Basic minesweepers of the USSR. Experienced mine engineering minesweeper mit (USSR). Projects to upgrade minesweepers

The minesweepers "Klyuz" (TShch No. 54 / TShch No. 56) and "Drummer" (TShch No. 53 / TShch No. 57) were built at the Putilov plant in Petrograd and put into operation in 1917. In 1937, the ships were re-equipped. "Klyuz" died in 1941, and "Drummer" - in 1942. The performance characteristics of the ship: standard displacement - 190 tons, total displacement - 210 tons; length - 43.7 m, width - 6.1 m; draft - 2.5 m; speed - 12 knots; power plants - 2 steam engines and 2 steam boilers; power - 350 hp; fuel reserve - 18 tons of oil; cruising range - 1.1 thousand miles; crew - 37 people. Armament: 1x1 - 76 mm gun; 1x1 - 47-mm anti-aircraft gun; 2x1 - 7.62 mm machine gun; 36 min.

Minesweepers "Patron" and "Flame" were built at the British shipyard "Smiths Dock" by order of Russia and put into operation in 1914. "Patron" died in 1941, and "Flame" was disarmed in 1947. The performance characteristics of the ship: standard displacement - 500 tons, total - 613 tons; length - 44.4 m, width - 7.5 m; draft - 4, m; speed - 12 knots; power plants - steam engine and steam boiler; power - 600 hp; fuel supply - 100 tons of coal; cruising range - 3 thousand miles; crew - 44 people. Armament: 1x1 - 76 mm gun; 1x1 - 37 mm anti-aircraft gun; 2x1 - 7.62 mm machine gun; 45 min.

A series of minesweepers of project No. 3 consisted of 8 units (Charge, Bui, Cartridge, Land mine, Tral, Minrep, Cargo, Shield), built at factories No. 190 and No. 201 and put into service in 1936-1938. The minesweepers "Tral" and "Shield" were decommissioned in 1955 and 1956. The rest of the ships were lost in 1941-1943. Performance characteristics of the ship: standard displacement - 428 tons, total displacement - 445 tons; length - 62 m, width - 7.2 m; draft - 2 m; speed - 18.5 knots; power plants - 2 diesel engines; power - 2.9 thousand hp; fuel supply - 62 tons of solarium; cruising range - 2.9 thousand miles; crew - 42 people. Armament: 1x1 - 100 mm gun; 1x1 - 45-mm anti-aircraft gun; 2x1 - 12.7 mm machine gun; 20 depth charges; 31 min.

A series of minesweepers of project No. 53 consisted of 10 units (Strela, Rope, Cutter, Conductor, Milestone, Cheka, Fuse, Seeker, Mine, Defender) built at factories No. 190 and No. 201 and put into operation in 1938. The minesweepers "Fuse" and "Defender" died in 1942 and 1943. The rest of the ships were decommissioned in 1950-1956. Performance characteristics of the ship: standard displacement - 410 tons, total displacement - 503 tons; length - 62 m, width - 7.2 m; draft - 2.3 m; speed - 17.8 knots; power plants - 2 diesel engines; power - 2.5 thousand hp; fuel supply - 60 tons of solarium; cruising range - 3.4 thousand miles; crew - 70 people. Armament: 1x1 - 100 mm guns; 1x1 - 45 mm and 1x20 mm anti-aircraft gun; 4x1 - 12.7 mm machine gun; 20 depth charges; 28 min.

Minesweeper "T-205" (Gaffel)

A series of minesweepers of project No. 53-U consisted of 15 units ("Gafel", "Verp", "Shpil", "Pulley", "Knecht", "Gak", "Rym", "Stag", "Kramol", "Bougel ”, “T-215”, “T-216”, “Rear Admiral Yurkovskiy”, “T-218”, “Rear Admiral Horoshkhin”) built at factories No. 363 and No. 370 and put into operation in 1939-1944 gg. The minesweepers "Verp", "Pulley", "Knecht", "Stag", "Kramol", "Bugel" and "T-216" were lost in 1941. The rest of the ships were decommissioned in 1955-1961. Performance characteristics of the ship: standard displacement - 417 tons, total displacement - 480 tons; length - 62 m, width - 7.4 m; draft - 2.2 m; speed - 18.2 knots; power plants - 2 diesel engines; power - 2.9 thousand hp; fuel supply - 62 tons of solarium; cruising range - 2.8 thousand miles; crew - 70 people. Armament: 1x1 - 100 mm gun; 1x1 - 45 mm and 1x20 mm anti-aircraft gun; 4x1 - 12.7 mm machine gun; 31 min.

A series of minesweepers of project No. 58 consisted of 7 units ("Paravan", "Capsule", "Anchor", "Harpoon", "Explosion", "T-412", "T-413") built at shipyards No. 201 and adopted in system in 1938-1941. Minesweepers "Explosion" and "T-413" were lost during the war. The remaining ships were decommissioned in 1950-1956. Performance characteristics of the ship: standard displacement - 406 tons, total displacement - 459 tons; length - 62 m, width - 7.4 m; draft - 2.2 m; speed - 18.5 knots; power plants - 2 diesel engines; power - 2.8 thousand hp; fuel supply - 62 tons of solarium; cruising range - 3.3 thousand miles; crew - 47 people. Armament: 1x1 - 100 mm gun; 1x1 - 45 mm gun; 4x1 - 12.7 mm machine gun; 2 bombers; 28 min; 20 depth charges.

From a series of sea minesweepers of project No. 59 during the war, two ships "Vladimir Polukhin" and "Vasily Gromov" were built, commissioned in 1942 and 1943. The ships were built at factories #363 and #370. Decommissioned in 1956-1957. Performance characteristics of the ship: standard displacement - 690 tons, total displacement - 879 tons; length - 79 m, width - 8.1 m; draft - 2.5 m; speed - 22.4 knots; power plants - 2 steam turbine plants and 2 steam boilers; power - 8 thousand hp; fuel reserve - 190 tons of oil; cruising range - 2 thousand miles; crew - 125 people. Armament: 2x1 - 100 mm guns; 1x1 - 45 mm gun; 3x1 - 37 mm and 2x1 - 20 mm anti-aircraft guns; 4x1 - 12.7 mm machine gun; release gear; 20 minutes; 20 depth charges.

The first series "M-1" minesweepers of project No. 253-L included 34 units ("T-351" - "T-364", "T-370" - "T-389") built at the Leningrad Plants No. 189, No. 190, No. 370 and commissioned in 1943-1944. During the war, 6 ships were lost, the rest were decommissioned in 1953-1957. Performance characteristics of the ship: standard displacement - 113 tons, total displacement - 127 tons; length - 38 m, width - 5.7 m; draft - 1.4 m; speed - 14 knots; power plants - 3 diesel engines; power - 690 hp; fuel supply - 10 tons of solarium; cruising range - 2.5 thousand miles; crew - 21 people. Armament: 2x1 - 45 mm guns; 2x1 - 12.7 mm machine gun; 2 bombers; 12 min.

The first series of M-2 minesweepers of Project No. 253-L included 58 units built at Leningrad Plants No. 189, No. 190, No. 370 and commissioned in 1945. The ships were decommissioned in 1950-1956. Performance characteristics of the ship: standard displacement - 128 tons, total displacement - 143 tons; length - 38 m, width - 5.7 m; draft - 1.4 m; speed - 12.5 knots; power plants - 3 diesel engines; power - 480 hp; fuel supply - 12 tons of solarium; cruising range - 3.1 thousand miles; crew - 21 people. Armament: 2x1 - 45 mm guns; 2x2 - 12.7 mm machine gun; 2 bombers; 12 min.

A series of minesweepers of the "RT" type consisted of 28 ships similar in performance characteristics and architecture converted from fishing trawlers. The ships were built in 1928-1939. and mobilized into the Northern or Baltic Fleet in 1941. During the war, 7 ships died, the rest were disarmed after the war. Performance characteristics of the ship: standard displacement - 1 - 1.5 thousand tons; length - 48 - 57 m, width - 9 m; draft - 4.5 - 5 m; speed - 9 - 12 knots; power plants - steam engine and steam engine; power - 650 - 700 hp; cruising range - 4 - 6 thousand miles; crew - 43 - 54 people. Armament: 2x1 - 76 mm or 2x1 - 45 mm guns and 1x1 - 37 mm gun; 2x1 - 20 mm anti-aircraft guns or 2-3x1 -7.62 mm machine guns; 2 bombers.

A series of fishing trawlers of the Glavdalvokrybprom trust, consisting of 6 vessels (Plastun, Ara, Gagara, Baklan, Sokol, Terek), built in 1929 - 1933. was mobilized in 1933-1938. and in 1935-1939. rebuilt into minesweepers with the designation No. 11 - No. 17. Performance characteristics of the ship: standard displacement - 1.1 - 1.3 thousand tons; length - 50 - 54 m, width - 8 - 9 m; draft - 4 - 5 m; speed - 8.5 - 10 knots; power plants - steam engine and steam boiler; power - 650 - 770 hp; cruising range -2 - 3.8 thousand miles; crew - 50 - 60 people. Armament: 1x1 - 102-mm or 76-mm gun and/or 2x1-45-mm guns; 3-5x1 - 7.62 mm machine gun; 40-70 min.

A series of minesweepers of the "Soviet Russia" type consisted of 13 units of former cargo scows and cargo schooners: "Soviet Russia", "Kiziltash", "Khadzhibey", "Konka", "Sivash", "Valery Chkalov", "Khosta", "Beloberezhye ”, “Sary-Kamyshi”, “Egurcha”, “Manych”. They were built in 1880-1922. and mobilized in 1941. During the war, 5 ships were lost, the rest were disarmed in 1944-1946. Performance characteristics of the ship: standard displacement - 0.3 - 1.4 tons; length - 43 - 74 m, width - 8 - 10 m; draft - 2.4 - 3.8 m; speed - 6 - 8 knots; power plants - 1-2 steam engines; power - 230 - 700 hp; cruising range 0.5 - 1.7 thousand miles; crew - 40 - 44 people. Armament: 3-4x1 - 45 mm guns; 1x2 - 20-mm anti-aircraft guns; 2x1 - 12.7 mm machine gun; 50 min.

The ship was built in 1916-1925 as a messenger ship. In 1927 it was converted into a minesweeper. In 1929 and 1933 underwent a major overhaul. The ship was lost in 1943. Performance characteristics of the ship: standard displacement - 400 tons; length - 40.5 m, width - 6.2 m; draft - 2.9 m; speed - 7 knots; power plants - steam engine and steam boiler; power - 300 hp; cruising range 300 miles; crew - 40 people. Armament: 1x1 - 45 mm gun; 6 min.

The coastal steamer was built in 1898. In 1924 it was converted into a minesweeper. It was overhauled in 1925 and 1930-1932. In 1944 she was reclassified into a self-propelled mother ship, and in 1945 - into an experimental vessel. Performance characteristics of the ship: standard displacement - 500 tons; length - 46.2 m, width - 6.5 m; draft - 4 m; speed - 8 knots; power plants - steam engine and steam boiler; power - 400 hp; cruising range - 550 miles; crew - 40 people. Armament: 2x1 - 45 mm guns; 6 min.

A series of minesweepers of the "Pioneer" type consisted of 8 converted cargo ships of the Azov Shipping Company: "Pioneer", "Countryman", "Labor (Worker / Tractor Driver)," Worker "," Mestkom "," Delegate ", "Raykomvod", "Sudkom" . The ships were built in 1929-1930. and mobilized in 1941. During the war, 3 ships died, the rest were disarmed in 1944. The performance characteristics of the ship: standard displacement - 2 - tons; length - 74 m, width - 10 m; draft - 3 m; speed - 10 knots; power plants - 2 diesel engines; power - 750 hp; cruising range 3.5 - 3.9 thousand miles; crew - 50 people. Armament: 2x1 - 76 mm and 1-2x1 - 45 mm guns; 1x2 - 20-mm anti-aircraft gun; 2x1 - 7.62 mm machine gun; 120 min.

A series of minesweepers of the Khenkin type consisted of 5 units of former tugboats mobilized in 1941 (Baikal, Gelendzhik, Kakhovka, Ochakovsky Canal, Khenkin) built in 1890 - 1935. All of them died in 1941-1943. The performance characteristics of the ship: standard displacement - 200 - 345 tons; length - 31 - 35 m, width - 6 - 6.7 m; draft - 3.5 - 3.7 m; speed - 8 - 12 knots; power plants - steam engine; power - 350 - 450 hp; cruising range 1.0 - 1.5 thousand miles. Armament: 1x1 - 45 mm gun; 2x1 - 7.62 mm machine guns.

Minesweepers "Nord" and "Ost" were built as passenger ships in 1931-1932. and were mobilized in 1941. The minesweeper "Ost" died in 1943, and the "Nord" was disarmed in 1946. The performance characteristics of the ship: standard displacement - 285 tons; length - 37.6 m, width - 6.6 m; draft - 2.9 m; speed - 8 - 12 knots; power plants - diesel engine; power - 375 hp; cruising range 1 thousand miles. Armament: 2x1 - 45 mm guns; 2x1 - 12.7 mm machine gun.

A series of minesweepers of the "Moscow" type consisted of 35 units ("Aunus", "Balmashev", "Barometer", "Beluga", "Combat", "Val", "Breakwater", "Zarnitsa", "Charge", "Zhelyabov" , "Emelyan Pugachev", "Engineer", "Crab", "Lyapidevsky", "Laine", "Moscow", "Olonka", "Lake", "Sturgeon", "Frost", "Molotov", "Sailor No. 1 ”, “Norek”, “Petrozavodsk”, “Pyarnu”, “Sigovets”, “Som”, “Sever”, “Stepan Razin”, “Rainbow”, “Tosmar”, “Seal”, “Shuya”) of the former tugboats , icebreaking tugs, messengers and hydrographic vessels, close in performance characteristics and mobilized in 1941.

The ships were built in 1870 - 1938. During the war, 11 ships were lost, the rest were disarmed in 1944-1945. TTX of the ship: standard displacement - 140 - 488 tons; length - 22 - 47 m, width - 4.8 - 11 m; draft - 1.6 - 4 m; speed - 8 - 12 knots; power plants - 1-2 steam engines and 2 steam boilers; power - 200 - 750 hp; cruising range 0.2 - 1.3 thousand miles; crew - 30 - 38 people. Armament: 1-2x1 - 45 mm or 1x1 - 75 mm guns; 2x1 - 7.62 mm or 12.7 mm machine gun.

A series of minesweepers of the "Izhorets" type consisted of 37 units ("No. 35", "No. 37", "No. 41", "No. 42", "No. 43", "No. 44", "No. 45", "No. 46" , "No. 47", "No. 48", "No. 59", "No. 63", "No. 65", "No. 80", "No. 81", "T-81", "No. 82", "T- 82", "#83", "#84", "#85", "#86", "#87", "#88", "#89", "#93", "#94", "# 103", "#104", "#121", "#124", "#125", "#126", "#127", "#128", "#129", "#175", "# 176", "No. 179", "UK-4") of the former tugboats mobilized in 1941. The ships were built in 1935 - 1939. During the war, 16 ships were lost, the rest were disarmed in 1944-1945. Performance characteristics of the ship: standard displacement - 140 -150 tons; length - 23 - 35 m, width - 5.5 - 6 m; draft - 2 - 2.3 m; speed - 8 - 9 knots; power plants - steam engine and steam boiler; power - 200 - hp; fuel supply - 20 tons of coal; cruising range 0.6 thousand miles; crew - 30 people. Armament: 1x1 - 45 mm gun; 2x1 - 7.62 mm machine gun; 6 depth charges.

In 1941, 4 tugboats of the White Sea-Onega Shipping Company ("Dzerzhinsky", "Menzhinsky", "Sergey Kirov", "Ordzhonikidze"), built in 1934, were converted into minesweepers "No. 72, No. 73, No. 74 and No. 75 respectively. Ships No. 73 and No. 74 were lost in 1941, the rest were disarmed in 1944. The performance characteristics of the ship: standard displacement - 460 - 470 tons; length - 38 m, width - 7.6 m; draft - 2.3 - 2.6 m; speed - 8 - 9 knots; power plants - steam engine and steam boiler; power - 450 hp; cruising range 0.6 - 1.3 thousand miles; crew - 48 people. Armament: 1-2x1 - 45 mm; guns 2x1 - 7.62 mm or 1x1 - 12.7 mm machine gun.

In 1942, 5 river wheeled tugboats of the Northern River Shipping Company ("Defence", "Plekhanov", "Limenda", "Natsflot", "Mighty") were converted into minesweepers of the White Sea Flotilla under the designation RTSC No. 429, RTSC No. 430, RTSC No. 431, RTS No. 432 and RTS No. 433, respectively. The ships were built in 1931. The minesweepers were disarmed in 1944. The performance characteristics of the ship: standard displacement - 200 tons; length - 38 m, width - 6 m; draft - 0.8 m; speed - 6 - 7 knots; power plants - steam engine and steam boiler; power - 450 hp; cruising range - 0.6 thousand miles; crew - 26 people. Armament: 2x1 - 45 mm guns; 2x1 - 7.62 mm machine guns.

A series of minesweepers of the "Leningrad" type consisted of 15 units of the former river wheeled towing steamers: "Babushkin", "Baidukov", "Belyakov", "Danilin", "Zhuravlev", "Kuznetsk", "Leningrad", "Mazuruk", "Papanin ”, “Stalingrad”, “Frunze”, “Kharkov”, “Chernenko”, “Chkalov”, “Yumashev”. They were built in 1932-1938. and mobilized in 1935-1941. The ships were disarmed in 1943-1945. TTX of the ship: standard displacement - 195 - 290 tons; length - 47 - 49 m, width -13 - 15 m; draft - 1 - 1.5 m; speed - 7 - 8 knots; power plants - steam engine and steam boiler; power - 200 - 300 hp; cruising range - 0.9 thousand miles; crew - 47 people. Armament: 1x1 - 45 mm weapon; 2x1 - 7.62 mm machine guns, 40 - 50 min.

A series of minesweepers of the Bosphorus type consisted of 15 units of former tugboats:. Patroclus, T-18, T-19, Diomede, T-22, T-23, T-24, Belyakov, Chkalov, Cloud, "Thunderstorm", "Polar explorer", "Drummer", "Shchors", "Chapaev". They were built in 1921-1938. and mobilized in 1932-1941. The ships were disarmed in 1994-1945. TTX of the ship: standard displacement - 180 - 480 tons; length - 29 - 41 m, width - 5.4 - 7.6 m; draft - 2.6 - 4.6 m; speed - 8 - 9 knots; power plants - steam engine and steam boiler; power - 400 - 750 hp; cruising range - 0.4 - 2 thousand miles; crew - 37 - 50 people. Armament: 1x1 - 75 mm or 2x1 - 45 mm guns; 4x1 - 7.62 mm anti-aircraft machine guns; 6 min.

Project 254 minesweepers- sea minesweepers that were in the service of the USSR Navy and the naval forces of various countries. A total of 295 minesweepers of this type were built.

Projects to upgrade minesweepers

During the Great Patriotic War in the Soviet Navy, only ships of projects 3, 53, 53-U and 58 survived from minesweepers, which were considered hopelessly outdated at that time. Also in the Red Fleet were raid minesweepers of the 253-L project and boat minesweepers with non-contact trawls. Due to the insufficiently high efficiency in 1946, work began in the USSR on the creation of new minesweepers of all classes, and the minesweeper variant, effective in the fight against non-contact mines, was considered the preferred option. The tasks for the new generation of sea minesweepers were considered to be the determination of the boundaries of minefields and their destruction, reconnaissance and control trawling, laying fairways in minefields, guiding ships and vessels behind the trawls, as well as participation in setting minefields.

The first post-war sea minesweeper was the Project 254 ship, which was originally designed as a basic minesweeper. The development of the ship has been carried out since 1943 in three Central Design Bureaus under numbers 51, 17 and 50. Only in 1946, TTZ for its design received TsKB-363, G.M. Verakso was appointed chief designer, captain 1st rank V. S. Avdeev. In the same year, the project was completed, which provided for a flow-position method for assembling the hull from saturated sections and blocks using welding. It was the first ship of the Russian Navy, made completely welded.

Ship Description

General view and structure

The main material of the hull was shipbuilding steel grade St.4s; low-magnetic steel grade EI-269 was also used for overhead sheets for compasses. The wheelhouse was made of homogeneous armor 8 mm thick. Throughout the body was recruited according to the longitudinal recruitment system. The ships also had a second bottom, a stem with ice reinforcement, side keels as passive type stabilizers. The hull was divided into ten watertight compartments. The standard displacement reached 500 tons, and the total displacement - 569 tons.

Equipment

In order to protect against non-contact mines, a demagnetizing device of three windings was installed on the minesweeper - the main, course horizontal and course buttocks, sectioned to provide the necessary adjustment. It protected against magnetic and induction mines, and also provided compensation for all components of the ship's magnetic field within ± 2000 nT (± 20 mOe) at all points of the horizontal plane at a depth of up to 6 m from the waterline. To detect anchor mines, the ship had a Tamir-10 active GAS.

Armament

The ship was armed with two twin 37 mm V-11 open-type gun mounts: one was on the forecastle, the second was on the superstructure in the stern. He also had two twin 12.7 mm 2M-1 machine gun mounts, two BMB-1 bombers and two bomb releasers. To protect against enemy ships and submarines, the ship could lay mines: 10 mines of the KB-3 type or 16 mines of the 1908/1939 model using mine routes and ramps. The anti-mine weapons included several trawls: contact type MT-1, non-contact acoustic BAT-2 (two pieces) and a solenoid electromagnetic TEM-52, as well as a chain guard TsOK-1-40. The ship was equipped with typical radio equipment for that time.

Driving performance

The main power plant consisted of two diesel engines of the 9D type with a power of 2 thousand hp. and gave speeds up to 14 knots. When trawling MT-1, the speed decreased to 8.3 knots. The economic course was at 10 knots and gave a cruising range of up to 3800 miles (10 days of autonomous navigation).

Modifications

Three modifications were built: 254-K, 254-M and 254-A. Artillery mounts ZiF-17 (class A), 2M-3 (class M), as well as trawls M-2 (class K), MT-1D and TEM-52M (both classes M and A) were additionally installed on these ships. Ships of classes 254-M and 254-A were slightly larger in size. The Lin, Lin-M, Tamir-11 and Rym-K radars served as additional radio-technical weapons.

Construction

The ships were built at the Sredne-Nevsky Shipyard in Leningrad (No. 363) and in Kerch at the Zaliv Shipyard (No. 532). The lead ship T-43 was handed over to the fleet in 1948 in Leningrad. A total of 295 ships were built until the early 1960s. It was the most massive minesweeper in the world. In the west, she was given the code designation T-43 class (after the name of the lead ship). Most were exported, but mostly they were ships of the 254-K type: two each went to Algeria, Albania, China, Iraq and Syria, three went to Bulgaria, six to Indonesia and 7 to Egypt (of which five ships are in service and to this day: "Gharbeya", "Daqahleya", "Bahareya", "Sinai", "Assuit"). Another 12 ships were built in Poland, and 40 ships were built under the same license in China.

The mine engineering minesweeper MIT was developed on the basis of the heavy sneaker T-10 (T-10M) by the design bureau SKB-200 of the plant named after. S. Ordzhonikidze (factory No. 78) in Chelyabinsk on the basis of the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of December 4, 1956 and May 30, 1960. It was intended to make continuous passages in anti-tank minefields during military operations. Prototypes of the minesweeper ("Object 211", "Object 213" and "Object 220") were manufactured in 1958-1961. The minesweeper "Object 211" passed factory and ground tests in 1959-1960. and the minesweepers "Object 213" and "Object 220" - in 1962. In 1963, in connection with the planned cessation of the production of heavy tanks T-10M, further work on the manufacture of three prototypes of MIT for range-troop tests was stopped, and the technical documentation has been deposited.

The minesweeper was a T-10 (T-10M) tank without a turret and weapons, instead of which special equipment was installed. The scheme of the general layout of the machine has also changed, and the crew size has been reduced from four to three people. In the middle part of the hull, instead of the fighting compartment, there was an additional transmission compartment with a completely modified armored roof above it. In front of the hull roof, symmetrically to the longitudinal axis of the machine, a rotating commander's cupola was located on the left, and a non-rotating operator's cupola on the right. The location of the driver was the same as in the base car. In the center of the additional transmission compartment, a reversible winch was installed with a pulling force on a cable of 1640 kgf. The cable was led to the roof of the car and then to the pulley blocks, which provided a tenfold increase in traction. The winch, together with the hydraulic system, was designed to transfer the trawling equipment to the working or transport position. On both sides of the winch, as well as the hydraulic pump, there were two MPB-54 electric motors with a power of 2 kW each. The hydraulic cylinders of the system were located in the niches of the sides of the hull. Prototypes of a mine engineering minesweeper mainly differed in equipment for sweeping mine-explosive obstacles.

On the minesweeper "Object 211" the equipment for trawling consisted of two knife sections of continuous trawling. This type of trawl belonged to the trawls of the digging action of the passive type. The working elements of the trawl were hard knives that cut through the ground. When trawling, knives were buried in the ground, mines were removed to its surface and taken away to the sides outside the trawled strip. The distance between the knives was 230 mm. The trawl provided the trawling of almost all mines, regardless of their types and responsive drives. The total weight of the minesweeping equipment did not exceed 5400 kg. During the tests, low explosion resistance of the trawl knife sections, the need for high traction force and a large dependence on soil and climatic conditions were revealed. In the working position of the trawl, it was difficult to make quick turns of the minesweeper, which reduced its maneuverability in combat conditions. The digging trawl showed especially low efficiency when trawling on loose, wet, frozen soil, on concrete and rocky surfaces, in small forests, in soils of variable density, with a highly developed sod cover.

On the minesweeper "Object 213" the main working body was, located in two rows, heavy steel rollers that moved ahead of the machine. The trawl installed on the minesweeper, according to the principle of impact on mines, belonged to the pressure type. The destruction of the mine body or the explosion of the mine occurred due to the creation of local pressure by heavy steel rollers on the ground or the surface of the mine with pressure drives. The rollers were made of ordinary steel casting (steel 25L) and had an individual axle suspension to the traction frame. The swivel suspension of the roller with the traction frame provided good copying of uneven terrain by each of the 14 rollers. In this case, the pressure on the mine did not exceed the mass of the roller. The total weight of the minesweeping equipment reached 11,000 kg. The main advantages of the roller trawl were the relatively high reliability of minesweeping with pressure drives, simplicity of design, high speeds of trawling (up to 15 km / h), significant explosion resistance (up to 14 explosions of mines weighing up to 7 kg).

However, the tests carried out also revealed a number of serious shortcomings, primarily related to the principle of operation of the trawl. This is a large mass of the rink (up to 500 kg), selected from the condition of providing the necessary pressure on the ground and explosion resistance, and therefore low passability and maneuverability of a minesweeper with a skating rink, especially on loose and soggy soils, increased transmission wear, significant fuel consumption in comparison with base machine. In order to maximize the advantages inherent in the methods of trawling identified during testing of prototypes of mine engineering minesweepers "Object 211" and "Object 213", on the experimental minesweeper "Object 220" the equipment for trawling consisted of two knife gauge sections and a single row roller section. The mass of prototype minesweepers, depending on the installed equipment for trawling, ranged from 43.6 to 50.3 tons. The transfer of knife or single-row roller sections from working to traveling position was carried out in 3 seconds.

The time spent on the preparation and installation of the roller trawl was 4.5 hours, the gauge knife trawl - 3 hours. The time for dismantling the equipment for trawling, respectively, was 1 hour 10 minutes. and 35 min. Depending on the installed equipment, a trawling lane width of 3840 mm (knife sections), 3815 mm (roller sections) or two tracks 1445 mm wide was provided. The maximum lifting angle of the machine was 15°. The speed of trawling with a roller trawl is up to 15 km / h. with a knife trawl - 10-12 km / h. The speed of the minesweeper with equipment in the stowed position was up to 30 km / h. The minesweeper was designed taking into account the possibility of overcoming a water barrier along the bottom. It was equipped with PAZ and PPO systems, as well as the R-113 radio station, which were used on the base vehicle.

I HISTORY OF SHIPBUILDING AND FLEET I

To the 70th anniversary of the Great Victory

MINESWEEPERS OF THE USSR NAVY IN THE PRE-WAR AND WAR YEARS

V. M. Yoltukhovsky, Dr. military Sciences UDC 6295 (VUNTS VMF - Naval Academy)_

During the First World War and the Civil War, the role and importance of mine weapons in the fight at sea increased noticeably. Therefore, in the USSR, in the implementation of three pre-war shipbuilding programs, a certain place was occupied by the construction of minesweepers. However, due to financial difficulties, estimates for military shipbuilding were regularly cut. In addition, there was not enough production capacity to implement the plans. So, five shipyards, not counting allied plants, remained in Finland, Estonia and Latvia, and from domestic ones in the early 20s they switched to the production of products not related to shipbuilding, the Nevsky Shipbuilding Plant, the New Admiralty, the Creighton plant, etc. Moreover, there are no organizations left in the country that had experience in designing mine-sweeping ships.

To eliminate this situation, at the end of the 1920s, a network of institutions engaged in the design of minesweepers, their equipment and weapons began to be created. This problem was solved mainly by TsKBS, TsKB-1, TsKB-17, TsKB-51, TsKB-52, as well as the Special Technical Bureau for Military Inventions (Ostekhbyu-ro). Later, the Scientific Research Institute of Military Shipbuilding (NIIVK), formed in 1931 on the basis of an experimental ship pool, as well as the Research Mine and Torpedo Institute, created from the Mine and Torpedo Department of the Ostekhbyuro and mine-sweeping sector of the Scientific and Technical Committee of the Directorate of the Naval Forces (NTK UVMS).

Weak material and technical base of the listed institutions

and organizations, the low level of training, lack of professional experience, extremely short deadlines set by the people's commissariats and central offices in the design of minesweepers negatively influenced this process, led to various omissions and errors. So, due to major errors of TsKB-1 in calculations of the stability and load of minesweepers, their metacentric height turned out to be almost two times less than the specification one. As a result, the ships pr. 3, 53 accepted from the industry could not go to sea for about six months, until the Northern Shipyard and the Sevmorzavod carried out work to increase their stability.

Due to errors in the loading of ships and in the design of propellers on minesweepers of the first series, there was a shortage of specification speed. This led to the fact that the speed with the stern paravan-trawl (less than 18 knots) excluded its reliable operation in waves and headwind, i.e., jeopardized the main work - trawling.

The process of building and quality of the ships was negatively affected by the acceleration of work on the project and its launch in a series, and then the identification of flaws and errors of design organizations, the installation of new or additional mechanisms. On the ships of project 53 of the 1st series, the overload was 9 tons due to the structures and mechanisms installed under additional agreements, and a larger mass of mechanisms compared to the project. This was especially true for the products of the Kolomna Machine-Building Plant. V. V. Kuibyshev, Voronezh plant named after. I.V. Stalin, Dynamo Moscow. As a result, during the first shipbuilding program, none of

six laid down minesweepers did not enter service.

The drafting of plans for the development of the Navy was significantly influenced by the radical change in the military-political situation in the world and the need to strengthen the fleets in the Baltic and Black Seas. All this made it possible to more thoughtfully substantiate the requirements for the construction of the Navy in the 2nd Five-Year Plan, which were reflected in the “Basic Considerations for the Development of the Red Army Naval Forces for the Second Five-Year Plan (1933-1937)” developed by the Directorate of the Naval Forces.

Decree of the STO of the USSR of July 11, 1933 "On the program of naval construction for 1933 - 1938." planned a radical renewal of the Navy with new ships of various classes. During this period, it was planned to commission 861 ships with a total displacement of 451.5 thousand tons, including 42 minesweepers. As a reserve, it was proposed to deploy special shipbuilding, in particular, the construction of minesweepers, in the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov (in Mariupol, Taganrog and Yeisk), in the Far East (Khabarovsk) and in the North (Murmansk).

But the reconstruction of shipyards had not been completed by that time, all the planned plans for their modernization were not systematically implemented. Serious problems for the timely and high-quality commissioning of minesweepers were delays in the supply of materials, mainly steel. The steel received by the plants was directed primarily to ensure the construction of cruisers, destroyers, and submarines.

On the first three minesweepers built by the Northern Shipyard, diesel engines from the German company MANo. However, after a sharp reduction in purchases abroad, due to an acute shortage of foreign currency, the production of these diesel engines (under a German license) was entrusted to the Kolomna Machine-Building Plant named after. Kuibyshev. At the same time, increased (compared to foreign samples) weight and dimensions, lower power, poor quality of metal and

BTShch type "Fugas"

the main mechanisms of Kolomna diesel engines delayed their entry into mass production for more than two years. The first diesels "42-BMRN-6" began to arrive on ships in 1936, but the haste in their manufacture led to significant defects, and bench tests according to a reduced program - to the failure of diesel engines on two ships built by Sevmorza-voda. It was necessary to keep teams of specialists from the Kolomna Plant on the minesweepers for 2-3 months and invest heavily in the adjustment of diesel engines.

The fleet's need for minesweepers was acute, but their planned number in the 2nd shipbuilding program remained extremely limited and could not meet the needs of the Navy. So, according to the calculations of the headquarters of the Navy in 1935, at least 320 ships of this class were required. In fact, by the end of 1935, there were only 16 (or 5% of the required number) in the fleets. By the end of 1935, 18 minesweepers were laid down at the shipyards, but not one was put into operation. Therefore, by decision of the Defense Committee under the Council of People's Commissars (SNK), it was planned to mobilize 100 courts from various people's commissariats for a short time (2 months).

In total, 234 ships were laid down in the 2nd Five-Year Plan, including 27 minesweepers, or 11.5% of the total number of ships laid down. During these 5 years, 162 ships were built, of which the number of minesweepers was 6 units. (or 3.7%). Ultimately, by the beginning of the war, the Navy had 38 new minesweepers, post-

swarming along pr. 3, 58, 53 and 53U. 17 were part of the Baltic Fleet, 13 were part of the Black Sea Fleet, and 8 were transferred in 1939 from Kronstadt and Sevastopol to the Far East.

By the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, there were 80 minesweepers in all the fleets of the country - primarily the latest base minesweepers (BTSH), as well as those converted from fishing vessels and

tugs. A characteristic representative of such BTShch - "Fugas", built in 1937, had the following tactical and technical elements (TTE): total displacement of 550 tons, length of 62 m, width of 7 m, draft of 2.2 m, cruising range of an economic course of 4300 miles , maximum speed 18.5 knots (with a paravan-trawl - over 14 knots). Artillery and minesweeping armament included a 100-mm gun, a 45-mm semi-automatic, a paravane trawl, a snake trawl, a Schultz sea trawl, in addition, the ship could take on board 20 large and the same number of small depth charges. Sufficient seaworthiness, long cruising range, good speed, strong weapons for those times allowed the basic minesweepers to perform a variety of combat missions. During the Great Patriotic War, battleships were used not only to fight mines in open areas of the sea and places remote from bases, but also to escort submarines, guard ships and transports, transport people and cargo, and land amphibious assault forces.

Mine defense has become one of the most important types of combat support for the forces of the Baltic and Cherno-

The main tactical and technical elements of minesweepers BF "

Full Draft at Power-Sco-Max. Armament

Type of ship displacement (t) gross displacement (m) engine power (hp) height (kt) speed with trawls (kt)

BTShch "Fugas" 450 2.2 1400 18.5 14-15 PT, ZT MTSh 1 - 100 mm 1-45 mm

BTShch type "AM" 945 2.8 1900 13.5 9 Cont. trawl Oropeza MK-U, AT 1-76 mm 2-40 mm 6-20 mm

Minesweeper Menzhinsky 467 2.6 400 7.7 4 ZT, MTSh 1-45 mm

Minesweeper Izho-Retz 140 2.2 200 7.7 4 MTSh 1-45 mm

Minesweeper “Rybinets” 26 1.0 136 9 4 OTSH, CT -

Minesweeper MSV-38 10.2 0.6 73 7.5 4 CT -

KATSCH K-15-M-17 15.7 0.65 65 9.1 5 CT -

ETSC "Vladimir Polukhin" 879 2.8 8000 22.4 18 PEMT, MT PrT, GPT, ST 1 - 100 mm 1-45 mm 3-37 mm 2-20 mm

MBTShch “stoton-nick” (1st series) 126.7 1.34 540 14 9-10 KEMT, PEMT OPT, KPT, BAT 2-45 mm

Accepted abbreviations: PT - paravan-trawl; ЗТ - kite trawl; MTS - sea trawl Schultz; OTSH - lightweight trawl Schultz; KT - boat trawl; PEMT - loop electromagnetic trawl; PrT - loop river trawl; GPT - deep-sea bottom trawl; KEMT - boat electromagnetic trawl; OPT - lightweight twin trawl; KPT - boat pair trawl; BAT - towed acoustic trawl; AT - acoustic trawl.

1 Yoltukhovsky V. M. Mine war at sea (1921-1945), St. Petersburg: VVMUPP im. Lenin Komsomol, 1998, p. 224.

SHIPBUILDING 5"2015

HISTORY OF SHIPBUILDING AND FLEET

During the war, fishing trawlers were converted into minesweepers

naval fleets, which had minesweepers of several types (table). Along with minesweepers of the "Fugas" and "Verp" types, the fleet included five low-speed minesweepers of the "Menzhinsky" type, converted from ships of civilian departments. They were distinguished by high seaworthiness and sufficient autonomy. The presence of two machines made it easier to maneuver with trawls, but due to their low speed they could not work with all types of trawls. Slow-moving minesweepers are characterized by a small navigation area

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The appearance of what at first seemed to be universal means of combating mines ahead of the course of the ship required the creation of very expensive anti-mine ships of a new class - minesweepers and minesweepers and their latest anti-mine weapons, which are based on reusable self-propelled underwater vehicles (PA). In addition, this led to the creation and introduction of special channels into bottom mines, causing the mines to explode from the physical fields of the underwater vehicle and destroy it, which turns out to be economically beneficial, given the higher cost of UA compared to a bottom mine and the incomparable numerical ratio of bottom mines and UA .

In addition, by the beginning of the 1980s, the combat capabilities of mines had increased many times over, including the depth of setting, the multi-channel and multiple actions of fuses, the difficulty of detection (dielectric materials of the hulls, silt, etc.), the secrecy of setting (submarines, aviation). Particularly dangerous in this regard was the anchor mine adopted by the United States in 1976 with a laying depth of 500-1000 m, which poses a serious danger to submarines.

Scheme of laying a mine (container with a torpedo) Mark 60 CAPTOR

Therefore, in the late 1970s - early 1980s, there was an urgent need to create a new generation of mine-sweeping ships with the widest use of automation and remote control, with improved habitability and increased safety of navigation. More attention has been paid to environmental issues.

The first studies on the creation of a new sea minesweeper were carried out in the 1970s. The design of the ship began with the Western Design Bureau (chief designers N.P. Pegov and V.S. Sergeev) in 1972, then, according to one of the options, the installation of a minesweeper helicopter on the ship was worked out. However, even without this, the displacement of the ship increased to 1150 tons, and the power plant remained the same according to the 266M project. At the same time, a low-speed power plant and a bow thruster were additionally installed.

Project 12660 sea minesweeper

The armament of this ship includes a new anti-mine complex for searching for bottom, bottom and anchor mines along the course, as well as contact and non-contact trawls. The most advanced mine-sweeping armament was installed on the minesweeper: a mine destruction complex with a self-propelled homing anti-mine projectile-torpedo "Cobra" and a self-propelled anti-mine projectile - a torpedo for cutting minreps "Gyurza" according to the target designation of the ship (both projectiles were created at the Central Research Institute "Gidropribor"), self-propelled remote-controlled searcher-destroyer "Ketmen", searcher-destroyer "Halibut", electromagnetic and acoustic trawls, mine detection sonar "Kabarga", etc. The ship's combat equipment consisted of a 76-mm AK-176 gun, a 30-mm fire control "Vympel" and MANPADS "Strela-3".

The deep-sea sonar towed finder-destroyer of bottom mines "Halibut" began to be developed at the Central Research Institute "Gidropribor" in 1976. In comparison with the Luch-1 searcher, in the new product, the detected objects should not only be marked with markers, but, if necessary, destroyed directly in the process of towing. The GAS for the seeker was created at the Morfizpribor Central Research Institute. Soon, work on the entire Halibut system was transferred to the Ural branch of the Central Research Institute Gidropribor (Chief Designers Kh.Kh. Davletgildeev and V.I. K.E.Voroshilova. The seeker-destroyer was tested and in 1985 was adopted by the Navy, but due to shortcomings in the sonar system, it did not enter mass production.

The development of the new GASM "Kabarga", modifications of which were installed on the raid and sea minesweepers of the Navy, was completed in 1990 by the Research Institute "Breeze". However, in terms of the level of secondary information processing and interaction with anti-mine weapons, it practically does not differ from previous models of stations.

At the same time, after the appearance in the Soviet Navy of effective ship-based mine detection stations of the "Kabarga" type in the 1980s. work continues on the creation of self-propelled mine-destroyers. In 1989, the second-generation self-propelled remote-controlled seeker-destroyer of the second generation STIU-2 "Ketmen" was adopted by the fleet, working on target designation of the ship's sonar mine detection station at depths of up to 100 m. It was developed by the Ural branch of the Central Research Institute "Gidropribor" (Chief Designer A .A.Kazin).

STIU-2 provides search at a speed of up to 3 knots and the destruction of bottom and anchor mines ahead of the course of the minesweeper ship. A charge was placed on the detected mine (there are two of them on the apparatus with an explosive charge of 130 kg each), and after the SIU retreated to a safe distance, the mine was detonated.

Model of the self-propelled remote-controlled searcher-destroyer STIU-2 "Ketmen"

The construction of Project 12660 ships has been carried out at the Sredne-Nevsky Shipyard since 1983. The ships were built from low-magnetic steel to combat deep-water anti-submarine mines of the Captor type and to provide mine support for ships and transports in remote sea areas. The lead minesweeper Zheleznyakov was built at the Sredne-Nevsky Shipyard in 1988. The dimensions of the ship required, when removed from the slipway in the workshop, to increase the opening of the workshop gates, and the trigger device withstood the maximum load at the time of descent. Deliveries of new equipment were late, which complicated and delayed the timing of the installation work.

The two ships "Zheleznyakov" and "V. Gumanenko" that entered service significantly outperform mine action by several times. The construction of the hull of the third ship was discontinued due to lack of funding.

The creation of Project 12660 ships is a whole era in Soviet shipbuilding. They became the first sea minesweepers of the USSR Navy, capable of conducting mine action ahead of the course and combating modern deep-sea mines. The experience gained during their creation and use is invaluable in the further design of mine defense ships.

According to the MTSC shipbuilding program of project 12660 (known in NATO as Gorya) it was supposed to build much more than it was possible. Already in the process of testing, it became clear that the project was very complex and the ship turned out to be large. And besides, the Soviet Union collapsed, other times came, and funding for the defense sector dropped sharply. Therefore, it was decided to build new sea minesweepers in the corps of the well-proven MTShch project 266M, but with new means of searching for and destroying mines, which should not have been as expensive as the 12660 Rubin project.

Modern approaches to mine action

In recent decades, a significant technological breakthrough has been the creation of minesweepers-searchers. Only the leading maritime powers and countries with a high level of industrial development were able to implement it, mainly due to the implementation of the principle of interstate cooperation.

The modern concept of mine action, known as , is based on the active use of sonar weapons of mine-sweeping ships to search, detect and examine all immovable underwater mine-like objects found within the given boundaries of water areas.

According to the results of the survey, mine-like objects classified as mines should be marked on an electronic map (entered into the data bank) and destroyed, and information about foreign objects (wrecks, industrial waste, large stones, noticeable bottom folds, etc.) should be also entered into the data bank to identify acoustic contacts during subsequent search operations in these water areas.

The basis of the anti-mine armament of modern ships of this direction are sonar mine detection stations, anti-mine remote-controlled vehicles and automated control systems for mine action.

As is known, the leading position in the construction of modern minesweepers and the creation of the main components of their anti-mine weapons is occupied by firms from Great Britain, France, Italy, Germany, the Netherlands and the USA. In recent years, firms from Japan, Sweden, Norway, South Korea have also joined them, building minesweepers with anti-mine weapons supplied in whole or in part by firms of the above countries. Most states are not able to build such ships and are forced to purchase them from exporting countries.

In an effort to keep up with the leading maritime powers, in the 1990s, the enterprises of the Russian defense complex prepared proposals for the modernization of anti-mine ships, then, for export to Russian minesweepers of the 10750E and 266ME types, it was proposed to install mine detection stations MG-89M, MG-991, MG -992M and MG-993M, self-propelled remote-controlled underwater vehicles for additional search and destruction of mines (ROV) "Ropan-PM", "Route".

In the promotional materials of the Western Design Bureau, it was noted that the installation of Project 266ME on a ship and the use of a mine detection sonar (Propelled variable depth sonar - PVDS) with a receiving and emitting system located on a self-propelled remote-controlled underwater vehicle (Remotely operated vehicle - ROV), which provides detection , identification and classification of mines far ahead of the ship. The range of the GASM in this case is not limited either by the interference generated by the ship or by the hydrological conditions of the sea. The destruction of mines after detection can be carried out by an apparatus of the same family, which has the function of a mine destroyer.

As experts from the Central Research Institute Gidropribor noted at one time, the creation and development of means for searching and destroying mines will be a priority in the development of anti-mine weapons. New trends in this direction are seen in the creation of self-propelled sonar mine detection stations with a variable depth of immersion of their receiving and emitting antennas, anti-mine disposable projectiles - destroyers, towed mine detection stations as part of unmanned carriers.

In addition, the use of seemingly traditional anti-mine means with the greatest efficiency requires the use of modern technologies. The latter was clearly visible during a visit to St. Petersburg by the permanent mine-sweeping formation of the NATO regional command of the NATO Allied Forces "North" at the end of 2004. Almost every ship had perfect means of space communications and navigation.

In addition, all ships in the group of minesweepers were equipped with special devices for remote search for mines. For example, a Belgian minesweeper (displacement 595 tons, length 51.5 m, crew 46 people) had two self-propelled remote-controlled underwater vehicles for searching for mines PAP 104 (operating depth up to 200 m), a mine detection sonar, and other necessary equipment and equipment. He, like the Dutch M857 Makkum, was created by a joint Franco-Belgian-Dutch development.

M857 Makkum

Even the oldest ship that came to the Neva is the Polish minesweeper Czajka (tail number 624, displacement 507 tons, length 58.2 m, crew 49 people) of the Krogulec class (type 206FM), built in 1967 in Gdynia, despite its advanced age conforming to NATO standards, it had two small submersibles to search for mines of Polish development.

German mine search apparatus Pinguin B3. Demolition charges are fixed under the hull.