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Aviation machine gun "Lewis". Lewis light machine gun: history of creation and characteristics Civil War machine guns

Lewis machine gun

Civil War light machine gun

In 1911, American Colonel Isaac Newton Lewis using the invention Samuel McLean, created light machine gun and offered it American army. However, his proposal was rejected by the weapons department, then headed by the prominent gunsmith William Kreuzer. Then Lewis, having retired, goes to Belgium and there, in Liege, founds a company Armes Automatique Lewis. The Belgians appreciated the sample, and in 1913 they adopted Lewis machine gun for use by the Ardennes riflemen.

However, not only the Belgians appreciated the machine gun - in 1914, the British company BSA (Birmingham Small Arms) acquired a license to produce the machine gun, and after the First World War began, Lewis machine gun returned to his homeland - the American company Savage Arms Company acquired the license for its production from BSA.

The automatic machine gun operated on the principle of removing powder gases.

Lewis machine gun consisted of a barrel with a radiator and casing, a receiver with a cover and a feed mechanism, a butt plate with a butt, a fire control handle with a trigger mechanism, a bolt, a bolt frame, a recoil spring with a box, a magazine and a bipod.

Locking the bore Lewis machine gun was carried out by turning the bolt, the lugs of which fit into the transverse grooves receiver. The rotation of the bolt when locking is carried out by a curved groove on the bolt and the base of the bolt frame post. The striker-type impact mechanism is mounted on the bolt frame rack. The trigger mechanism allows only automatic fire. When firing, the machine gun is fed with cartridges from a disk magazine with a multi-layer (2 or 4 rows, capacity 47 and 97 rounds, respectively) arrangement, which is driven rotational movement feeding mechanism. The feed mechanism is a lever type, driven by the protrusion of the bolt tail, which fits into the curved groove of the feed lever.

In Russia Lewis machine gun appeared in 1917. 5,982 machine guns were American-made, and about 1,800 were British-made. Almost all of them were designed to use cartridges from the Russian three-line Mosin - this was evidenced by the number “300” stamped on the buttplate stand, meaning 300 thousandths of an inch, that is, 7.62 mm. Each copy cost 165 pounds, and each pound then cost 9.46 rubles (See: Ruble to British pound exchange rate from 1791 to the present day ).

They were also used during the Civil War. In particular, they were armed with the personal guard of Father Makhno - the “Lyuysists”.

After the revolution, deliveries to Russia ceased, and a number of unshipped Lewises with the number “300” remained in England. Subsequently, the British began to supply them to the Central Asian Basmachi. In turn, the copies captured from them Lewis machine gun were put into service with the Red Army.

Personnel of the saber squadron of the 84th Cavalry Regiment during battles with the Basmachi. There are two Lewises in the foreground.

Infantry version design Lewis machine gun remained virtually unchanged until the end of the First World War.

However, for use in aviation, the machine gun had to be modernized. The first change was the replacement of the rifle butt with a butt plate of the type Maxima , more convenient when handling a machine gun mounted on a rifle turret. Moreover, in this case it was not necessary to rest it on the shoulder to parry the recoil.

The massive pipe of the radiator casing made it difficult for the shooter to aim, since due to the large windage, the machine gun was subjected to strong air pressure. It soon became clear that due to airflow in flight, the barrel was less susceptible to overheating than on the ground, and the awkward casing was abandoned, although the radiator itself remained.
It also turned out that spent cartridges, flying overboard, damaged the fabric covering of the aircraft, and in cars with a rear engine, they also damaged the propeller. Combat units began to independently equip machine guns with bags or boxes for collecting cartridges. After receiving an official complaint, BSA began producing cartridge case collection bags for Lewis turret variants with a capacity of 94 cartridge cases. But the capacity turned out to be insufficient for intense combat, and it was increased to 330 cartridges.

The double-row disk magazine with 47 rounds also turned out to be too small for aerial shooting, since changing it often in thick mittens in the piercing wind was very problematic. To make life easier for shooters, a new four-row magazine with 97 rounds was created in 1916. The magazine was equipped with a handle that allowed it to be replaced with one hand.

The operating principle of the machine gun did not allow it to be used with a synchronizer. Consequently, to fire forward, the line of fire had to be directed outside the sweep zone propeller. Typically on biplane fighters Lewis secured to bracket posts above the upper wing. At first, changing magazines in such installations was a dangerous acrobatic feat. The pilot had to unfasten his seat belts and remove his feet from the pedals, stand at his full height in the cockpit, hold the control stick between his legs and in this position remove the empty magazine and install a full one in its place. It is clear that in conditions air combat It was simply impossible to engage in such manipulations.

In 1916, for the convenience of replacing magazines in England, a special device was created. Its inventor is considered to be Sergeant Foster of the 11th RFC. This installation or Foster carriage was an arched rail on which a machine gun was mounted and along which it could be moved back and down. To replace the magazine, the pilot unlocked the holder lock on the rail and pulled the machine gun towards himself until it stopped. In this position, the magazine was easily changed, and these could be done with one hand, without getting tired from the chair. In particular, the widespread British RAF SE.5a fighters were equipped with such installations.
Appeared in Russia around the same time similar installation for Nieuport fighters, developed by engineer Jordan. But in it the machine gun did not lower into the cabin along a guide, but leaned back on a hinge.

In 1923 in England and Lewis underwent modernization. Lewis machine gun model 1923 was significantly simplified and lightweight. This simplification is due to the change return spring, with the abandonment of the radiator and casing and the transition to a box magazine for 20 rounds, attached to the machine gun from below.

Lewis machine guns remained in military warehouses until the beginning Great Patriotic War . It was also used at its initial stage. Below is a photograph of machine gunners with Lewis machine guns marching on parade on November 7, 1941 before leaving for the front.

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Lewis light machine gun

The machine gun was developed in the USA by Samuel McClen with the active participation of Lieutenant Colonel O.M. Lissack. The developers sold the patent rights to the new weapon to the Automatic Arms Company formed in Buffalo. The latter turned to Colonel Isaac N. Lewis with a request to bring the system to a state in which it would suit potential customers. In 1911, Lewis presented the machine gun to the US Army Chief of Staff and the Secretariat of War Affairs. Four copies were purchased for testing (characteristically, the first test took place at the military aviation school in Maryland), but the Ordnance Directorate did not find the weapon interesting for the army. Lewis went to Belgium, where he was able to put the machine gun into production.

In 1913, the Lewis machine gun was adopted by the Belgian army (it was also the first to use it in battle during its retreat in 1914). Then he became interested in Russian specialists. At the beginning of July, the Belgian Society of Automatic Weapons sent a sample of a machine gun from St. Petersburg. Tests carried out at the Officer Rifle School revealed that the system was incomplete. The main complaints were caused by the cooling of the barrel, which did not allow firing more than 500–600 shots. Nevertheless, the GAU submitted to the Military Council a proposal to purchase for testing in 1914 10 McClane-Lewis, 2 Berthier (Berthier-Pasha) and 3 Hotchkiss (for airplanes) submachine guns. On July 25, 1913, the Military Council approved this purchase. With the outbreak of the war, the funds allocated for “Hotchkiss” and “Berthier” were used “to strengthen the funds of the war fund,” but interest in “Lewis” apparently remained. After testing 10 Lewis guns at the Officer Rifle School, the Head of the GAU ordered their transfer to the Officer Cavalry School. The latter refused, and the machine guns were transferred “to the Korpus airfield.” Positive feedback The head of the GAU inspired the company to offer on August 8 - after the start of the war - the supply of 5,000 lightweight submachine guns with 56-round magazines. But then they did not issue new orders.

When the need for such weapons became obvious, we had to wait until the end of 1915 for supplies.

With the outbreak of war in 1914, the British Army adopted the machine gun. At first, the Birmingham Small Arms (BSA) company received the contract, but although the Lewis was produced 6 times faster than the Vickers easel and cost about 5 times less, it could not produce the new weapon on the required scale. Therefore, the contract was transferred to the American Savage Arms Company. And only with the beginning of sustainable production were they able to “cede” part of the contract to Russia.

The machine gun had an automatic gas exhaust engine with removal of powder gases through a transverse hole at the bottom of the barrel and a long stroke of the piston rod, locking the barrel bore by turning the bolt. Characteristic features were a snail-shaped (spiral) recoil spring, a relatively large-capacity disk magazine without a feed spring, and a barrel air cooling system.

The cooling system had an original siphon circuit. An aluminum radiator with high longitudinal ribs, covered with a cylindrical casing, was placed on the barrel. At the front, the casing narrowed and extended beyond the muzzle of the barrel. When fired, the powder gases formed a vacuum in the muzzle, as a result of which air from the breech was intensively blown through the radiator.

Gas chamber - closed type, with a cylinder. A gas regulator with two holes of different diameters was screwed into it from below, alternately positioned opposite the transverse outlet of the chamber. The regulator was turned using the lower key. The piston rod had sealing bands, and the piston itself had a cup-shaped recess. The front and rear parts of the rod (bolt frame) were rigidly connected with pins, and on the rear part there was a toothed rack, cocking and rack. The reloading handle was inserted into the rod on the right or left. The return spring was placed in a special box at the bottom and rotated a gear coupled with the piston rack. This solution left free space in the receiver, protected the spring from heating, but overall it was unnecessarily complicated.

Four lugs were located in the rear part of the bolt frame, and two spring ejectors were mounted in the front. The shutter was rotated by a stand gas piston, sliding in the screw groove of the frame. The drummer was rigidly mounted on the same stand. The non-rotating tail of the bolt, inserted into the frame at the rear, carried guide lugs and an upper protrusion for driving the feeder. The trigger mechanism allowed only continuous fire and was assembled in a trigger box, attached to the receiver with a protrusion and a latch. A shot from the rear sear facilitated intense fire without the danger of self-ignition of the cartridge in the heated chamber. When he pressed the trigger, he turned the trigger lever, the sear of the lever came out from under the cocking of the piston rod. The fuse was a bar that blocked the slot in the receiver and locked the reloading handle. The stroke length of the moving system is 163 mm.

The bolt, moving backward, removed the spent cartridge case from the chamber and turned the lever reflector in the left wall of the receiver. The reflector head protruded from the wall, entered the groove of the bolt frame and pushed the sleeve to the right with an impact.

The original power system was a definite attempt to abandon the tape, but retain the drive of the feeding mechanism from the movable automation system and completely synchronize the operation of the mechanisms. The disk magazine included a cup divided by wall projections and rods into 25 sectors, in which cartridges were placed along a radius in two rows. In the center of the disk there was a bushing with a screw groove and a central hole. The feed mechanism mounted in the receiver consisted of a feeder, a pawl with a spring, two stops and a tongue with a guide plate and its spring. The equipped magazine was placed with the central hole (arrow forward) onto the receiver glass. The first cartridge was opposite the tongue plate and stop. When the bolt moved backward, the protrusion of its tail slid along the curved groove of the feeder, turning it to the left. The feed dog turned the magazine cup, and the left limiter did not allow it to turn more than one step. The tongue plate pressed the cartridge into the receiving window of the box. When moving forward, the bolt picked up this cartridge, and the feeder turned to the right, its pawl jumped over the next protrusion of the magazine cup, the magazine spike pressed the left limiter. The right stop prevented the cup from rotating to the right. Since the magazine sleeve remained motionless, the cartridges, sliding the bullet noses along its screw groove, dropped down, so that with each turn a new cartridge was placed under the tongue plate.

A folding frame sight with a diopter rear sight and a set screw was mounted on the receiver cover, and a triangular front sight was mounted on the connecting ring of the casing, which, in general, did not contribute to shooting accuracy. The length of the aiming line is 818 mm. In total, the design of the machine gun included 88 parts.

Longitudinal section of a Lewis machine gun

Lewis Mk 1 machine gun with lightweight bipod. Sight raised

The bipod for the machine gun was a rigid triangular one with a fork and a connecting rod with a clamp, but the casing could be attached with a fork forward or backward - in the first case, stability was increased, in the second, the firing sector required less space up to and at the edge of the trench. Lightweight bipods were hinged to the connecting ring of the casing.

The tripod machine for the Lewis - it was supplied to Russia in small quantities - had one rear and two front legs with shoes and openers. The legs were hinged to the frame, which made it possible to change the height of the line of fire. The machine gun was attached to the swivel bar with a clamp; for rough vertical aiming, a mechanism with an arc was used, for fine vertical aiming, a screw mechanism was used, which changed the relative position of the arc and the bar. The tripod, of course, gave better accuracy, but still did not make the machine gun “universal.”

“Lewis” was developed in the USA and the bulk of these machine guns for Russia were produced there, but in our country, thanks to the ordering procedure and the cartridge, it was always considered “English”. The Russian Army was also armed with a 37-mm McClen automatic cannon, the main task of which, by the way, was to fight enemy machine guns.

In Great Britain, the Lewis model 1915 with a 47-round magazine received the designation Mk 1 in October 1916; after the war, it was replaced by the 1923 model. The old Lewis remained in the countries of the British Commonwealth, and was supplied in other calibers to other countries (Estonia, Japan). In December 1916, "Savage" received an order for "Lewis" chambered for .30-06 "Springfield" from the US Army, which was preparing to enter the war on the side of the Entente. True, in the US Army the Lewis was used mainly as an aircraft machine gun. By 1917, Savage had brought total production"Lewis" up to 400 machine guns per week.

Although the Lewis was very heavy - almost half the mass of the mounted Vickers - of all the light machine guns of the First World War, it turned out to be the most “long-serving”. In Russia in the mid-1920s. he was the only one still listed service weapon rifle units. The last time these machine guns showed themselves was at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, when they were issued from warehouses to new formations and militias. However, the old “Lewis” fought in other armies at that time. Their last " big war"became Korean, but then they surfaced in different parts Sveta.

Along with the most successful light machine gun of its time, the Lewis gained no less fame as an aviation one. On October 11, 1915, Assistant Minister of War General Belyaev wrote: “I would consider it urgently necessary ... to order 1000 machine guns from the Lewis company for installation on airplanes.” That is, Lewis was initially purchased by Russia for aviation. On July 14, 1916, General Hermonius reported: “50 Lewis aircraft machine guns were sent July 10–23 to the Marine General Staff marked "Aviation". In Great Britain, the aviation modification Lewis Mk 2 was adopted in November 1915 - a month after the ground Mk 1 (although Lewis had been used in air battles since 1914). It was distinguished by a second control handle in place of the butt, a 97-round magazine, and a sleeve collection bag, but parts of the machine guns were shortened with a casing and radiator, a flame arrester was installed, and in 1918 the radiator was completely removed - the oncoming air flow sufficiently cooled the barrel in flight. In May 1918, machine guns began to be converted into Mk 2 with an enlarged gas outlet and changes in automatic parts to increase the rate of fire. Such a machine gun, but produced anew, was designated Mk 3. When aircraft Lewis began to be used on the ground during World War II, it turned out that a massive radiator was not really needed for a light machine gun.

The procedure for unloading the Lewis light machine gun:

Turn on the fuse (on the left above trigger guard), lowering it down. Release the magazine by pressing its latch (inside the magazine opening). Remove the cartridge from the receiving window of the receiver (from under the feed lever). Turn off the safety by lifting it up and smoothly release the bolt carrier from cocking by pressing the trigger.

The procedure for partial disassembly of the Lewis light machine gun:

1. Unload the machine gun.

2. Separate the butt plate from the butt, to do this: press the latch (bottom behind the pistol grip) and turn the butt to the left 1/8 turn.

3. Separate the trigger box; to do this: press the trigger and push the box back.

4. Separate the box with the gear and return spring.

5. Separate the receiver cover by sliding it back.

6. Remove the feed lever from the cover by: moving the feed lever latch forward; turn it to the right so that the cutout is against the protrusion on the glass.

7. Remove the bolt frame with the bolt from the receiver, to do this: pull the charging handle back and remove it from the frame to the side; remove the bolt with bolt frame.

8. Separate the bolt from the bolt frame.

Assembly should be carried out in reverse order. Make sure that: when attaching the feed lever, the protrusion of the bolt tail falls into the curved groove of the feed lever; The return spring must be partially twisted (pressed) before attaching the box.

Lewis model

Cartridge.303 "British" (7.71x56)

Weight of weapon without cartridge and bipod, kg 10.63

Weight of loaded magazine, kg 1.8

Weapon length, mm 1280

Barrel length/mm 660

Right-hand rifling 4

Initial bullet speed, m/s 747

Sighting range, m 1850

Rate of fire 500-600

Combat rate of fire, rds/min 150

Magazine capacity, 47 rounds

Height of the firing line on the bipod, mm 408

Machine type tripod

Machine weight, kg 11.5

Vert angles machine gun aiming, hail on the machine from -62 to +42

Horizontal angle machine gun aiming, hail on the machine 360

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American Isaac Newton Lewis (1858-1931) served as an officer in the US Army. In addition, he was also an inventor, whose work is still used in the military industry of many countries. In 1911, Lewis improved upon Samuel McLean's original machine gun design and deployed a wide marketing company for the rifle that eventually turned out. It was called the “Lewis automatic rifle” and was equipped with a mobile air cooling system.

Rifle production

Throughout its history, this rifle was used for defense, for aerial fire and as a lightweight version of the infantry machine gun. The Lewis rifle continued to be used during World War I and World War II. It is curious that the US authorities were not initially interested in Lewis's development, and this forced him to sell his invention to Europe, where it served in service with the Belgian army. Belgium started serial production machine gun, then Britain and France became interested in it.

America was forced to join the First world war, and only then did it finally invest in the production of the Lewis rifle. Production took place in England, in Birmingham (BSA). The German attack on Belgium was swift, and Belgian troops were forced to retreat. It was during this fierce battle that the Lewis rifle was used for the first time. By the time the war reached its peak, the Lewis rifle was already in wide use. It was equipped with observation towers, biplanes and bombers. The war, which according to experts was supposed to end by Christmas 1914, ended up lasting four many years and became one of the bloodiest in history.

Huge front-line territories were surrounded by a network of trenches, between which round-the-clock firefights took place. The areas not occupied by trenches were under constant crossfire and were called “deserted lands” because it was impossible to survive on them.

Firing range

The machine gun played important role in this war. Wartime practice showed that the victory was always won by the side that was armed with machine guns. At the same time, planes and tanks began to join the machine guns. The firing range and ballistics of the rifle cartridges made it possible to keep the enemy at a great distance, preventing him from going on the offensive.

Machine gunners could also be united into a squad, where they, mutually covering each other, would ensure complete control over enemy positions and shelters. Along with artillery fire, these weapons caused enormous loss of life. Essentially, the Lewis rifle was an automatic firing system equipped with a gas chamber and air cooling. She weighed about 13 kilograms. The machine gun was loaded with a 30-06 Springfield round drum, and its rate of fire was from 500 to 600 rounds per minute. The firing range varied from 800 to 3000 meters.

A distinctive feature of the Lewis machine gun was its casing. It was intended to protect the shooter from contact with a hot barrel and to better blow it through the forced cooling system. This system operated using waste powder gases and was innovative and very effective for its time. The machine gun, which had forced air cooling, stood out favorably from its competitors, which were cooled by water. It did not require additional refilling with water and could easily be handled by one person (unlike Vickers).

By the time America adopted the Lewis machine gun, this weapon had already proven itself in battles around the world. America did not enter World War I until 1917. By this time, Lewis already had wide popularity and was used almost everywhere. Especially often, aircraft and biplanes of the Allied forces were equipped with this machine gun. There was a serious shortage of firearms in the US Army. This forced America to purchase Lewis machine guns from Britain, and they remained in American service until the end of World War II, despite the fact that in parallel the Americans also purchased the Czech Bren Light Machine machine gun.

Lewis Mark XI SS

At the end of the war, the Lewis was praised for its lethality and ease of use, but the machine gun often jammed and was too heavy. It was also condemned for extremely inconvenient reloading and a relatively complex mechanism that was difficult to repair in field conditions. Despite this, it was inexpensive and was used everywhere: on land, in the air, by infantry, navy and air force.

By the beginning, the Lewis machine gun had undergone a number of modifications and improvements and was again put into service. In 1942, Britain financed the development of another modification of Lewis - Lewis Mark XI SS.

It was assumed that this would make it possible to turn the Lewis machine gun into a full-fledged infantry LMG for firing from the shoulder. The Americans carried out similar developments.

As a result, a series of Mark assault rifles saw the light of day, many of which were not successful and never entered service. The latest versions of Markov were widely used after the war, and the design elements used in this series served as the basis for modern automatic rifles.

The Lewis machine gun continued to be used later - during the Arab-Israeli War (1948-1949), during the Troubles (1960-1998) and during the Croatian War of Independence (1991-1995).

Lewis machine gun(English) Lewis gun) or simply "Lewis"- a light machine gun developed before the First World War in 1913 and used by armies different countries world until the middle of the 20th century.

TACTICAL AND TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS LEWIS MACHINE GUN
Manufacturer:	Birmingham Small Arms
Cartridge:
Caliber:	7.7 mm
Weight without cartridges:	13 kg
Weight with cartridges:	n/a
Length:	1280 mm
Barrel length:	670 mm
Number of rifling in the barrel:	n/a
Trigger mechanism (trigger):	n/a
Operating principle:	Powder gas removal, rotary bolt
Rate of fire:	500–600 rounds/min
Fuse:	n/a
Aim:	Front sight and rack sight, installation of an anti-aircraft sight is possible
Effective range:	800 m
Sighting range:	3200 m
Initial bullet speed:	740 m/s
Type of ammunition:	Detachable magazine
Number of cartridges:	47, 97
Years of production:	1913–1942

History of creation and production

The idea for the design belonged to Samuel Maclean. Samuel MacLean), but it was embodied by an American - US Army Colonel Isaac Newton Lewis (eng. Isaac Newton Lewis).

Initially, Lewis intended to use his machine gun as an easel machine gun, with water cooling, but later moved on to the idea of developing a light machine gun with forced air cooling of the barrel.

Lewis was unable to convince management of the need to adopt his design, retired and moved to Europe in 1913.

Lewis's offer to demonstrate his machine gun was accepted by a group of Belgian businessmen. The machine gun performed well, and as a result an agreement was signed according to which a new company was created in the Belgian city of Liege Automatique Lewis for the production of a Lewis machine gun. However, the only manufacturer capable of offering the necessary production capacity was a British company Birmingham Small Arms(BSA), with which we entered into an agreement.

Firm B.S.A. received orders for test batches of the machine gun from the military departments of England, Belgium, Russia, as well as a number of other countries. After thorough testing, despite the problem with barrel overheating, the machine gun was generally rated positively and recommended for adoption. In 1913, the machine gun was officially adopted by the Belgian army.

Trial tests were important in the fate of "Lewis" aerial shooting conducted by the British Air Force. After them, it became obvious that the Lewis machine gun was one of the best candidates for the role aviation weapons. However, the British War Ministry showed caution, and BSA had to begin shipping batches of machine guns already produced to Russia and Belgium.

Literally on the eve of the war, in June 1914, the War Ministry and the British Admiralty urgently ordered 10 Lewis machine guns, and two weeks later another 45. Immediately after the outbreak of hostilities, the BSA received an order for 200 machine guns, the production of which was then carried out at a rate of 25 pieces per week . And after the Lewis machine guns, which were in service with the Belgian army, showed themselves brilliantly in battle, applications for new machine guns poured in like a cornucopia.

British soldiers with a Lewis machine gun during the Battle of Hazebrouck, France 1918.

It soon became clear that BSA alone could not cope with the growing wave of orders, so the British, together with the Canadians, ordered 12,000 machine guns from a large American arms company Savage Arms Co. By the end of 1915, the new production workshops in Burningham were operating at full capacity and the production of machine guns there reached 300 units per week. After which the British government agreed to cede to Russia its orders for Lewis machine guns placed in the United States. Deliveries of machine guns (chambered 303 British) began in 1916.

In total, before June 1, 1917, 9,600 American-made Lewis machine guns and 1,860 English-made machine guns were delivered to Russia.

Japan and Holland bought a license to produce Lewis machine guns, equipping their armies with these weapons.

By the end of the 1930s it was withdrawn from service, but with the outbreak of World War II it was returned to service after a partial modernization.

Options and modifications

Mark I- the first .303 caliber model adopted by the British Empire in 1915.
Mark II- a specially designed model for aviation based on Mk. I, with a lightweight casing without cooling fins. The buttstock is replaced with a handle similar to the handle of a garden shovel. The magazine receiver has been modified to accommodate a 97-round drum.
Mark II*- a modification with an increased rate of fire, adopted for service in 1918.
Mark III- further modernization Mk. II* with an even faster rate of fire, made in the same year with a barrel without a cooling casing.
Mark III*- British designation for the American M1918 purchased under the Lend-Lease program in 1940 for use in second-line units. The “shovel handle” has been converted into a skeletal stock, allowing you to fire a machine gun from a rest or from the “hip.”
Review of soldiers of the British Volunteer Territorial Defense Forces (eng. Home Guard).
The first soldier in the second rank is armed with a Lewis Mk. III*
Mark III**- model designation Mk. III modified according to the M1918 model.
Mark III DEMS- model Mk. III* with a forward holding handle, designed for arming guards on merchant ships.
A Mark III DEMS machine gun in the hands of a soldier from the security of an armed merchant ship
Mark IV- restored and assembled from spare parts reserves of the Mark III model** in which the old “fragile” recoil springs were replaced with more reliable ones.
Model 1915- machine gun Lewis Mk. I produced by an American company Savage Arms Co. for the Entente troops during the First World War.
M1917 Lewis - Model 1915 with a modified gas automatic system chambered for a more powerful American cartridge .30-06 Springfield. Some of the machine guns released were adapted for use on aircraft.
M1918 Lewis- a specially designed model for aviation chambered for .30-06 Springfield.
Mitrailleur M. 20- a licensed version chambered for 6.5x53 mm R, produced in the Netherlands at the Staatsbedrijf der Artillerie Inrichtingen A / D arsenal in Hemburg, 10,500 copies were produced under license. By May 1940, 8,410 units were still in service.
Type 92- Japanese aircraft machine gun. Licensed copy of the British Lewis machine gun. It was widely used on Japanese naval aviation aircraft in the 1930s, but by the beginning of World War II it became obsolete and was replaced by more powerful models.

Also, according to some sources, machine guns of the Lewis system were produced in France and Czechoslovakia.

Design and operating principle

The automatic machine gun operates on the principle of removing powder gases. The machine gun consists of the following main parts and mechanisms: a barrel with a radiator and casing, a receiver with a lid and a feed mechanism, The back of the butt is the back part of the arrow-stock of the weapon or a separate part attached to the back side of the butt at-cla-du.">butt plate with a butt, a fire control handle with a trigger mechanism, a bolt, a bolt frame, a recoil spring in its own box, a magazine and a bipod.

« Business card» system is a casing, the edges extending far beyond the muzzle and forming a kind of ejector there with its profile - when fired, a wave of powder gases passing through it, with its inertia, created a vacuum in the rear part of the casing and, as a result, stretching portions of cold air under the casing along the longitudinally finned trunk Active air cooling has not been used anywhere else in the history of small arms (except for modern Russian Pecheneg machine gun). The connection between the barrel and the receiver is threaded.

The design of the Lewis infantry version remained virtually unchanged until the end of the First World War. But for use in aviation, the machine gun began to be intensively modernized. The first change was the replacement of the rifle stock with a handle similar to the Hotchkiss Mle machine gun. 1914, more convenient when handling a machine gun mounted on a rifle turret. Moreover, in this case it was not necessary to rest it on the shoulder to parry the recoil.

Frame sight, Diopter - a special variety of aper-tur-no-go pr-tse-la, in this va-ri-an-te whole-face completely re-cover-va- there is a view of the eye from a spe-re-di, and the aper-tu-ra itself is very small in diameter (with a human pupil) ra- It looks like a camera, projecting an image onto the shooter’s pupil with greater contrast. This type of aiming gives the highest accuracy of all possible mechanical aiming methods. le-niy, paying for this serves a long time for the purpose and difficulty with na-ve-de-ni-em in the conditions yah su-me-rek and no-chi, it is for these reasons that this species is given to us for the purpose of being practically only on vin-tov-kah for target shooting at large distances, and also requires a special-but-right-way-of-pri-ce- li-va-niya.">dioptric; triangular shaped front sight.

Operation and combat use

By the end of the 1930s, Lewis machine guns began to be removed from service, but with the outbreak of World War II they were returned to service.

Belgium- adopted by the army in 1913. Remained in service until the outbreak of World War II.
Great Britain- adopted into service in the British Empire, including the dominions and colonies in 1914.
Soldiers of the long-distance desert patrol ( Long Ran-ge De-se-rt Gro-up (short version LRDG, lit. “Group-pa-dis-seen-ki-push-you-nor”) - once-ve-dy- va-tel-no-di-version-noe under-re-de-le-nie of the British-Tan-army, the existence-in-va-neck during the Second World -howl of war. The co-manager of the German Afrikan corps, Field Marshal Er-win Rommel, believed that the LRDG “would do us more harm than any other British unit of the same power.">LRDG)
By the beginning of the Second World War in the British Army, Lewis machine guns were mainly replaced by more advanced BREN machine guns, but after the evacuation from France (in conditions of a shortage of small arms), there were 58,963 machine guns in warehouses. were hastily transferred to second echelon units.
Netherlands- adopted for service and produced under license.
Poland- in service with the Polish army since independence (from the arsenals of the tsarist army).
USSR- in Russia, the first 10 Lewis machine guns were purchased in July 1913 and, after testing, were transferred to the Officer Rifle School. In 1916, on the initiative of the tsarist government, an agreement was signed to supply 9,600 American-made and 1,800 English-made machine guns to Russia. Lewis machine guns were also used during the Civil War. In particular, Father Makhno’s personal guard was armed with Lewis machine guns - "Leucists". The machine guns of American origin were chambered for the 7.62 mm Mosin cartridge (stamp on the butt plate - 0.3). The British fired the .303 British cartridge. The latter were more popular due to their increased crippling ability Mk VII bullets. English Lewis machine guns chambered for a 7.71 mm cartridge were used in Russia mainly in aviation
Lewis machine guns remained in military depots until the Great Patriotic War and were used at its initial stage. A widely known photograph is of machine gunners with hand-held Lewis guns marching in the parade on November 7, 1941 on Red Square before leaving for the front.

Military parade on Red Square. Moscow, November 7, 1941. The photo is interesting because the Red Army soldiers are dressed in winter helmets, which were canceled in July 1940, and are armed with old English machine guns Lewis systems, brought to Russia in 1917
Also, such machine guns were installed on Estonian submarines "Kalev" type British production, which became part of the Soviet Baltic Fleet in 1940.
USA- after the outbreak of World War II, Lewis machine guns were used by second-line units.
Third Reich- due to their maneuverability and general stealth, Lewis machine guns were nicknamed by the soldiers of the Kaiser's Germany "rattlesnake", which was facilitated by the characteristic sound of a machine gun burst. Captured machine guns were actively converted by the Germans to use the 7.92 mm Mauser cartridge and were used in assault detachments along with other trophies.
In the Third Reich, captured machine guns were used under the name MG 137(e). In the fall of 1944, during the formation of the Volkssturm battalions, 2,891 units were transferred for their armament. 6.5 mm machine guns Lewis M. 20 from the arsenals of occupied Holland.
Finland- in service with the Finnish army since independence (from the arsenals of the tsarist army).
Japan- adopted by the Japanese Air Force, produced under license.

Video

Shooting from a Lewis Machine Gun, handling weapons, etc.:

Lewis Gun at the Range

The Lewis light machine gun, created in 1913, became a real symbol of the First World War. During the war, he was not only the main machine gun of the countries British Commonwealth, but was also widely used around the world, including taking part in the Russian Civil War. The machine gun was withdrawn from service in the 1930s, but with the outbreak of World War II, after partial modernization, the “old man” had to be returned to service. In our country this machine gun familiar even to those who have never been particularly interested in firearms and his history. He became a real hero not only of world cinema, but also of domestic cinema. In particular, in the beloved movie “ White sun desert" with a Lewis machine gun you can see the Red Army soldier Sukhov.

To be fair, it should be noted that not only the real Lewis machine gun was filmed in the famous Soviet film. In the shooting scenes it was replaced with a Soviet DP (Degtyarev infantry) light machine gun. For filming, the machine gun was specially “made up” to look like a “Lewis” using a characteristic barrel casing and a finned disc lining. Most likely, during filming the real Lewis was simply faulty or there were no blank cartridges available for it. At the same time, the Lewis machine gun appeared in many Soviet/Russian films about the Civil War.

The Lewis machine gun, or simply "Lewis" is a British light machine gun that was created in 1913. It is worth noting that the idea of designing a machine gun belonged to Samuel McLean, but it was brought to life by an American, Colonel Isaac Lewis. Initially, he wanted to use this machine gun as a machine gun with water cooling, but during development he abandoned this idea in favor of creating a light machine gun with forced air cooling of the barrel.

The creator of the famous machine gun, American Army Colonel Isaac N. Lewis, was a leading weapons expert in the US Army. He received his education at the famous West Point Military Academy, from which he successfully graduated in 1884. In 1911, Lewis became commander of the artillery school located at Fort Monroe. Here he achieved fame as a very good specialist in electrical and mechanical engineering. As his retirement from the military approached, the colonel began working as a consultant for the Ohio-based Automatic Arms Company.

For a number of years, Isaac was developing his own light machine gun, the automation of which would operate using the energy of powder gases. At this time, the AAC company acquired the rights to a machine gun created by Dr. Samuel McLean. Lewis used technical solutions McLean when creating his own machine gun. For the right to produce this weapon, the AAS company transferred to him a controlling stake and control over the production and distribution of the machine gun. Two years later, in 1913, the Lewis machine gun with a disc magazine and air-cooled barrel was finally ready.

Initially, Lewis wanted to offer his product to the American army, but received a strict refusal, which was caused by a long-standing personal conflict between the designer and General Crozier, who was at that time the head of the US Army Armament Department. As a result, the first country to adopt the Lewis light machine gun was Belgium, this happened already in 1913. At the same time, just before the war, the British also liked the machine gun; production was launched in England at BSA factories. By the end of 1915, the new production workshops located in Birmingham were operating at full capacity, with production of Lewis machine guns reaching 300 units per week.

The machine gun's combat debut occurred in the First World War and turned out to be very successful. Due to the maneuverability and general stealth of this weapon, the soldiers of the Kaiser's Germany nicknamed the Lewis machine gun " rattlesnake" The characteristic sound of a fired machine-gun burst also contributed to this nickname. At the same time, the Germans themselves actively used captured Lewis machine guns, converting them to the 7.92 Mauser cartridge and actively using them in assault troops along with other trophies obtained in battles.

The automatic machine gun operated on the principle of removing powder gases. When firing, gases passed through a hole in the barrel and pressed on the piston. The piston, moving back, turned the gear of the spiral (same as in a watch) return spring with a rack, thus winding it. Structurally, the light machine gun consisted of the following main parts and mechanisms: a barrel with a casing and radiator, a receiver with a feed mechanism and a cover, a butt plate with a butt, a bolt, a bolt frame, a fire control handle, a recoil spring with a box, a magazine and a bipod.

The “calling card” of the light machine gun designed by Lewis was the casing, which with its edges extended far beyond the muzzle and created a kind of ejector there with its profile - when firing, a wave of powder gases passing through it, with its inertia, contributed to the creation of a vacuum in the rear part of the casing. As a result, a portion of cold air was drawn under the casing along the longitudinally finned barrel of the machine gun. At that time, active air cooling was not used anywhere else in small arms.

In the front part of the casing there was a gas chamber regulator, which had two holes for venting gases with letter designations: “S” - a smaller hole and “L” - a larger hole. In order to move the regulator from one hole to another, it had to be rotated 180 degrees using the regulator lever. The machine gun barrel was locked by turning the bolt, the lugs of which fit into the transverse grooves of the receiver. The rotation of the bolt of a light machine gun when locking is carried out by a curved groove on the bolt and the base of the bolt frame post.

Used on a machine gun impact mechanism striker-type, which was mounted on the bolt carrier post. The trigger mechanism of the weapon allows only automatic fire from it. Extraction of the cartridge case (cartridge) was carried out by two ejectors fixed in the bolt, and reflection was carried out by a lever-type reflector, which was located in the receiver. The light machine gun had a fuse, which consisted of two slats with cutouts at both ends. Rails were placed on the left and right sides of the receiver. The cutouts were designed to secure the bolt carrier in the forward and rear positions. In order to put the bolt carrier on safety, the bar (left or right, depending on which side the charging handle was located) had to be moved up.

The machine gun barrel and receiver had a threaded connection. The barrel is air cooled. The cooling of the light machine gun barrel was enhanced due to the presence of a radiator and a casing with a pipe. For ease of shooting, the light machine gun was equipped with a bipod. Sights were represented by a frame diopter sight and a triangular front sight. In the case of using a machine gun as a light easel, it was attached to the swinging part of the machine, while the butt plate with the butt of the machine gun was replaced with a butt plate with a handle.

The machine gun was fed with cartridges using disk magazines for 47 and 97 rounds attached to it on top, which were multi-layered (in two or three rows, respectively). The cartridges in the store were located radially to the axis of the disk. At the same time, the magazines in the Lewis light machine gun did not have a feed spring - their rotation to feed the next cartridge to the ramming line took place using a specially provided lever, which was located on the machine gun and driven by the bolt. The disk magazine was kept from turning to the left or right using two levers that were placed on the receiver cover. In the infantry version, the Lewis was equipped with a removable bipod and a wooden butt. Sometimes a special handle could be installed on the barrel casing, designed for carrying a light machine gun.

The design of the infantry version of the Lewis machine gun remained unchanged for almost the entire First World War. However, the military conflict required the use of a machine gun in aviation. The aviation version of the machine gun already had its differences. It turned out that the massive “pipe” of the radiator casing prevented the air gunner from taking aim, since due to the large windage, the machine gun was subjected to very strong air flow pressure. It also turned out that due to air flow during flight, the machine gun barrel is less susceptible to overheating than on the ground, so the unnecessary casing on the aircraft machine gun was abandoned, although the radiator itself remained in place.

It was also found that spent cartridges that flew overboard could lead to damage to the fabric covering of the aircraft, and also to the propeller for rear-engined aircraft. Therefore, combat units independently began equipping machine guns with special boxes or bags for collecting cartridges. After receiving official complaints from pilots, BSA began producing cartridge case collection bags for turret versions of its machine guns with a capacity of 94 cartridge cases. However, the capacity was not enough for intense air combat, and the capacity of the bags was increased to 330 cartridges.

Reliability of the Lewis design light machine gun in any, even the most unfavorable conditions ensured the weapon's reputation as one of the best light machine guns of the First World War, although the weight of the weapon caused certain difficulties for the shooters. The machine gun was only withdrawn from service in the UK in the late 1930s. However, defeats in the first battles of World War II, when a large number of weapons of the English Expeditionary Force were left in France, as well as the need for short time to deploy a massive army and equip the territorial defense troops with something, they returned the machine gun to service. Approximately 59 thousand Lewis system light machine guns were returned to the army, which experienced a shortage of automatic small arms. At the same time, all machine guns underwent minor modernization, in particular, aluminum radiators were removed from them, a flash suppressor appeared on the muzzle, and the heavy two-legged bipod was replaced with a single-legged telescopic one.

Military parade on Red Square. Moscow, November 7, 1941. The photo is especially interesting because the Red Army soldiers are wearing winter helmets, which were abolished in July 1940, and are also armed with old English Lewis machine guns

The Lewis machine gun was widely used in our country. Back in 1913, the Russian army showed interest in this development, purchasing an experimental batch. But these machine guns appeared en masse in Russian Empire Only in 1917, in 1916, an agreement was signed for the purchase of 9,600 American-made machine guns and 1,800 British-made machine guns. After Russia exited the First World War, these machine guns were widely used during the Civil War. For example, Nestor Makhno’s personal guards were armed with Lewis system light machine guns.

In the Red Army, Lewis machine guns remained in service until the mid-1920s, remaining in military warehouses until the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War. It is also curious that Estonian Kalev-class submarines of British production were armed with Lewis machine guns. These boats, along with machine guns, became part of the Baltic Fleet in 1940. Already by the autumn-winter of 1941, the Red Army was faced with the same problem as the British - there was a shortage of automatic small arms for the newly formed units. The existing Lewis light machine guns were returned from warehouses, including those used by militia units defending the approaches to Moscow and Leningrad.

This light machine gun was also used by the Axis countries during the Second World War. Since the end of 1944, the Germans have been arming Volkssturm battalions with them, transferring 2891 Lewis M1920 machine guns from the arsenals of occupied Holland into their arsenal. In Japan, Type 92 Lewis machine guns (they were produced in this country under license) were used until the end of World War II, while in Japanese army they could additionally be used from special tripod machines.

Tactical and technical characteristics of the Lewis machine gun:
Weight - 13 kg.
Length - 1280 mm.
Barrel length - 670 mm.
Cartridges - 7.7x56 mm (.303 British), 7.62x63 mm (.30-06 Springfield), 7.62x54 mm R.
Rate of fire - 550 rounds/min.
The initial bullet speed is 740 m/s.
Effective fire distance - 800 m.
Magazines - disk for 47 or 97 rounds.