Altitudinal zonation in the mountains presentation. Presentation on geography “Natural zones of Eurasia. Hard-leaved, evergreen forests and shrubs

Characteristics of natural zones of EurasiaNatural
zones
Klm. belts
Flora (4 species)
Fauna (4 species)
soil
Arctic
empty
Arctic
Mosses,
lichens,
polar poppy
Polar bear,
lemming, scribe,
reindeer.
Perennial
permafrost
Tundra
Forest-tundra
Taiga
Mixed width
natural forests
Steppes
Deserts

Arctic deserts

Lasts up to 150 days polar night. Summer is short and
cold. Frost-free period with temperatures
above 0°C lasts only 10-20 days, very rarely up to 50
days. Placers of coarse clastic
material. Soils are thin, underdeveloped,
rocky.

Arctic deserts

It is devoid of trees and
bushes. It's wide here
scale deposits are common
lichens on the mountains
rocks, mosses, various
algae on rocky
soils, only some
flowering
Fauna of the zone
Arctic presented
polar bears,
arctic foxes, polar
owls, deer. On
rocky shores in summer
nest seabirds,
forming " bird markets».

Tundra

The surface of the tundra western regions is
an endless plain with numerous rivers,
lakes and swamps.

Tundra

Animals of the tundra
adapted to
harsh conditions
existence. Many of
they leave the tundra for
winter; some
(eg lemmings)
are awake under the snow,
others hibernate
polar owl
Reindeer
muskox
arctic fox
Leming
cowberry

Forest-tundra

The average July temperature here is +10-14°C. Annual
the amount of precipitation is 300-400 mm. Precipitation
significantly more than can evaporate, so the forest-tundra
- one of the most swampy natural areas.

Forest-tundra

reindeer
white partridge
blueberry
lynx
cloudberry
In the fauna of the forest-tundra
dominate
lemmings too
different types in different
longitudinal zones,
reindeer, arctic foxes,
white partridge
snowy owl And
big variety
migratory,
waterfowl and
small ones settling in
bushes, birds
The tundra is rich
berry
shrubs -
lingonberries, cranberries,
cloudberries, blueberries.

Taiga (coniferous forests)

The taiga climate is characterized by relatively warm and fairly humid
in summer and cool, and in some places cold winter. Average annual
precipitation from 300 to 600 mm (in Eastern Siberia it even decreases
up to 150-200 mm). The air temperature in summer often exceeds +30 °C;
In winter, frosts reach 30...50°C.

Taiga (coniferous forests)

By species
composition
differentiate
light coniferous
(pine
ordinary,
some
American
types of pine,
larches
Siberian and
Daurian) and more
characteristic and
common
yu dark coniferous
taiga (spruce, fir,
cedar pine).
spruce
larch
fir
pine
cedar

Taiga (coniferous forests)

Taiga fauna
richer and
more diverse than
animal world
tundra
Numerous and
wide
common: lynx,
wolverine,
chipmunk, sable,
squirrel, etc. From
ungulates
meet northern
and red deer,
elk, roe deer;
numerous
rodents: hares,
shrews, mice. From
birds are common: capercaillie,
hazel grouse, nutcracker,
crossbills, etc.

Broadleaf forests

BROAD-LEAVED FORESTS - deciduous tree-shrub communities with wide leaves of trees in different
combination - oak, beech, maple, linden, elm (elm), chestnut, ash and others.;

Broadleaf forests

maple
Linden
oak
birch
chestnut
ash

Broadleaf forests

Forest-steppe

Forest-steppe is a natural area of ​​the Northern
hemispheres characterized by a combination
forest and steppe areas.

Forest-steppe

Steppe

Steppe - a plain overgrown with grassy vegetation, in
moderate and subtropical zones northern and southern hemisphere.
Characteristic feature steppes is almost complete
lack of trees

Steppe

Feather grass steppe
goitered gazelle
meerkat
camel
bustard

Semi-deserts and deserts

Semi-deserts temperate zone in Eurasia stretch
wide strip (up to 500 km) from the western part
Caspian lowland, through Kazakhstan, Mongolia
to Eastern China.

Semi-deserts and deserts

scorpion
turtle
fennec fox
monitor lizard
viper
camel
long eared hedgehog

hard-leaved forests,
subtropical evergreen forests mainly from xerophilic,
hard-leaved species. The tree canopy is single-tiered, with a dense
undergrowth of evergreen shrubs.

Hard-leaved, evergreen forests and shrubs

butcher's broom
Olive Tree
laurel
lemon
mandarin
ficus

Southern natural areas

Savannas and woodlands
Altitudinal areas
Variably wet and monsoon forests

Slide 1

Slide 2

Examination homework I. Place in the appropriate columns + 1. Moisture deficiency (less than 150 mm/g) 2. Wormwood-grass vegetation predominates. 3. The ratio of heat and moisture is close to optimal. 4. The humidification coefficient in the zone varies from 0.6 – 0.8 at the northern border to 0.3 in the south. 5. The zone occupies the south of the European part and Western Siberia. 6. Sparse vegetation is sensitive to the proximity of groundwater. 7. Some animals hibernate in the summer. 8. One of the forms of disturbance of ecological balance is overgrazing of livestock. 9. The modern look is an agricultural landscape with artificial forest plantations. Natural zone Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Forest-steppe Steppes Semi-deserts Deserts

Slide 3

II. Find the match (Make a note in your notebook) Soils Natural zone Problems Chernozem Forest-steppe Moisture deficiency (250 mm/g) Gray soil Deserts Water and wind erosion Chestnut Semi-deserts Droughts, hot winds, dust storms Gray Steppes Salinization

Slide 4

III. Check the first task 1. Moisture deficiency (less than 150 mm/g) 2. Wormwood-grass vegetation predominates. 3. The ratio of heat and moisture is close to optimal. 4. The humidification coefficient in the zone varies from 0.6 – 0.8 at the northern border to 0.3 in the south. 5. The zone occupies the south of the European part and Western Siberia. 6. Sparse vegetation is sensitive to the proximity of groundwater. 7. Some animals hibernate in the summer. 8. One of the forms of disturbance of ecological balance is overgrazing of livestock. 9. Modern appearance – agricultural landscape with artificial forest plantations. Natural zone Question number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Forest-steppe + + Steppe + + + Semi-desert + + Desert + +

Slide 5

Question number 1 Check the second task Find the match (Write in a notebook) Soils Natural zone Problems Gray Forest-steppes Water and wind erosion Chernozem Steppes Droughts, hot winds, dust storms Chestnut Semi-deserts Moisture deficiency (250 mm/g) Gray soil Deserts Salinity

Slide 6

Goal: To deepen knowledge about altitudinal zonation - the main pattern of change natural conditions in the mountains; Objectives: To form an idea of ​​altitudinal zonation in the mountains of Russia; Identify cause-and-effect relationships in altitudinal zones. Get acquainted with the manifestation of altitudinal zonation in various mountains; Consider the influence of mountains on life, health and economic activity person.

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Altitudinal zone- this is a natural change in natural conditions, natural zones, landscapes in the mountains Altitudinal zone of the Caucasus Altitudinal zone of the Urals

Slide 10

Compare Southeast and Northwestern parts of the northern slope of the Caucasus. Draw the diagrams in your notebook

Slide 11

Practical work: Compare and explain the differences in the altitudinal zones of the two parts of the Urals. I option “Polar and Northern Urals» II option “Subpolar and Southern Urals”

It appears most clearly in the mountains.

The reason for this is a decrease in the heat balance and, accordingly, temperature with altitude.

Altitudinal zonation is manifested in the spectrum of altitudinal belts (zones) from the foot to the peaks. The higher geographic latitude terrain (taiga, tundra zones), the shorter the range of altitudinal zones (two or three altitudinal zones); to the equator (zones of subtropical forests, savannas, equatorial forests) the range of altitudinal zones is much wider (six to eight).

Manifestation of latitudinal zonality of mountain landscapes through the spectra of their altitudinal zones

a - in the mountains of the taiga zone, b - in the mountains of dry subtropics

Glacial-nival Mountain tundra Mountain meadows

Mountain coniferous forests(taiga)

Mountain coniferous broadleaf forests Mountain broad-leaved forests Mountain forest-steppe Mountain steppe Mountain semi-desert

Sector

This is a change in the degree of continental climate from the ocean coasts inland, associated with the intensity of advection air masses from the oceans to the continents and, accordingly, the degree of moisture in sectors located at different distances from the coasts and on different coasts.

The root cause of this phenomenon is differentiation earth's surface on continents and oceans, which have different reflectivity and heat capacity, which leads to the formation of air masses with different properties(by temperature, pressure, moisture content). As a result, pressure gradients arise between them, and, consequently, continental-oceanic transport of air masses, superimposed on the area-wide atmospheric circulation. As a result, longitudinal or other changes in landscapes occur from the coasts inland. This is most clearly manifested in the change in the spectrum of natural zones and subzones in each sector.

Changes in the spectrum of latitudinal natural zones and subzones in different physical-geographical spectra of continentality

Zones: 1-taiga, 2-deciduous forests, 3-forest-steppe, 4-steppe, 5-semi-desert, 6-desert.

Sectors: I-oceanic, II-weak and moderate continental,

III-Continental

Altitudinal-genetic layering of landscapes

The layering of plain and mountain landscapes is associated with the age, stages of development, and the genesis of different hypsometric levels (steps or leveling surfaces) of the relief. The identification of these levels is due to the unevenness of tectonic movements.

Landscape layering is the identification in the landscape structure of regions of altitudinal-genetic stages, recorded in the main geomorphological levels of relief development. At the same time, placors are considered as relics of ancient denudation surfaces or accumulative plains, and more low levels plains are associated with subsequent stages of relief leveling.

On the plains there are tiers: elevated; low-lying; lowland.

In the mountains, landscape layers are distinguished: foothills, low mountains, middle mountains, high mountains, intermountain basins.

Each altitudinal tier usually includes one to three altitudinal zones with fragments of transition zones, where, depending on the exposure and steepness of the slopes, they can alternate natural complexes adjacent belts.

Barrier effect in landscape differentiation

An important consequence of the tiered structure of the landscape shell is the emergence of a barrier effect, expressed through the characteristic spectra of foothill and slope landscapes.

The factors that directly determine the identification of barrier landscapes are changes in atmospheric circulation and the degree of moisture in windward and leeward areas in front of mountains and hills, as well as slopes of different exposures. On the windward side, in front of the mountains and hills, the air gradually rises, flowing around the barrier, and forms a belt of increased precipitation compared to the latitudinal-zonal norm. On the leeward side of the elevations, on the contrary, downward currents of air of already low humidity dominate, which leads to the formation of drier “barrier shadow” landscapes.

Exposure hydrothermal differences of slope landscapes

The orientation of slopes relative to the sides of the horizon and the directions of prevailing winds is also an important factor in the differentiation of landscapes, but at the fine-grained and local levels of organization of geosystems. As a result of the interaction of geomorphological (azonal) and climatic factors slope landscapes of different exposures differently deviate from the typically zonal landscapes of uplands.

Expositional landscape asymmetry of slopes is of two types:

Insolation asymmetry is associated with unequal intake solar radiation on slopes of different exposures. The insolation asymmetry of slopes is most clearly manifested in the landscapes of transition zones.

Wind, or circulation, asymmetry of slope landscapes is primarily associated with different amounts of moisture on the windward slopes of mountains and hills.

Material (lithological) composition

At local and small regional levels of the organization natural environment Important factors in the differentiation of landscape complexes can be the material (lithological) composition and structure of surface sediments.

3.8. Natural resource potential of landscapes

Natural resource potential

a stock of resources that is used without destroying the structure of the landscape.

The removal of matter and energy from the geosystem is possible as long as it does not lead to disruption of the ability of self-regulation and self-healing.

Presentation of a geography lesson "Altitudinal zones" 8th grade.

Goals: to form an idea of ​​the patterns of changing natural conditions and environmental conditions in the mountains.

1. Educational:

Organize student activities to study altitudinal zones;

Create conditions for students to get acquainted with the technical training of alpine and subalpine meadows, forming an image of the mountains;

It is planned that by the end of the lesson, students will be able to build spectrograms of altitude zones and determine from them geographical position and the name of the mountains.

1. Educational:

To promote the development of interest in the material being studied, memory, thinking, cognitive activity;

To provide conditions for improving the ability to work with a map and applying the acquired knowledge in practice.

1. Educational:

Help foster love and careful attitude to the surrounding world.

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"presentation "Altitudinal zonation""

Altitudinal zone

Geography. 8th grade.

FGKOU secondary school No. 162

Teacher Zrazhva V.I.

Repetition of covered material

Plant community dominated by conifers

Taiga

A plant community consisting of forbs forms on chernozems with insufficient moisture

Steppe

The science that studies PTC

Landscape science

Solontsy

Saline soils, in which readily soluble salts are large quantities contained in the soil are located at a depth of 20-50 cm.

Types of soils in which salts are large quantities are in the surface layer

Serozems

A flat clayey place, devoid of vegetation in dry times, is broken into polygons by cracks

Takyrs

Sand acacia grows on sand, can send out branches from its roots, and adventitious roots from its branches, and grow vice versa

Juzgun

Plants with short term growing season

Ephemera

Bustard

The biggest flightless bird steppes

Frontal survey

• Where is the steppe zone located?

(in the south of the East European Plain, in the south of the Urals and in the south of Siberia)

• Why don't trees grow in the steppe?

(insufficient hydration)

• Why do steppe soils have high fertility?

(a significant amount of plant residues remains in them and humus is formed)

• Where can you see trees in the steppe?

(in river valleys)

• What soils are in a semi-desert?

(brown)

• Why is it impossible to determine the age of saxaul by rings?

(salsaul forms several rings throughout the year - from 7 to 18, depending on the number of precipitations)

• Which dangerous phenomena maybe in the steppes?

(droughts, hot winds, dust storms)

• Why does the taiga change to mixed and broad-leaved forests?

(air temperature rises, humidity decreases )

Lesson Objectives

1. Educational:

• organize student activities to study the patterns of changing natural zones in the mountains;
• create conditions for students to become acquainted with the technical training of alpine and subalpine meadows;
• It is expected that at the end of the lesson, students will be able to read spectrograms of altitude zones.

• Educational:

• promote the development of interest in the material being studied, memory,

thinking, cognitive activity;

• provide conditions for improving the ability to work with a map and apply the acquired knowledge in practice;

• Educational:

- contribute to the education of love and respect for nature.

The concept of altitudinal zonation

• Altitudinal zone - natural change of soils, flora and fauna with the concept of mountains

Changing the components of nature with climbing into the mountains

Height change

Changing of the climate

Changes in soils, flora and fauna

Group 1. Practical work

• Using contour map and templates place the spectra of altitudinal zones in accordance with mountain systems.

Patterns of location of natural zones in the mountains

Write them down in your notebook.

• 1. The higher the mountains, the larger the set of natural zones (multi-story).
• 2. The closer to the equator, the more diverse the natural complexes in the mountains.
• 3. The change of natural zones in the mountains is similar to the change of natural zones on the plain, from south to north.
• 4. The change of natural zones on the northern and southern slopes is different. Snow on the northern slopes begins at a lower altitude.
• 5. The first natural zone at the foot is the one in which the mountains are located.