Journal articles on social psychology. Social Psychology. The effectiveness of social work ensures the formation of social activity of its participants, associated with their personal characteristics, attitude to production, society, work, image

Makes it possible to identify types of common emotional orientation: altruistic, practical, gnostic, aesthetic.

Instructions to the subject: Carefully read the list of pleasant experiences (class “A”) and write down on a separate sheet under the corresponding class “A” number the numbers of those that are pleasant to you or more characteristic, typical, i.e. For a long time, you have been experiencing this more often than others.

“Underline the number of the most pleasant of those already highlighted, and put a noticeable dot under the number of the most frequently experienced.

Do the same procedure with a list of unpleasant experiences.

Repeat the same procedure with class "B".

Class "A" -

Pleasant experiences.

1. A Joy, satisfaction, admiration for the noble deed of another person.

2. P Thirst for activity.

3. E Joy, anticipation of something pleasant.

4. D Fun, carefree, feeling good.

5. GC Warm interest in learning something new.

6. P The joy of fruitful work.

7. GN Thirst for discovery. . . .

8. And Joy, satisfaction that fills the soul when you manage to do good to people.

9. E Sweet, yearning feeling when perceiving something beautiful (good music, nature, etc.).

10. GN Rejoicing when you manage to solve a difficult or interesting task, question.

11. D Enjoyment of a pleasant physical sensation from warmth, sun, tasty food.

12. G Love for comfort and luxury.

13. P Joy in anticipation of work.

14. D Enjoying the serenity of existence.

15. G Feeling of bliss (sweet life).

Unpleasant experiences.

1. L Compassion, pity for people.

2. P Irritation from inactivity.

3. P Irritation when having to do boring work.

5. E Feeling of dissatisfaction when you don’t find beauty around.

6. GN Depression, suffering due to dissatisfaction in the sphere of cognition.

6. A Resentment due to ingratitude.

7. P Irritation due to wasted time.

8. P Irritation at the sight of disorder in things, surroundings, or organization of business.

9. A Moral outrage - unworthy behavior.

10. GN Aversion to inertia (in the judgment of people, in books, lectures)

11. And Despair, when the person you are attracted to does not understand you.

12. D Fear of an empty life, loneliness.

13. D Feeling depressed when you're alone

14. A Irritation when you see a manifestation of heroism, unwillingness to reckon with another person -

Pleasant experiences.

1. A Joy from the consciousness of personal usefulness to others.

2. 2. P Thirst for luck and success in the game, business, and fulfillment of personal plans.

3. E Satisfaction when you are able to see, perceive, feel beauty.

4. GN Satisfaction from constant enrichment of knowledge.

5. E Joyful inner excitement when you manage to create something beautiful yourself.

6. A Compassion, empathy, self-pity.

7. E Delight, joy at the sight handsome man or landscape.

8. E Awe at the sight of a masterpiece of art.

9. E Satisfaction if the environment matches your aesthetic tastes.

10. GN Satisfaction when solving a difficult problem.

11. P Joy, a feeling of satisfaction when the possibility of useful activity opens up for you.

12. E Acute sense of unity of oneself with nature, beauty and joy of being.

13. P Satisfaction, when the planned tasks are completed, you cope with them well.

Unpleasant experiences.

1. E The experience that people around you are rude, vulgar, ugly.

2. GN Satisfaction with one’s knowledge.

3. D Feeling of irritation and hostility towards others when you are in a bad mood.

4. E Painful perception of violation of harmony and beauty in the surrounding world.

5. A An acute experience when you offended a person.

6. E Suffering due to the fact that he himself is not able to create anything beautiful.

7. G Unreasonable melancholy.

8. P Dissatisfaction, irritation, when the necessary things are not done, you cannot cope with them.

9. D Internal emptiness, emotional indifference.

10. GN Dissatisfaction with one’s abilities.

11. A Suffering, dissatisfaction at the sight of the opportunity to be useful to people.

12. GN A feeling of bitterness at the realization of the impossibility of comprehending all the experience accumulated by humanity.

13. D Irritation at the sight of one’s powerlessness and inability to change the current situation.

14. D Experience of insufficiency of one’s will.

15. P Dissatisfaction when you don’t have enough time and don’t have time to do important things.

Research procedure.

The respondents are given questionnaires containing formulas for typical experiences. The questionnaire contains 55 texts - questions of typical experiences. It is divided into class “A” (experiences expressing an attitude towards objective situations) and class “B” (experiences expressing an attitude towards oneself). Each class contains subclasses of pleasant and unpleasant experiences. This questionnaire allows you to determine the percentage of each type of general emotional orientation (GEN): altruistic, practical, gnostic, aesthetic, hedonic.

Materials processing. Calculate total answers for all classes and subclasses and accept it as 100%. Then count the number of responses corresponding to each type of OEN and determine the percentage of each type of OEN for the subject.

For example, out of 55 questions, a subject chose 26 of them for each type:

Type Class. Subclass

OEN AP AN VP VN Total

The orientation of the personality finds its expression in the sphere of experiences in the form of different attractiveness of the same emotions and emotional states for various persons. If, for example, people with an altruistic orientation prefer to experience the feelings of love and participation that arise in them when they serve others in some way, then “practical” people are more drawn to the excitement of work. A certain personality orientation is expressed not only in a typical emotional attitude towards typical objective situations, but also in a typical selective attitude towards the emotions themselves.

The emotional orientation of a person is revealed. on the one hand, in the special attractiveness for him of certain emotions, and in lowering the threshold, on the other hand, in the opposite sensitivity. The emotional orientation is characterized by the main plane in which the amount of emotional well-being of the individual: for a humanist - love-resentment, for a practitioner - enthusiasm-annoyance, for a hedonist - fun-longing. Types of OEN are distinguished depending on the experiences to which a person is more sensitive.

Identification of the emotional orientation of the subjects.

Test instructions

The questionnaire is designed to establish differences that cannot be defined in terms of “better or worse.” Therefore, any answer will characterize you equally well if you answer seriously and sincerely. You need to try to follow the instructions exactly.

Complete the following tasks in the order listed.

1. Read the list of pleasant experiences below carefully and write down the number of the one you enjoy experiencing most. If you are absolutely sure that your answer is correct, circle the number you wrote down.
2. Place the remaining numbers to the right along the line in order of preference that you give to one emotion over another.
3. Separate with a vertical line the numbers of those emotions that you clearly prefer to others.

For example: 2, 8, 3, 5, 1, 6, 2, 4, 7, 10 (if you are not sure that the experience you most desire is truly put in first place, there is no need to circle the number).

Test material

List of experiences

1. A feeling of the extraordinary, mysterious, unknown, appearing in an unfamiliar environment or area.
2. Joyful excitement, impatience when acquiring new things, collectibles, pleasure from the thought that there will soon be even more of them.
3. Joyful excitement, elation, passion, when work is going well, when you see that you are achieving successful results.
4. Satisfaction, pride, elation when you can prove your worth as an individual or superiority over your rivals when you are sincerely admired.
5. Fun, carefree, good physical well-being, enjoyment delicious food, relaxation, relaxed atmosphere, safety and serenity of life.
6. The feeling of joy and satisfaction when you manage to do something good for people you care about.
7. Warm interest, pleasure in learning new things, in meeting amazing scientific facts. Joy and deep satisfaction when comprehending the essence of phenomena, confirming your guesses and assumptions.

You must register

To see the entire material, you need to register or log in to the site.

Attention!
1. No one will see your name or photo in the test results. Instead, only gender and age will be indicated. For example, " Woman, 23" or " Man, 31“.
2. The name and photo will only be visible in comments or other posts on the site.
3. Rights in VK: “ Access to your friends list" And " Access anytime” are required so that you can see the tests that your friends have taken and see how many answers you have matched as a percentage. Wherein friends won't see answers to questions and results of your tests, but you will not see their results (see paragraph 1).
4. By authorizing on the site, you consent to the processing of personal data.

Key to the test

Emotions and the corresponding numbers of experiences in the test material are presented in the table:

Processing test results

In the questionnaire, the experience ranked first by the subject is assigned a score of 10 points, then in descending order - 9, 8, 7, etc. In this way, it is possible to identify the leading emotional orientation of the individual.

Interpretation of test results

To classify emotions B.I. Dodonov chooses a semi-empirical, as he put it, path, in which he did not go from needs to emotions, but from the previously collected huge raw material about “valuable” experiences to the correspondent needs “shone through” through them, which ultimately formed the basis of the classification. This classification uses only those “speech models” that necessarily convey a specific component of emotion, its coloring “in the color” of a certain need. B.I. Dodonov identifies 10 types of such emotions:

1. Altruistic emotions arise on the basis of the need for assistance, help, patronage of other people.
2. Communicative emotions arise based on the need for communication.
3. Gloric emotions associated with the need for self-affirmation and glory.
4. Praxic emotions caused by activity, its success or failure.
5. Scary emotions stem from the need to overcome danger, on the basis of which later an interest in fighting arises.
6. Romantic emotions arise on the basis of the desire for everything extraordinary, extraordinary, mysterious.
7. Active emotions arise in connection with an interest in accumulation, “collecting” things that go beyond the practical need for them.
8. Hedonic emotions associated with satisfying the need for physical and mental comfort.
9. Gnostic emotions are often described under the rubric of intellectual feelings. They are associated with the need to receive any new information and with the need for “cognitive harmony.”
10. Aesthetic emotions are a reflection of a person’s need to be in harmony with others.

Sources

• Test questionnaire “Emotional orientation” (B.I. Dodonov)/ Diagnostics of emotional and moral development. Ed. and comp. I.B. Dermanova. – St. Petersburg, 2002. P.132-134

Almost all types of OEN we have identified in socially more or less equivalent. Some exception in the worst side, perhaps, represent only the gloric, hedonistic and active types, although this statement cannot be absolute.

Nevertheless, differences in emotional orientation leave a deep imprint on the entire structure of the spiritual life of individuals. The validity of attributing this kind of differences in the spiritual appearance of people to the factor of emotional orientation was tested by us, as indicated in the previous paragraph, in a whole series of massive empirical studies.

The very first of these studies was devoted to the question of the influence of the type of OEN people have on general features their emotional well-being. In this case, we were interested not only in those emotions that are “projected” in a person’s various inclinations, but also in his entire emotional life as a whole.

To find out this, our subjects, along with determining their type before the test questionnaire, worked with a special questionnaire, the answers to which revealed the content of their most frequent experiences - pleasant and unpleasant, caused by external situations and an assessment of their own behavior.

The results of the study proved that a person’s belonging to one or another type of OEN really has a noticeable effect on the overall “architectonics” of his emotional life. Main trend is that each type has an inherent basic “flatness” of fluctuations in well-being from happy to unhappy. For “altruists” it lies in the coordinates of experiences of unity with people - alienation from them; for “romantics” in the coordinates of the extraordinary - the everyday, etc. In the polarity of these coordinates there is one fundamental important point: it is not quite equivalent to the polarity that we encounter in the usual division of emotions into positive and negative. Thus, for “altruists”, pity and compassion realized in altruistic actions often lie closer to the positive pole of coordinates than to the negative 1.

“Emotions of unhappiness” for each type are not just “suffering”; they are generalized

1 This nature of “altruistic happiness” confused many, because it seemed that something immoral was hidden in this. J. St. Mill describes how he felt when he realized that he could not be happy if the people who needed his help disappeared: “I died, everything that supported me in life was crumbling” (quoted from: I. I. Mechnikov. Sketches of optimism. M., 1964, p. 227). In fact, such a formulation of the question is artificial and is equivalent to what would happen if a doctor who loves his job began to be tormented by the thought that he needs illnesses to be happy, and a judge - that he needs crimes.

a clear assessment of the situation as “pushing” the subject beyond the dear sphere of emotional and effective relationships to life.

It is interesting to note that for some, the “pendulum” of fluctuations in their emotional well-being approaches, as it were, the pole of “emotions of happiness,” while for others it approaches the pole of “emotions of unhappiness.”

This difference also occurs among persons who are objectively in the same living conditions. It is, therefore, not situational, but personal, revealing, however, the differentiation of people no longer according to their orientation, but according to their character, forming, so to speak, “major” and “minor” types of the latter.

Other trends in typological structuring emotional life people are presented by us in tables. Table 2 contains information about emotions caused by objective situations, and Table 3 contains information about the assessment of one’s own behavior.

Those coefficients of the frequency of experiencing each emotion 1 are emphasized, according to which

1 These coefficients are obtained by dividing the number of subjects of a given type who noted such an experience in themselves by the total number of the representative “typical” group. Zeros and commas are omitted.

table 2

Experiences	Typical groups
altruistic	praxical	Gnostic	aesthetic	hedonistic
The joy of successful work (r<0,01)		Typical emotion			200
Resentment due to ingratitude (r< 0,01)
Indignation at inappropriate behavior (p<0,05)
Compassion (p<0,01)
Irritation due to operational problems (p< 0,001)
Unsatisfied thirst for knowledge (p<0,05)
Irritation with an obstacle to doing what you love (p<0,05)
Longing for beauty (r<0,01)
Causeless melancholy or apathy (r<0,01)
Guilt (not statistically significant)

Table 3

Experiences	Typical groups
altruistic	praxical	Gnostic	aesthetic	hedonistic
Satisfaction with demonstrated commitment (p<0,05)
Self-confidence (p<0,01)
Satisfaction with aesthetic abilities (statistically unreliable)
Satisfaction with progress (p<0,001)
Dissatisfaction with abilities (p<0,001)
Dissatisfaction with knowledge (p<0,005)
Dissatisfaction with your apathy (statistically unreliable)

This type is very different from others - two features if on the larger side, one- if less. It is these indicators that outline the main contours of the emotional characteristics of the types.

Even more interesting results were brought by the study of the connection between OEN types and personality traits corresponding to them. In this study, data on the belonging of certain boys and girls to altruistic, praxic and gnostic types were compared with average estimates of their responsiveness, hard work and general intellectual development, which their course comrades gave them.

The results of this study initially perplexed us, because they unexpectedly showed that with any type of OEN, the development of any personality quality can be high, medium, or low. Even the group averages were not statistically significantly different from each other. However, it was soon discovered that the connection between the type of OEN and the level of development of the correspondent property still undoubtedly exists, but is presented in a more hidden and interesting form than we assumed a priori. Such a connection is revealed not by interpersonal, but, so to speak, by “intrapersonal” comparison of various parameters of an individual. To do this, it is necessary to determine which of the assessed properties of a person is better developed than others, and assign the highest (first) rank to it, regardless of its absolute value. Then rank other qualities in the same way. With this approach, it is revealed that the percentage of high ranks for the corresponding typical representative group property in this group is the largest, and the percentage of low ones is the smallest compared to other groups.

Data on high ranks are presented in Table 4 1 .

Table 4.

Thus, the OEN type creates a tendency for the property corresponding to it to take a dominant position among its representatives among all their other qualities. The statistical reliability of this conclusion is high.

It also turned out that for each type there is generally its own, most characteristic hierarchy of qualities. At the “altru-

1 When evaluating table data, you should not be surprised that if you add the percentages by row, you will get amounts greater than 100%. This is explained by the presence of divided high ranks, when such a rank (1.5) is assigned to two qualities at once.

ists”: responsiveness–hard work–intellectual development; among the “praxics”: hard work – intellectual development – ​​responsiveness; among the “Gnostics”: intellectual development – ​​hard work – responsiveness.

As for the fact that surprised us at first, that some “altruists” may turn out to be unresponsive, and “praxics” not very hardworking, etc., the secret, as it turned out, is simple. The fact is that loving certain experiences and being prepared to pay dearly for them are far from identical things. There are different ways to satisfy the need for “valuable” emotions, and different people choose these paths differently, since the type of OEN itself does not unambiguously define a person. You can live in a world of “touching feelings”, selflessly helping people, or by indulging in dreams or reading suitable literature. Praxic emotions can be experienced by setting goals of unequal difficulty, etc.

The factorial impact of the OEN type on the hierarchy of personality traits and her emotional life is an indicative phenomenon. But the matter is not limited to them. Emotional orientation also significantly influences the system of preferences and evaluations of people in different types of activities. We have already seen this when analyzing interests, dreams and memories. The role of emotional orientation is also noticeably revealed when studying the psychological compatibility of individuals. Although the general attitude of people towards each other is determined primarily by the assessment of the moral qualities of partners in work and communication, the ease of mutual understanding, the closeness of “intimate contact” also largely depends on the similarity of the type or general structure of the OEN. We established this in a number of experiments, the simplest of which was as follows. We asked our students to name the names of those fellow students with whom they most easily achieve mutual understanding, and those with whom their contact is difficult. After this, rank correlation coefficients were calculated based on the ranking of emotions listed in the test questionnaire between “close” and “distant”. Most often, the correlation coefficient between “close” ones turned out to be significantly higher than between “distant” ones, which indicates the important role of similarity in the structure of emotional orientation for young people to understand each other well 1 .

The same pattern emerged when studying the question of the influence of emotional orientation on the choice of “companion”

1 This experiment was carried out after those described below, and in it alone, instead of a typological approach to comparing the emotional orientations of people, an approach close to the so-called “dimensional” (“measuring”) was used. Having its own shortcomings, the latter, however, was convenient in this case in that it made it possible to determine the degree of emotional closeness of OEN in individuals with its different types. A comparative analysis of both approaches is given in the next paragraph.

ka life.” This study was carried out in two versions: by analyzing actually concluded marriages between students, whose emotional orientation was established long before, and by studying preferences in love and friendship using descriptive models of the “ideal friend.” To illustrate what has been said, we present the following:

The main “fragment” from the comparison of two data series.

Among the 5 models of boys and girls of the fearful type offered to the students, in 78% of cases they chose the following: “Strong-willed and decisive, loving struggle in all its forms. Desperate head. Sometimes reckless, passionate, but purposeful.” The model of a young man: “Restrained, serious, sometimes not a stranger to irony. Very well read and intellectually developed. Likes to reflect on the complex phenomena of life. His mind is more philosophical than practical” - not one of the 18 students of this type chose.

Thirty-three girls of the Gnostic type OEN distributed their sympathies towards these two “models” of boys in a completely different way. The first model (“hot head”) was chosen by only one of them (3% of the votes). The second (“philosopher”) was preferred by an absolute majority - 67%.

In the study of real marriages, this pattern - ceteris paribus, to prefer to all other young people a young man of the same type as oneself - was, naturally, greatly “shaded out” by many additional circumstances that by no means created equal conditions for choice. But here, too, it still clearly “shone through” through the “fog” of the complex interaction of many different factors that determine the choice of a “life partner” in reality.

The following fact is also very significant: when calculating the frequency of early marriages (before 22 years of age) among students, it turned out that girls and boys of the altruistic and communicative OEN types enter into such marriages twice as often as the rest of their fellow students.

Although a person’s personality makes itself felt in one way or another in any of his activities, only one artistic activity (primarily literary) is capable of sufficiently fully and meaningfully capturing the personality of the figure, his attitude and worldview in its “products” themselves. In this regard, it is interesting the fact of a significant influence of the OEN type on literary creativity. This fact was confirmed in mass experiments with students, and no selection of subjects according to their aptitudes and abilities was deliberately made. Without dwelling in detail on the details of the experiments, we will note only some of the results obtained.

The type of OEN did not affect the level of “literary production” of young people, if we take it as a whole. However, it turned out that some stories work better for people of altruistic and communicative types, others for “aesthetics” and “romantics,” etc. When writing a story on a given topic: “An apple tree grew and made people happy, but one day someone destroyed it,” persons of the first two named types of OEN much more often than others dramatized their narrative, linking the fate of a tree with the fate of a person. In 50% of cases, their works contained the motif of an apple tree-monument, for example:

“In the village of Osipovo lived an old man, Semyon Potapovich, a former collective farmer, and now a pensioner... He had a son, but they killed him during the war and killed Potapych’s wife... And the old man decided to plant an apple tree... Let it bloom and make noise with its young branches, and he will sit under it and remember his loved ones...”

The ending of the story from these same people often told about the death, along with the apple tree, of the person who planted it: “The mother stood in front of the apple tree and said that she would not allow it to be cut down, that by cutting down the tree, they were cutting down human life. But what do the fascists care about human life? The fascist laughed and shot the woman.”

In all other subjects studied, similar motives were found 10 times less frequently. The plot was structured completely differently and, in general, was poorer in the events and experiences of people. Persons of the aesthetic type, in particular, made the lost beauty of the tree the semantic center of their story: “Behind the village, on the triangle formed by the river and the highway along which the troops marched, there was a collective farm garden. Wounded by the steel shower, the trees stood with their burnt branches raised to the sky. And right next to the road, quietly rustling its leaves, an apple tree stood thoughtfully. It seemed like a vision she stood in the path of passing soldiers... Bathed in the rays of the sun, she met the victors. And the rows of passing companies were straightened out, the soldiers pulled up, tired eyes lit up, and parched lips whispered like an oath: “The whole earth will bloom and become like you, proud and unyielding.”

And in the morning, having risen from a rest, the soldiers saw only a pile of branches and the ragged traces of the tank column that had passed through the night. Droplets of dew burned like amber tears in the rays of the morning sun and rolled down onto the damp ground.”

As we can see, the author tried to introduce an “ideological motif” into the story, but his artistic sense failed him, and he doomed the apple tree to perish under the wheels of our own tanks, being too caught up in the desire to convey the tragedy of the doomed beauty.

The same people coped completely differently with the description of a specific landscape that opened from the window of the auditorium where the experiment was carried out. The best results here were given by boys and girls of the aesthetic type. But the main difference between the subjects, again, was not in the level, but in the spirit of the work, in their style. A feature of the descriptions of students of the communicative and altruistic types of OEN was the peculiar extension of the communicative attitude to inanimate nature. In weaker works, this was expressed in the presence of unnecessary personifications, in the frequent use of sentimental metaphors and direct appeals to nature, in the assessment of its phenomena in terms of “good and evil.” In stronger works, the same tendency was expressed much more subtly, making itself felt in the especially warm and soft tone of the narrative, in its special “communicative” intonations.

The works of the “praksiks” were characterized by the inclusion of prosaic business-like assessments in the description of the landscape, the frequent use of introductory words indicating the degree of reliability of events or the connection between them, the expression of their intentions in connection with weather conditions, etc. Among more artistically developed authors The practical type of OEN made itself felt in the great dynamism and accuracy of the landscape image.

The descriptions of students of the aesthetic type were generally characterized by the presence of two rows of features - those that can be easily identified and counted, and those that can be reduced only to a certain general impression. The first included the laconicism of descriptions (the average number of words for “altruists” = 105, for “praxics” = 90, for representatives of the aesthetic type = 70) and the predominance of the impersonal form over the personal. The second is the desire for expression, for conveying a complete overall impression of the landscape, static and minor. The perception of students of the aesthetic type was, so to speak, resonant, colored in emotional tones corresponding to the objective nature of the landscape, while in the other types of OEN considered, the perception seemed rather projective, more dependent on the feelings that possessed the young people even before the act of perception.

To clarify what has been said, we present two of the best landscape sketches encountered by students of the communicative and aesthetic types.

Ekaterina O. (communicative type OEN).

“Even in the morning, as soon as I woke up, I felt something very, very good. It turns out it snowed! It snows in March! For some reason my mood immediately lifted.

Now from the window you can see a small grove and a pond. The trees are covered with snow. A little wind shakes the branches and the snow falls. And although the day is inhospitable, the sky is gloomy, it is still good. It feels like the air is fresh and clean. It's very beautiful when everything is covered in snow. And trees, and bushes, and earth. You envy the boys you notice by the pond. And even the sparrows that perched on the branches. They sit with their heads ruffled. They are unhappy with the Crimean spring. They're probably cold. Although there is no frost at all... It’s a little difficult to convey my feelings. You feel everything: joy, surprise, and sadness.”

Larisa K. (aesthetic type OEN).

"White Day. The distance is hazy. The trees seem to be painted in white and brown. Snow from the trees falls slowly onto the wet ground. Behind the trees is a gray pond. There are black bushes around him. Cold. Distant silhouettes of houses, white spots on roofs, lines of pillars. Mountains on the horizon. White, brown and grey.”

By the way, the girl - the author of the last description, in the opinion of our experts (writer, journalist, teachers), is absolutely the best among all those given to us; at school, in all the years of study, she never, according to her, had a grade for an essay higher than “mediocre”. She received the same mark in the entrance exams to the Faculty of Mathematics of the Crimean Pedagogical Institute. When we, interested in this fact, gave the girl several more special topics, it turned out that she really did not cope with some of them very well, while others were completed at a level clearly higher than what we had encountered with other students. We consider this a very significant phenomenon, which, together with the data we previously presented, indicates that the student can truly demonstrate his literary

abilities only on material corresponding to its emotional orientation.

Obviously, this circumstance must be taken into account both during entrance exams to a university and when studying at school.

The connection between the “typological” features of literary production and the features of the vision of the world itself was confirmed in a study with the selection of ready-made “models” for the perception of certain situations by representatives of different types of OEN. It turned out, for example, that here too among representatives of the altruistic and communicative types there is a tendency to “morally perceive” nature as friendly or hostile to man, while among people of the romantic type there is a tendency to perceive nature in the “coordinates” of their “fusion” - “discord” with her.

It is interesting to note that the same trends can be traced among great writers and poets, say, N. A. Nekrasov and I. S. Nikitin, on the one hand, and M. Yu. Lermontov and F. I. Tyutchev, on the other (for example, from N.A. Nekrasov: “...my beloved forest was babbling to me: believe, there is no dearer than my native heavens...”, “...the forest threw cold sheets at me with some kind of hostility.” From F. I. Tyutcheva: “... everything is in me, and I am in everything...”, “... and why in the general choir does the soul not sing like the sea...”).

The belonging of the first group of poets to the communicative or altruistic type, and the second to the romantic type, can be assumed on the basis of a number of their statements about themselves (for example, from M. Yu. Lermontov: “My mind was not striving for something secret out of trifles,” etc. . P.).

Returning again to our studies of students and senior schoolchildren, we note the results of another, last series of experiments, in which it was found that emotional orientation creates numerous tendencies of preferences in relation to a variety of objects, phenomena, situations - from determining favorite songs, poems and books to the desire to live in large, noisy or small, cozy cities and towns.

Boys and girls with different emotional orientations assimilate many external influences in different ways and imagine their personal happiness differently. Thus, girls of the altruistic and communicative types, completing the task of describing how they would depict happiness if they were artists, in 64% of cases they suggested clearly “family” situations: “The mother and father were bending over the child in the crib”; “Sun, mother with child,” etc. Among the rest of the students, only 17% of the subjects decided to depict such situations. These data, by the way, also indicate that more frequent early marriages among girls with a communicative and altruistic orientation are by no means a random phenomenon.

These are the main results of the study of the question of a person’s emotional orientation as a causal factor in the widest range of manifestations of his personality.

In conclusion, let’s see how a certain emotional orientation, “intertwined” with other characteristics of a person into a unique unity, makes itself felt throughout his life. This can be done by analyzing the autobiographies and diaries of many remarkable people.

Let's take as an example the diaries and letters of F. E. Dzerzhinsky 1. “Iron Fe-

1 F. Dzerzhinsky. Diary of a prisoner. Letters. M., 1966.

Lix,” as the people called Dzerzhinsky, was a threat to the enemies of the revolution. But the main attractive value in this man’s life was his love for people: “I would like

embrace all humanity with your love...” (p. 27). “...I remained the same as I was, although for many there is no name more terrible than mine. Love today, as before, is everything to me...” (p. 260). For F. Dzerzhinsky, love is certainly active and selfless: “Love calls for action, for struggle...” (p. 178).

But at the same time, for him, as a person with a pronounced altruistic emotional orientation, the experience of love itself, positive emotional contact with others, was of great importance: “... the greatest happiness in a person's life is the feelings that you can give to people and people

you...” (p. 219). “ A real holiday of the soul - a fusion of human feelings” (p. 222).

Arguing that “happiness is not a life without worries and sorrows, happiness is a state of mind,” Dzerzhinsky confirms his thought with the following example: “Look... at that poor mother who loved her child with all her heart: how happy she can be. .. when the child presses against her, smiles and chirps: “Mom-ma”; this one moment will reward her for a million sorrows, for it is for such moments that man lives.”(p. 34; italics ours.-- B.D.).

This example with his mother is by no means accidental for Dzerzhinsky. He is close to his own nature, just as close to him are the “touching feelings” (pp. 70, 245) that children evoke: “... I love children like no one else... I could never love a woman as much as I love them...

In especially difficult moments, I dream that I took some child, a foundling, and rush around with him, and we feel good. I live for him, I feel him near me, he loves me with that childish love in which there is no falsehood, I feel the warmth of this love, and I really want to have him near me... Often, often it seems to me that even my mother does not love children are as passionate as I am...” (pp. 55-56).

He “would like to be a father and pour into the soul of a little creature all the good that is in the world, to see how under the rays of ... (his) love for him a magnificent flower of the human soul would develop” (p. 73).

“I couldn’t live without loving hearts, without dreams,” Dzerzhinsky admits (p. 73).

This is the leitmotif of “personal happiness” for an altruistically oriented person. This does not make it one-sided, but it kind of determines everything else. Therefore, for Dzerzhinsky, “work is the merging of one’s life with the whole world” (p. 180). Therefore, even his perception of the beauty of nature is, as it were, conditioned by his love for people: “... there is so much love in my heart that I can always hear the music of fields, and forests, and blue skies...” (p. 224). It is interesting to note that that the descriptions of nature contained in Dzerzhinsky’s letters and diaries follow the same stylistic and other trends that we recognized as characteristic of the altruistic and communicative types of OEN. This is also a transition from the perception of nature to thoughts about people: “The world is so beautiful! And my heart shrinks all the more when you think about the horrors of human life!”. And the ethical, humanistic “color” of this perception: “... in the evening an asterisk will look at me behind bars and seem to say something quietly...” (p. 237). “...Slender but sad birches bow to me” (p. 70). The moon “looks indifferent” (p. 89). The leaves “smile at the sun.” The soft air “caresses”. The sky “smiles on them (people), promising success” (p. 50). Spring rain is “joyful” (p. 85).

And the use of diminutive words to denote natural phenomena: “sun”, “grass”, “star”.

At the same time, the autobiographical notes of F. E. Dzerzhinsky well show the limits of the influence of emotional orientation on human behavior. No matter how much young Felix Edmundovich wants to devote himself to raising children, he says: “I can’t afford it, I have to travel all the time, but I couldn’t as a child” (p. 56).

The revolutionary's ideological orientation, sense of duty and compassion for the oppressed encourage him to abandon the easier way of satisfying his need for altruistic experiences in the narrow sphere of communication with a few close people and take the difficult path of serving the working people. Thus, in a real individual, one or another of his general emotional orientations is concretized through his beliefs, through well-defined objects of his affections.

Nevertheless, as we have seen in the material of this entire section, the OEN of a person, revealed even in the most abstract form, already gives us a lot for understanding what a given person must certainly be given in life in order for him to receive his share of satisfaction and happiness. For, as F. E. Dzerzhinsky deeply noted, “you need to have moments of happiness in order to live and be a bright ray in life, causing joy all around, and in order to be able to suffer and not be broken by anything, nothing...” (p. 240- 241).