to understand the device of this type of weapon.
The Armed Forces of Ukraine immediately declared their non-involvement, immediately naming three reasons why it was impossible to do this. First, there are no ballistic missiles in service with the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Secondly, they didn't get anywhere. And thirdly, the Ukrainian army did not use them. Then, at the initiative of the US State Department, a meeting of its representatives with Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov took place, at which the latter was once again assured that the blow was not delivered on the territory of the Russian Federation. It was formally exhausted, although the Tochka-U missile, which, by the way, is in service with the Ukrainian army, quite fits the definition of the mysterious “ultra-precision weapon” that Prime Minister Yatsenyuk tried to scare the leadership of the DPR and LPR with. At least, obviously, it does not have anything more accurate than the APU.
Really didn't get anywhere. But that doesn't mean there wasn't an attempt. Military experts are making various bold assumptions, finding certain parallels between the successful repulsion of an Israeli missile attack by Syrian missile defense systems and this incident. The most plausible version seems to many, according to which four Ukrainian Tochka-U missiles were shot down by Russian defense systems. There is no documentary evidence for this, but some well-known facts suggest such an idea.
So what kind of missile is this and where did Ukraine get it from? When and where were they made? How old are the newest designs? What are the characteristics of this type of weapon? How should they be used and why were they created? What ammunition can it carry? Who can manage this complex?
This article will answer these and other questions clearly and without unnecessary details.
Tactical Missiles and Changing the Military Concept
All nuclear forces fall into two main categories. Strategic missiles, submarine nuclear fleet and carry charges that serve to inflict maximum, detrimental damage to the economy of the enemy country in the event of a global conflict. But there are also less powerful means that solve the problems of front-line confrontation - they are called tactical. For these purposes, in 1965, Soviet engineers from the Fakel Design Bureau created the Tochka rocket. She had good performance, but by the end of the sixties they no longer met the requirements of the military. When using nuclear charges, accuracy did not matter much, but at that time there were changes in foreign policy life that affected the nature of the defense doctrine. The strategic forces were assigned the role of global containment and guarantor of the territorial integrity of the countries of the socialist camp, but the number of local conflicts increased. The idea of using special charges during the Vietnam or Middle East wars may have visited someone's hotheads, but, fortunately, to no avail. The role of conventional ammunition has increased, therefore, it was necessary to seriously improve the accuracy of hitting the target. And at the same time increase the range. The case was entrusted to the Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering. A secret institution with a modest name was led by S.P. Invincible. Surname speaking.
New rocket
The design documentation for the previous one was transferred to KBM from the Fakel Design Bureau. These materials turned out to be a very important component of the work, they saved a lot of time and effort. Many components, assemblies and systems have been preserved, for which the Tochka rocket served as a kind. The new model has other rudders, including gas-jet ones, the destabilizer has been eliminated, control and guidance technologies have been changed. As a result of the hard work of engineers during 1968-1971, serious improvements in performance were achieved, apogee and perigee increased. And - most importantly - hitting the target has become more accurate. The tests were carried out at the Kapustin Yar cosmodrome, and in 1973 the State Commission adopted the project. Production has begun. Prototypes were made at the Volgograd plant "Barricades" (launch and control systems) and (the missiles themselves). The system went into series at the heavy engineering plant in Petropavlovsk. In addition, orders for components were placed at various enterprises of the defense complex throughout the country. The official adoption took place in 1975, they were equipped with ground forces at the divisional level.
Further modernization of the complex took place in the mid-eighties. Various climatic operating conditions were also taken into account, for which additional tests were carried out in Transbaikalia and Central Asia.
The tactical missile "Tochka-U" (that was the new name of this weapon) was built in the city of Votkinsk.
Tochka-R and new guidance systems
The first test launches began in 1971, they were carried out by factory specialists. Within two years, fine-tuning and final determination of the compliance of the received data with the state order was carried out. Characteristics quite arranged a high commission. The deviation from the set target did not exceed 250 meters with a minimum range of 15 kilometers and a maximum range of up to 70.
Target designation systems have also been improved. "Point-R" could use a passive head to aim at the radiation of radio stations and locators, which expanded the range of its application and made it possible to use this weapon to suppress the enemy's air defense or disorientate the command and control systems and communications of a potential enemy. With an area of destruction of two hectares, the accuracy increased - now it was 45 meters.
These were very good numbers.
Purpose
The tactical use of weapons implies the possibility of delivering strikes against small targets, by which the military understands small and large airfields, headquarters, communication centers, warehouses, storage facilities, railway stations, ports and other infrastructure that acquire military significance in a special period.
At the same time, the dimensions of such a target cannot be called miniature. There is no question of a ballistic missile (even a small one) hitting a separate building, ship, plane, helicopter or railway car. The blow is applied over the area, for which a whole arsenal of various combat charging warheads has been developed.
At the time when the Tochka-U missile entered service with the Soviet Army, citizens of the USSR learned about international terrorism mainly from the Vremya program, and even then only when they broadcast about the situation in Ulster. The events of recent decades have shown that this tactical tool can also be useful for fighting gangs, in particular, for destroying militant bases and their training camps. But in no case was it supposed to use Tochka-U missiles for firing at residential areas of cities or villages. No matter how high the accuracy, it is impossible to achieve selective destruction of armed groups of people surrounded by civilians.
By land and water
By itself, a rocket cannot be launched from a launcher. The system is mobile, it is a convoy of several vehicles, the number of which varies depending on the task. First, we need a launcher that directly launches the Tochka-U missile. But the complex was not created for the sake of a single shot! The PU is followed by a convoy consisting of charging and transporting vehicles, a mobile control and testing station and a maintenance workshop. Missiles are transported in special containers designed for the safe transportation of ammunition. The charging machine is equipped with loading and unloading equipment. Equipment and instruments are designed to monitor the health of systems and units. Almost everything is provided in case of emergency situations.
A fuel tanker is needed only if you have to march over long distances (more than 650 km - this is the power reserve). The rocket is refueled at the factory, it has a solid propellant engine.
The complex can move almost on any terrain, even on water. The speed of movement on a good road is up to 60 km / h, on a dirt road - up to 40 km / h, on rough terrain - 15 km / h. When using jet engines, cars will overcome a water barrier at a speed of 8 km / h. Motor resource of vehicles is 15 thousand kilometers.
Special charges
Tochka-U is a ballistic missile. Although its characteristics are more modest than those of strategic monsters, they are quite sufficient to consider it a possible carrier of special charges. Under this term, the military understand the means of mass destruction, nuclear and chemical. To strike at the enemy with them, you need an appropriate warhead, which is also called a combat charging compartment. The Tochka-U tactical missile can be equipped with nuclear charges, depending on the required explosion power. So, the head part of 9H39 has up to one hundred kilotons, and 9H64 - up to two hundred.
When using nuclear special charges that the Tochka-U missile can be equipped with, the radius of destruction (solid), measured from the epicenter, will be more than one and a half kilometers.
To conduct tactical chemical warfare, 9N123G and 9N123G2-1 warheads are provided, each containing 65 sub-elements of OM in the amount of 60.5 and 50.5 kg, respectively ("Soman").
conventional ammunition
The nomenclature of blasting ammunition is presented more widely. The 9N123F high-explosive fragmentation warhead detonates 162 kg of TNT, scattering almost fifteen thousand fragments. For the greatest effect, the final maneuver performed by the Tochka-U rocket is important. The affected area of up to three hectares is provided by the detonation of the charge at a height of 20 meters after turning from the ballistic trajectory into the mode of an almost sheer fall. The axis of the fragmentation cone has been shifted to expand the firing sector.
The 9N123K cassette warhead contains fifty elements (each weighing about eight kilograms) filled with striking elements with a total number close to 16 thousand. Each of the cassettes is an analogue of a conventional anti-personnel grenade, only larger. The ammunition destroys unprotected objects on an area of up to seven hectares.
It is also possible to use the Tochka-U rocket to scatter propaganda literature.
Tactical and technical details
If the target is beyond the horizon, then the parameters will be somewhat different. The greatest height (apogee) will decrease significantly. In 2 minutes 16 seconds, the missile will cover 120 km - this is the maximum range of the Tochka-U missile.
Deployment efficiency is also important for successful firing. A well-trained launcher crew, consisting of four people, is able to transfer the complex from a transport to a combat state in 16 minutes, this is the standard. If the need to start is known in advance, then just two minutes after the start command is given, it will be carried out. A warhead weighing almost half a ton will fly to the target. The speed of the Tochka-U rocket reaches one kilometer per second,
Each type of armament is designed to solve a certain range of tasks, which, depending on the specific conditions, can be more or less wide. A weapon is a kind of tool, in some cases it must be very powerful and rough, and in other situations it is better to use something more subtle and delicate. Tactical ballistic ammunition, despite the high accuracy of targeting, cannot provide a clear selectivity of destruction, therefore, as a rule, they are not used in densely populated areas.
Practical tactical application
The Tochka-U missile, with a target destruction radius of no more than 120 kilometers, is perfect for destroying terrorist camps and bases located in the mountains or the desert. During the first campaign in Chechnya, it was used for its intended purpose, as General G. N. Troshev wrote about in his memoirs (the book was called "The Chechen Break"). Features of the tactics of using this ammunition require the command to have reliable information and accurate coordinates of the target. Such information in our time can be provided by space reconnaissance (in the case of suitable weather over the theater of operations and the absence of clouds obscuring the firing zone). It is also possible to use other sources if they are obtained from qualified agents with experience in working with topographic maps.
March 2000, the vicinity of the village of Komsomolskoye... It is known that there is a militant camp in this area. The object is well fortified, the level of fortification is such that large losses of personnel are inevitable when trying to storm. Nearby is a settlement, which, of course, cannot be destroyed. The explosion of the Tochka-U rocket covered the defensive area, and the powerful bandit formation ceased to exist, without entering the battle, for which it was so carefully prepared. Tactical missilemen solved similar tasks in other sectors of the front, minimizing losses and achieving impressive successes, an important part of which was excellent calculation skills.
The crews of the Russian divisions showed the same high qualification during the events of 2008 in South Ossetia. The Syrian military personnel are doing a good job with such tasks, suppressing the anti-government rebellion. Their targets are usually terrorist bases in the desert.
Ukraine cannot boast of such accuracy. The Tochka-U missiles, inherited by this country from the USSR, may have already exhausted their shelf life (it is ten years). In 2000, during exercises at the Goncharovsky test site, a launch was carried out, as a result of which three residents of Brovary (Kyiv region) were killed and five were injured. The warhead used was training, without a charge, otherwise there could have been a lot of victims.
Maintenance of the complex
The control equipment of the Tochka complex is rather complicated. Obtaining the necessary qualifications takes several months, and at the same time, even in the case of the most favorable circumstances (not exhausted storage period, skillful calculation and the absence of active opposition from the enemy), there is no full guarantee of a hit from the first launch. The Tochka-U missile is not an ultra-precise weapon. Experts say that the best result can be achieved with the release of four projectiles, one of which with a high degree of probability at the end of the ballistic trajectory will be within a radius measured tens of meters from the target. It should also be taken into account that the standards have changed since the development of this complex. The use of "Point" to fight rebel militias operating near populated areas is not only pointless, but also criminal, especially given the low qualification of rocket crews.
DATA FOR 2017 (standard replenishment)
Complex 9K79 "Tochka", missile 9M79 / OTR-21 / 9M79M - SS-21A SCARAB-A / FROG-9
Complex "Tochka-R", rocket "Tochka-R" 9M79R / 9M79FR
Complex 9K79-1 "Tochka-U", missile 9M79-1 / 9M791 - SS-21B SCARAB-B
Complex 9K79M (?) "Tochka-M" - SS-21C SCARAB-C
Divisional (tactical) missile system. The development of the complex at the Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering (Kolomna) began in 1967 after the transfer to the Design Bureau of the documentation of the preliminary design of the "Tochka" complex with the V-614 missile of the Fakel Design Bureau. In contrast to the "Point" of the MKB "Fakel", the "Point" of the KBM had wings, aerodynamic rudders changed, the destabilizer was removed, and other missile systems were changed. Chief designer - S.P. Invincible. Full-scale development was set by the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 148-56 of March 4, 1968. 120 enterprises were involved in the development and production of the missile system. The missile control system was created by TsNIIAG, the chief designers were B.S. Kolesov and A.S. Lipkin. Solid propellant rocket propellant charges were developed by NPO Soyuz (headed by academician B.P. Zhukov). The creation of a self-propelled launcher and TZM was carried out by the design bureau of the Barrikady plant (Volgograd, chief designer - G.I. Sergeev).
Factory tests of the rocket began in 1971 (the first two launches) at the Kapustin Yar test site (launches from the test launcher developed by KBM, preparation for testing began at the test site in January 1970). The production of prototypes of the SPU and TZM complex was carried out by the Barricades plant (Volgograd) on the chassis produced by the Bryansk Automobile Plant. In 1973, mass production of missiles "Tochka" (later - "Tochka-U") began at the Petropavlovsk heavy engineering plant (Petropavlovsk, ). Since 1989, the production of Tochka missiles has also been carried out by the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant (). State tests of the complex were carried out in 1973-1974. (Kapustin Yar, Transbaikalia, Turkestan Military District, Transcaucasian Military District). Serial production of the machines of the complex began in 1973 at the Petropavlovsk Heavy Machine Building Plant - the plant was the head enterprise for the production of the missile system. The 9K79 "Tochka" complex was officially adopted by order of the USSR Ministry of Defense No. 0011 in August 1975 with a 9M79 missile with two types of warheads - high-explosive and special (nuclear) - and began to enter the missile divisions of motorized rifle and tank divisions of the USSR ground forces in 1975-1976
The modernization of the Tochka complex in order to increase the range and improve accuracy began in 1984. Tests of the Tochka-U complex were carried out at the Kapustin Yar test site from August 1986 to September 1988. Climatic tests were carried out in 1989 in Zabaikalsky and Turkestan Military District. The 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" complex was put into service in 1989, the mass production of missiles was launched at the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant in the same year. The Tochka-U complex can use missiles of the Tochka complex. In the documentation for the negotiations on the INF Treaty, the missiles of the Tochka family were referred to as OTR-21.
http://pressa-tof.livejournal.com).
The Kapustin Yar training ground, the division of complexes 9K79 "Tochka" is operating ("60 years in the ranks of the Kapustin Yar training ground. 1946-2006, GCMP "Kapustin Yar", 2006)
Reconstruction of projections of missiles 9M79 "Tochka" and 9M79-1 "Tochka-U" SS-21 SCARAB. From left to right: the first four are Tochka training missiles (white stripe in the tail section), a high-explosive warhead is installed on the third missile and the porthole of the optical system for receiving the missile's flight mission is visible under the red plug, the fourth missile is in the transport position; the fifth and sixth (also training) - Tochka-U missiles, the fifth - the remnants of a combat missile discovered in Georgia during the Georgian-Ossetian conflict in August 2008 (DIMMI (c) 2009)
The use of OTR "Tochka-U" against targets in Georgia from the territory of North Ossetia (Russia) during the Georgian-Ossetian conflict on August 12, 2008, 10-48 local time. On the left is a snapshot of the Tochka-U launch for comparison (original photo of the Tochka-U launches in Ossetia - Musa Sadulaev, Associated Press)
Launcher- at the stage of the preliminary design of the complex, it was supposed to use units on the chassis of the Kharkov Tractor Plant.
SPU 9P129 / 9P129M / 9P129M1 / 9P129-1 / 9P129-1M (the last two - the Tochka-U complex, at least 1989) on the floating chassis BAZ-5921 with one missile was developed by the design bureau of the Barrikady plant (chief designer G .I. Sergeev), production - plant "Barricades", chassis production - Bryansk Automobile Plant. The first two SPUs and one TZM were handed over by the plant for testing at the end of 1971. The production of SPUs and TZMs was carried out at the Petropavlovsk Heavy Machine Building Plant.
Propulsion on the water - water cannons. The launcher is equipped with a heat-shielding container-casing to ensure the temperature regime of the rocket head. The SPU is equipped with life support equipment for operations in the contaminated area, the launch can be carried out by the crew from the SPU. SPU is air transportable by An-22, Il-76 aircraft and, with restrictions, by An-12B and An-12BP aircraft. In some sources, the chassis is called "ZIL-375".
SPU differences:
9P129 - use any missiles except "Point-R"
9P129M / 9P129M1 - any missiles can be used
9P129-1 - use any missiles except "Point-R"
9P129-1M - any missiles can be used
Wheel formula - 6 x 6
Engine (SPU and TZM) - diesel 5D20B-300 with a power of 300 hp at 2600 rpm with generators G-1 and G-2 (type - VG-7500) with a power of 9 kW
Length - 9490 mm
Width - 2890 mm
Height on the march - 2340 mm
Ground clearance - 357 mm
Track width - 2275 mm
Base - 2800+2600 mm
Front overhang - 2238 mm
Rear overhang - 1848 mm
Turning radius - 12 m
Climbing-descent angles - 78 degrees.
Departure angle into the water - up to 15 degrees.
The angle of exit from the water - up to 12 degrees.
Lateral roll - up to 20 degrees.
Elevation angles guide SPU at start-up - 78 degrees. (at any distance)
The angles of horizontal guidance guide SPU - + -15 degrees.
Lifting speed of the guide with the rocket to the starting position - 15 s
Weight with rocket and crew - 18145-18200 kg (17945 kg - "Point")
Standard fuel supply - 350 l
Range on the highway - 650 km
Speed with a rocket on the highway - up to 60 km / h
Speed with a rocket on the ground - up to 40 km / h
Off-road speed with a rocket - 5-15 km / h
Speed with a rocket on water - 6-8 km / h (10 km / h according to official data)
Calculation - 3-4 people
Technical resource - 15000 km of run
Operating temperature - from -40 to +50 degrees C
Warranty period of operation - 10 years (including at least 3 years in the field).
SPU 9P129M of the Tochka complex with a rocket (photo from one of the exhibitions in the early 2000s).
TZM complex 9T128 / 9T218-1 / 9T218-1M (the last two modifications - "Tochka-U") on a similar floating chassis BAZ-5922, equipped with a crane, carries 2 missiles. TZM is air transportable similarly to SPU 9P129.
Length - 9485 mm
Width - 2782 mm
Height on the march - 2373 mm
Weight - approx. 18000 kg
Loading time of missiles on TZM - 22-30 min
Rocket reload time at SPU - 15-30 minutes
Crane lifting capacity - 2-2.7 tons
Calculation - 2 people
Transport-loading vehicle 9T218-1, tarpaulin removed,
missile warheads are covered with heat shields.
Transportation and long-term storage of missiles, missile and warheads of missiles is carried out in transport metal containers 9Y234 (missiles) and 9Y236 (warheads). Storage in TZM 9T218 is allowed. Transportation of missiles and warheads is carried out by transport vehicles of the 9T222 or 9T238 complex (ZIL-137 or ZIL-137T truck tractor, respectively, with a 99511 semi-trailer) - 2 missiles or 4 warheads. The difference between transport vehicles in the tractor and the method of transmitting torque from the tractor to the axles of the semi-trailer: 9T222 - hydraulic transmission, 9T238 - mechanical transmission. For the storage and transportation of nuclear warheads, storage vehicles are used - a special onboard vehicle of the NG2V1 / NG22V1 type. For arsenal and storage operations, airfield storage carts 9T127 and 9T133 (for missiles, missile units) and 9T114 (for warheads) are used. The guaranteed shelf life of missiles with conventional warheads and missile parts is 10 years (including 2 years in the field). missiles and warheads can be transported by BTA aircraft and Mi-6, Mi-8 and Mi-26 helicopters.
Transport vehicle 9T238 with containers 9Ya234
Missiles 9M79, 9M79M and 9M79-1: number of stages - 1 (rocket body material - aluminum alloy). The warhead is inseparable.
The main differences between missile units:
9M79 - the first version of missiles complex "Tochka"
9M79M - the ability to use with a warhead with a passive seeker, a new set of cables and a new DAVU 9B65M (rocket 9M79R "Tochka-R") are used on the missile part. Since 1983, all missiles of the complex have been produced with a new set of cables.
9M79-1 - a missile with a modernized solid propellant rocket engine (fuel mass is 80 kg more), re-arranged instrument and tail compartments and with an increased range ("Tochka-U").
Launches of 9M79 Tochka missiles, presumably 2009-2010. (photo from Konst archive, http://www.militaryphotos.net).
Missile systems 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" with 9M79M "Tochka" missiles at the exercises of rocket and artillery units of the 5th combined arms army of the Eastern Military District, Sergeevsky combined arms training ground, March 2013. The launch of 9M79M "Tochka" missiles was conditional. (http://pressa-tof.livejournal.com).
Rocket 9M79-1 "Tochka-U", presumably 2009-2010 (photo from Konst archive, http://www.militaryphotos.net).
Control system and guidance- missile control system (developed at TsNIIAG, chief designers - B.S. Kolesov and A.S. Lipkin.) inertial using a command-gyroscopic device 9B64 (developed by NPO Elektromekhaniki, Miass), a discrete-analog computing device 9B65 ( DAVU), on-board automation unit 9B66, turbogenerator control unit 9B150 and angular velocity and acceleration sensor DUSU-1-30V. A 9B149 turbogenerator is used to power and operate the steering gears.
The command-gyroscopic device 9B64 is a gyro-stabilized platform (GSP) with two gyrointegrators installed on it (performing the function of an accelerometer) and two zero-speed indicators (to bring the GSP frame to the horizon at the start). A multifaceted prism is installed in the lower part of the GSP, which serves to set the GSP at the start using the optical system of the launcher. The composition of the GSP includes functional diagrams: a three-channel system of power
gyroscopic stabilization, a two-channel system for bringing the GPS to the horizon (pitch and yaw), a system for azimuthal aiming of the GPS along the rotation axis (Y), elements for measuring the angular and linear parameters of the rocket's movement. DAVU 9B65 consists of a discrete (digital) computing device DVU and an analog computing device AVU. The flight task number (slant range) is entered into the TLD in digital form and all calculations are carried out similarly to a classical computer with a fixed point. To transfer numbers in the TLD, a parallel code is used. By the number of addresses, the TLD is a 3-address machine, the speed is 5120 operations per second.
The rocket is controlled using aerodynamic lattice rudders (9B69 electric steering machines - two upper and 9B68 - two lower) at the initial and final stages of flight, on the active part of the trajectory synchronously (on the same shaft) with aerodynamic rudders, tungsten gas-dynamic rudders are also involved. At the final stage of the trajectory, the rocket, at the command of the altitude radio sensor, dives at the target at an angle of 80 degrees. To undermine warheads above the ground, a laser sensor is used.
The SPU is equipped with ground-based control and launch equipment with aiming and topographical reference systems. The 1T28 topographic location equipment is installed on the SPU, the pre-launch check of the missile is carried out by the 9V390 ground control and launch equipment built into the SPU (from the digital computer 1V57 "Argon-1S", starting from the SPU 9P129M - 1V57M), the missile is guided and flight data is entered with the transport doors closed a compartment with a rocket in a horizontal position using the 9Sh129 aiming system (the command-gyroscopic device of the rocket is adjusted through the window of the optical system). To calculate the flight task and calculate the angle of turn of the GSP, maps of the area corrected according to the results of aerial and space photography are used - the active units are provided with such materials by the Space Intelligence Center of the GRU. The production of the Argon computer of the 1V57M version and later was carried out by the Kishinev Radio Engineering Plant.
During the operation of the complex, different types of 1V57 computers were used:
1V57-16 - 1V57 with firmware for AKIM 9V819
1V57-15 - 1V57 with firmware for SPU 9P129
1V57M-15 - 1V57M with firmware for AKIM 9V819M
The missile control system uses a "single-coordinate" range control method (tested for the first time on Onega missiles), control takes place both in the active and in the passive sections of the flight trajectory.
Rocket "Tochka-U" - the control system of the rocket is built on a new element base. Information about the possibility of redirecting the rocket after launch is a media fiction. Digital computer in SPU A15-12-12 (series "Argon" with a system of commands ES computers).
Command-gyroscopic device - 9B64-1
Discrete analog computing device - 9B638
Block of on-board automatics - 9B66-1
Turbogenerator control unit - 9B150-1
Angular velocity and acceleration sensor - DUSU-1-30V
Turbogenerator power supply - 9B185
Steering machines - 9B89 (4 pcs)
For comparison, systems similar in purpose to the SPU of the Oka (left) and Tochka-U (right) complexes.
Engine:
Rockets 9M79 / 9M79M "Tochka" - solid propellant rocket engine, single-mode, fuel charge - 9X151, fuel - DAP-15V - mixed solid fuel of the first or second generation (judging by the specific impulse). Composition: oxidizing agent - ammonium perchlorate, fuel - rubber with aluminum powder. The engine housing is made of high alloy steel. The engine nozzle is made using siliconized graphite, silicon and tungsten. The ignition system includes two 15X226 squibs and a 9X249 igniter. Development of the engine charge - NPO "Soyuz" (supervisor - Academician B.P. Zhukov).
Engine thrust - 9788 kg
Engine weight - 926 kg
Fuel weight - 790 kg
Engine operating time - 18.4-28 sec.
Pressure in the combustion chamber - 69 kg/sq.cm
Specific impulse - 236 units
Rocket 9M79-1 "Tochka-U" - solid propellant rocket engine, single-mode, fuel - mixed solid, oxidizer - ammonium perchlorate, fuel - rubber with aluminum powder and additives. Engine nozzle redesigned. A new charge of fuel developed by NPO Soyuz is used.
Specific impulse - up to 300 units
The solid propellant rocket engine of the 9M79 Tochka rocket (Zestaw Rakietowy 9K79. Opis techniczny. Warszawa, Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej, 1989 Poland)
The design of the 9X151 fuel charge (1) of the 9M79 Tochka rocket solid propellant rocket motor with armor impregnated with a non-combustible composition of cotton fabric (2). (Zestaw Rakietowy 9K79. Opis techniczny. Warszawa, Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej, 1989 Poland)
TTX missiles:
Range:
15-70 km ("Point" / "Point-R" according to the project and actually)
20-120 km ("Tochka-U" / 9M79-1)
185 km (SS-21C)
Flight speed - 1036 m / s (9M79-1)
The maximum height of the trajectory is 26000 m (9M79-1)
Minimum trajectory height - 6000 m (9M79-1)
50-200-250 m ("Point")
45 m ("Point-R")
160-300 m ("Point-U")
From several to 50 m - an average of 15 m ("Tochka-U" during the IDEX-93 exhibition, 5 launches)
10 m at a range of 56 km ("Point-U")
165 m ("Tochka-U", warhead 9N123F, range 35 km, standard *)
210 m ("Tochka-U", warhead 9N123K, range 35 km, standard *)
200 m ("Tochka-U", warhead 9N123F, range 70 km, standard *)
235 m ("Tochka-U", warhead 9N123K, range 70 km, standard*)
* - standard = taking into account the error in the coordinates of the target no more than 100 m and the launch point no more than 80 m
The time of transmission to the rocket of control commands and equipment settings at launch (maximum) - 118 ms
Start time after pressing the "Start" button - 1-1.2 s
Start-up time from readiness No. 1 - 2 minutes
The time from the beginning of the rise of the rocket to launch - 15 s
Flight time to maximum range - 136 s
Rocket flight time - 43 - 163 s
Start time from the march - 16-20 minutes
Shutdown time after start-up - 1.5 min
SPU reload time with TZM - 19 min
The storage time of missiles in running order is up to 10 years (as of 1975, later the warranty storage periods were repeatedly increased)
Storage time in the field - 2 years
Time to replace the warhead on a rocket in the field - 15 minutes
The probability of hitting a target with 2 9M79F missiles is 90%
Operating conditions of the 9K79 complex - temperature from -40 to +50 degrees C, terrain altitude up to 3000 m from sea level, wind speed up to 25 m / s. For a short time (up to 6 hours), the complex can be operated at temperatures down to -60 degrees. C and up to +60 degrees. C. For the use of the complex, weather data are not required (except for temperature with an accuracy of 10 degrees C).
The cost of the telemetric version of the 9M79-1T missile of the 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" complex as of 2009, according to unconfirmed data, is 9.189.623 rubles ( ist. - www.linux.org.ru).
Missile consumption complex "Tochka" full-time for hitting different types of targets:
Combat equipment: "Tochka" / "Tochka-U" (missiles 9M79 / 9M79-1, respectively), "Tochka-R":
- rocket 9M79F / 9M79-1F- high-explosive fragmentation warhead of concentrated action 9N123F / 9N123F-1. The warhead was put into service as part of the first version of the 9K79 Tochka complex. The BCH 9E118 non-contact explosive device includes a radio sensor, which at an altitude of 450 m (+ -50 m) gives the command to turn the missile into a dive at an angle of 80 degrees. (+-5 degrees). To compensate for the angle of inclination of the dive trajectory, the charge of the high-explosive warhead is deployed relative to the axis of the warhead hull at an angle of 10 degrees. A high-explosive warhead is detonated at a height of 15 + -6 meters on command from a laser sensor (optics - "Zenith"). The safety-actuator 9E117 is an electromagnetic device with 2 safety stages - the first stage is removed at the moment of rocket launch (i.e. after pressing the “Start” button); the second stage is removed at a given height of the final segment of the trajectory (18 - 4 km, depending on the launch range) on command from the control system. Educational and training split model warhead - 9N123F-RM; overall weight model warhead - 9N123F-GVM.
Warhead diameter - 650 mm
Warhead weight - 482 kg
Mass of explosives (TG20 - TNT hexogen) - 162.5 kg
Number of fragments - 14500 pieces
Shard types:
1 group - weighing 20.6 gr. - 6000 pcs.
Group 2 - weighing 10 g - 4000 pcs.
Group 3 - weighing 5.47 g - 4500 pcs.
The affected area is 2-3 hectares
Warhead 9N123F (numbers indicate - 1 - non-contact fuse 9E118 with a 9E326 radio sensor and a laser fuse sensor; 2 - 9N310 case; 3 - high-explosive charge case; 4 - charge; 5 - fiberglass; 6 - semi-finished combat elements; 7 - safety actuator 9E117 with two contact sensors 9E128 (Zestaw Rakietowy 9K79. Opis techniczny. Warszawa, Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej, 1989 Poland)
The 9E331 radar fuse can be used in warheads - the warhead with 9E331 differs from the warhead with 9E118 in the absence of two special windows for optics. The 9E118 laser fuse and the 9E331 fuse were developed by the Design Bureau of the Impuls plant, chief designer V.E. Dubrovin, deputies - for the radar fuse - V.V. Fisher and for the laser fuse - R.A. Vanetsian. ( ist. - http://www.impuls.ru).
- missile 9M79B / 9M79-1B- nuclear warhead 9N39 with a nuclear warhead AA-60, power 10 kt; training version - 9N39-UT; The warhead was put into service as part of the first version of the 9K79 Tochka complex. Developed by VNIIEF (Sarov / Arzamas-16).
TTX warhead:
Warhead length - 2325 mm
Warhead diameter - 650 mm
Warhead weight - 482 kg
Number of fragments - 15800 pieces
The number of fragments in one fragment element - 316 pieces
Fragment weight - 7 grams
The affected area is 3.5-7 ha
The fragmentation element explodes at an angle of encounter with an obstacle from 25 to 90 degrees or 32-60 seconds after the cluster warhead is detonated.
Warhead 9N123K. The numbers indicate: 1 - radio sensor 9E326, 2 - contact fuse 9E237 of a fragmentation element, 3 - fragmentation combat element 9N24, 4 - warhead body 9N311, 5 - central charge 9X34, 6 - safety actuator 9E117, 7 - means of stabilizing the combat element ( Zestaw Rakietowy 9K79 Opis techniczny Warszawa, Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej, 1989 Poland)
- rocket 9M79B1- nuclear warhead of special importance 9N64 with an AA-86 warhead, power up to 200 kt according to one and 100 kt according to other data; training version - 9N64-UT (identification of the name of the warhead is conjectural), the missile was put into service by 1981 (USSR State Prize). Developed by VNIIEF for the rocket complex "Tochka-U" (Sarov / Arzamas-16, ist. - Veselovsky).
- rocket 9M79B2- nuclear warhead of special importance AA-92, entered service probably after 1988 (not mentioned in the technical description of the 1988 edition of the complex, unlike the others). Developed by VNIIEF for the rocket complex "Tochka-U" (Sarov / Arzamas-16, ist. - Veselovsky).
- chemical warheads- monoblock and cassette - the development of chemical warheads for Tochka missiles was started by decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 788-257 of September 14, 1970. The production of ammunition was carried out by decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of January 1974. The assembly of ammunition was carried out in the assembly shop No. 74 of the chemical plant in the city of Novocheboksarsk (Chuvash ASSR).
- chemical warhead 9N123G ("Geranium"?)- cluster warhead for the 9M79 missile of the Tochka complex equipped with V-gas (R-33). Production of warheads - NPO "Khimprom" (Novocheboksarsk), gas production - plant No. 91 of the chemical industry of the USSR. The munition was not demonstrated at the presentation of domestic chemical munitions to international observers in Shikhany in 1987.
OV weight - 60.5 kg
The mass of OV with a combat element is 930 gr.
The number of ammunition in storage in the settlement of Shchuchye (1987) - 94 pieces
- chemical warhead 9N123G2-1- cluster warhead for the 9M79-1 missile of the Tochka-U complex equipped with soman gas (R-55). Warhead production - NPO "Khimprom" (Novocheboksarsk), gas production - plant No. 91 of the chemical industry of the USSR. The ammunition was not demonstrated at the presentation of domestic chemical munitions to international observers in Shikhany in 1987.
The number of combat elements in the warhead - 65 pieces
Mass of OV - 50.5 kg
The number of ammunition in storage in the village of Shchuchye (1987) - 39 pieces
- Warhead 9N123-UT / 9N123K-UT / 9N123F-UT / 9N123F-R2-UT / 9N123F-R3-UT- training warheads of Tochka and Tochka-U missiles with different types of warheads.
The composition of the complex"Dot":
SPU 9P129 / 9P129M
Transport vehicle 9T238 (ZIL-137T tractor with 99511 semi-trailer) or 9T222 (ZIL-137 tractor with 99511 semi-trailer), 9T222 - transmission of torque from the tractor to the axles of the semi-trailer is hydraulic, 9T238 - mechanical - transports 2 missiles or 4 warheads;
Automated control and testing machine (AKIM) 9V818, 9V819 and 9V819M (ZIL-131 chassis with kung K131) or 9V820 - for checks and maintenance work with missiles, missile units and warheads. The AKIM 9V819 equipment includes a digital computer 1V57 or A15-12-11 (on AKIM 9V819-1).
Length - 7490 mm
Width - 2070 mm
Height - 2300 mm
Ground clearance - 330 mm
Weight - 9330 kg
Maintenance vehicle 9V844 (ZIL-131 chassis) - for checking SPU and AKIM equipment.
Length - 7490 mm
Width - 2405 mm
Height - 3370 mm
Ground clearance - 330 mm
Weight - 9849 kg
Highway speed - up to 80 km / h
Command and staff vehicle R-145BM on the BTR-60 chassis (with radio stations R-130, R-111, R-123)
Set of arsenal equipment 9F370
Training aids
Containers for missiles 9Ya234
Containers for warheads 9Ya236
Aerodrome storage trolley 9T114 with expandable bed (for transportation of container 2Ya236)
Length - 4467 mm (with container 9Ya236)
Width - 1330 mm
Height with container - 1217 mm
Weight with a container with a warhead - 1161 kg
Own weight - 300 kg
Aerodrome storage trolley 9T127
Aerodrome storage trolley 9T133 (for transportation of container 2Ya234)
Length with containers - 7855-7975 mm
Width with containers - 2520 mm
Height with containers - 1966-2016 mm
Weight with 2 containers with missiles - 6275 kg
Own weight - 1115 kg
Automated control and testing machine 9V819-1 with electric generator ESV-12
The composition of the "Tochka-U" complex:
- SPU 9P129-1 / 9P129-1M
- TZM 9T218-1 / 9T218-1M
- Transport vehicle 9T238 (tractor ZIL-137T or ZIL-4401 with semi-trailer 99511) - transports 2 missiles or 4 warheads;
- Automated control and testing machine (AKIM) 9V818-1, 9V819-1 (ZIL-131 chassis) or 9V820-1
- Maintenance vehicle 9V844 / 9V844M (ZIL-131 chassis)
- Command and staff vehicle R-145BM on the BAZ-5921/5922 chassis (with radio stations R-130, R-111, R-123)
- Set of arsenal equipment 9F370-1
- Training facilities, containers for storing and transporting missiles, storage and other facilities are similar to the Tochka complex.
The Tochka-R complex is a combination of SPU 9P129M / 9P129M1 / 9P129-1M with 9M79R / 9M79FR / 9M79-1FR missiles.
In addition, to ensure the operation of the Tochka and Tochka-U complexes, the following units and technical means are used:
simulators
- 9F625 - a complex simulator for training PU calculations.
- 2U43 - simulator of the control panel mech.-water. PU.
- 2U420 - operator simulator.
- 2U41 - a simulator for training the correctness of reading from the 1G17 gyrocompass.
- 2U413 - simulator-rocket 9M79F, interaction of the elements of the complex.
In the technical departments:
- cranes 9T31M1
- washing and neutralization machines 8T311M
- and other equipment.
Degrees of readiness complexes "Tochka" and "Tochka-U":
- Readiness 5 - missile blocks have been checked and are on the 9T238 or TZM 9T218 transport vehicle or on the SPU 9P129. The term of being in readiness is 10 years indoors or 2 years in the field.
Time standard for alerting - 21 minutes (27 minutes when using nuclear warheads)
Readiness 4 - warheads are attached to missile pods, missiles have been checked and are on TZM 9T218 or on SPU 9P129. The term of being in readiness is 2 years.
Time standard for alerting - 23 minutes
Readiness 3 - missiles with warheads on SPU 9P129 located in the stowed position at the location of the missile brigade. Target coordinates unknown. The term of being in readiness is 2 years.
Time standard for alerting - 20-30 minutes
The time limit for launching a rocket from readiness is 17 minutes after arrival at the starting position
Readiness 2 - missiles with warheads on SPU 9P129 located at the starting position, SPU supports on the ground, topographical reference has been made, the missile has been checked by means of SPU, target coordinates are unknown. The term of being in readiness is 6 months.
Time standard for alerting - 2-3 minutes
The time limit for launching a rocket from readiness is 4.5 minutes
Readiness 1 - missiles with warheads on SPU 9P129 located at the starting position, SPU supports on the ground, topographical reference has been made, the rocket has been checked by SPU tools, autonomous power sources of the SPU have been turned on, preparations have begun for the launch of the rocket. The term of being in readiness is 180 hours in cycles of 3 hours with pauses of 25 minutes or 6 hours without a break.
Time limit for launching a rocket from readiness - 2 min 20 s
Modifications:
Approximate projections of the V-611 missiles (Volna air defense missile system), V-614 Tochka, 9M79 Tochka, 9M79-1 Tochka-U missiles and the section of the 9M79 missile (the last three with high-explosive warheads). 01/17/2010 the drawing is based on the projections of an unknown author with significant changes in size, proportions and modifications, http://military.tomsk.ru.
Complex 9K79 "Point", basic missile block 9M79 or 9M79M (tests since 1971, adoption - 1975) - options for completing the missile with warheads - by 1975 - 9M79F and 9M79B, later - 9M79B1 / 9M79F / 9M79K - the first serial modification of the complex .
9M79M "Tochka" missile at the exercises of rocket and artillery units of the 5th Combined Arms Army of the Eastern Military District, Sergeevsky Combined Arms Range, March 2013. The launch of 9M79M "Tochka" missiles was conditional. (http://pressa-tof.livejournal.com).
Complex 9K79 "Tochka", missile 9M79K- a missile with a cluster warhead 9N123K was developed and put into service by 1980 (USSR State Prize).
Complex 9K79 "Tochka", missile 9M79B1- a missile with a nuclear warhead of special importance 9N64 with an AA-86 warhead was put into service by 1981 (USSR State Prize).
Complex "Tochka-R", missile "Tochka-R" 9M79R / 9M79FR / 9M79-1FR, base missile unit - 9M79M or 9M79-1 (1983) - the development of a modification with a passive radar-homing head for aiming at radio-emitting targets was started by decision of the Military-Industrial Commission under the USSR Council of Ministers of April 1, 1971. Full-scale development was started by the Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering not earlier than 1975. Military tests of the complex and adoption into service - 1983. It differs from the missiles of the Tochka complex with a warhead with a passive radar seeker 9N915 and is used with a missile unit 9M79M ("Tochka-U" - with a missile unit 9M79-1) with modified control system. Any standard warheads can also be used. It can be used with SPU 9P129M ("Tochka"), 9P129M1 and 9P129-1M ("Tochka-U"), missiles are tested by AKIM 9V819M and 9V819-1.
Complex 9K79-1 "Tochka-U", 9M79-1 base rocket unit (tests - 1986, adopted in 1989) - an improved version of the Tochka complex (range and accuracy have been increased - the solid propellant rocket fuel composition has probably been changed and a more modern element base is used in electronic systems) . The tests of the complex were carried out at the Kapustin Yar test site from August 1986 to September 1988. Missile options by warhead types - 9M79-1B, 9M79-1F, 9M79-1K, 9M79-1FR and others (see above - Combat units).
Rocket 9M79B-UT / 9M79F-UT / 9M79K-UT- training missiles of the Tochka complex; training missiles are produced using the hull and mechanical parts of combat missiles, instead of fuel, mock-ups are installed, instead of squibs - simulators, control devices and electrics - real workers.
Rocket 9M79M-UT- training rocket of the "Tochka" complex with the base rocket block 9M79M;
Rocket 9M79-UR- training split rocket of the Tochka complex;
Rocket 9M79-GVM / 9M79M-GVM- weight-and-weight mock-ups of missiles of the "Tochka" complex (the second one with the 9M79M missile unit); Dimensional and weight mock-ups of missiles are produced using the hull and mechanical parts of combat missiles, mock-ups are installed instead of fuel, mock-ups are installed instead of squibs and devices, electrical wiring is from combat missiles.
Rocket 9M79-1-UT- training missiles of the "Tochka-U" complex;
Rocket 9M79-1-UR- training split rocket of the "Tochka-U" complex;
Rocket 9M79-1-GVM- weight-and-weight model of the rocket of the Tochka-U complex
Rocket 9M79-1T- telemetric version of the rocket complex "Tochka-U" ( ist. - www.linux.org.ru, 2009).
Complex 9K79M (?) "Tochka-M"(1997) - according to Western data, since the 1990s, an even more long-range and accurate version of the complex has been developed. Press mentions are as of at least November 1997. No other data yet.
Self-propelled launcher 9P129M OTR "Tochka"
Transport-loading vehicle 9T218 OTR "Point"
Transport vehicle 9T238
The layout of the rocket "Tochka" / "Tochka-U" (scheme from the site http://rbase.new-factoria.ru)
Status : USSR (Russia):
1976 - the beginning of the receipt of Tochka complexes in separate missile divisions of motorized rifle and tank divisions. The division included two batteries, the battery included two Tochka launchers.
1981 - located on the territory of the GDR (GSVG, later - ZGV), in total in the USSR - 140 complexes.
1985 - in the European part of the country, together with FROG-7, about 700 complexes.
1987 - 265 complexes.
1988 - missile battalions are withdrawn from motorized rifle and tank divisions and reduced to separate missile brigades of district and army subordination. The brigade included 3-4 divisions (12-16 SPU "Point"). In total, at least 16 missile brigades with Tochka and Tochka-U complexes were formed in the USSR Armed Forces. All are deployed in the European part of Russia:
123rd Missile Brigade (Konotop village) of the 1st Guards Separate Army of the Kiev Military District, later disbanded;
152nd Missile Brigade (Chernyakhovsk) of the Baltic Military District;
189th Missile Brigade (Balti settlement) of the 14th Guards Separate Army Odessa Military District, later disbanded;
199th Guards Rocket Dresden Order of Alexander Nevsky Brigade (Novograd-Volynsky, Nesterov, Girls) of the 8th Tank Army of the Carpathian Military District (re-equipped from the 9K72 complex) - later became part of the Ukrainian Armed Forces (see below);
233rd Missile Svirskaya Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky Brigade (Zaslonovo) of the 7th Tank Army of the Belarusian Military District (re-equipped from the 9K72 complex) was later disbanded; previously based in the village of Slobudka, Brest region, on February 25, 1989, the brigade was transferred to the state 8/421 complex 9K79 "Point"; in July 1989, the brigade included 118, 199 and 256 ORDN and the brigade was redeployed from Slobudka to the village of Zaslonovo, Lepelsky district of Belarus. It was disbanded in 1994 as part of the 65th Army Corps of the Belarusian Army.
432nd Missile Brigade (Wurzen) of the 1st Guards Tank Army of the Western Group of Forces, withdrawn to the Carpathian Military District (Nadvirna settlement) disbanded;
442nd Missile Brigade (Gvezdov) of the TsGV, withdrawn to the village of Shuya, Moscow Military District - disbanded;
449th Missile Brigade (Arnstadt) of the 8th Guards Separate Army of the Western Group of Forces, withdrawn to Olovyannaya of the Trans-Baikal Military District, disbanded;
The 458th Missile Brigade (Neustrelitz) of the 2nd Guards Tank Army of the Western Group of Forces was withdrawn to the Baltic Military District (Kamenka), disbanded;
459th Rocket Brigade (Gyor) of the Southern GV, withdrawn to Belaya Tserkov, Kiev Military District, disbanded;
460th Rocket Brigade (settlement of Tseli) of the 5th Guards Tank Army of the Belarusian Military District, disbanded;
461st Missile Brigade (Slavuta) of the 13th Combined Arms Army of the Carpathian Military District, disbanded;
463rd Missile Brigade (Sovetsk) of the 11th Guards Separate Army of the Baltic Military District, disbanded;
The 464th Missile Brigade (Fürstenwalde) of the 20th Guards Separate Army of the Western Group of Forces was withdrawn to Kapustin Yar of the North Caucasian Military District, disbanded;
465th missile brigade (village of Tseli) of the 28th separate army of the Belarusian Military District;
669th separate missile division of the SGV (Byalogard);
595th Separate Missile Battalion of the SGV (Sventoshuv);
Separate divisions were also in the Moscow, North Caucasian, Leningrad and Baltic MDs.
1989 - 289 complexes.
1991 - 300 complexes (310 nuclear charges for SS-21);
1991 - the Tochka and Tochka-U complexes were consolidated into 15 missile brigades with the following deployment:
ZGV - 5 rbr;
Belarusian VO - 3 rbr;
Carpathian VO - 2 rbr;
Kyiv Military District - 2 rbr;
Odessa Military District - 1 rbr;
Baltic VO - 1 rbr;
Moscow VO - 1 rbr;
December 30, 1991 - on the basis of the 114th missile brigade withdrawn from the Northern Group of Forces (Poland), the 1st Guards Orsha Order of Suvorov and Kutuzov 2nd degree missile brigade was formed (North Caucasian Military District, Krasnodar, re-equipped with 9K79 "Dot").
1993 - during the exhibition of weapons IDEX-93, 5 demonstration launches of Tochka-U missiles were carried out (KVO from several to 50 m).
1995-1996 - complexes "Tochka" and "Tochka-U" are used during the first Chechen war of the 464th and / or 114th RBR of the North Caucasian Military District.
1998 - 20th Guards Berlin Twice Red Banner Missile Brigade of the 15th Combined Arms Army (Spassk-Dalny as of 1985-1991), re-equipped with 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" complexes 1990 release. A missile training division with 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" systems operates in the Far Eastern Military District.
1999 September-October - the Tochka-U complex was used by the 464th RBR of the 58th combined arms army against targets in Grozny and Bamut during the second Chechen war.
1999 October 21 - US intelligence notes the use of 5-6 Tochka-class missiles on targets in Grozny during the second Chechen war.
November 1999 - according to some Western data, about 130 Tochka missiles were used in Chechnya during the war.
2000 June - according to Western data, the OTR "Tochka" connection is located in the Kaliningrad region.
2002 autumn - according to Fedorov L.A. (see list of sources) secretly destroyed in the course of experiments on the destruction of chemical weapons 195 submunitions of chemical warheads packs "Tochka".
December 1, 2006 - based on the results of research special tactical exercises, the staff of the 20th Guards Berlin Twice Red Banner Missile Brigade was changed. The mobile repair and technical base (PRTB) was liquidated and a separate missile technical division (ORTD) was organized. The changes are most likely caused by the refusal to use nuclear warheads on tactical carriers, the storage and maintenance of which was carried out by the PRTB. These changes also affected other missile formations in Russia.
2006 September - during the exercises "Southern Shield-2006", the 92nd RBR of the 2nd Guards Army of the Volga-Ural Military District conducted firing of the Tochka-U OTR at the Donguz training ground in the Orenburg region.
2008 August 8-12 - the Tochka-U complex was used by the Russian Armed Forces during the Georgian-Ossetian conflict against targets in Georgia. In total, the 1st or 464th RBR of the North Caucasian Military District (15 SPU) probably participated in the hostilities. According to the US Department of Defense, a total of 15 launches of SS-21 missiles were made.
TZM 9T218 complex "Tochka-U" near the Roki tunnel (August 2008, Russian TV)
Original photo of Musa Sadulaev (10-48 local time August 12, 2008, Assotiated Press)
Enlargement of the missile "Tochka-U"
And in a few more seconds (Associated Press)
2009 - according to Western data, 140 Tochka and / or Tochka-U complexes are in service.
October 8, 2009 - firing exercises of the 152nd Guards Rocket Brigade were held at the Pavlenkovo training ground in the Kaliningrad region. Firing was carried out with Tochka 9M79 or 9M79M missiles.
Installation "Tochka-U" with a missile "Tochka" of the 152nd RBR during firing at the Pavlenkovo training ground in the Kaliningrad region, 10/08/2009 (photo from the Konst archive, http://www.militaryphotos.net).
October 29, 2009 - during firing practice at the Lugi training ground (Leningrad region), a standard Tochka-U rocket exploded. The explosion occurred at an altitude of 1000 m a few seconds after launch. According to the representative of the Russian Defense Ministry, Colonel Alexei Kuznetsov (RIA Novosti), the rocket was out of service. An investigation is underway into the causes of the emergency self-destruction.
2009 - based OTP 9K79 "Tochka" and 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" as part of the Russian Armed Forces (according to Internet sources):
| Military unit | Military district | Number of SPU | Note |
| 20th Guards Berlin Twice Red Banner Missile Brigade (Spassk-Dalniy settlement) of the 5th Combined Arms Army | Far Eastern | 12 | since 1998, the brigade has been re-equipped with Tochka-U complexes. Composition - 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" + 9 KShM R-145BM. 2013 - on staff. |
| 107th Missile Brigade (Birobidzhan / Semistochny settlement) | Far Eastern | 12 | 9K720 "Iskander-M" |
| 26th Missile Brigade (Luga) | Leningradsky | 12 | 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" + 9 KShM R-145BM, as of 2009, possibly equipped with 9K720 "Iskander-M" complexes |
| 112th Guards Rocket Brigade (Shuya) | Moscow | 12 | 9K720 "Iskander-M" |
| 448th Missile Brigade (Kursk) | Moscow | 12 | 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" + 9 KSHM R-145BM, in the future it is planned to upgrade to 9K720 "Iskander-M" |
| 92nd Missile Brigade (Kamenka near Penza) | Volga-Ural | 12 | 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" + 9 KShM R-145BM, since 2007, rearmament to 9K720 "Iskander-M" complexes has been announced |
| 119th Missile Brigade (Elansky settlement) | Volga-Ural | 12 | |
| 1st Guards Missile Orsha Order of Suvorov and Kutuzov Brigade (Krasnodar) | North Caucasian | 12 | since 1991-1992 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" + 9 KSHM R-145BM, in the future it is planned to upgrade to 9K720 "Iskander-M" |
| 464th missile brigade (Kapustin Yar, Znamensk, Astrakhan region, since 1992) | North Caucasian | 12 | 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" + 9 KSHM R-145BM, in the future it is planned to upgrade to 9K720 "Iskander-M" |
| 103rd Rocket Brigade (Drovyanaya village, Ulan-Ude) | Siberian | 12 | 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" + 9 KShM R-145BM, since 2005, rearmament to 9K720 "Iskander-M" complexes has been announced |
| ORDN of the 60th Center for Combat Use (Kapustin Yar, Znamensk-6, Astrakhan Region) | North Caucasian, central subordination | 4 | 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" |
| ORDN Center for combat use | Far Eastern | 4 | 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" |
| 152nd Guards Rocket Brest-Warsaw Ord. Lenin Red Banner Ord. Kutuzov II degree brigade (Chernyakhovsk, Kaliningrad) | Baltic Fleet | 12 | 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" + 9 KShM R-145BM |
| TOTAL in the Russian Armed Forces | 140 |
- 2010 - according to Western data at the beginning of the year, as part of the Russian Armed Forces, 18 RBRs armed with Tochka complexes with 216 SPU complexes. We consider these data to be inaccurate and overestimated.
May 09, 2010 - 152nd Guards Rocket Brest-Warsaw Ord. Lenin Red Banner Ord. Kutuzov II degree brigade (Chernyakhovsk, Kaliningrad) with installations "Tochka" took part in the parade on Victory Day in Kaliningrad.
Launchers of complexes "Tochka" at the Victory Parade in Kaliningrad. May 9, 2010 (photo - Natalya Ambra, http://picasaweb.google.com).
- 2011 January 24 - The media report that the Russian military base in South Ossetia (Tskhinvali, Java) received 1 division of Tochka-U missile systems, probably one of the missile brigades of the North Caucasus Military District.
September 22, 2011 - during the exercises "Center-2011" at the Kapustin Yar training ground, group launches of OTP 9M79 were carried out by means of the 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" complexes together with the battery of the 9K720 "Iskander-M" complexes.
Launch of the 9M79 rocket of the 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" complex, the Kapustin Yar test site, 09/22/2011 (photo by Vadim Savitsky, http://twower.livejournal.com).
Missile systems 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" with 9M79M "Tochka" missiles at the exercises of rocket and artillery units of the 5th combined arms army of the Eastern Military District, Sergeevsky combined arms training ground, March 2013. The launch of 9M79M "Tochka" missiles was conditional. (http://pressa-tof.livejournal.com).
- 2013 July 14 - The Ministry of Defense today announces that the 103rd missile brigade of the 36th Army of the Eastern Military District, during the inspection of units and formations of the Air Defense Forces, was brought to the highest degree of combat readiness. At present, the brigade, armed with the Tochka-U complexes, has deployed its complexes at the starting position in the area of the Divisional training ground near the city of Ulan-Ude, has completed a set of camouflage measures and is in readiness to complete the assigned combat training tasks ().
September 22, 2013 - the missile brigade of the Western Military District (probably the 26th Neman Red Banner Missile Brigade, Luga) performed successful firing exercises of the Tochka-U rocket launcher, probably with 9M79K Tochka missiles ().
Missile launches complexes "Tochka-U" of the Western Military District, the test site in Luga, Leningrad Region. 09/22/2013 (frames of the Zvezda TV channel,
Tactical missile system
9K79-1 "Tochka-U" with 9M79-1 missiles designed by the Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering (Kolomna), chief designer - S.P. Invincible. The modernization of the Tochka complex in order to increase the range and improve accuracy began in 1984. The changes affected the composition of the rocket engine fuel, the modernization of control devices, and the design of the rocket was slightly changed.
Tests of the modernized Tochka-U complex were carried out at the Kapustin Yar test site from August 1986 to September 1988. Climatic tests were carried out in 1989 in the Trans-Baikal and Turkestan military districts.
The 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" complex was put into service in 1989, the mass production of missiles was launched at the Votkinsk Machine-Building Plant in the same year. The Tochka-U complex can use missiles of the Tochka complex.
The western name of the 9K79-1 Tochka-U complex is SS-21B SCARAB-B.
Launchers of complexes 9K79-1 "Tochka-U" in the starting position (http://mil.ru)
Missile systems "Tochka" and "Tochka-U" in the Russian Armed Forces
Tochka missile systems have been the main armament of the Missile Forces of the Ground Forces of the Russian Armed Forces for more than 20 years. As of 1991, the Soviet armed forces had 300 Tochka and Tochka-U missile systems. As of 2009, the Russian army had 140 Tochka and Tochka-U complexes united into 11 missile brigades and 2 separate missile divisions. By 2018, during the re-equipment of missile brigades with the new 9K720 Iskander-M missile systems, the number of Tochka and Tochka-U systems was significantly reduced.
The composition of the battery of the complex
2 self-propelled launchers 8P129M;
- 2 transport-loading vehicles 9T218;
- 2 transport vehicles 9T238;
- 1 automated control and testing machine (AKIM) 9V819-1 or 9V819M or 9V820;
- 1 maintenance vehicle 9V844 (ZIL-131 chassis) - for testing SPU and AKIM equipment;
- 1 R-145BM command and staff vehicle on the BTR-60 chassis.
Rocket length- 6407 mm Rocket diameter- 650 mm Wingspan– 1440 mm Rocket mass- 2010 kg Mass of rocket block- 1528 kg Fuel weight- 1006 kg Warhead weight- 480 kg Range- 20 - 120 km Airspeed- 1036 m/s Trajectory height maximum- 26000 m QUO- 10-250 mTTX missile system "Tochka-U"
Tochka family of missiles and V-611/V-614 prototypes
(http://militaryrussia.ru).
Missiles 9M79-1 "Tochka-U" can be equipped with the following types of combat equipment: - nuclear warhead (warhead) of low power 9N39; - nuclear warhead of special importance; - high-explosive warhead 9N123F-1; - cassette 9N123K-1; - anti-radar warhead 9N123F-R.Combat equipment
Rocket 9M79-1 "Tochka-U" (http://mil.ru)
Autonomous inertial control system using a 9B64 command-gyroscopic device (developed by NPO Electromechanics, Miass), a 9B65 discrete-analog computing device (DAVU), a 9B66 on-board automation unit, a 9B150 turbogenerator control unit and a DUSU-1- angular velocity and acceleration sensor 30V; The rocket is controlled using aerodynamic lattice rudders at the initial and final stages of flight, on the active part of the trajectory, synchronously (on the same shaft) with aerodynamic rudders, tungsten gas-dynamic rudders are also involved. At the final stage of the trajectory, the rocket, at the command of the altitude radio sensor, dives at the target at an angle of 80 degrees. To undermine warheads above the ground, a laser sensor is used.Control system and guidance
Modifications:
Missile system 9K79-1 "Tochka-U"- an improved version of the "Tochka" complex with backward compatibility for missiles (it can use missiles of the "Tochka" complex).
Missile system 9K79M "Tochka-M"- a failed project for a deep modernization of the missile system.
"New defense order. Strategies"
The mid-60s was marked by a real boom in rocket science, and rockets were often introduced even into those areas that were traditionally occupied by conventional cannon artillery. Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev especially distinguished himself in this field. However, there were some bright sides in such innovation. For example, it was during this period that the USSR laid a solid scientific base for the development of a huge number of missile systems.
Tochka-U also belongs to these: this installation significantly surpassed all its foreign counterparts (and at first there were none at all). Today we will tell about the history of the creation of this weapon.
Prerequisites for creation
Around the mid-60s, the Department of Defense initiated work on a project for a completely new limited-range ballistic system. For the first time in the history of the domestic weapons complex, the focus was not on the power of the warhead, but on the accuracy of the rocket. All the previous ones absolutely clearly testified that this approach should become prevailing in the new, changed world. In particular, it was possible to inflict painful blows on enemy territory without tearing the entire neighborhood to shreds.
The development was instructed to deal with the ICB Fakel. The work was not carried out from scratch: they took missiles from the M-11 Storm complex, which was originally installed exclusively on ships, as a basis. The first result was the complex "Hawk". It was assumed that it would use an electronic guidance system. Simply put, in this case, it would be necessary to “lead” the rocket from the ground, constantly adjusting the accuracy of its flight.
Already in 1965, the Hawk turned into the Tochka project. The missile part was left the same, but the engineers completely redesigned the guidance system. So, they completely abandoned the electronic circuit, proposing to use a relatively simple inertial option. It was well tested and tested on a number of previous Soviet missile systems. But this is not "Point-U" yet. The installation went through a rather difficult path of development, as new technical obstacles constantly arose before the developers.
Further work
All Fakel projects did not go beyond drawings and sketches. Approximately in 1966, all developments were transferred to the Kolomna Design Bureau, and the project was immediately supervised by S.P. Invincible. However, Kolomna engineers fully agreed with the point of view of their colleagues from Fakel: indeed, an inertial guidance system would be optimal. In fairness, it is worth noting that in the future the project was completely redesigned. In fact, only the name remained from it - "Point-U". The installation has been greatly improved, its design has been reduced in cost.
In general, the active stage of work started only in 1968. This time the project was supported by about 120 various scientific and technical enterprises, which created Tochka-U. This approach was dictated by the fact that in the shortest possible time it was necessary to create not only the rocket itself, but also a mechanical chassis, as well as a launch installation and a huge amount of electronic "stuffing". A huge contribution was made by the Volgograd Barricades, which created a launcher from scratch, as well as the Bryansk Automobile Plant, at whose facilities all elements of the new chassis were developed and created.
Work on the launcher
In general, initially two variants of the launcher were considered at once, from which the Tochka-U ballistic missile would launch. The first of them was created by engineers from Kolomna, but it was used exclusively for field tests. In particular, it was this launcher that was demonstrated during the tests of 1971, which took place in Kapustin Yar. Almost immediately, the design developed by the Barrikady plant began to play the main role.
The main characteristics of the missile part
In 1973, the assembly of missiles began at the Votkinsk plant in Udmurtia. At the same time, the first stages of state tests started, according to the results of which the Tochka-U was put into service. Installation in the army is better known under the index 9K79.
The basis of the entire complex is a single-stage solid-fuel rocket 9M79. The total length of the ammunition was 6.4 meters, the diameter was 650 mm. To adjust the course, lattice rudders with a span of 1350-1400 mm were used. A rocket with a combat weight of about two tons is launched, of which at least one and a half tons accounted for directly on the rocket part. The remaining 482 kilograms were shared between themselves and the electronic control system.
A lot of difficulties were caused by the correct solid recipe, which was responsible for accelerating the rocket and bringing it to the target. In the end, they settled on a composition that included rubber, aluminum powder, and a large part of ammonium perchlorate. The fuel supply burned out in approximately 18-28 seconds. The rocket received an inertial impulse, which was enough for a flight of 235 seconds. Because of this, the Tochka-U missile system turned out to be relatively cheap, since the minimum amount of fuel and explosive was used in the design.
Characteristics of the guidance system
The complex includes a large number of electronic and mechanical equipment responsible for aiming at the target: a command gyroscopic device, an analog course computer, many speed sensors, etc. The basis of the system was a 9B64 command gyroscopic device. He was responsible for stabilizing the platform during the flight. In general, the Tochka-U missile system ensured that a projectile hit a target at a distance of 50 kilometers and with a dispersion of no more than 30-40 meters already during tests, which at that time bordered on fantasy.
Data from all instruments was promptly transmitted to the 9B65 computer, which was responsible for automatic plotting of the flight course. This was done quite simply: the device compared the information received with the reference indicators that were put into it at launch, and, if necessary, corrected the flight. As we already mentioned, this was done with the help of lattice rudders located at the end of the projectile. If at the time of the correction the fuel supply had not yet burned out, gas-dynamic rudders were also used, using the energy of the gases released by the burning composition.
In this way, the Tochka-U missile system also differed significantly from its few foreign counterparts, in which the control and course correction system was many times more complex.
Other technical solutions
Since the combat and propulsion parts of the complex were inextricably linked throughout the flight, the engineers concentrated on developing a correction system that would start working immediately upon approaching the target. At this stage, a sensitive gyroscope was supposed to keep the projectile at an angle of 80 ° to the horizon. In general, the Tochka-U ballistic missile, despite its comparative simplicity and low cost, shows excellent accuracy results.
The input of data on the location of the target was carried out even before the rocket was raised to a vertical position on the launcher. The control equipment and the Argon converter automatically calculated and formed the flight task, after which it was transferred to the rocket.
Very interesting was the method of testing the gyroscopic stabilization system, which was used by the Tochka-U ballistic missile. In particular, in its design there was a special multifaceted prism connected to an optical heading recognition system. There was a small window in the body of the rocket, the light from which fell on this polyhedron and was reflected exactly on the test equipment.
Work on the creation of a self-propelled chassis
At the first stage, the engineers believed that the chassis would be made on the basis of some machine developed at the Kharkov plant. However, after comparing the characteristics of all the proposed samples, preference was given to an instance created on the basis of this floating chassis, the 9P129 machine was created. Oddly enough, but according to the documents, work on the Tochka-U complex project was supervised by the Volgograd plant Barrikady. Serial launchers and many other important elements of the chassis were generally produced by the Petropavlovsk Plant.
Chassis specifications
The car was equipped with a diesel engine that developed power up to 300. The powerful engine allowed the installation, completely ready for launch, to drive along the highway at speeds up to 60 km / h. Off-road limited the pace of movement to 10-15 km / h. If necessary, the Tochka-U complex could overcome water obstacles under its own power, while developing a speed of up to 10 km / h. Since the total mass of the chassis did not exceed 18 tons, it could be transported using almost all military transport aircraft.
The rocket compartment was quite original. So, in front of it, a massive heat-insulating casing was mounted, which reliably protected the warhead of the projectile from exposure to excessively high or too low temperatures. What else is remarkable about "Point-U"? The characteristics of the pre-launch preparatory work clearly distinguish it from the background of all other missile systems due to the simplicity and high speed of all operations.
Preparation for combat use, pre-launch work
The standard for preparing for launch from the move assumed full combat readiness for a maximum of 20 minutes. At the same time, the lion's share of the time was spent on ensuring maximum stability of the chassis itself. All other procedures were performed by the trained calculation many times faster. Thus, only the Tochka-U installation (the photo is available in the article) is a real difficulty.
It took literally a couple of seconds to transfer commands to the control system, lifting the launcher to a vertical position took exactly 15 seconds, after which it was immediately possible to launch. The elevation of the launching stocks could reach 78 °. Thus, the Tochka-U complex is a formidable weapon, the deployment of which, under favorable conditions, takes less than two minutes.
In the horizontal plane, the guidance mechanics made it possible to turn the launcher 15 ° to the right and left relative to the central axis of the self-propelled chassis. When firing at a maximum range of 70 kilometers, the rocket flew this distance in just a couple of minutes. During this time, the Tochka-U launcher was supposed to be transferred to the traveling position and start retreating from the “illuminated” position. Recharging the complex took about 19-20 minutes.
Transport-loading vehicle
What else is included in the Tochka-U complex? The specifications of her rocket, if you haven't forgotten, assume a projectile weight of two tons. So it is impossible to do without a transport-loading vehicle, which was created on the basis of the BAZ-5922 chassis. In its body there is room for two missiles, the warheads of which are covered with a heat-insulating casing. The installation of shells on the guides is carried out using a cargo crane, which is included in the design of 9T128.
In principle, missiles can be stored in a transport-loading vehicle for a relatively long time, but it is much better to use specially designed metal containers for this purpose. What is it connected with? If the Tochka-U installation (the photo of which is repeatedly found in the article) was stored in inappropriate conditions, the rocket can fly anywhere, but not at the target.
To transport installations over long distances, special vehicles 9T222 or 9T238 are used, which are almost standard tractors. On one such machine, two containers / missiles or four warheads can be transported. No matter how good Tochka-U was, its characteristics began to deteriorate more and more noticeably over time. Of course, work began on the modernization of equipment.
Modifications and upgrades
The result of the work was the adoption in 1983 of the Tochka-R complex. In principle, it differs from the old system only in a new way of aiming a missile at a target. More precisely, the designers again returned to the idea of a radar guidance system. The new complex can automatically capture a target at a distance of 15 kilometers, after which the standard control mechanisms inherited from the old Tochka are used. However, the new installation may well use the entire range of missiles that have been released in past years.
Starting in 1984, a new round of work began, since even the characteristics of the new generation Tochka-U installation did not satisfy the military too much. Tests took place already in 1986. Three years later, the updated complex was put into service and its mass production began. As in the previous case, the main changes affected the missile part directly. As a result, the mass of the "Point" has grown by about 250 kilograms.
But not only this characterizes the new Tochka-U installation. The damage radius has also been increased. The new rocket received a solid-propellant engine weighing one ton. The flight range after that immediately increased to 120 kilometers, which also made it possible to create nuclear versions of the projectiles.
New variants of ballistic missiles
Before modernization, the complexes received new types of warheads. In general, today there are the following types of shells for "Points":
9M79. This rocket model is the very first, it appeared along with the installation itself.
9M79M. First upgrade option. In this case, the production technology itself has been seriously changed. In addition, full compatibility with the new automatic targeting system was ensured. The upgraded missile has the index 9M79R.
9M79-1. A projectile with this name is characterized by a significantly increased flight range.
9M79-GVM. This is a training model of a combat missile, which is used in training. In appearance, they almost perfectly reproduce their combat "ancestors".
Types of combat units
The warheads of the missiles themselves are no less diverse. Here we present the most common ones.
- 9H123. High-explosive fragmentation projectile. The development was completed in the late 60s. Its design contains almost 163 kilograms of explosives and 14.5 thousand semi-finished fragments. They can cover an area of up to three hectares. It should be noted here that during the design a huge number of calculations were made, according to the results of which the TNT mass is located at an angle to the central axis of the rocket, which ensures the most uniform distribution of the fragmentation mass over the area.
It is for this projectile that Tochka-U is unloved among the infantry. The defeat of manpower when using it approaches 100%. You can hide from heavy damaging elements only in a very good shelter.
This is what the Tochka-U missile system is characterized by. Photos, which are presented in due quantity in the article, will allow you to create your own idea of \u200b\u200bhim.